国际关系理论结构a认知结构与国际政治心理学分析*尹继武 }ଽಸิေ~ 社会科学分析家对结构概念和结构理论的研究已取得丰硕的成果,但对于/何谓结构a结构作用于行为与进程的机制为何0等基本问题仍是众说纷纭,尚无定论b国际关系理论研究中亦是如此b有鉴于此,作者从共时性和历时性两个维度,结合相关研究成果,提出一个系统的结构概念化框架b在此基础上,进一步对认知结构进行/结构与功能0分析,并以图式理论为中心,讨论认知结构在国际政治心理学分析中的相关性b最后,作者指出国际政治心理学认知结构研究中存在的基本问题以及进一步研究的方向b}ܱՍ~ 结构;国际政治;认知结构;图式理论}ቔᆀࡥࢺ~ 尹继武,1980年生,北京外国语大学国际关系学院讲师b(北京 邮编:100089)}ᇏٳোݼ~ D80 }໓ངѓ്~ A }໓ᅣщݼ~ 1006-9550(2007)10-0018-11 ॓࿐࣮ᇏ/ࢲܒ0ۀࠣః႕ཙԩ҂ᄝ,ೂჰሰࢲܒaٳሰࢲܒaࢳ௩ࢲܒമᇀ൞დᇥࢲܒ֩֩bၹ一 结构的概念化Վ,Ⴕ࿐ᆀಪ,ູ/ೂݔીႵҐႨࢲܒ֥ۀ,ପહࡹܒޅ॓࿐ฐ࣮֥නਫ਼ࡼ൞ժ҄ྛ0bæᄝದ໓ഠ߶ ܱႿࢲܒۀ֥קၬ໙,ี༆ٚᅽ࿐აഠ߶॓࿐॓࿐࣮ਵთ,/Ֆࢲܒ֞ࢳܒ0Ӯູ20ൗࡀ༆ٚᅽ࿐ࢸᇙඪٴ៙,ᇓ၂൞,ഉໃ౼֤࿐܋്bᄝݓ࠽࿐නӖ֥ᇶཌᆭ၂,ᆃ္൞20ൗࡀمݓනམؿᅚ֥ᇶܱ༢ંؿᅚൎᇏ,ؓࢲܒۀࣉྛ༢ӂඍ֥֒උӖbçᄝݓ࠽ܱ༢ં࣮ᇏ,ሱड़ୄන#غሥࢲܒགྷൌᇶၬ֥սіದغሥbغሥิԛਔ၂۱(KennethWaltz)ࢹັܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏ֥ࢲܒۀԷ৫ࢲܒགྷൌᇶၬં,ުࢲܒᇶၬ၂ᆰӮູᇶੀݓ࠽ܱ༢ *Ч໓ለཿݖӱᇏ,ᅦౢૹaᇛٚၿa࿏৯a௰ཫდaโ့aဗܼaౄંࡹܒ֥ٚمંࠎԤbಖط,ؓႿޅ໌ࢲܒࠣఃቔବ೦#ଏೣ(JonathanMercer)aЌઅ#॓ົห(PaulKowert)ၛࠣuൗࢸႨࠏᇅ֩ࠎЧ໙,ีݓ࠽ܱ༢࿐ࢸഉ༢֥࿐ࣜ࠶აᆟᇍvᄖᆽେബ۠ದิ܂ਔЏ֥ၩა,หՎᇁ྆b໓࣮bࠎԤં࣮۽ቔ֥ಌാ၂קӱ؇ഈᄯӮਔݓ࠽ᇏॖି֥հᆭԩႮቔᆀሱڵbæ,/SocialStructure,,ed.,Hand-ܱ༢ં࣮ᇏࢲܒۀႨ֥ࠁၛࠣؓႿࢲܒbookofSociology,NewPark,California:SAGEPublications,Inc.,1988,ં֥ᇙ؟༂ࢳbՎຓ,གྷႵݓ࠽ܱ༢ࢲܒં࣮ᇶ.ေࠢᇏႿݓ࠽ุ༢ҪՑ,طؓັܴ۱ุҪՑܱᇿ҂ܔbç[م]ڠ෬ຐ#؟ථᇷ,࠱ܼၲ:uՖࢲܒ֞ࢳܒ:مݓ20ൗႵႿՎ,Ч໓ࢹཌྷܱഠ߶॓࿐֥࣮Ӯݔ,൫ิࡀනམᇶӖv,Кࣘ:ᇏနщၲԛϱഠ,2004୍ϱbܱႿದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ਵ܂၂ᇕ༢֥ࢲܒۀ߄ॿࡏ,ᄝՎࠎԤഈࣉ၂҄თࢲܒᇶၬනམ֥ྖකაඍ,౨ҕᄇ[ႇ]ჿݩ#ථหઅक़щ,౻ת༅۱ุಪᆩࢲܒ֥ݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟ,ѩၛൔંູ֩ၲ:uࢲܒᇶၬၛট:Ֆਙົ-ථหসථ֣֞ղv,ഫဝ:ୡ࢝ტԛϱഠaؗ:ࣃն࿐ԛϱഠ,1998୍ϱ;[ೋൖ]ࢭᇷ,ୂ৵ളaᇏྏ,ᄝંбࢠ֥ࡏܒᇏ༢൸ݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲਞၲ:uࢲܒᇶၬv,Кࣘ:അༀႆܶ,1984୍ϱ;ྷԌ໑:uࢲܒᇶၬაܒ֥ࠎЧ໙ีࠣࣉ၂࣮҄ٚཟbުࢲܒᇶၬv,ഫဝ:ୡದԛϱഠ,1986୍ϱ֩b)18)
ൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍ 2007年第10期ׅ֥ࣜݓ࠽ᆟᇍࢲܒקၬ,ࠧ/൮༵,ࢲܒ۴ऌ༢֥આࠠࢲܒa࿐ࢲܒaള࿐ࢲܒaྏ࿐ࢲܒaეஆਙჰᄵটקၬbఃՑ,ࢲܒ۴ऌ҂ֆჭ֥หקۿ࿐֥ࢲܒᇶၬၛࠣഠ߶࣮ࢲܒᇶၬ֥ࠎԤഈ,ಪିটקၬbᄜՑ,ࢲܒ۴ऌֆჭࡗି৯֥ٳটࢸູ/ࢲܒ൞၂۱ႮᇕᇕሇߐܿੰቆӮุ֥༢bᆃ۱ሇק0bæ֒ಖ,غሥࢲܒקၬ֥ࡥჿૅۋ൞ၛఃֆЊߐุ༢ቔุູ༢(ཌྷؓႿః۲Ӯٳ֥ྟᇉط)ݣႵྟູսࡎ֥,ྸ؟࿐ᆀؓغሥࢲܒۀࣉྛਔ,၂ུܿੰ,,ሹطᆭ,၂۱ࢲܒЇওਔ۱หྟ:ᆜᆷԛႮႿࡥ߄ջটਔࢲܒଽಸ֥ֆЊაಌാ:఼טࢲุྟaሇߐྟބሱദטᆜྟ0bëൈ,ಪູࢲܒႋܒ֥܋ൈྟ,طޭ൪ਔൈྟ,ၹطᆺ൞֥࣡ࢲܒ;ھॖၛྙൔ߄b෮໌ࢲܒ֥ᆜุྟ,൞ᆷࢲܒ֥ଽᄝޭ൪ਔྛູᇶุࡗ֥ࢌສૡ؇(dynamicdensity);ޭ৵ܺྟა၂ᇁྟ,ᆃᇕ၂ᇁྟିູࢲܒ֥ࠎЧֆ໊൪ਔൎၹ,ીႵࡼഠ߶აളӁ֩ေॉ੮ࣉಀ,֩෮܋ۋᆩ,Վ(ᆜุྟ)ູ܋ൈྟหᆘ;෮໌ࢲܒ֥֩bçሱദטᆜྟ,൞ᆷࢲܒܥႵ֥۲ᇕሇߐ҂߶ᄀԛࢲܒᅞުྖఏ֥ഠ߶ࡹܒᇶၬݓ࠽ܱ༢ંؓغ֥шࢸᆭຓ,ᆺ߶ӁളඋႿᆃ۱ࢲܒѩЌթھࢲܒ֥ሥ֥ࢲܒંࣉྛਔྩᆞބؿᅚ,ᇶေุགྷᄝਆ۱ٚܿੰ֥Ӯٳ,ႮՎջটਔࢲܒ֥൯ޚྟބଖᇕٿо,ྟ૫:၂൞ࡼݓ࠽ᆟᇍ֥/ധҪࢲܒ0,ࠧݓ࠽ᆟکሑՎ(ሱദטᆜྟ)ູ܋ൈྟหᆘ;෮໌ࢲܒ֥ሇߐ,ྟ൪ູэਈط٤ӈਈ,ႮՎӁളਔᇕᆟکሑྙ൞ᆷࢲܒѩ҂൞࣡҂э,֥Ⴕሱദ֥৯э߄ট)))ࠉ҃ථ໓߄aઌक़໓߄ބू֣໓߄bؽ൞ࡼݓჷބࠏᇅ,Վ(ሇߐྟ)ູൈྟหᆘb࠽ᆟᇍಃ৯ࢲܒؿᅚູݓ࠽໓߄/ܴࢲܒ,఼טܴථ઼غҦౢ༉ֹࢸקਔഠ߶࿐ၩၬࢲܒ֥ࠎЧቆaܿٓބࡎᆴ֩໓߄ၹᄝݓ࠽ᆟᇍᇏ֥ቔႨbèӮ҆ٳbѩໃࣉྛࢲܒۀࢸק۽ቔ,ط൞۴ऌ໑ބࡹܒᇶၬѩໃՖЧჷഈᇗྍബ൪ࢲܒགྷൌᇶၬ֥uࣃႇეሳׅvܱႿࢲܒ่֥קၬ,ՖᇏԎའԛࢲࢲܒۀაࢲܒ,ܴᆺ൞ؓࢲܒ֥ଽಸࣉྛਔྩᆞbܒ֥ऎุቆӮ҆ٳbᆃ൞ؓࢲܒۀ߄۽ቔ֥ᇗေ܊Վຓ,ݓ࠽ܱ༢ંൎᇏ/ീᆀ-ࢲܒ(agent-ང,ၹູԎའ֥ࢲܒۀऎุ߄ၛࠣॖҠቔ߄bstructure)0໙ี֥ิԛაؿᅚ,္ໃؓࢲܒۀࣉྛࡼࢲܒ༥ٳູੂ۱ࠎЧቆӮ҆ٳ,ࠧٳ༅֥ࠎЧֆ༢֥ӂඍbéࠎႿၛഈٳ༅,Ч໓ಪູႵсေؓགྷႵ֥ࢲܒۀࣉྛ༢֥бࢠٳ༅,ՖطԎའԛ၂ᇕæ,TheoryofInternationalPolitics,NewYork:۷ູ௴ђൡႨ֥ࢲܒۀॿࡏbૼಒࢸקނྏэਈႵMcGraw-Hil,lInc.,1979,-101.