生態保育策略
鄭先祐
生態主張者:Ayo 工作室
生物保育策略
傳統的方法 (範例)
Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido)
曾分布於New England 至Virginia State
1876,只存在於 Martha's Vineyard。
1900,只剩不到100隻。
1907,設立refuge(保護區)。
1916,族群數目增加到800隻。但當年火災,
冬天又有強大的掠食壓力,族群數目又下降到
100隻至150隻。
1920,族群數目再上升至200隻。但又遭疾病
侵襲,又再下降到100隻以下。
1932,滅絕。
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四項不確定因素
(1) demographic stochasticity
(2) environmental stochasticity
(3) natural catastrophes
(4) genetic stochasticity
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研訂 minimum population size
(1) Experiments
(2) Biogeographic patterns
(3) Theoretical models
(4) Simulation models
(5) Genetic considerations
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Genetic considerations
小族群容易滅絕的原因
(1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。
(2) Genetic drift
(3) 環境不斷變動。
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生物地理學(Biogeography)
生物隨著時間於空間上的分布情形之研究。
植物地理學(Plant geography)
動物地理學(Zoogeography)
島嶼生物地理學(Island Biogeography)
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生物地理學的發展史
1820 – 1940:主要為描述性的生物地理學。
1940年以後:Cain(1944)加入詮釋性的生
物地理之研究,可分為:歷史生物地理
學(Historical biogeography)與生態生物地
理學(Ecological biogeography)。
1961年研討會:兩種遷移法:(1)跨越水
域,(2)經由暫時性的陸橋。
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1960年代的島嶼生物地理學
原則:
(1) 愈大愈好。
(2)不要切割。
(3)切割後,每塊間的距離愈近愈好。
(4)周長/面積,要愈小愈好。
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Fig. 10. Schematic
illustration of some
principles for the
design of nature
reserves.
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. The
Galapagos
Islands
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Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the
Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the
island. S=
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Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians
and reptiles of the West Indies. S=
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Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.
(a) Map of the Great Basin region of the western
United States showing the isolated mountain ranges
between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the
Sierra Nevada on the west.
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Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.
(b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal
birds of the mountaintops in the Great Basin.
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Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.
(c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal
species.
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Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of
a single island.
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Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several
islands of varying distances from the principal
source area and of varying size.
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Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves
islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire
faunas, consisting almost solely of arthropods, were
exterminated by methyl bromide fumigation.
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1960-1980:相關學科的發展
(1) 大陸飄移。
(2) 分子生物技術於系統分類學的應用。
(3) MacArthur and Wilson (1963, 1967):
島嶼生物地理學的平衡理論。
(4) Vicariance 生物地理學。
1980年以後,the study of biodiversity。
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Fig. 11. Baja California
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表1. Cortez 海域島嶼間生物地理之比較。
項 目
陸生
植物
沿岸
魚類
陸棲
鳥類
陸棲
爬蟲
蜥蜴 陸棲
哺乳
50km2 之海洋島嶼所
含之平均數
105 13
陸橋性島嶼比海洋性島
嶼含有更多的種類?
No No No Yes Yes Very
Yes
島嶼上所含之種類比大
陸塊上還少嗎?
No 有一
點
Yes Yes Very
Yes
Holocene才出現之海洋
性島嶼所含的種類數比
老生島嶼還少嗎?
No No No No No 有一點
距大陸愈遠,種類數愈
少嗎?陸橋性島嶼
海洋性島嶼
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
有一點
Yes
特有性:陸橋性島嶼
海洋性島嶼
0
2
0
0
0
0
5
35
0
47
16
69
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Fig. 13. 島嶼生物地理學(修改自Case &
Code, 1987)
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當代的切割理論與生物保育策略
「一大」或是「多小」?
(1) maximizes the mean size of reserves
(2) maximizes the number of reserves
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Fig. 4. The distribution of
areas of nature reserves in the
world.
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Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with
solid edges represent enclosures preventing access
by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated plots in the
grazed area. 25生物保育策略
表2. 於不同大小面積之隔離區與牧養區內,顯花
植物的種類數之比較。
項目
隔離區 牧養區
小型 中型 大型 小型 中型 大型
N 32 8 2 16 4 1
總數 29 26 20 26 16 15
最多/各區 15 15 15 13 12 (15)
最少/各區 3 8 15 5 8 (15)
全區 34種 26種
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表3. 各型樣區的種類數目之變化。
項 目 小型 中型 大型 全部
種類1985
1986
1987
29
30
33
26
27
29
20
20
25
34
33
40
遺失種類
1985-1986
1986-1987
4
2
5
3
3
2
5
1
新增種類
1985-1986
1986-1987
5
5
6
5
3
7
4
6
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Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic
archipelagos.
a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands
b. Galapagos land birds
c. Galapagos Darwin's finches
d. Galapagos ferns.
海洋性島嶼
離岸200公里以上
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Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic
archipelagos.
e. Galapagos insects
f. Galapagos flowering plants
g. Caribbean bats.
h. Facroes islands ground beetles.
海洋性島嶼
離岸200公里以上
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Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic
archipelagos.
g. Caribbean bats.
h. Facroes islands ground beetles.
i.. Canary Islands birds
j. Canary island ground beetles.
海洋性島嶼
離岸200公里以上
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Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores
archipelagos.
a. Seabirds on islands off of Scotland.
b. Extant marsupials on islands in the Bass Straits.
c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass Straits.
d. Sand dune mammals on islands in the Bass Straits.
沿岸島嶼
離岸100KM以內
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沿岸島嶼
離岸100KM以內
Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore
archipelagos.
e. Birds of the California Channel islands.
f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel
islands.
g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California.
h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.
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Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for
nearshores archipelagos.
g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California.
h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.
i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the Gulf
of California.
沿岸島嶼
離岸100KM以內
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Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial
habitat isolates.
a. Mammals of East African national parks.
b. Birds of East African national parks.
c. Mountaintop small mammals.
d. Mountaintop plants.
陸域隔離區
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Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial
habitat isolates.
e. Mountaintop birds
f. Birds in New Jersey woodlots
g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves.
h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves.
陸域隔離區
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Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for
terrestrial habitat isolates.
g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves.
h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves.
i. Mammals of . national parks.
陸域隔離區
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Fig. 19 Effect of anthropogenic extinctions on cumulative
species-area curves for two island groups.
a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands
b. Extant and fossil birds of the Hawaiian islands.
c. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait.
d. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait.
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切割棲息地後,所含的生物種類數反而增加,
可能的原因:
1. Habitat diversity
2. Population dynamics.
Priority effects
Multiple stable equilibria
Edge effects
Disturbance
Species pool and dispersal ability.
Colonization
Evolutionary effects.
Extinctions.
3. Historical effects.
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Character Displacement
相近的物種,於重疊分布的區域,其間
的差異會因為競爭而擴大。
這是否普遍存在?
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Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak
morphology between these three species of
Darwin's finches, Geospiza, which coexist on many
Galapagos islands, has been the subject of much
debate concerning its cause.
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Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza
conirostris shows significant variation on
different species on different islands.
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Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species of
Darwin's finches on three islands where they coexist
show considerable variation from island to islands, even
though the same set of possible competition occurs on
each island.
43生物保育策略
問題與討論問題與討論
請提出問題!
japalura@
44生物保育策略