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Whole Life Costing in the
United Kingdom
Michael Byng FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWIMichael Byng FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWI
Chairman Chairman
RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction
FacultyFaculty
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英国的全生命成本计价
麦克麦克··彬彬
英国皇家测量师协会工料测量及建筑部主席英国皇家测量师协会工料测量及建筑部主席
英国皇家测量师协会会员英国皇家测量师协会会员
澳大利亚测量师协会会员澳大利亚测量师协会会员
英国注册仲裁协会会员英国注册仲裁协会会员
英国铁路协会会员英国铁路协会会员
建筑成本管理国际研讨会建筑成本管理国际研讨会
中国中国 深圳深圳
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What is whole life cycle costing?
什么是全生命成本计价计价?
•• ““….….a tool to assist in assessing the cost performance of a tool to assist in assessing the cost performance of
construction work, aimed at facilitating choices where there are construction work, aimed at facilitating choices where there are
alternative means of achieving the client’s objectives and where alternative means of achieving the client’s objectives and where
those alternatives differ, not only in their initial cothose alternatives differ, not only in their initial costst but also in the but also in the
subsequent operational costs” subsequent operational costs”
–– Definition from the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planningDefinition from the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planning
“ “((全生命成本计价全生命成本计价))是一个协助评估建筑工程成本表现的工具。旨在是一个协助评估建筑工程成本表现的工具。旨在
对达到业对达到业 主目的的多种不同质的可选择手段提供一个便利比选的方法。主目的的多种不同质的可选择手段提供一个便利比选的方法。
其不仅考虑建设期的成本，而且要考虑建成投产后运营使用的成本。其不仅考虑建设期的成本，而且要考虑建成投产后运营使用的成本。
””
- -摘自摘自《《the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planningthe emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planning》》
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Why - whole life cycle costing? (1)
为什么要全生命成本计价?
““Increasingly, clients are taking the view that Increasingly, clients are taking the view that
construction should be designed and costed as a total construction should be designed and costed as a total
package, including costs in use and final package, including costs in use and final
decommissioning”decommissioning”
–– Construction Task Force Report - “Rethinking Construction”Construction Task Force Report - “Rethinking Construction”
“ “越来越多地，业主接受这样的观念越来越多地，业主接受这样的观念——建筑应该作为一个完建筑应该作为一个完
整生命体，即包括使用期的成本和最后拆除的费用整生命体，即包括使用期的成本和最后拆除的费用——去设去设
计和核算成本。计和核算成本。””
--摘自摘自《《 Construction Task Force Report Construction Task Force Report 》》之之““建筑业的再思考建筑业的再思考””
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Why - whole life cycle costing? (2)
为什么要全生命成本计价?
•• In In the the UK UK and and elsewhere elsewhere in in the the European European Union, Union, public public authorities authorities are are turning turning to to Private Private Finance Finance Initiative Initiative (PFI) (PFI)
or or Public Public Private Private Partnership Partnership (PPP) (PPP) routes routes to to deliver deliver new new building building and and infrastructure infrastructure programmes programmes and and associated associated
.
在在英英国国和和其其它它欧欧盟盟国国家家，，政政府府正正在在转转向向采采用用民民营营资资本本先先投投入入（（ PFIPFI））或或政政府府民民营营合合作作伙伙伴伴（（ PPPPPP））的的途途径径去去提提供供新新
的公共建筑、基础设施和其它服务。的公共建筑、基础设施和其它服务。
•• Elsewhere Elsewhere in in developing developing countries, countries, where where these these is is insufficient insufficient revenue revenue from from current current taxation, taxation, governments governments seek seek
to make use of PFI and PPP methods to deliver projects on a deferred payment make use of PFI and PPP methods to deliver projects on a deferred payment basis.
在在其其它它发发展展中中国国家家，，由由于于其其当当前前的的税税务务体体制制下下的的财财政政收收入入不不足足，，政政府府寻寻求求运运用用PFIPFI 和和PPPPPP的的方方式式分分期期付付款款地地去去兴兴建建项项
目。目。
•• In In these these areas, areas, PFI/PPP PFI/PPP techniques techniques are are being being applied applied to to health, health, education, education, security security and and road road and and rail rail
transportation programmes.