çᆃུࠢᇏႿ:,ed.,NeorealismandItsᇹႿ࿐ඌ܋ุՖ҂Ӯඃ॓࿐࣮ཟӮඃ॓࿐࣮֥Critics,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1986bࣉ҄bèAlexanderWendt,SocialTheoryofInternationalPolitics,Cam-гᆀಪbridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1999.,ູᇶੀݓ࠽ܱ༢ંؓݓ࠽ᆟᇍࢲܒ֥é࣮թᄝઆࠠႋႨ҂֒bՖંഈٳ༅,ቔູ၂ᇕԎ/ീᆀ-ࢲܒ0໙ีა/ҪՑٳ༅م(levelsofanalysis)0൞ݓ࠽ܱ༢ંؿᅚൎᇏቋູׅ֥ࣜਆᇕٓԐ,္൞ݓ࠽ܱ༢࣮॓འ֥આࠠۀ,ࢲܒ֥ۀ߄ႋ൞ં֝ཟ(theory-࿐߄აࣚ༥߄֥ᇗေ৯ਈbҕᄇAlexanderWendt,/TheAgent-Struc-tureProbleminInternationalRelationsTheory,0InternationalOrganization,driven),ط҂൞ࣜဒ൙ൌ֝ཟ(data-driven)bêݓ࠽,,Summer1987,-370;DavidDessler,/ᆟᇍࢲܒં࠻Ⴕ֥ࢲܒקၬა࣮ᄵ࿖൙ൌ֝StakeinAgent-structureDebate?0InternationalOrganization,,ཟ,ࠧႮ༯ཟഈ֥࣮ਫ਼ࣥbᆃᇕሱ༯طഈ֥ࢲܒק,Summer1989,-473;,/TheAgency-Struc-ၬtureProbleminForeignPolicyAnalysis,0InternationalStudiesQuarterly,,ఃрѨᄝႿ/ࣜဒ൙ൌ0֥ֆ၂,ࠧႮႿ࣮ᆀؓݓ࠽ᆟᇍЧᇉ֥҂ಪ്,,1992,-270;GilFriedmanandHarveyStarr,l,ၛಃ৯ࢲܒa໓߄ࢲܒটקAgency,Structure,andInternationalPolitics:FromOntologytoEmpiricalၬ၂Ϯࢲܒbູյᆃᇕ࣮આ֥ࠠᙣં,гᆀ࿊ᄴInquiry,London;NewYork:Routledge,1997bೋൖྏ࿐ࡅࢭêᆃਆᇕ҂࣮ਫ਼֥ࣥઆࠠࠎԤູ݂ବބဆၶ֥љ,гᆀ(JeansPiaget)ބૅݓഠ߶࿐ࡅୄغ#ථ઼غҦಪູ,ؓႿࢲܒۀ໙ี֥࣮,бࢠམ֥ࣥ൞࿖ં֝ཟ/ሱ()ܱႿࢲܒۀ֥ׅࣜഈط༯֥ဆၶંᆣઆࠠbՖགྷൌ࣮টඪ,࠻Ⴕ֥ࢲܒקၬটჷקၬ,๙ݖሸކбࢠᆃਆᇕ҂൪֥࢘קၬ,ູݓ࠽ᆟႿؓࣜဒ൙ൌ֥݂ବაሹࢲ,ೂਙົ-ථหসථ֥ದো࿐ࢲܒקၬaᇍ֥ࢲܒٳ༅ิ܂၂ᇕ۷ູ௴ൡ֥ࢲܒۀ߄ॿࡏbࢭؓࢲܒ֥ׅࣜקၬ֩bႮՎ,ૌಪູࣉྛ༢֥ࢲܒۀ߄۽ࢭؓࢲܒۀ֥קၬ൞၂ᇕؓದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ቔ҂ॖх૧ေᄎႨ݂ବم,ೂݔૌՖ/նဢЧ݂ବ0ԛࢲܒקၬ,ᄵॖၛࡨഒ݂ବم෮ջট֥҂֒b࠻Ⴕࢲܒ࣮֥၂Ϯห֥ׄԎའbᄝॉҳඔ࿐ࢲܒaëࢭ:uࢲܒᇶၬv,1984୍ϱb)19)
结构a认知结构与国际政治心理学分析і1 ࢲܒ֥ۀ߄ॿࡏᆜุྟሇߐྟሱദטᆜྟ܋ൈྟٳ༅֥ࠎЧֆ໊ֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢ࢲܒଽֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢აֆ໊აࢲܒຓ֥ܱ༢֥҂ൈྟࢲܒაߌ֥ܱ༢หקൈॢᇏֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ࢲܒఏჷ֥ჰၹ ሧਘটჷ:ࢭ:uࢲܒᇶၬv,1984୍ϱ;,/SocialStructure,,ed.,HandbookofSociology,1988b໊(unitsofanalysis);ֆ໊ᆭࡗห൹ࠇႵࠏ֥ܱ༢(re-ҪՑٳ༅֥ࠎЧࡌקູ:ݓ࠽ᆟᇍࢲܒંѩ҂֩Ⴟlationships);หקൈॢᇏᆃུֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ᇗگ(repet-iݓ࠽ุ༢,ંߐᆭ,ݓ࠽ุ༢ࢲܒંᆺ൞ݓ࠽ᆟtive);ࢲܒଽֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢აֆ໊ބࢲܒຓ֥ᇍࢲܒં֥၂ᇕ,طᄝ۲۱࣮ҪՑॖၛࡹ৫ݓܱ༢֥҂(differentfrom);ࢲܒ֥౦ྟ(structure࠽ᆟᇍࢲܒંbᆃᇕҪՑٳ༅֥/ҪՑ0Ⴕਆᇕ,൮-in-environment),ࠧࢲܒაߌ֥ܱ༢;ࢲܒ֥ჰ༵൞Ֆഠ߶࿐აഠ߶ྏ࿐ၩၬഈؓࢲܒࣉྛҪՑٳၹ(causes)bæᆃੂ۱ٚ૫ॖၛࡥ߄ູඹ۱ࠎЧေ:ׄ༅,ࠎЧົ؇ູ/ഠ߶ҪՑ0ა/۱ุҪՑ0,ᆃ൞ؓࢲֆ໊ၛࠣૌᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢aࢲܒଽ҆ၛࠣࢲܒᆭࡗ֥ܒ֥ൌุඋྟ֥݂োbఃՑ൞ؓࢲܒ֥թᄝॢࡗࣉྛܱ༢aࢲܒ֥౦ྟaࢲܒఏჷ֥ჰၹbçഈඍਆᇕקҪՑٳ༅,ᆃॖࢲކݓ࠽ܱ༢࿐ᇏ֥/ҪՑٳ༅م0ࣉၬऎႵཌྷ๙ᆭԩ,Їওਔࢲܒۀ֥۲۱Ҫ૫,ၹՎ,ྛ,ࠧՖࠎЧ֥/۱ุ-ֆ໊-ุ༢0۱ҪՑࣉྛ݂ૌॖၛࡼਆᇕקၬႵࠏࢲކ,ิԛ၂۱۷ູປᆜ֥ো,ऎุᇀݓ࠽ܱ༢ٳ༅ਵთᄵູ/۱ุ-ݓࡅ-ݓࢲܒקၬॿࡏ,ᆃ۱ॿࡏ္൞ૌࡎݓ࠽ᆟᇍᇏ۲࠽ุ༢0۱ࠎЧҪՑbఃᇏ۱ุބݓࡅ൞ྛູᇕࢲܒં֥ѓሙ(і1)bૌಪູ,ࢭࡼࢲุbࠎႿၛഈਆᇕࠎЧҪՑ߃ٳ,ݓ࠽ᆟᇍ࣮ᇏ֥ܒ൪ቓᄎෘ(operation)ط٤ൌุ֥ቓمᄝൌ࠽ٳ༅ᇏࢲܒٳ༅ॖၛᄝ/ྛุູ-ุ༢0ࠎЧٓԐഈᅚष,ᇎθ,ྛࢲކථ઼غҦ֥ۀ߄۽ቔ,Ч໓ࡼࢭࠧ,Їওֆჭ֥ࢲܒંაݓ࠽ุ༢֥ࢲܒંbֆ֥ࢲܒקၬࡆၛྩר,ิԛ:ࢲܒ൞Ⴎ၂ུൌุ(ۿିჭࢲܒ,ࠧ۱ุაݓࡅҪՑഈ֥ࢲܒႻऎႵഠ߶ބ۱ֆჭ)֥ஆਙቆކطྙӮุ֥༢,ऎႵᆜุྟaሇߐุܿਆᇕࠎЧඋྟ:۱ุࢲܒЇওഠ߶ࢲܒა۱ุሱദੰބሱദטᆜྟbࢭ֥ࢲܒקၬԛܿੰູٳ༅ಪᆩࢲܒ,ݓࡅࢲܒЇওݓ࠽ุ༢ࢲܒބݓࡅሱദࢲ֥ࠎЧֆ໊(ܿੰᆺ൞ൌุܱ༢֥іགྷྙൔ),طгᆀܒ(ᆟᇍaࣜ࠶აಪᆩࢲܒ֩)bఃൌ,ֆ໊ݓࡅ֥ഠಪູࢲܒ֥ࠎЧֆູ໊ൌ,ุᆃུൌุᆭࡗ֥ஆਙቆ߶ࢲܒંࣼ൞ݓ࠽ุ༢ࢲܒંbֆ໊ݓࡅࢲܒކྙӮࢲܒଽຓ҂֥ܱ༢,طࢲܒଽؿള֥ᇗگྟંᇏ֥ݓ࠽ุ༢ં҂࣮ݓࡅЧദ֥ࢲܒ,ಪູᆃэ߄(ൌุᆭࡗ৳༢ٚൔ֥ᇗگྟ)ࣼ൞ሇ߄֥ܿ,ੰඋႿ௴๙ᆟᇍ࿐ં࣮ٓԐ;ݓ࠽ᆟᇍุ༢ં֥ႮՎྙӮุ֥༢ऎႵᆜุྟbèൌุࠇۿିֆჭႵਆᇕྙൔ,ྏ࿐ᇏࢲܒ֥ࠎЧӮٳູླေ(needs)aۋæ,/SocialStructure,,ed.,౦HandbookofSociology,-105.(feelings)a؇(attitudes)ၛࠣಪᆩ(cognition),֩ᆃུඋႿඋྟۀ;ഠ߶࿐ᇏࢲܒٳ༅֥ࠎЧֆູ໊ç,/ASocialCognitiveConceptionofSocialStruc-ture,0SocialPsychologyQuarterly,,,SpecialIssue:Concep-۱ุ෮Ӂള֥ܱ༢หྟ(relationalcharacteris-tualizingStructureinSocialPsychology,September1994,-220.èܱ༢൞ࠎЧ֥ٳ༅ֆ໊ᆭࡗஆਙቆކ֥ٚൔaܿᄵ֥ࠢކbtics),ೂܱ࢘༢(ڳଛ-ཬݙ)ၛࠣಕุҪ૫֥ಕุᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢,ᆃུ൞ܱ༢ۀbéႮՎॖᆩ,ൌุࠇࣁېെބെ֥ࠎЧֆ໊/ჭཌྷ,ࠎЧֆ໊ᆭࡗஆਙቆކ֥ٚൔࠧࢲܒ҂,Ֆط֝ᇁؽᆀหྟ(ೂ႗؇)֥҂b֒ಖ,Ч໓ѩໃۿିֆ໊Їওඋྟۀބܱ༢ۀbؓႿࢲܒ֥ࠎЧڎקغሥᄝݓ࠽ᆟᇍંࡹܒᇏؓࢲܒקၬ֥ࢭԛ܊ང,ཌྷّ,гᆀቆӮ҆ٳ,гᆀࢤ൳ථ઼غҦิԛ֥ੂ۱ٚ૫b෮ิ܂֥ࢲܒۀ߄ॿࡏაغሥ֥ࢲܒקၬѩ҂؛,ط൞ؿᅚਔᄝಒקਔࢲܒ֥ࠎЧۀބקၬᆭު,ࢤ༯টࡼ֥קၬ,൫ࡹܒ၂ᇕ۷ູປᆜބ༢֥ॿࡏbé,/SocialStructure,,ed.,ؓࢲܒࣉྛҪՑٳ༅bгᆀؓݓ࠽ᆟᇍࢲܒ࣮ࣉྛHandbookofSociology,-106.)20)
ൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍ 2007年第10期ࠎЧэਈܱ༢ູݓ࠽ุ༢֥ࢲܒ႕ཙᆟᇍྛ,ູطᆃՖ၂षࣼ٤ቔູᆜุটु҂ॖ;Ⴛၹູᆃུᆜุᇕࢲܒູޡܴഠ߶ࢲܒ,ೂಃ৯aᇅ؇ა໓߄֩bೂՎ൞ି,֥෮ၛ൞ሇߐ֥ᇏ൷;ߎၹູᆃུᆜุ֥ሱط,ᇶੀݓ࠽ܱ༢ંनູݓ࠽ุ༢ࢲܒ,ંఃࠎטࢫ,ିႨഠಕ෮఼ࡆ֥۲ᇕো֥ཋᇅބᇕᇕѓሙЧٳఆᄝႿؓٳ༅֥ؓའ(ࠧࠎЧֆ໊֥൮ေඋྟæ)ࠇܿᄵᆃဢ၂۱Ⴕห൹ྟ֥ഠ߶൙ൌіགྷԛটb0ë֥֒ಪ്҂,ೂࢲܒགྷൌᇶၬ఼טಃ৯,ྍሱႮᇅ؇ᇶಖ,ᆃᆺ൞ࢭ෮ӫ֥ᆜุྟࢲܒᇶၬ,ေࣉ၂҄Ӯၬ఼טᇅ؇,ഠ߶ࡹܒᇶၬᇏࢲܒ֥ࠎЧֆ໊ᄵູ܋ູٚمંࢲܒᇶၬ,ߎླ࿙ࢲܒ֥ࠎЧٳ༅ֆ໊֥Ⴕܴ(sharedideas)bçᄝ۱ุҪՑഈ,ࢲܒۀᄵཌྷܱ༢ࠣቔႨ,࿙ᅳဆၶྟ֥ࢳbܱႿ/ಪᆩࢲॖ༥ٳູഠ߶ࢲܒა۱ุሱദಪᆩࢲܒਆᇕbऎุطܒ0္֥࣮൞၂ᇕ/ഠ߶࣮0,ၹູಪᆩࢲܒթᄝ,۱ุҪՑ֥ഠ߶ࢲܒᇶေ൞ᆷ۱ุ෮ԩഠ߶ߌ,Ⴟหק֥ഠ߶໓߄Мࣟᆭᇏ,ૌ෮ฐษ֥ಪᆩ൞၂ೂࡅ๖ࢲܒᇕഠ߶ಪᆩ(socialcognition)ࠣᆟᇍಪᆩ(politicalcog-;֩۱ุሱദ֥ಪᆩࢲܒᄵູ۱ุؓଖোಪᆩൌุྙӮ֥ྏࢲܒbЧ໓ᇶေฐษࢲܒაֆჭnition)bìႮՎॖ,ฐษಪᆩࢲܒؓᆟᇍ؎აྛູྛູᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢,ၧࠧϜࢲܒ֒ቓ၂ᇕሱэਈbႿಪᆩࢲܒط,ഠ߶ࢲܒൌᇉູ၂ᇕࢲܒ֥ຓᄝߌၹæۋ྆၂໊େബ۠ದิԛࢲܒᇏ/ֆჭ0ა/൳ุ0֥ٳbᄝbႿՎغሥࢲܒܴᇏ,ࢲܒ൞ၛֆჭᆭࡗି৯֥ٳطקၬbᆃсྶᇿ,ഠ߶ࢲܒӮູ۱ุಪᆩࢲܒ֥၂ᇕຓᄝߌ,ൈ္൞۱ุಪᆩࢲܒэ߄֥၂ᇕ႕ཙэਈbၩ֥൞,ࢲܒ൞Ⴎֆჭඋྟ(ି৯aܴაᆩ്֩)֥ٳ/ቆކطקၬ,ࢲܒ֥൳ุಏ൞ֆ໊ݓࡅࠇ۱ุ,ط҂൞ݓࡅࠇ۱ุඋྟbೂಪᆩ۱ุҪՑഈ֥ࢲܒᇶၬં֥ࠎЧэਈܱ༢ᄵູഠ߶ࢲܒ֥ࠎЧֆჭູᆩ്,ط൳ุಏ൞۱ุbࢲܒࠇಪᆩࢲܒა۱ุथҦᆀ֥ᆟᇍྛູᆭࡗ֥ܱç༆ٚ࿐ࢸ၂ϮࡼྍགྷൌᇶၬaሱႮᇶၬၛࠣઔक़නᇶၬݓ࠽༢ܱ༢ં݂֩োູݓ࠽ܱ༢ࢲܒં௶༢,ܱႿᆃࠫᇕࢲܒં֥б,္ࣼ൞ඪ,࣮ຓᄝၹࠇଽᄝၹؓथҦᆀྛູࢠٳ༅აܙ,౨ҕᄇBruceBuenodeMesquita,PrinciplesofInternation-֥႕ཙbèླေᆷԛ֥൞,ݓ࠽ܱ༢ਵთ֥ࢲܒ၂ϮalPolitics:,Preferences,andPerceptions,Washington,D.ᆷҪՑၩၬഈ֥ࢲܒۀ,ၧࠧݓ࠽ࢲܒູݓ࠽ุ༢C.:CQPress,2000,-94;StephanHaggard,/StructuralismandItsࢲܒéCritics:RecentProgressinInternationalTheory,0inEmanuelAdlerand;طгᆀಏౠཟႿᄝඋྟҪՑഈႨݓ࠽ࢲܒBeverlyCrawford,eds.,ProgressinPostwarInternationalRelations,Newۀ,ၧࠧݓ࠽ࢲܒ҂ࣇЇওݓ࠽ุ༢ࢲܒ,ൈ္ЇYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1991,-437bওಪᆩࢲܒႿᆃᇕ࣮ଢ֥,Ч໓ѩໃབྷ༥ษંഠ߶ࢲܒؓ۱ุಪᆩ,ၹູಪᆩࢲܒऎႵݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟbЧè໓ѩ҂յෘؓᇶੀݓ࠽ܱ༢ંᇏุ֥༢ࢲܒંࣉࢲܒ֥႕ཙbܱႿഠ߶ࢲܒა۱ุᆭࡗܱ༢֥࣮,౨ҕᄇ,/SocialStructureandtheIndividua:lEmergingྛ,ط൞ᄎႨభ໓෮ิԛ֥ࢲܒۀॿࡏ,ؓັܴThemesandNewDirections,0SocialPsychologyQuarterly,,,ࠇ۱ุҪՑ֥ಪᆩࢲܒࣉྛં༅bࢤ༯টࡼऎุJune1990,-80bӂඍಪᆩࢲܒ֥ݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟbéҕᇛٚၿ:uݓ࠽ࢲܒაҦv,ᄛuൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍv,2007୍ֻ10௹,ֻ7~18်;࿏৯:uՖࢲܒᇶၬ֞ݓ࠽ܱ༢ં:၂ཛ༢֥ॉҳ)))࡙ંغሥࢲܒܴ֥अཋྟv,ᄛuൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍv,二2007୍ֻ10௹,ֻ30~41်b 认知结构的/结构功能0分析êAlexanderWendt,/TheAgent-StructureProbleminInternationalRelationsTheory,-357. ഠ߶॓࿐࣮ᇏܱႿ/ീᆀ-ࢲܒ0ܱ༢ٓԐëࢭ:uࢲܒᇶၬv,ֻ68်b၂Ϯၩၬط,ࢲܒथקંޓ֥ฐษᄝಪ്ંഈ֥ၩၬ:ູႮ۱ุ֥උྟটࢳ۱௴ђӮ৫,ೂ/ഠ߶࿐၂۱ቋࠎЧ֥නམ൞ದᄝࢲܒᇏֹ໊֥႕ཙದุ֥ྛ֥ྛູ,,ᄝ18ᇀ19ൗࡀᇝཟሧЧᇶၬݖ؈֥ݖӱᇏ,ᄝ֣ݓބ,ູߎ൞ၛࢲܒ(ุ༢)ູ֝ཟ?êႮՎӁളਔٚمંҪՑഈ۱ุᇶၬބᆜุᇶၬ֥ٳ့bمݓԛགྷݖ၂۱ᇏӁࢨ֥ࠩᆩ്ٳሰࢨҪ,,ෙಖૌ֥ࢲܒ໊ᇂ,ܱཌྷ,൞ૌ֥ྛູ൞҂၂ဢ֥b෮ၛ,෮໌ࢲܒ֝ᇁದૌ֥ྛູᆃႿྛุູྛູ݂ၹ(attribution)֥ྏ࿐ં,ఃٳఆ۱ં؎҂൞၂۱႞ᇂၐ֥֡,ط൞၂۱ླေࢳ֥໙ี0bҕᄇᇛіགྷູඋྟંߎ൞౦ંᆭᆚbሹุط,ᆜ۱॓࿐࿒ܻ:uቆᆮഠ߶࿐ࢃv,Кࣘ:ഠ߶॓࿐໓ངԛϱഠ,2003୍ϱ,ֻ࣮ࣉӱᇏթᄝሢჰሰંބᆜุં֥ᆚᆳ,ྏ࿐122်bìഠ߶ಪᆩં൞ࢺႿಪᆩྏ࿐აഠ߶ྏ࿐ᆭࡗ֥ࢌҭ࿐ჭંؿᅚ္҂২ຓb॓bၹՎ,ഠ߶ಪᆩ൞ᄝഠ߶໓߄Мࣟ༯ฐษದ֥ಪᆩྏbDavidF.ٚمંࢲܒᇶၬᄝഠ߶࣮ᇏᅝऌᇶֹ໊֝bBarone,,,SocialCognitivePsychology:HistoryandCurrentDomains,NewYork:PlenumPress,1997;Whats'So-/၂్Ⴕܱഠ߶࣮֥ྙൔ,҂ܵૌ؟હ҂,൞cialaboutSocialCognition?)))ResearchonSociallySharedCognitioninေ֝ཟࢲܒᇶၬ֥:ၹູഠ߶ྟ֥ᆜุࠇ-ሰᆜุ.,SmallGroups,ThousandOaks,:SagePublications,1996b)21)
