（医疗药品管理）一药品广
告
壹：药品广告（drugadvertisement）
reading
提出命题：药品广告所提供的信息均是客观全面的，且病人对药物了解得越多越好
1.病人能够更多了解处方药的关联信息（information）
2.医生开药时，病人能够和广告上进行比较，有利于选药
3.通过广告，病人能够了解到新药的发展，提醒医生
lecture
挑战命题：病人不需要对药物了解太多，因为有时候了解得太多会对非专业的病人产生困扰，
而且广告所提供的信息也不完整全面
1.广告通常只有宣传好处，对副作用（sideeffects）壹笔带过，病人很难判断
2.病人对药物的准确用法用量不了解，可能会用错
3.广告只宣传新药，对旧药没有宣传，可是针对不同的病情，也许旧药更为合适（appropriate）
例
文:Thespeakerraisesseriouscounterargumentsagainstthereadingparagraphsbyproviding
drasticallydifferentevidencesregardingtheeffectsoftheadvertisement,theimpactofs
elf-selectingmedication,andtheimpactoftrendsinthepharmaceuticalindustry.
First,knowingmoreinformationfromtheadswillnotnecessarilyhelpthepatientsmake
better-informeddecisions,,patients,withoutprofe
ssionaltrainingandknowledge,willbemoresusceptibletomisunderstandinginformation.
Forexample,theywouldfocusonlyonthepositivesidesofacertainmedicinewhileignoringt
heserioussideeffects.
Inaddition,ifthepatientsbeartheresponsibilityofprescribingtheirownmedicatio
n,
entialrisksandundesirableconsequences.
Lastly,asforthenewtrends'benefitstothepatients,thespeakerdoesnotchallengeth
,hearguesthatthenewmedicine,whichwillcountformostofthea
dsmaynotnecessarilybethebestmedicine,eventhoughthepatientscaninformtheirdoctors
aboutthenewproducts.留学专搜托福吧：http:///bar/
二：网络故事书（web－storybookservice）
reading
网络故事书的好处
1.能够教小朋友读书
2.经济实惠，家长不需要为孩子买书了
3.能够代替父母陪伴孩子，为家长节省时间
lecture
反驳
1.使用时不能和小朋友互动（askquestionandgetfeedback）
2.网络上的故事均是过时的，要想读新故事仍是要买书（不足）
3.父母和孩子壹起读书能够增进感情
例文：
Thespeakerrebutsthereading'sargumentbypointingouttheinadequacyoftheweb-storyboo
kservices'interactionwithchildren,theincompletenessofthedatapool,andbyundermini
ngtheassumptionthatsavingparents'readingtimeisabenefit.
Thespeakerbeginsbystatingthatmerelypronouncingthewordsandstoryforthechildre
tilitieslaidoutinthereading,thewebservicescanonlyrespondwith"correct"or"notcorr
ect".Thelackoffeedbacktochildren'squestionswillnotcreateaneffectivelearningproc
ess.
Thenthespeakergoesontoarguethatthecurrentweb-storybookserviceshaveaverylimi
tedcollectionofbooks,thusnotbeingabletosaveparentsthecostofnewbooksasthereading
states,becausetheparentsstillhavetobuymanybooksthatthewebservicesdonotprovide.
Lastly,thespeakerchallengesthevalidityoftheassumptionofsavingparents'timeto
,
butthespeakermaintainsthatthewholepointofreadingstoriesisfarbeyondreadingstorie
,itisanessentialwayofcommunicatingandbuildingrelationshipbetwe
enparentsandchildren.
三：网络问卷（webbasedsurvey）
reading
网络问卷相对传统问卷的优势
1.调查范围更广，所以调查结果就更为准确（逻辑错误：参加人多且不代表范围广，也不能
保证效果好）
2.发放，填写和收集问卷更加方便简单
3.成本低
lecture
反驳网络问卷的优势
1.所取得的调查结果不全面（biased），因为不是所有人均会上网，中老年人上网会比较少，
而年轻人上网比较多
2.成本且不会低，因为壹个好的网络问卷需要壹个团队的大量工作（提出新的证据：网络问
卷也需要成本和人力资源）
3.大多数人对网络问卷均不严肃，会得到不正确的信息，容易混淆视听。
例文：
Thespeakerquestionstheeffectivenessofwebbasedsurveysbyprovidingevidencescontrad
ictorytothereading.