在这些地区，在这些地区， PFIPFI 和和PPPPPP策略被广泛运用于卫生、教育、安全、道路及铁路交通等发展计划。策略被广泛运用于卫生、教育、安全、道路及铁路交通等发展计划。
•• The The key key factors factors in in making making the the award award of of these these contracts contracts are are the the operational operational cost cost of of running running the the facilities, facilities, the the
condition condition of of the the asset asset on on termination termination and and the the operating operating agreement agreement and/or and/or the the cost cost of of decommissioning decommissioning or or
.
应用应用PFIPFI和和PPPPPP协议的关键因素是：设备运行成本、资产最终状况、操作协议、拆除和废物处置成本。协议的关键因素是：设备运行成本、资产最终状况、操作协议、拆除和废物处置成本。
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What are the benefits to clients?
什么是业主的好处?
•• WLCCWLCC
全生命成本计价全生命成本计价
–– Encourages Encourages the the bidder bidder to to analyse analyse the the client’s client’s business business needs needs by by the the bidder bidder who who communicates communicates them them to to his his
project team.
通过投标人与业主项目组的沟通通过投标人与业主项目组的沟通,,鼓励投标人分析业主的需求。鼓励投标人分析业主的需求。
–– Evaluates Evaluates the the alternative alternative cost cost of of ownership ownership (construction, (construction, purchase purchase or or renting) renting) over over the the whole whole life life of of the the
asset (s).asset (s).
对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。
–– Optimises the total cost of ownership by balancing initial capital and running the total cost of ownership by balancing initial capital and running costs.
通过比较初期投入资本和后期运行费用，对相应权属关系的总成本进行优化。通过比较初期投入资本和后期运行费用，对相应权属关系的总成本进行优化。
–– Analyses the risks and costs of functional performance due to failure of the risks and costs of functional performance due to failure of maintenance.
分析由于维护不当引起的功能损失的风险和成本。分析由于维护不当引起的功能损失的风险和成本。
–– Promotes realistic budgeting for operation maintenance and realistic budgeting for operation maintenance and repairs.
为运行期的维护和修理提出切实可行的预算。为运行期的维护和修理提出切实可行的预算。
–– Encourages Encourages discussion discussion and and recording recording of of decisions decisions about about durability durability of of materials materials and and components components at at the the
outsetoutset of the project. of the project.
- - 鼓励讨论并记录在项目开始时对材料和构件的耐久性所作的决定。鼓励讨论并记录在项目开始时对材料和构件的耐久性所作的决定。
–– Provide a “Value for Money” approach to project a “Value for Money” approach to project solutions.
对项目的解决方案提供对项目的解决方案提供““经济合理性经济合理性””评价评价
–– Provides Provides data data on on actual actual performance performance and and operation operation compared compared with with predictions predictions as as a a benchmark benchmark for for future future
.
提供实际使用表现的数据与预期指标相对比提供实际使用表现的数据与预期指标相对比, , 并以此数据作为未来项目发展的依据。并以此数据作为未来项目发展的依据。
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Culture changes required to realise the
benefits
认识业主利益要求相应的文化改变认识业主利益要求相应的文化改变
•• Make WLCC part of the procurement WLCC part of the procurement brief.
把全生命成本计价作为采办策略大纲的一部分。把全生命成本计价作为采办策略大纲的一部分。
•• Spend Spend more more time time earlier earlier in in the the project, project, with with designers designers and and constructors constructors to to review review
data and agree and agree results.
在项目的早期，多花点时间与设计师和承建商分析数据和商量结果。在项目的早期，多花点时间与设计师和承建商分析数据和商量结果。
•• Ensure that the results are presented with an indication of the sensitivity of that the results are presented with an indication of the sensitivity of variables.
确信这些结果表现了可变因素的敏感性指征。确信这些结果表现了可变因素的敏感性指征。
•• Log decisions on durability are available for feedback on events during operation. Log decisions on durability are available for feedback on events during operation.
耐久性的决定日志可供运行过程中回顾。耐久性的决定日志可供运行过程中回顾。
•• Ensure Ensure that that procurement procurement decisions decisions are are linked linked to to Health Health & & Safety Safety file file and and to to operating operating
and and maintenance maintenance documents documents at at handover handover from from the the acquisition acquisition to to the the use use and and
maintenance stages.
保保证证采采办办方方式式的的确确定定从从取取得得到到使使用用直直至至维维护护阶阶段段,,都都符符合合””健健康康与与及及安安全全守守则则””和和竣竣工工移移
交后的交后的””运行与维护指引运行与维护指引””。。
•• To concludeTo conclude: :
–– Make WLCC as a decision making tool in procurementMake WLCC as a decision making tool in procurement。。
结论：以全生命成本计价作为采办方式决策的工具。结论：以全生命成本计价作为采办方式决策的工具。
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WLCC – when?