结构a认知结构与国际政治心理学分析֥႕ཙุགྷਔັܴҪՑഈ֥ٚمંࢲܒᇶၬbࣉӱ൞၂൙֥ਆᇕ҂֥іགྷྙൔ:ࢲܒ൞ࡹ৫၇ऌభ໓෮ඍ֥ࢲܒۀ߄ॿࡏၛࠣࢲܒ֥ҪՑᄝؓࠎЧٳ༅ֆ໊ᆭࡗᇗگ҂؎֥ܴҳࠎԤഈ֥ٳ༅,ૌࡼಪᆩࢲܒק໊Ⴟ۱ุაಕุ/ݓࡅҪՑၛ၂ᇕۀও,طࣉӱᄵ൞ࢲܒ֥ྛູཁ0bèೂభ໓෮ࠣྏົ؇֥၂ᇕࢲܒbЧ໓֥ٳ༅ࠢᇏႿ۱ุҪඍ,ಪᆩࢲܒᇏ֥ᆩ്ֆ໊ᆭࡗ൞၂ᇕ֩ࠩᇅ֥ܱ༢,Ց,ѩໃࡼಕุ/ݓࡅ֥ಪᆩࢲܒବೆٳ༅֥ࡏܒb෮ᆃ္ၩሢ҂֥ᆩ്ֆֹ໊໊֥҂၂,طᄝࣉၛૌॖၛಪູ(۱ุ)ಪᆩࢲܒ൞Ⴎ၂ུಪ്/ᆩ്ӱᇏ҂ᆩ്ֆ໊ᆭࡗ໊֥ᇂ߶ؿളڿэ,ႮՎ֝ᇁ(knowledge)ൌุ֥ஆਙቆކطྙӮุ֥༢,ऎႵᆜุಪᆩࢲܒ֥э߄bቋ,ުಪᆩࢲܒఏჷ֥ჰၹbؓႿྟaሇߐܿੰބሱദטᆜྟbಪᆩࢲܒ֥ۀࡏܒᇏ,ಪᆩࢲܒࠇಪ്֥ؿള࿐໙,ี࿐ࢸ၂ᆰթᄝᇕնࠎЧ֥ֆູ໊ಪ്/ᆩ്ൌ,ุࠧ۱ุؓಪᆩؓའ(ྐཌྷࣥ๖֥ܴ,ׄࠧყӮંaಖԷᄯંބܒᄯં(ࡹܒ༏aՏࠗ֩)෮ྙӮ֥ࠎЧᆩ്ࠇۀ,ᆃུᆩ്ࠇۀં)béགྷࣂಪᆩ॓࿐࿐ࢸ֥ᇶੀܴׄ:ູಪ്֥ݖӱ֥࠻Ⴕቆކஆਙ,ྙӮਔ۱ุ֥ಪᆩࢲܒb൞၂ᇕ҂؎ࡹܒ֥ݖӱ,ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ؿᅚ൞Ֆбࢠࡥࢤ༯ট,ૌ࿖ഠ߶࿐ࡅථ઼غҦิԛ֥ࢲܒֆ֥ࢲܒཟ۷گᄖ֥ࢲܒݖ؈bêੂ۱ࠎЧӮٳ࿐ඪ,ؓಪᆩࢲܒ֥ଽಸࠇಪᆩࢲܒ֥ؓಪᆩࢲܒ֥ٳ༅Їওਆ۱҆ٳ,൮ູ༵܋ൈྟ/ࢲܒ0ࣉྛٳ༅bಪᆩࢲܒऎႵ܋ൈྟ֥උ,ྟᆃіაൈྟٳ༅,ࠧࢲܒ֥/ࢲܒ0(Ӯٳࠇۿିֆჭ)ٳགྷູࢲܒ֥ᆜุྟაሱദטᆜหྟb൮༵,ಪᆩࢲܒ༅;Վຓ,ߎႋࣉྛಪᆩࢲܒ֥ۿିٳ༅,ࠧಪᆩࢲܒᇏ֥ࠎЧܒӮֆູ໊ᆩ്/ಪ്,ࠧ۱ุؓՏࠗࠇྐ༏ೂޅቔႨႿຓᄝ֥౦,ऎุЇও۱ุ֥ಪᆩࢲܒაྙӮ֥၂ུࠎЧۀ,ࠆ౼ູࣥЧିa࿐༝a߄აຓᄝ౦a(ᆟᇍ)؎აྛູᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢bᆃᇕཌྷഠ߶߄֩bæᆃུᆩ്/ಪ്ࡹ৫ᄝ༵భ֥ൌࠎԤܱ/ၹݔܱ༢৽่֥ྏ࿐ࠏູಪᆩࢲܒؓྐ༏ࡆഈbఃՑ,҂֥ᆩ്/ಪ്ᆭࡗ֥ཌྷܱ༢ࠇэ߄ܿ۽֥ቔႨëၛࠣಪᆩཌྷژં(cognitiveconsistencyੰbಪᆩࢲܒᇏᆩ്ᆭࡗ൞၂ᇕ֩ࠩᇅ֥ܱ༢,ࠧ۲theory)bܱႿಪᆩࢲܒ֥ۿିٳ༅ࡼᄝު໓ൔંᇕࣅૡཌྷܱ֥ᆩ്ᄝಪᆩࢲܒᇏ෮ԩ໊֥ᇂ҂၂b၂(schematheory)ᇏབྷ༥ંඍbϮط,ԩႿނྏֹ໊֥ᆩ്थקሢᆜ۱ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ྟᇉ,္൞႕ཙಪᆩݖӱ֥ނྏၹbçቋު,ಪᆩࢲ三 认知结构的国际政治相关性分析ܒଽຓܱ༢֥҂bႮႿ҂ಪᆩࢲܒᇏᆩ്ֆ໊֥ቆކܿੰ҂,ႮՎӁളਔ҂֥ࢲܒᇇ,ᆃ္൞҂ ݓ࠽ᆟᇍٳ༅ᇏ֥ಪᆩࢲܒ࣮ᇶေႵਆᇕ:ྐࢲܒᆭࡗ֥шࢸ෮ᄝbՖᆃᇕၩၬটඪ,၂ᇕࢲܒุ༢(beliefsystems)აᆟᇍൔ(politicalschema)bࠧၩሢ၂ᇕᇇbऎุط,ಪᆩࢲܒऎႵ၂ק֥Ч໓ؓಪᆩࢲܒ֥ݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟ,ࠧݓ࠽ᆟᇍ࣮ٿоྟ,ࠧ҂ಪᆩࢲܒᆭࡗၛཌྷ߄ა་൬,҂ਵთᇏ֥ಪᆩࢲܒં֥ٳ༅ٳູਆ۱҆ٳ:൮༵,ؓࢲܒ෮Ӂള֥ᇇ҂a҂ࢲܒᆭࡗၛཌྷሇ߄bæࢭಪູ,ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ྙӮაؿᅚݖӱᇏ,߄ބטࢫఏሢಪᆩࢲܒߎऎႵൈྟ֥၂૫,ࠧಪᆩࢲܒऎႵᇗေ֥՜ࣉቔႨbҕᄇ[ೋൖ]J.ࢭᇷ,ཉ֩ၲ:uؿളಪ്ંሇߐྟbऎุᆭ,൮,༵ಪᆩࢲܒა౦֥ܱ༢b၂ჰv,Кࣘ:അༀႆܶ,1981ϱ;[ೋൖ]ࢭᇷ,ഉྍࡹ֩ၲ:uളק֥ಪᆩࢲܒሹ൞ᇂദႿ၂ק֥ഠ߶໓߄౦ᆭ༯࿐აಪ്v,Кࣘ:ളࠃ##ྍᆩ৳,1989୍ϱb,ೂࡅ๖ߌaഠ߶໓߄ߌaഠ߶ᆟᇍᇅ؇ߌ֩bຓç,i/ThePowerofHumanCognitionintheStudyofWorldPolitics,0InternationalStudiesReview,,,Autumn2000,҆౦აߌ֥э߄߶ؓಪᆩࢲܒ֥э߄Ӂളᇗေ႕.ཙbᆃ္൞ಪᆩࢲܒؿളэ߄֥۴ჷᆭ၂bೂࣴ၂၂è,/SocialStructure0,.,ॣ҇༛ࠌ൙ࡱ֥ؿളؓૅݓದ֥νಆಪᆩࢲܒӁളਔHandbookofSociology,.éࢭ:uࢲܒᇶၬv,ֻ42~47်bथקྟ֥႕ཙ,ॖၛඪڿэਔૅݓ֥νಆܴაಪ്bêࢭ:uؿളಪ്ંჰv,ֻ96~106်bఃՑëShantoLyengarandVictorOttat,i/CognitivePerspectiveinPolit-i,หקൈॢ༯ᆩ്ֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥bᆃᇕ္൞၂ᇕࣩᆚܱ༢b൙ൌഈ,ᆃ္൞ಪᆩࢲܒ֥৯აcalPsychology,,Jr.,,leds.,HandbookofSocialCognition,Volume2:Applications,Hillsdale,Newݖӱ,ࠧࢲܒэ߄֥ଽᄝ۴ჷbᆞၹູೂՎ,/ࢲܒބJersey:LawrenceErlbaumAssociations,Inc.,1994,.)22)
ൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍ 2007年第10期གྷႵ֥ਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒંࣉྛંбࢠ,ૼ༉ݓ࠽ᆟൔೂޅቔႨႿਵ֝ದ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱbྐุ༢࣮ᇍಪᆩࢲܒ࣮֥ંဆࣉ֥ଽᄝઆࠠbఃՑ,ࣉ၂ᄝႿ࿙ಪᆩ֥၂ᇁྟ,ൔં֥ۿିࠏᇅᄵູ႕҄ၛᆟᇍൔંູᇏྏ,ࢣൕაࢳᆟᇍൔંཙྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱbྐุ༢࣮֥ྏ࿐ંࠎԤᄝაݓ࠽ᆟᇍൎোбᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢bႿಪᆩཌྷژં,طൔં֥ྏ࿐ંࠎԤູྐ(၂)ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟú:ંбࢠٳ༏ࡆ۽ંࠇഠ߶ಪᆩંbྐุ༢࣮֥ྏ༅৯ູࠏ౼ཟ,ၹູྛุູ֥ಪᆩࠏᄝႿ࿙ಪᆩྐุ༢ٳ༅֥ނྏၰี:ູྐุ༢֥หྟູ၂ᇁྟ,ൔં֥ྏ৯ᄵູྐ༏ࡆ۽౼ཟbሹޅ?