First,heidentifiedthereading'slogicalflawinassumingthatanincreaseinthescope
andquantityofthesurveywillautomaticallytranslatetogreaterprecisionofthesurveys.
However,ifsurveysaimtoquestionpeopleover60yearsold,howcantheseoldpeopleconducts
urveysonlinesincethisgroupseldomsurftheInternet?Thewebsurveysareeffectiveinreac
softhewholepopulation.
Second,althoughtheweb-basedsurveyswilllowerpapercost,theywillinevitablyincu
rnewcostsinwebdesigning,flashyfeatures,andotherelements,whichwillrequiremorecos
'sargumentthatwebsurveyswil
lcertainlyreducethecostofthesurvey.
Intheend,manywebdesignerstendtooverdointhewebpageandaddfancyandflashyfeatur
,manypeopleperceivetheweb-basedsurveysasnotseriousandarethusnotwill
,many
webbasedsurveysaresimplyignoredorevendeleted.
四：打分偏高（inflationofmarks）
reading
老师给学生打的分数越来越高
1.分数打得低会减低学生的学习意志
2.会影响教师自己的测评结果
3.因为别的老师给的成绩高，如果不跟着给高分，学生出去找工作会吃亏
lecture
解决方案
1.应从小灌输正确的学习观念，不应因壹次小失利而丧失信心
2.教师的评测能够改于学期结束前进行，这样学生的成绩就不会影响到评测结果
3.企业于选拔人才时能够见学生于班级中的排名而不是单纯的成绩
例文：
Thespeakerchallengesthereasoningthatsupportsthecurrentinflationincollegegrading
system,andprovidesveryspecificalternativestoteacherevaluationtimingandemployerm
ethodologyinjudgingastudent.
Thespeakerfirstarguesthattheinflatedgradeswillnotenablestudentstotrulyknowt
heirweakness,,lowgradeswilldis
dgradeswillnothelpstudentsinthisway.
Asforthereading'sconcernsthatlowgradeswilladverselyaffectteachers'evaluatio
n,'evaluationbeforetheendofthes
emester,wecansevertheconnectionsbetweenthestudents'gradesandteachers'evaluation
s.
Lastly,thespeakerarguesthattheschooldoesnothavetofollowthetrendofinflatedgrad
,theirstudents
willbediscriminated,thelecturesaysthatthisproblemcanbesolvedbyprovidingaweighte
'spercentileinthewholestudentbodyan
dshowtheotherstudents'scores,thusallowingemployerstoclearlypositionthestudentam
ongtheentirestudentbody.
五：加氟自来水（addingfluorideinpublicwater）
reading
于自来水中加氟的好处
1.防止蛀牙
2.杀死细菌
3.对骨骼有好处（decreasebonediseases）
lecture
反驳
1.自来水且不会留于口中，对防止蛀牙没有帮助
2.氟会和输水管（waterpipe）中的化学物质反应，产生有毒物质，其危害大于细菌
3.过量的氟会使骨骼变脆
例文：
Thespeakerrefutesthereading'sargumentaboutthebenefitsofaddingfluoridetopipewate
rbyprovidingcontradictoryevidenceaboutpipewater'sfluoride'seffectivenessinpreve
ntingcavitiesinteeth,killingbacteria,anddecreasingbonediseases.
First,thespeakerpointsoutthattheshortcontactoffluoridewithteethwillnotenablethe
fluoridetopreventcavities,,thewaterwillpassthemouthan
dteethquicklyandgodirectlytothestomach.
Anotherargumentraisedinthelectureisthatfluoridecouldundergochemicalreaction
swithheavymetalsinthepipe,
thefluoride,asthereadingsays,willkillsomebacteria,thecurehereisworsethanthedise
ase.
Intheend,thespeakermaintainsthatoverdoseoffluoridewillbackfiretohumanbones.
Althoughthereadingillustratesthatfluoridewillimprovebonestrength,thelecturesays
overdosewillcauseseriousdamagetohumanbones.
六、伦勃朗的油画
Thelecturerevisestheideapresentedinthetext,thatRembrandtwasnottheartistwhopaint
edthefamouspainting"PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet”.