何时考虑全生命成本计价？
•• To be effective, WLCC must be applied at the all phases of be effective, WLCC must be applied at the all phases of construction.
–– During the initial appraisal and the decision to purchase or the initial appraisal and the decision to purchase or lease.
–– Feasibility assessment of alternative construction solutions; these include replace and/or maintenance over Feasibility assessment of alternative construction solutions; these include replace and/or maintenance over
the life of the life of the asset.
–– In outline designIn outline design
–– During the choice of components in detailed the choice of components in detailed design.
–– In bid appraisalIn bid appraisal
–– Assessment of proposed construction change of proposed construction change orders.
–– Effectiveness of construction on occupancy evaluationEffectiveness of construction on occupancy evaluation。。
为达到目的，全生命成本计价理论须运用于建设全过程的各个阶段：为达到目的，全生命成本计价理论须运用于建设全过程的各个阶段：
–– 在前期评估和决定购买或租赁时；在前期评估和决定购买或租赁时；
–– 在选择建设方法的可行性评估时，包括资产整个生命期间的重置和在选择建设方法的可行性评估时，包括资产整个生命期间的重置和//或维护；或维护；
–– 在概念设计时；在概念设计时；
–– 在详细设计阶段选择设备部件时；在详细设计阶段选择设备部件时；
–– 在评标时；在评标时；
–– 在评价建议的施工变更指令时；在评价建议的施工变更指令时；
–– 在使用阶段评估建筑物的效应。在使用阶段评估建筑物的效应。
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Phases in Construction life
建筑生命期的划分
• Based on draft ISO15686 – 5Based on draft ISO15686 – 5
根据草案根据草案ISO15686-5ISO15686-5
Acquisition
获得
Use and
Maintenance
使用及维护
Disposal
废物处理
Renewal and
Adaption
翻新和接受
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Acquisition – Costs to consider
获得-应考虑的费用
• By constructionBy construction建设建设
–– Site costs; purchase, clearance and preparationSite costs; purchase, clearance and preparation土地购买、清理和准备土地购买、清理和准备
–– DesignDesign设计设计
–– ConstructionConstruction施工施工
–– Commissioning/handoverCommissioning/handover移交移交
–– Transaction costs – feesTransaction costs – fees转让费转让费
–– In-house administration and costsIn-house administration and costs内部行政管理和费用内部行政管理和费用
• By purchase/rentingBy purchase/renting购买购买//租赁租赁
–– Purchase pricePurchase price购买价格购买价格
–– Cost of purchase/adaptationCost of purchase/adaptation购买购买//改造的费用改造的费用
–– Transaction costs – feesTransaction costs – fees转让成本转让成本//相关费用相关费用
–– In-house administration and costsIn-house administration and costs内部行政管理和费用内部行政管理和费用
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Use and Maintenance – Costs and income
使用与维护-成本和收入
•• CostsCosts成本成本
–– Management costs; cleaning, Management costs; cleaning,
energy utilities, janatorial energy utilities, janatorial
services, land and grounds services, land and grounds
including landscapingincluding landscaping
管理费用，包括清洁、能源、管理费用，包括清洁、能源、
设备、服务、景观设备、服务、景观
–– Maintenance; commissioning Maintenance; commissioning
or fitting outor fitting out
维护，佣金和装修维护，佣金和装修
–– Repairs and renewals “churn Repairs and renewals “churn
costs”costs”
维修和翻新各种费用维修和翻新各种费用
• IncomeIncome收入收入
–– Receipts of ownership of Receipts of ownership of
the assetthe asset
资产权益收入资产权益收入
–– Rents from surplus space Rents from surplus space
(less any loss of income (less any loss of income
during interim during interim
refurbishment or failure of refurbishment or failure of
facilities)facilities)
富余空间出租收入（减去室富余空间出租收入（减去室
内装修或设备故障期租金损内装修或设备故障期租金损
失）失）
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Disposal – Costs and income
废物处理-支出和收入
• CostsCosts支出支出
–– Disposal including Disposal including
demolition,demolition,
废物处理，包括拆除废物处理，包括拆除
–– Obligation under repairing Obligation under repairing
obligation under leasesobligation under leases修复修复
义务和租赁责任义务和租赁责任
–– Site clean up, Site clean up,
decontaminationdecontamination场地的清场地的清
理；污染物的清除理；污染物的清除
–– Costs of saleCosts of sale销售费用销售费用
• IncomeIncome收入收入
–– Sale of interest in of interest in asset.