ਵ֝ದ֥ྐุ༢൞ٿоྟ֥,ߎ൞ष٢ྟ֥?ุط,ൔં࣮აྐุ༢ં࣮֥љѩ۱ุ֥ྐุ༢ೂޅ႕ཙᆩत(perception)ၛࠣᆟᇍ҂ᄝႿಪᆩࢲܒ֥ࠎЧӮٳࠇۿିֆ໊,طᄝႿؓಪྛູ?ྐุ༢֥ۀᄝࢳݓࡅᆟᇍྛູэ߄ൈ֥ᆩࢲܒ֥ۿି֥҂࣮౼ཟbᆞೂૅݓᆟᇍྏ࿐Ⴕིྟೂޅ?֩֩bæऎุط,ྐุ༢֥ႋႨॖࡅ֣Ѱঘ#ঘ೦(DeborahWelchLarson)ᆷԛ֥,ൔၛ༥߄ູҠቔ(operationalcode)ބಪᆩ(cognitiveࢳ֥Ⴕིྟ۴ჷႿದোଽᄝ֥ಪᆩअཋ,ൔંmap)֩ሱэਈbҠቔ࣮֥ଽಸᄝႿࢣൕਵ֝ದ࣮ܱᇿದো؋௹࠺ၫअཋ༯ᆩ്൞ೂޅቆᆮބႨؓႿᆟᇍളࠃ֥۴Чಪ്ა؇ç,طಪᆩ࣮ᄵ֥;طྐุ༢࣮ѩ҂ܱᇿᆩ്൞ೂޅࢲܒ߄֥aѩᄎႨൕٚൔ,൸ਵ֝ದथҦݖӱᇏ֥ᆞڵၹݔܱᄝ࠺ၫᇏೂޅஆ,طᆺܱᇿྐ֥໗קაэ߄bë༢აݖӱbèՖۀ֞ٚمં໙,ีྐุ༢֥࣮ఃൌ,ᆃਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒ࣮֥ဆࣉ္ّ႘ਔಪᆩྏ૫ਢ༢ਙႵրࢳथ֥ีbೂݔૌϜྐุ༢֥࿐࣮ٓൔՖಪᆩޙં֞ഠ߶ಪᆩં֥ݖ؈bູ࣮݂ݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲܒֻ࣮֥၂սંT1,ܱႿၹՎ,Ֆಪᆩࢲܒଽಸഈඪ,ྐุ༢࣮აൔંᆟᇍൔֻູ֥࣮ؽսંT2,ݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲܒ࣮ҵљ҂ն,ᆃ္൞ݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲܒ࣮ᇏؽᆀ࣮֥ંဆࣉ,ࠧՖT1֞T2֥ؿᅚ,ఃᇶေ৯টႨࠁ֥ჸႮbᄝਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒંᇏ,ᆩ്ൌุჷႿ۱ٚ૫:ֻ၂,ؽᅞު,ႮႿ/ಪᆩ۪ଁ(cogn-i֥ቆᆮჰᄵ൞֩ࠩᇅ,֥ࠧ҂ᆩ്ൌֹุ໊֥҂tiverevolution)0֥႕ཙ,ྏ࿐ჭં൪࢘Ⴎྛູᇶ,ԩႿᇏྏֹ໊֥ᆩ്ൌุऎႵ҂ॖэྟ(ၛؿၬ(behaviorism)ሇэູಪᆩྏ࿐(cognitivepsycho-lളэ߄)bਆᇕં࣮֥ਫ਼ࣥ҂,၂ᇕ఼ູטogy)bఃᇏ,ಪᆩྏ࿐֥ٳ༅ٓൔ္ؿളਔᇗေ֥Ќӻಪᆩࢲܒޙ֥৯,ਸ਼၂ᇕ఼ູטಪᆩࢲܒ֥ሇэ,э߄ᆭ၂ູႮಪᆩཌྷژં֞ഠ߶ಪᆩં(socialcognæSteveSmith,/BeliefSystemsandtheStudyofInternationalRela-itiontheory)bႮՎ,ಪᆩᇶ္ุՖ/၂ᇁ࿙ᆀtions,0inRichardLittleandSteveSmith,eds.,BeliefSystemsandInterna-(consistencyseeker)0ሇ߄ູ/ಪᆩਨቺᆀ(cog-nitivemiser)0bࡹ৫ᄝྐ༏ࡆ۽ࠎԤᆭഈ֥ൔંtionalRelations,NewYork:BasilBlackwellLtd.,1988,-36.ç,/The-OperationalCode.:ANeglectedAp-࣮ၘӮູ֒ࣂྏ࿐࿐ࢸં࣮֥ᇶੀb/ࠫެproachtotheStudyofPoliticalLeadersandDecisionMaking,0International෮Ⴕྏ࿐ਵთ֥ંࡅರࡶౢԣֹಪ്,֞ൔStudiesQuarterly,,,June1969,-222;,/TheEvolutionofOperationalCodeAnalysis,0PoliticalPsychol-֥ࡹܒၘӮູྏ࿐ં֥ࠎെb0éՎຓ,ᇕྏogy,,,June1990,-418;,/Oper-࿐ਵთၘࣜࡼൔቔູૌ֥ނྏࢳۀࠇэਈ:ationalCodeAnalysisasaScientificResearchProgram:ACautionaryTale,0ಪᆩྏ࿐ࡅ࣮ۀ֥ྙӮა࠺ၫ,ದ۽ᇆି࿐ᆀinColinElmanandMiriamFendiusElman,eds.,ProgressinInternationalބಪᆩྏ࿐ࡅ൫ᇅᄯԛିܔࢳეି৯֥ࠏRelationsTheory,Cambridge:MITPress,2003,-276.èRobertAxelrod,ed.,StructureofDecision:TheCognitiveMapsofఖ,طഠ߶ྏ࿐ࡅᄵ࣮/ၩ്0აರӈഠ߶PoliticalElites,Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1976.bêéRichardNisbettandLeeRoss,HumaneInference:StrategiesandֻؽShortcomingsofSocialJudgment,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-,ൔં࣮ؓྐุ༢࣮֥ؿᅚᇶေHal,lInc.,1980,.ุགྷູؓಪᆩࢲܒ֥ۿି֥ࢳაࢳ҂bऎุêDeborahWelchLarson,OriginsofContainment:APsychologicalᆭExplanation,Princeton,NewJersey:PrincetonUniversityPress,1985,.,ྐุ༢࣮֥ؓའູಪᆩࢲܒ֥ଽಸ,ೂҠቔaၩའ࣮֩,ఃଢ֥ᄝႿࢣൕ҂ݓࡅਵ֝ದ֥ᆟëDeborahWelchLarson,/TheRoleofBeliefSystemsandSchemasinForeignPolicyDecisionMaking,0PoliticalPsychology,,,ᇍಪᆩଽಸ;طൔં֥࣮ؓའູಪᆩݖӱ,ࠧMarch1994,.)23)
结构a认知结构与国际政治心理学分析і2 