Theinconsistencybetweenthewhitecap,whichidentifiesthewomanasaservant,andtheexpe
nsivefurcollarshewearsdissolvesastheProfessorexplainsthatthefurcollarwasapparen
tlypaintedovertheoriginalpaintingtoincreaseitsworthbydisplayinganaristocraticwo
man.
Inaddition,theassumptionthatlightandshadowinthepaintingdonotfittogetherisrefute
dbythefactthatintheoriginalpainting,thewomanwearsalightcloththatilluminatedherf
,asitis
characteristicofRembrandt’spaintings.
Finally,themysteryofthepanelconsistingofpatchesgluedtogetherisalsosolvedinthele
,thewoodpanelwaslaterenlargedtomakeitmoregrandandvaluable,buttheo
riginalpaintingwaspaintedonasinglepanel,,
thewoodisofthesametreeusedinotherRembrandtpaintings,likethe"Self-PortraitwithaH
at”.
AllthisinformationpointstoRembrandtasthepainterofthecontroversialpainting.
七、关于恐龙是否是恒温动物
ntrate.
Theprofessorcontradictstheissueofdinosaursbeingendothersbasedontheavailabilityo
ffossilsbeingavailableinthwepolarregions,shesaythatthepolarregionsinthosedayswe
rsshesaysthatthereisapossibilityofthedinosaursactuallymigratingtowarmerregions.
Theissueoflegpositionandmovementbeingusedasareasontoclasifythedinosaursasendoth
tthehugeweightofthedinosaurandnottoprovideitwithabodystructurelikeendotherms(wh
ichisactuallysuitedforrunning).
Theprofessoracknowledgesthepresenceofhaversiancanalsbutalsopointsoutthatthatthe
.
Thethickeningindicatesthatthedinosaurswere'ntactuallygrowingcontinuouslybutwere
saysischaracteristicofnonendothermicaanimals.
Thusitcanbeinferredthattheprofessorchallengesthepassagebygivingreasonsastowhysh
ethinksthatthedinosaurisnotanendotherm.
八、
estoreadthepassage.
Inmanyorganizations,perhapsthebestwaytoapproachcertainnewprojectsistoassembleag
.
Firstofalt,agroupofpeoplehasawiderrangeofknowledge,expertise,andskillsthananysi
,becauseofthenumbersofpeopleinvolvedandtheg
reaterresourcestheypossess,agroupcanworkmorequicklyinresponsetothetaskassignedt
ativesolutionscomeaboutbecauseagroupismorelikelytomakeriskydecisionsthatanindiv
allthemembersandthusnosingleindividualcanbeheldaccountableifthedecisionturnsout
tobewrong.
veavoiceinmakingadecisionwillnodoubtfeelbetteraboutcarryingouttheworkthatisenta
,theind
ividualteammemberhasamuchbetterchanceto"shine,"togethisorhercontributionsandide
asnotonlyrecognizedbutrecognizedashighlysignificant,becauseateam'soverallresult
scanbemorefar-reachingandhavegreaterimpactthanwhatmighthaveotherwisebeenpossibl
eforthepersontoaccomplishorcontributeworkingalone.
Thenyouwillhear.
Narrator
Nowlistentopartofalectureonthetopicyoujustreadabout.
Professor
NowIwanttotellyouaboutwhatonecompanyfoundwhenitdecidedthatitwouldturnoversomeof
itsnewprojectstoteamsofpeople,andmaketheteamresponsibleforplanningtheprojectsan
,thecompanytookalookathowwelltheteamsper
formed.
Onvirtuallyeveryteam,somemembersgotalmosta“freeride”..,theydidn'tcontributemu
chatall,butiftheirteamdidagoodjob,theyneverthelessbenefitedfromtherecognitionth
ightonproblemsandissues?Well...therecognitionforajobwellclonewenttothegroupasaw
hole,'tsurpriseyoutolearnthatwhentherealcontributorswer
easkedhowtheyfeltaboutthegroupprocess,theirattitudewasjusttheoppositeofwhatther
eadingpredicts.