资产权益的出售资产权益的出售
–– Sale of materials for Sale of materials for
recyclingrecycling
可回收使用材料的出售可回收使用材料的出售
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Why consider these costs and with whom?
为什么考虑这些费用及由谁来考虑？
• In the UK, the Construction Client’s Form said:-In the UK, the Construction Client’s Form said:-
–– “(we) want whole life (cycle) costs to be appraised and the “(we) want whole life (cycle) costs to be appraised and the
supply chain to commit themselves to build on time, budget and supply chain to commit themselves to build on time, budget and
quality and provide genuine value for money throughout the life quality and provide genuine value for money throughout the life
of the construction” of the construction”
Constructing Improvement – The Client’s Pact with the Industry Constructing Improvement – The Client’s Pact with the Industry
在英国，建筑业的业主说：在英国，建筑业的业主说：
- “- “（我们）希望（建筑物）整个生命周期的成本被评估，（我们）希望（建筑物）整个生命周期的成本被评估，
供应链能履行诚诺按约定工期、预算、质量将项目完成，供应链能履行诚诺按约定工期、预算、质量将项目完成，
提供能贯穿建筑物终生的真正物有所值的产品。提供能贯穿建筑物终生的真正物有所值的产品。
建筑业的成就建筑业的成就——业主与行业公约业主与行业公约
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WLCC – Key decisions (1)
全生命成本计价—关键决定
•• Client involvement in the process – Setting the whole life spanClient involvement in the process – Setting the whole life span
业主全程参与业主全程参与--设定建筑物的寿命设定建筑物的寿命
–– To agree the decision on the required life span of the agree the decision on the required life span of the asset.
同意关于建筑所要求寿命的决定同意关于建筑所要求寿命的决定
–– The balance required between capital and running balance required between capital and running costs.
建设成本与运营成本间的平衡建设成本与运营成本间的平衡
–– The maintenance strategy; planned or reactive?The maintenance strategy; planned or reactive?
保养维护的策略保养维护的策略——预先计划或随机应变？预先计划或随机应变？
–– Fall back plans to mitigate the effects of premature failure of components or loss of functionalityFall back plans to mitigate the effects of premature failure of components or loss of functionality
缓和构件潜在失效或功能丧失的影响的补救计划。缓和构件潜在失效或功能丧失的影响的补救计划。
“Client’s should seek to evaluate all tenders on the basis of quality, likely cost-in-us and known “Client’s should seek to evaluate all tenders on the basis of quality, likely cost-in-us and known
past performance as well as (bid) price”past performance as well as (bid) price”
Sir Michael Latham’s report – “Constructing the Team”Sir Michael Latham’s report – “Constructing the Team”
””业主应在比较投标报价的同时，设法在质量、使用期可能发生的成本和过往表现等方面上评价各业主应在比较投标报价的同时，设法在质量、使用期可能发生的成本和过往表现等方面上评价各
个标书。个标书。““
迈克迈克..雷森爵士的报告雷森爵士的报告—”—”缔造队伍缔造队伍””
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WLCC – Key decisions (2)
全生命成本计价—关键决定
•• Project team involvement in the process – Setting the cost team involvement in the process – Setting the cost parameters.
项目组全程参与项目组全程参与——设定成本核算的参数设定成本核算的参数..
•• Considering relationship between capital and operating relationship between capital and operating costs.
考虑投资成本与运营费用之间的关系。考虑投资成本与运营费用之间的关系。
•• Setting realistic levels of costs and realistic levels of costs and receipts.
设定成本和收益的实际水平。设定成本和收益的实际水平。
•• Reviewing allowances to be made future allowances to be made future inflation.
检讨未来通货膨胀的幅度。检讨未来通货膨胀的幅度。
•• Agreeing discount rates to calculate NPV (Net Present Value); Agreeing discount rates to calculate NPV (Net Present Value); NB in publicly procured schemes this rate is set by NB in publicly procured schemes this rate is set by
the Treasury.