ݓ࠽ᆟᇍᇏ֥ਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒ࣮бࢠбࢠֆ໊ྐุ༢ંൔંࢲܒбࢠٳ༅֥ࠎЧֆ໊ಪᆩ/ᆩ്ൌุಪᆩ/ᆩ്ൌุֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢ֆ໊ཌྷර,ᇏྏ-ຓຶ/ࣩᆚܱ༢ֆ໊ཌྷර,ᇏྏ-ຓຶ/ࣩᆚܱ༢ࢲܒଽ֥ܱ҆༢ࢲܒଽູ֩ࠩᇅࢲܒଽູ֩ࠩᇅࢲܒᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢҂ࢲܒ֥ஆਙቆކٚൔ҂҂ࢲܒ֥ஆਙቆކٚൔ҂ࢲܒაߌ֥ܱ༢ߌ႕ཙࢲܒ֥໗קაэ߄ߌ႕ཙࢲܒ֥໗קაэ߄ࢲܒఏჷ֥ჰၹࡹܒંaᆩ്/ࣜဒ֥҂؎ᇗگࡹܒંaᆩ്/ࣜဒ֥҂؎ᇗگۿିбࢠ࣮ଽಸಪᆩଽಸಪᆩݖӱۿିࠏᇅ႕ཙᆩत႕ཙྐ༏ࡆ۽ྏ৯ࠏ֝ཟྐ༏ࡆ۽/౦࿂֝ཟᇏࡗэਈ࿙၂ᇁഠ߶݂োંࠎԤಪᆩཌྷژંྐ༏ࡆ۽ંбࢠሹࢲᆟᇍࢳ৯఼ྐ༏ࡆ۽ۿିbæԢՎᆭຓ,ؓႿࢲܒაߌ֥ܱ༢(ൔં)bྐุ༢ބൔਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒ֥ࠎЧ໙,ีഈඍਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒં֥ܴׄ҂၂,ೂྐุ༢Ӯٳཌྷҵࠫ,൞ਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒં֥ۿିٳ༅ಏაၩ്ྙࣅૡ৳༢ᄝ၂ఏ,طൔಏაၩ്ྙ൞նཌྷࣥ๖(ऎุбࢠі2)bᆃّ႘ਔ֒սྏ࿐ჭၳᇉ֥ܱ༢bçંဆࣉ֥ਫ਼ࣥބ൝bႿၛഈбࢠٳ༅,ૌࡼֻ,бࢠط,ᄝݓଽᆟᇍٳ༅Ҫ૫,ൔંࠢᇏٳ༅ൔંᄝݓ࠽ᆟᇍٳ༅ᇏ֥ႋႨ,ၛՎᅤбྐุ༢ંऎႵ۷ն֥ࢳ৯ބႋႨॢࡗbൔཁݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲܒં֥၂Ϯหྟა໙ีbંؓᆟᇍྏ࿐֥܊ངᆭ၂ᄝႿູࢳ܄܋Ⴤં(ؽ)ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ݓ࠽ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟû:ൔંٳބᆟᇍྛູิ܂ਔਸ਼၂ᇕ࿊ᄴ,ၹູൔંбྐ༅ุ༢ି۷Ⴕֹིࢳૅݓݓଽ܄ᇙჄંაᆟᇍྛൔ֥ۀჷሱ༆ٚᅽ࿐,ᆇᆞิԛᆃ၂ۀູbèԢՎᆭຓ,ᄝຓࢌᆟҦٳ༅ਵთ,ൔં֥֥൞֣ݓᅽ࿐ࡅू֣,طᄝྏ࿐ؿᅚൎᇏ֥ٳ༅ંࢳ৯఼Ⴟྐุ༢ંb֣Ѱঘ#ঘ೦ؓᆃਆᇕႿ۬ൔෳྏ࿐(Gestaltpsychology)ބනົؿᅚྏંࣉྛਔབྷ༥֥бࢠé,ᆷԛᆃਆᇕં൞ٳ༅࿐,ᇶေսіದູϘหঞห()აຓࢌथҦᆀ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽ଆ(ఃൌ,ྐุ༢֥ٳ༅ࢭ֩bê20ൗࡀ70୍սၛট,ಪᆩྏ࿐ᇏ֥ѩ٤۬ၩၬഈ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽/ಪᆩݖӱٳ༅,ᆃ္൞ൔંྖఏ,ѩᄝᆟᇍ॓࿐ٳ༅ᇏܼٗႋႨbაൔં֥љ෮ᄝ),҂֥࿐ᆀؓՎொݺ҂၂bྏ࿐ࡅ۷ౠཟႿᄎႨൔં,طᆟᇍ॓࿐ࡅæYuenFoongKhong,AnalogiesatWar:Korea,Munich,DienBien၂ϮႨྐุ༢ંbაྐุ༢ંཌྷб,ൔPhu,andtheVietnamDecisionsof1965,Princeton:PrincetonUniversityં֥ۀওࡥჿӱ؇۷,ۚط۷ࢤ࣍Ⴟگᄖ֥ಪᆩPress,1992,-43.çDeborahWelchLarson,/TheRoleofBeliefSystemsandSchemasݖӱbၹՎ,ᄝ࣮ྐ༏ࡆ۽a࠺ၫၛࠣथҦᆀൈ,inForeignPolicyDecisionMaking,.ൔંऎႵ۷ն֥ႪᄀྟbࠎႿՎ,ؓൔં֥ܼèPamelaJohnstonConoverandStanleyFeldman,/WhereIstheٗᄎႨႵᇹႿᄝᆟᇍ࿐ࡅބྏ࿐ࡅᆭࡗࡏܒ၂ቖSchema?Critiques,0AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,,,De-cember1991,.࣮ಪᆩࢲܒ֥ూਃbᄝંᄎႨٓຶaંЧദ֥આéDeborahWelchLarson,/TheRoleofBeliefSystemsandSchemasࠠࣚӱ؇ၛࠣࢳ৯֩ٚ૫,ൔંऎႵૼཁႪinForeignPolicyDecisionMaking,-22;RoseMcdermott,Political൝bೂൔંᄝં֝ཟބ൙ൌ֝ཟ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽ིPsychologyinInternationalRelations,AnnArbor:TheUniversityofMich-iganPress,2004,-112.ႋ(effects)ഈିิۚࣚಒྟ,Վຓ,Ⴟಪᆩࢲܒ֥эêܱႿൔۀ֥ؿᅚൎ,౨ҕᄇ,lSchemas߄طinProblemSolving,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1995,-,ൔંିܔิ܂۷ູऎุॖྛ֥ყҩbᆃ္іૼ,ࣇࣇࣉྛಪᆩଽಸ(ྐุ༢)֥࣮൞҂ܔ36;[ႇ]ڠূ֣क़#C.Ϙหঞหᇷ,ၲ:u࠺ၫ:၂۱ൌဒ֥აഠ߶֥ྏ࿐࣮v,ݳᇜ:ᆄࡾ࢝ტԛϱഠ,1998୍ϱ;ࢭ:uࢲܒ֥,ૌླေࣉ၂҄ധೆ࣮ྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱაэ߄ᇶၬv;ࢭ:uؿളಪ്ંჰvb)24)
ൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍ 2007年第10期གྷൌൗࢸ֥گᄖྟथקਔದૌಪ്ൗࢸൈ,сྶࡗ,ൔؿߨᇏࡗэਈࠇۄყэਈ֥ቔႨbྛູᇶၬ࿙ࡥ߄ಪᆩ֥൭؍,ఃᇏൔьӮູ൭؍ᆭ၂bၹᆀ֥ٳ༅આູࠠSvR,طൔંᄵູS(A)RbሹՎ,ൔ൞၂ᇕྐ༏ࡆ۽֥۽ऎb/֒ྍ֥ྐ༏ॖ০ุط,ൔؓഠ߶ಪᆩ֥႕ཙ֥ނྏၰีᄝႿ࠻ႵႨൈ,۱ุࣼ൫ࡼྍྐ༏ବೆݖಀᄝဢ౦༯ᆩ്აྍ֥Տࠗaྐ༏ᆭࡗ֥ཌྷቔႨ,ࠧൔ႕ཙྍ෮Ⴈ֥ଆൔ,টؓྐ༏ࣉྛࢳb0æؓႿಪᆩࢲܒྐ༏֥щaؓࣸྐ༏֥࠺ၫၛࠣؓྐ༏၌ອ֥აᆩ്ࢲܒ֥ܱ༢,ྏ࿐࿐ࢸഉթٳఆ,၂Ϯಪ؎bìऎุᆭ,ྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱᇏ,ൔ֥ۿିіགྷᄝູ,ൔ൞၂ᇕಪᆩࢲܒ,սіሢܱႿ၂۱หקۀၛ༯۱ٚ૫:၂൞ᇿၩaщބ෬ۿିbࠧؓႿྐࠇଖোՏ֥ࠗႵቆᆮ֥ᆩ,്࠻ЇওᆃུۀބՏࠗ༏֥ࢤ൳aщބԥթ,ൔఏሢݖੲ֥ቔႨ,ӁളႵ֥උྟ,္Їওᆃུඋྟᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢bçൔۀᇏ࿊ᄴྟ֥ݖӱbؽ൞ᆜކۿିbࠧ۱ุ๙ݖಪᆩൔࠎЧ֥ٳ༅ֆູ໊ᆩ്,ᆃུᆩ്൞ܱႿหקۀࠇࡼຓ҆ྐ༏აၘႵᆩ്ࣉྛбࢠބሸކb൞ࢳaଖোՏࠗ෮ྙӮ֥ᆩ്,طᆩ്ֆ໊ᆭࡗႵࠏֹஆંۿିb҂֥ಪᆩൔؓႿཌྷ֥ྐ༏aؓႿຓਙቆކ,ྙӮਔଖᇕႵቆᆮ֥ᆩ്ุ༢bൔۀᇏ҆ྐ༏Տ֥ࠗٓຶ֥֩ࢳ҂bՎຓ,ൔିܔҀ֥ࠎЧٳ༅ֆ໊ᆩ്ൌุ,၇ऌۿି҂֥ѓሙ,ॖၛԉଖུఴಌ֥ྐ༏bඹ൞࠹߃aყ௹ۿିbൔथק༥ٳູඹᇕো,ࠧקᆩ്(identificationknow-lਔ۱ุᄝߌᇏႵ࠹߃aႵଢֹ֥࿙ྐ༏,္߶Ӂളedge)a༥߄ᆩ്(elaborationknowledge)a࠹߃ᆩ്ؓໃট֥ყ௹b൞౦ۋ౺ۿିb֒ଖུൔФࠗࠃބิ౼ൈ,߶ϴෛሢหק֥౦ۋّႋbí(planningknowledge)ބᆳྛᆩ്(executionknow-ledge)bèൔࢲܒᇏ҂֥ᆩ്ൌุᆭࡗஆਙቆކᆟᇍൔᄎႨႿݓଽᆟᇍྏٳ༅ࢠ؟