Anotherfindingwasthatsomeprojectsjustdidn'
ongtoreachconsensus;ittookmany,manymeetingstobuildtheagreementamonggroupmembers
,therewereotherinstanceswher
nthoseinfluencerssaid“Thatwillneverwork”aboutanideathegroupwasdeveloping,thei
onwhenacoupleinfluencersconvincedthegroupthataplanoftheirswas“highlycreative.
”Andeventhoughsomememberstriedtowarntherestofthegroupthattheprojectwasmovingin
directionsthatmightnotwork,
esstheendingto*this*story?Whentheprojectfailed,theblamewasplacedonallthemembers
ofthegroup.
九 、
IntheUnitedStates,
er,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodos
r-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasa
shortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerested
andalert,andasaresult,
toensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpay
nd,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforthesamemoney,whic
,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofof
-timee
mployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoother
,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredat
,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividual
ovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivat
einterestsorenjoyingleisureactivities.
十、READING(Time-3minutes)
Irrigation,theartificialwateringoflandforagriculture,useswaterfromanumberofsour
ces:directrainfall,directstreamflow,waterstoredinlakesandreservoirs,high-qualit
ygroundwater,brackishsurfacewater,
rements,sotherearemanyformsofirrigationandtypesofirrigationtechnology.
Variousmethodsofsurfaceirrigationdeliverwatertoafielddirectlyfromacanal,well,or
,practicedsinceancienttimes,involvesdigging
numerousU-orV-shapedopenfurrowsthroughirrigatedlandandintroducingwaterintothemf
,watercollectsintoponds
-pipeirrigation,thewaterispipedtothefieldanddistributedvias
prinklersorsmallerpipes.
Borderirrigationisatypeofsurfaceirrigationthatinvolvesfloodinglandinlongparalle
erirrigationbutincludesearthbanksconstructedcrosswisetothoseusedforborderirriga
tion,dividingafieldintoaseriesofbasinsthatcanbeseparatelyirrigated.
LISTENINGANDWRITING
(narrator)
Nowlistentopartofalectureonthesametopic.
(Professor)
ricultureusesalotofwater,
,inmostcases,the
waterusedforirrigationcan’tbeusedafterwardforotherpurposes,suchaswatersupplyfo
rhomesorindustry.
ariesbyregion,crop,agriculturalpractice,
’tgointothis,butthinkofhowm
,butthenmostofiteitherevaporates
,inlotsofplace
s,
-
waterthatcouldotherwisebeusedforotherpurposes.
Fortunately,thereareseveralirrigationtechnologiesthataremoreefficientthanthepoo
,waterissprayedovercrops,andthisprovidesanevendi
ytodeliverwaterexactlywhenandwhereit’,sprinklersystemsarealsoaf
ormofsurfaceirrigation,andjustasinothersurfacemethods,someofthewaterisstilllost
toevaporation.
(Narrator)
Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,explaininghowtheycastdoubtonpointsmadeinther
eading.
Stop
Thetaskrequiresyoutodotwothings:(1)summarizethekeypointsfromthelecture,and(2)ex
,
youhavetoconnectinformationfromthelectureandthereading.
Thekeypointsfromthelectureare:
Irrigationusesalotofwaterthatcannotbeusedlaterforotherpurposes
Surfacemethodsofirrigationaretheleastefficientmethods.
Thesurfacemethodoffieldfloodingwastesalotofwater.
Withfieldflooding,mostofthewaterevaporatesorpassesintogroundwater.
Sprinklersystemsaremoreefficientthanflooding,butsomewaterisstilllost.
Generally,thepointsmadeinthelecturecastdoubtontheinformationinthereading,whichd
oesnotaddressthewastefulnessandlackofefficiencyofsurfaceirrigation.
Thewrittenresponseshouldanswerthequestionbyusingrelevantinformationfromthelectu
tureandrelatefromcorrectlytoinformationinthereading.
Wordcount:169
Irrigation,theartificialwateringoflandforagriculture,
rirrigationcomesfromseveralsources,suchasdirectrainfall,rivers,lakes,andreservo
,
ereading,,thelectur
ecastsdoubtonthispointbystatingthatsurfacemethodsarenotefficient.
Thewaterthatisusedforirrigationcan’
on,someofthewatergoestotheplants;however,alotofwaterevaporatesorpassesdownintot
asdrinking.
aceirrigation,buttheyalsolosewatertoevaporation.