商定计算净现值的折算率。商定计算净现值的折算率。注意：在公共生产部门这个比率由英国财政部厘定。注意：在公共生产部门这个比率由英国财政部厘定。
“Members seek objective value based sourcing throughout the supply chain by establishing and implementing selection criteria designed “Members seek objective value based sourcing throughout the supply chain by establishing and implementing selection criteria designed
with business objectives and understood by suppliers”with business objectives and understood by suppliers”
Construction Round Table – Agenda for ChangeConstruction Round Table – Agenda for Change
通过供应连，让项目组建立，执行和理解设定的商业目标，以达到业主寻求的目标和价值。通过供应连，让项目组建立，执行和理解设定的商业目标，以达到业主寻求的目标和价值。
班班
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A step by step project appraisal guide (1) –
Initial Investment Appraisal
项目评估分步指引—初期投资评估
•• Criteria to review – Criteria to review –
–– The need to define functional The need to define functional
.
–– Consideration of alternative forms of Consideration of alternative forms of
constructionconstruction
–– Buy or build or repair or adaptation of Buy or build or repair or adaptation of
existing assets.
–– Review client’s priorities to achieve the Review client’s priorities to achieve the
required rate of return on capital required rate of return on capital
.
–– Length of design life or in the case of Length of design life or in the case of
PFI/PPP, the length of the concessionPFI/PPP, the length of the concession
检查的准则检查的准则--
- - 功能性要求的定义功能性要求的定义
- - 建筑形式的选择建筑形式的选择
- - 购买、兴建、修复或改造使用现成的建筑购买、兴建、修复或改造使用现成的建筑
- - 检讨达到要求资产回报率关键要点检讨达到要求资产回报率关键要点
- - 设计寿命，或在设计寿命，或在PFI/PPPPFI/PPP情况下协议情况下协议
商定的建筑寿命商定的建筑寿命
•• Assumptions required to satisfy these criteria Assumptions required to satisfy these criteria
满足检查准则的假定；满足检查准则的假定；
•• Performance requirements for the completed Performance requirements for the completed
.
项目表现要求；项目表现要求；
•• Timing of cost and income flows and period Timing of cost and income flows and period
between review or re-appraisalbetween review or re-appraisal
成本的时效性成本的时效性、、收入流收入流 及回顾及回顾与与 再评估的时间间隔；再评估的时间间隔；
•• Programme of major component repair or Programme of major component repair or
replacement during the project during the project life.
在项目生命期内，主要部件修复在项目生命期内，主要部件修复或或置换的计划；置换的计划；
•• Cost of alternative of alternative fuels.
使用不同燃料的成本。使用不同燃料的成本。
30th May 200630th May 2006
2006 Construction Cost 2006 Construction Cost
Management International Management International
Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 1717
A step by step project appraisal guide (2) –
Design and construction appraisal
项目评估分步指引— 设计与建造评估
•• Prepare WLCC plan; develop and refine with design development. Prepare WLCC plan; develop and refine with design development.
准备全生命成本计价计划，并随设计发展逐步优化准备全生命成本计价计划，并随设计发展逐步优化..
•• Involve the supply chain in all decisions; contractors, suppliers and the supply chain in all decisions; contractors, suppliers and manufacturers.
将供应链考虑在内将供应链考虑在内: : 承建商承建商, , 供货商供货商 和工厂和工厂..
•• Define components requiring long life and those for which a short life is components requiring long life and those for which a short life is required.
定义要求长期使用和短期使用的构件。定义要求长期使用和短期使用的构件。
•• Include WLLC criteria in construction procurement WLLC criteria in construction procurement documents.
将全生命成本计价评价准则包括在采办大纲文件中。将全生命成本计价评价准则包括在采办大纲文件中。
AndAnd
•• Develop WLCC with the design and the overall investment plan, gradually replacing Develop WLCC with the design and the overall investment plan, gradually replacing
historic data with accurately predicted data with accurately predicted costs.
配合设计进展和总体投资计划配合设计进展和总体投资计划,,逐步用准确的预测成本取代全生命成本计价的历史数据。逐步用准确的预测成本取代全生命成本计价的历史数据。
30th May 200630th May 2006
2006 Construction Cost 2006 Construction Cost
Management International Management International
Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 1818
A step by step project appraisal guide (3) –
Completion and post-occupation appraisal
项目评估分步指引—竣工和使用评估
•• Develop the WLCC plan to include: -Develop the WLCC plan to include: -
–– Durability informationDurability information
–– Reconciliation of maintenance profile with asset design of maintenance profile with asset design life.
–– Anticipated whole life costs of components and whole life costs of components and services.
修订全生命成本计划修订全生命成本计划,,包括包括::
- - 耐久性资料耐久性资料
- - 按建筑设计寿命调整维护指引按建筑设计寿命调整维护指引
- - 预测构件及设备的全生命成本预测构件及设备的全生命成本
•• Monitor the performance and cost of the completed construction to highlight: -Monitor the performance and cost of the completed construction to highlight: -
–– Variations from cost predictionsVariations from cost predictions
–– Effects of the variations on operating and maintenance of the variations on operating and maintenance plans.