,ೂᆟᇍٚൔ֥э߄߶֝ᇁൔଽ҆ࢲܒ֥э߄࿊ईaᇕቂ໙ีაྟљఆ൪,֩ݓ࠽ᆟᇍҪ૫֥ં,ᆩ്ֆ໊ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢აሇߐܿੰӮູൔ֥ᆜุྟა৵ࢤྟඋྟაࣜဒ࣮ഉໃ༢߄bᆟᇍൔ࣮ऎႵਆ۱ห֥টჷb,҂֥ᆩ്ֆ໊ᄝൔଽ֥҆ஆਙඨྟ,൮༵൞ၛۀ/ં֝ཟູᇶ,ط٤൙ൌ֝ཟbః҂Ց,ႮႿಌك၂֥ᆟᇍൔ؇ਈѓሙ,ᆟᇍൔ֥ࣜ,ၹູቔູ၂ᇕಪᆩࢲܒ,ൔଽ҆ࠎЧֆ໊ᆭࡗ൞၂ᇕ֩ࠩᇅ֥ܱ༢,ᄝᆩ്֩ࠩࣁሳෳ֥פ؊ဒ࣮ჹჹᇌުႿંࡹܒ۽ቔbଢభ,ᆟᇍൔ֥,൞ቋູԎའބ၂Ϯ߄֥ྐ༏bൔ֥ࠎЧቆӮӮٳࠇֆݓ࠽ᆟᇍིႋᇶေࠢᇏႿؓຓᆟҦٳ༅Ҫ૫b၂Ϯট໊ဢ္ّ႘ః֥၂ུቆᆮหᇉbൔѩ҂൞၂۱ඪ,ຓࢌᆟҦᇅקᆀӻႵਆᇕো֥ᆟᇍൔࠇᆩ്ܛ৫թᄝ֥ಪᆩࢲܒ,ఃМުߎթᄝ၂ᇕোරႿ֩ࠩᇅ֥ഠ߶ࢲܒࠇಪᆩࢲܒຩbéæRobertAxelrod,/SchemaTheory:AnInformationProcessingMod-ฐ࣮ൔ֥ྙӮࠣఃჰၹ൞ಪᆩപࣜ॓࿐elofPerceptionandCognition,0AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,,(,December1973,)֥ༀbêაಪᆩࢲܒఏჷ֥ჰၹç,SocialCognition,New၂ᇁYork:McGrw-Hil,lInc.,1991,.ൔॖٳູದൔ(person,ൔ֥ྙӮࠏᇅᇶေູඹ۱ٚ૫:/ൔ൞Ⴎ۱ุ෮ࡹܒ֥,࠻Ⴕᆩ്֥ࠎԤ൞ൔྙӮ֥сေ่ࡱschema)aሱൔ(self-schema)a࢘ൔ(roleschema)a൙ࡱൔࠇ;खЧ(eventschemasorscripts)aሱႮଽಸൔ(content-freeschemas),ൔྙӮ֥ݖӱᇏ,Їওਔᇿၩބ࿊ᄴྟ֥ݖӱ;ൔऎุקၬაٳ༅ҕᄇ,SocialCogni-ఏჷႿཌྷරࣜဒ֥ᇗگ;ൔऎႵ၂ؽ֥หtion,-121bྟbè,lSchemasinProblemSolving,ëൔ֥ؿള࿐აൔ֥ۿି࿐෮ေࢳथ֥໙ี҂bؓႿᆟᇍൔં֥࣮ط,෮ေሢᇗࢳéPamelaJohnstonConoverandStanleyFeldman,/HowPeopleOr-ganizethePoliticalWorld:ASchematicMode,l0AmericanJournalofPoliti-थ֥ༀ൞ᆟᇍൔ֥ۿି໙,ีࠧᆟᇍൔೂޅቔcalScience,,,February1984,.ႨႿᆟᇍൗࢸაᆟᇍྛູbऎุᇀݓ࠽ᆟᇍٳ༅ਵêಪᆩപࣜ॓࿐ᇶေ࣮ಪᆩؿᅚࠣఃݖӱ֥ള࿐ა၄࿐ࠎთԤ,ܱႿಪᆩപࣜ॓࿐֥ࠎЧۀঃა࣮ၰี,౨ҕᄇઅᄁࡁᇶщ:uಪ,ᆃ၂໙ีሇߐູᆟᇍൔؓݓࡅຓࢌᆟҦྙӮ֥ᆩപࣜ॓࿐࢝ӱv,Кࣘ:Кࣘն࿐ԛϱഠ,2006୍ϱb႕ཙbၹՎ,ᆟᇍൔ֥ൗࢸᆟᇍၩၬ֥ނྏᄝႿࢣë,lSchemasinProblemSolving,-62.ൕᆟᇍൔ൞ೂޅ႕ཙྐ༏ࡆ۽ၛࠣຓࢌᆟҦ֥ᇅì,SocialCognition,-קb139.íুݓνaകޠ:uྏק൝ؿളࠏᇅ֥ଆࡹܒv,ᄛuྏ࿐ൔ֥ۿିุགྷູ,ᄝՏࠗ-ّ႘/ྛູ৽่ᇏฐྍv,2006୍ֻ2௹,ֻ5်b)25)
结构a认知结构与国际政治心理学分析ࢲܒbֻ၂ᇕູӈ֥ܿሹุᆩ,്ᆃᇕো֥ൔିᇍྛູ൳ຓᄝ֥ᆟᇍߌ֥ཋᇅ,ᄝऎุ֥ݓࡅᆟᇍಞथҦᆀؓޅݓࡅ֥ྛູЌӻ၂Ϯྟ֥ಪᆩ,ࠧऎ؎აथҦݖӱᇏ,ᆟᇍൔ෮ऎႵ֥іᆘোбۿିСૼϢaࢳބࢳ֥ି৯bჰၹޓࡥֆ,ݓ࠽ߌᇏѩ٤ೂൌဒ൩࣮ᇏೂՎ௴ђbèຓࢌथҦٳ༅ᇏܱ֥ᇶಃྛุູऎႵӈ֥ܿྛູܿᄵބଆൔ,ᆃၘ൞҂Ⴟൎোб֥࣮Ӯݔၘ൞ݰԉׯé,ؓႿোбطნbֻؽᇕࢲܒᆩ്ିथҦᆀطၞईֹؓཌྷྏࠏᇅ֥ٳ༅ࡏܒᇏ,ᆟᇍൔ֥ቔႨѩໃ൳֞௴ර౦ቓԛ؎b֒૫ਢଖো༵భၘႵ၂קᆰࢤࣜђᇗ൪,ѩթᄝ҂ഒ༂ࢳbဒ֥൙ࡱൈ,҂ླ؟ഒྐ༏ࡆ۽ࣼॖቓԛཌྷර֥োбනົ֥ྙൔ߄іඍູ:/AX:BX::AY:BY0b؎bæൔؓᆟᇍൗࢸaຓࢌथҦྛູӁള႕ཙ֥ᇶೂݔ൙ࡱAა൙ࡱBؽᆀऎႵX֥උྟ,ൈAႻေູࣥቔႨႿྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱbಖط,ᆃᇕቔႨМުऎСY֥උ,ྟၹՎૌࣼॖၛ؎B္ऎႵY֥උ֥ಪᆩ/ྏࠏᇅႻ൞હ?ᆃࣼсྶฐษ(ᆟᇍ)ྟbᆃ൞၂ᇕൖ؟֣ൔ֥؍ંંbၛቋູࣜൔ֥োбනົ(analogicalreasoning)ۿିၛࠣᄝোׅ֥/ଠୄޑোб0ູ২,ൎোб֥ࠎЧઆࠠೂ༯:бනົݖӱᇏނྏۀॖႨྟ(availability)ބіᆘᄝଠୄޑ֥ොࣧ(appeasement)ᆟҦ൞ၹ༆ٚݓࡅ֥(representativeness)֥ቔႨ(1)bොࣧ؇ᄯӮ,ᄝᄀଲ֥ොࣧᆟҦ൞ၹ༆ٚݓࡅ֥ො1ࣧ؇طӮ;ଠୄޑ֥ොࣧᆟҦ֝ᇁਔ၂ӆൗࢸնᅞ, ᆟᇍൔ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽ଆၹՎᄝᄀଲ֥ොࣧᆟҦ္߶֝ᇁ၂ӆൗࢸնᅞbêथҦݖӱᇏ,োбऎႵ༢ਙ֥ٳ༅؎ۿ,ିऎุ:ֻູ၂,ႵᇹႿؓथҦᆀ෮૫ਢߌ֥؎bֻؽ,ႵᇹႿܙڄགbֻ,ิ܂/ᆟҦԩٚ0bֻඹ,ყҩӮۿ֥ࠏ߶აॖିྟbֻ,ؓૌ֥֣֡ᆞ֒ྟࣉྛæ,TheWorldinTheirMinds:Information(ᆟᇍ)ൔ֥োбන,ົࠇᆀඪ۱ุᄎႨোбනົ֥ྏ৯ູ:ൔ൞၂ᇕಪᆩࢲܒ,Ⴎࡥ߄֥ᆩ്Processing,Cognition,andPerceptioninForeignPolicyDecisionmaking,ބᇗگ֥ࣜဒቆӮb֒۱ุࢤ൳ྍ֥ྐ༏ൈ,ສສࡼStanford,California:StanfordUniversityPress,1990,.ç,lSchemasinProblemSolving,-56.ྐ༏ବೆ֞࠻Ⴕ֥৳ކଆൔ(cohesivepattern)ᆭᇏ,èRobertJervis,/RepresentativenessinForeignPolicyJudgments,0࠻թ֥ᆩ്ࢲܒؓྍྐ༏ఏሢᆜކ֥ቔႨbߐᆭPoliticalPsychology,,,1986,-505.