履约机制论文：海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机
制研究
【中文摘要】儿童是一个民族的未来,是一个国家的希望,如何去
保护儿童,让他们健康快乐的成长,让他们保持着是纯净而美好的心灵,
一直是全人类努力为之所奋斗的。由于儿童的心理和身体都没有发育
完善,所以往往在遇到一些外界伤害的时候他们无法进行很好的自我
保护,处于在弱势的地位,如何去帮助这些渴望得到关怀的孩子们,一
贯是海牙国际私法会议工作的重点内容。海牙会议通过订立了一系列
相关公约,形成了儿童权利保护公约的体系,以此从实践上加大对于儿
童权利保护的规范。海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行情况良好与否密切
关系着在实践中儿童的切身利益是否真正有效的得到了保护,而在归
纳总结的基础上对公约履约机制的研究可以更好的促进儿童权利保
护公约的实施。海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的建立是非常有必要
的。海牙儿童权利保护公约的目标促成了其履约机制的建立,而履约
机制的建立是影响公约能否良好实施的重要因素。履约机制的建立在
很大程度上决定了公约的实施,因为履约机制的建立对于公约的实施
起到了监督的作用并且指导了公约实施方向。而从另一方面来说,正
是由于公约的实施才真正实现了履约机制建立的。海牙儿童权利保护
公约所确立的履约机制主要有司法与行政合作机制、审议机制以及实
践报告机制。司法与行政合作机制是当今国际合作机制中比较新型、
有效的模式,现在被越来越广泛的运用,其包括了中央机关合作模式以
及主管机关之间的合作模式等等。而在司法与行政合作机制中,中央
机关合作制度是最为重要的模式,中央机关合作制度有模式双向化以
及功能多样化的特点,各缔约国需要根据实际情况指定相应的中央机
关,以便进行国际合作。审议机制是海牙国际私法会议定期召开相关
会议,对于儿童权利保护公约在各国的履行情况进行客观评估,以便及
时发现问题,寻求切实的解决方案,该机制已成功运用于 1980 年海牙
诱拐公约,1993 年海牙跨国收养公约,以及 1996 年海牙父母责任公约
中。实施公约的良好实践指南是在了解公约在各缔约方具体实施状况
的基础上进行的归纳总结,对于成员国今后如何更好的履行公约起到
了指向性的作用,1980 年海牙诱拐公约良好实践指南以及 1993 年海
牙跨国收养公约良好实践指南在具体实施公约的过程中都起到了重
要的作用。目前 1980 年《国际诱拐儿童民事方面的公约》仅对中国
香港地区和中国澳门地区生效。2000 年 11 月中国签署了 1993 年的
海牙《跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约》,全国人大常委会在 2005
年 4 月批准了该公约,2006 年 1 月该收养公约在中国生效,该公约同
时适用于中国香港和中国澳门特别行政区。中国在履约过程中还存在
着系列问题,例如涉外收养法律机制不够完善、儿童最大利益原则贯
彻不够彻底、履约的配套机制不够完善等。因此,中国需要从各方面
进一步完善海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行机制。
【英文摘要】Children are the future of an nation and the hope for a
country. How to protect them to grow up healthily and happily while
maintian a pure and beautiful soul is what all mankind has been striven to
achieve. Due to the underdeveloped psychological and physical condition
of children, they can not protect themselves very well in the face of the
hurt from the outside world and thus are reduced to a comparatively weak
position. How to help those children eager to get care has always been the
main focus of the work of Hague Conference on Private International
Law. To better the protection of the rights of children in practice, the
conference passed and concluded a series of related conventions which
finally formed a system. The performance of the conventions is closely
related to the real protection of the immediate interests of children, and
on the basis of conclusion,a research over the convention implementing
mechanism can help to prompote the implementation of the protection
conventions of the rights of is essential to establish the Hague
implementing mechanism of protecting the rights of children. The aim of
the protection conventions helps to promote the establishment of the
convention implementing mechanism, while at the same time,the system
plays an important role in the effective implementation of the
conventions. The convention implementing mechanism decides the
implementation of the conventions to a large extent, for its establishment
has a supervisory role over the implementation of conventions and offers
direction for the implementation of conventions. On the other hand, it is
the implementation of conventions that helps to realize the aim of
establishing the convention implementing Hague
Convention on the protection of Children is honored by three systems,
judicial and administrative co-operation, review and guide to good
practice mechanism. Judicial and administrative co-operation is a new
and effective pattern that finds increasingly wide application, including
central authories cooperation, competent authorities cooperation and so
authories cooperation, which is interactive and
multi-functional, is the most important method in judicial and
administrative co-operation. Contracting states choose corresponding
central authority according to actual situations for international
collaboration. Review mechanism means that the Hague Conference on
Private International Law hold routine conferences to assess how the
Convention on the protection of Children is honored in contracting
countries, locate problems and then seek efficient solutions. It has
successfully applied to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects
of International Child Abduction, the 1993 Hague Convention on
Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry
Adoption and the 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition,
Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and
Measures for the Protection of Children. Guide to good practice for
convention is a summary based on actual circumstances of contracting
states and leads to the extensive inforcement of the convention in the
future. Guides to good practice under The 1980 Hague Child Abduction
Convention and the 1993 Hague Convention on inter-country adoption
have proved to play a significant role honoring the
the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child
Abduction only applies to Hong Kong and Macao. In November 2000,
China signed the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and
Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the Standing
Committee of the National People’s Congress ratified it in April 2005. It
entered into force in January 2006 in Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao.
China now still has many problems in honoring the conventions, such as
an incomplete inter-country adoption law system, failure in
implementation to the best interests of the child principle, lack of good
supporting systems. Therefore, China has much to do to perfect the
honoring systems of The Hague Convention on the protection of
Children.
【关键词】履约机制 司法与行政合作机制 审议机制 实践报告
机制
【英文关键词】implementing mechanism judicial and
administrative co-operation review mechanism guide to
good practice
【目录】海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机制研究 摘要
4-6 Abstract 6-7 引言 8-11 一、海牙儿童权利保护
公约履约机制的建立 11-15 (一) 国际公约履约机制的含义 11
(二) 建立海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的必要性 11-15 二、
海牙儿童权利保护公约所确立的主要履约机制 15-39 (一) 司法
与行政合作机制 15-20 (二) 审议机制 20-26 (三) 实践报
告机制 26-39 三、中国与海牙儿童权利保护公约的履约机制 39-45
(一) 中国在履约中存在的问题 39-41 (二) 解决对策 41-45
结论 45-46 参考文献 46-49 攻读硕士学位期间发表的学
术 论 文 目 录 49