–– Increases in the cots of major periodic replacement of major repair of in the cots of major periodic replacement of major repair of assets.
–– Over-cautious of optimistic durability or cost -cautious of optimistic durability or cost estimates.
监测已交工项目的表现和成本监测已交工项目的表现和成本,,着重着重::
- - 在成本预测范围内的变更在成本预测范围内的变更
- - 变更对营运和维护计划的影响变更对营运和维护计划的影响
- - 建筑主要维修和更换费用的提高建筑主要维修和更换费用的提高
- - 特别留意耐久性的估计和成本的估算特别留意耐久性的估计和成本的估算
•• For major refurbishment works, assess:- For major refurbishment works, assess:-
–– Residual service life of retained service life of retained assets.
–– Remaining service life of assets andRemaining service life of assets and
–– Validity of original design life when set against achieved service of original design life when set against achieved service lives.
对大型翻新工程对大型翻新工程,,评估评估;;
- - 被保留建筑的剩余使用寿命被保留建筑的剩余使用寿命
- - 保留设备的可使用寿命保留设备的可使用寿命,,和和
- - 当达到设备服务期时，原设计寿命的有效性当达到设备服务期时，原设计寿命的有效性
30th May 200630th May 2006
2006 Construction Cost 2006 Construction Cost
Management International Management International
Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 1919
A step by step project appraisal guide (4) –
Disposal appraisal
项目评估分步指引—废物处理评估
• The end of service life:-The end of service life:-
–– As planned, sale or demolition; As planned, sale or demolition; NB in PFI/PPP projects there are NB in PFI/PPP projects there are
contractual obligation to transfer the assets in a pre-agreed obligation to transfer the assets in a pre-agreed condition.
–– Early obsolescence not predicted or brought about by unforeseen Early obsolescence not predicted or brought about by unforeseen
.
–– Unforeseen opportunities; early sale delivering benefits in place of the Unforeseen opportunities; early sale delivering benefits in place of the
cost of demolition and environmental refurbishmentcost of demolition and environmental refurbishment
服务期的结束服务期的结束::
- - 按计划按计划,,出售或拆除出售或拆除..注意注意::在在PFI/PPPPFI/PPP项目中有按预定条件让度资项目中有按预定条件让度资
产的合约义务产的合约义务..
- - 没有预测的提早退化没有预测的提早退化..
- - 没有预测的机会没有预测的机会::提早出售带来的衍生收益多于拆除和恢提早出售带来的衍生收益多于拆除和恢
复环境的开支复环境的开支..
30th May 200630th May 2006
2006 Construction Cost 2006 Construction Cost
Management International Management International
Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 2020
WLCC – Use in the UK
全生命成本计价在英国的应用
• BRE/DETR survey 1998 found that:-BRE/DETR survey 1998 found that:-
““Despite the recognised benefits, whole life costing is Despite the recognised benefits, whole life costing is
currently only used by 25% of construction clients”currently only used by 25% of construction clients”
19981998年年BRE/DETRBRE/DETR调查发现调查发现— “— “尽管已认识到好处尽管已认识到好处, , 全生命全生命
成本计价理论仅被成本计价理论仅被25%25%的建筑业业主所应用的建筑业业主所应用.”.”
• Since then, due to the ever increasing influence of public Since then, due to the ever increasing influence of public
sector procurement by PFI/PPP means, the use of WLCC sector procurement by PFI/PPP means, the use of WLCC
is applied to all publicly procured projects of over £10 is applied to all publicly procured projects of over £10
million (sterling) in value and to all PFI/PPP (sterling) in value and to all PFI/PPP projects.
自始自始,,由于政府部门由于政府部门PFI/PPPPFI/PPP采办方式的影响日益提高采办方式的影响日益提高, , 全全
生命成本计价理论已广泛应用于造价超过生命成本计价理论已广泛应用于造价超过££10m10m的各种公的各种公
益项目和全部的益项目和全部的PFI/PPPPFI/PPP项目中项目中..
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Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 212130th May 200630th May 2006
Whole Life Costing in the
United Kingdom
Michael Byng Michael Byng
FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWIFRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWI
ChairmanChairman
RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction FacultyRICS Quantity Surveying & Construction Faculty
Thank you, questions pleaseThank you, questions please
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