ಪᆩྏ࿐ਵ,ൔ߶ဒྍྐ༏ބՏࠗა࠻Ⴕ֥ಪᆩࢲܒބ݂ো൞თܱႿіᆘ֥࣮,౨ҕᄇDanielKehnemanandAmosTversky,/Sub-jectiveProbability:AJudgmentofRepresentativeness,0CognitivePsychol-ڎཌྷژbᆃᇕোбනົ۱ุສສࡼྍ֥ྐ༏ᇂႿჰogy,,1972,-454;AmosTverskyandDanielKehneman,Ⴕ֥ᆩ്აࣜဒ෮ࡹܒ֥ଆϰᆭᇏbçᆃ္൞ൔ෮/JudgmentsofandbyRepresentativeness,0inDanielKahneman,PaulSlov-ऎႵ֥ഠ߶ٳোic,AmosTversky,eds.,JudgmentunderUncertainty:HeuristicsandBia-(socialcategorization)ۿିbൔऎses,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1982,-98bႵഠ߶ٳো֥ۿ,ି෮ၛൔᇏ֥ࠎЧٳ༅ֆ໊൞ԎéRobertJervis,PerceptionandMisperceptioninInternationalPoli-འ֥ᆩtics,Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1976;YuenFoongKhong,,്ط҂൞ؓऎุग़ܴؓའ֥іᆘbഈ໓෮ඍ֥ൔࠣఃোбනົ֥ᆟᇍཌྷܱྟࠇᆟAnalogiesatWar:Korea,Munich,DienBienPhu,andtheVietnamDecisionsof1965,1992;,/LearningandForeignPolicy:Sweepingaᇍၩၬ൞હ?ൔ֥োбනົაіᆘۿିିܔ႕ConceptualMinefield,0InternationalOrganization,,,SpringཙᆟᇍथҦაᆟᇍྛູ,ᆃᄝᆟᇍൌᇏّ֥႘ູࠧ1994,-312;,/ForeignPolicyDecision-ൎোбmakersasPractical-IntuitiveHistorians:AppliedHistoryandItsShortcom-(historicalanalogy)bᆟᇍथҦᆀࣉྛνಆings,0InternationalStudiesQuarterly,,,June1986,-थҦൈ,ؓႿ෮ࢤ൳֥ᆟᇍྐ༏აՏ֥ࠗ؎ࣜႮथ247;,/TheMythofAbandonment:TheUseandAbuseҦᆀᆟᇍൔ֥ݖੲაᇅჿbथҦᆀᆟᇍൔ֥োбoftheHolocaustAnalogy,0SecurityStudies,,,January/Marchනົหྟࡼᆟᇍൌᇏྍ֥ྐ༏ࠇՏࠗაჰႵ֥ᆩ്2006,-145.êYuenFoongKhong,AnalogiesatWar:Korea,Munich,DienBienࢲܒбࢠ,Ֆطࣉྛഠ߶݂োbсྶඪૼ֥൞,ႮႿᆟPhu,andtheVietnamDecisionsof1965,.)26)
ൗࢸࣜ࠶აᆟᇍ 2007年第10期ܙbֻ,ੂყٝაࣞۡᆟҦ࿊ᄴ෮ջট֥ڄགbæোбቔႨ֥આࠠਫ਼ູࣥં֝ཟ,ࠇᆀඪ൞ሱഈط༯֥四 小 结ਫ਼ࣥ,ఃჰၹᄝႿൎোбؿߨቔႨ֥ࠎԤູᆟᇍൔ֥႕ཙbൎোб֥ԛགྷࠇߒྜᇶေ౼थႿਆᇕಪ Ⴕིࡨഒં࣮Ԯᇏ֥ۀ໙ีބّӈ,ᆃᆩࠏᇅ:ॖႨྟაіᆘbॖႨྟ൞ᆷྛุູؓ൙ࡱॖ൞॓࿐࣮ࣉ֥҄ѓሙᆭ၂bགྷࣂݓ࠽ܱ༢ࢲܒંିྟ֥؎౼थႿݸ҂ٮ৯෮ି߭ၫఏ֥ཌྷරൌ࣮,മᇀ൞ഠ߶॓࿐ࢲܒ࣮,ؓႿࢲܒ֥ࠎЧۀ২bᆃ္थקਔቋྍؿള֥൙౦ቋିܔФ߭ၫఏbᄝࢸקၛࠣࢲܒቔႨ֥ࠏᇅ֩໙ีಯ൞۲ᆳ၂ՍbႮՎૅݓᆟکथҦᆀ֥ൎোбൌ২ᇏ,ᆃ၂֤ׄ֞ૼཁіૼ,ܱႿࢲܒં֥࣮ಯԩႿభ॓࿐ࢨ؍,࿐ඌุ֥གྷbೂਗ਼aηఅᄝӔ༷ᅞᆚᇏၛࠣη೦ݷ࣮܋ุؓႿࠎЧ֥ۀ໙ีഉໃղӮ܋്bгᆀಪຯغᄝႆ؇ୄ༆າࠏᇏհ༂ܙ࠹ਔᇏݓਵ֝ದ֥Ҡູ,Ⴕֹིࢳथۀ໙ี֥ᆚ؊൞՜ࣉݓ࠽ܱ༢ંቔაᇏݓ֥৯ਈބି৯,طෛުड़ୄְᆟکᄝໝ॓࿐࣮ࣉ֥҄ᇗေ৯ᆭ၂bາࠏᇏႮႿ་౼ਔభਆᆟک֥ൎ࢝,Ґ౼ਔᆞႵႿՎ,Ч໓ᄝࢹཌྷܱ࿐࣮֥॓ࠎԤಒ֥ᅞྛbçіᆘ൞ᆷ၂ᇕۀੱ֥؎,ऎุູഈ,ิԛ၂۱ಆ૫֥ࢲܒۀॿࡏ,ၛՎቔູݓ࠽ದૌؓ၂ᇕྐ༏ࠇՏࠗაഠ߶োљ֥ཌྷරྟ֥؎,ܱ༢ࢲܒ࣮֥ࠎЧѓሙbᄎႨᆃ၂ࢲܒۀॿࡏ,ࠧᆃ၂ྐ༏ࠇՏࠗ൞ڎඋႿᆃᇕหק֥োљbèൔࣉ၂҄ٳ༅ਔັܴ۱ุҪՑ֥ࢲܒં,ѩᄝбࢠა؇a݂ၹ֥љᆭ၂ᄝႿުᆀѩ҂఼טіᆘ֥ቔં֥ॿࡏ༯,ؓྐุ༢აൔંਆᇕಪᆩࢲܒႨbіᆘ൞ൔۿିؿߨቔႨ֥ྏࠏᇅᆭ၂bіᆘંࣉྛਔંбࢠbൌ࠽ഈ,ૅݓᆟᇍྏ࿐ࢸؓႿؓྍࢤ൳֥ྐ༏აՏ֥ࠗഠ߶োљቓԛۀੱ݂උྐุ༢ބൔં֥ၳಯթᄝಪ്ٳఆ,༷Ⴕ࿐؎,ᆃ൞ᆟᇍൔ݂োቔႨ֥ࠎԤbᆀؓؽᆀࣉྛ༢֥ંбࢠٳ༅,۷؟֥൞҂ࡆᄝຓࢌᆟҦٳ༅ਵთ,ܱႿൔંაൎোбљֹႨbಖط,ૌ๙ݖ൸ಪᆩࢲܒ࣮֥࿐ඌᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢թᄝ၂ུ༂ࢳbೂభ໓෮ඍ,ྏ࿐ܱႿԮაંઆࠠ,ުؿགྷൔં֥ྏ࿐ંࠎԤൔં֥࣮іૼ,ൔაোбනົ൞၂ᇕඋྟູܱྐ༏ࡆ۽ં,طྐุ༢࣮֥ྏ࿐ંࠎԤ༢,ࠧোбනົ൞ൔಪᆩࢲܒ֥ۿିඋྟbՖᆃ۱۷؟ູಪᆩޙ/ཌྷژંbࠎႿؓᆟᇍྏ࿐ંၩၬط,ൔбোбනົ۷ູԎའ,طোбනົᄵട࣮൪֥࢘ॉҳ:ؽᅞުᆟᇍྏ࿐ં࣮ࣉᅚᆭࠣऎุ൙ᆭࡗཌྷරྟაۀੱ֥؎b/ൔაোб၂ູႮಪᆩཌྷژં֞ഠ߶ಪᆩ/ྐ༏ࡆ۽,ંਆᇕ֥љᄝႿ,োб൞ૼಒ֥ބऎุ֥,طൔᄵ൞Ԏའಪᆩࢲܒ࣮֥ંဆࣉژކ֒սᆟᇍྏ࿐࣮֥֥ބ၂Ϯ֥b0éᆃ္൞ࢲܒაۿିᆭࡗ֥љ,ࠧࢲؿᅚ൝bܒູԎའ֥,ۿିᄵູऎุ֥b1950୍,֒КӔ༷ࣉൔંᄝݓ࠽ᆟᇍ࣮ᇏऎႵܼ֥ٗႋႨॢ۾ଲӔ༷ൈ,ૅݓሹਗ਼ؿі࿆:/ᆃѩ҂൞ֻࡗ,ݓ࠽ᆟᇍҪՑ֥ൔં࣮ഉໃӁളնਈ֥၂Ցؿള఼ᆀ۾ࠌᆀᆭ൙0,ࣉ၂҄ඪ:֡/ಞࣜဒྟ࣮ӮݔbၹՎ,ܱႿݓ࠽ᆟᇍಪᆩࢲܒ֥ࣉૌ߭མ၂༯၂ུᄪ༵֥൙২ϔ)))ડᇝaήೖجбa၂࣮҄ಯླԩݺၛ༯ࠎЧ໙ีb൮༵,ܱႿۀύֹ০b0၂Ϯಪ,ູਗ਼ሹֻ֥၂ओ߅൞၂ᇕൔ,ֻؽओ߅ᄵ൞၂ᇕোб,ၧࠧԎའაऎุᆭљbഈඍٳऎႵކᆭԩ,ѩໃٳяԛൔაোбؽᆀæYuenFoongKhong,AnalogiesatWar:Korea,Munich,DienBien֥ൌᇉܱ༢bૌಪ,ູਗ਼ሹ֥ൔູ/఼ᆀPhu,andtheVietnamDecisionsof1965,.۾ࠌᆀ0֥ಪᆩ/ᆩ്ࢲܒ,ᆃ൞၂ᇕԎའ֥ᆩ്ቆç,/-ކtionalCrises,0TheWesternPoliticalQuarterly,,,1973,pp.;طൎোбᄵіགྷູഠ߶݂ো֥ۿି,ࠧࡼӔ༷ᅞ28-49.ᆚච֥ٚྛູ݂োູၘႵ֥ᆩ്ࢲܒোbèAmosTverskyandDanielKehneman,/JudgmentunderUncertain-ty:HeuristicsandBiases,0Science,,,September27,1974,-1131.éYuenFoongKhong,AnalogiesatWar:Korea,Munich,DienBienPhu,andtheVietnamDecisionsof1965,.)27)
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,2007WorldEconomicsandPoliticsAbstractsTheInternationalStructureandStrategicInteractionsZhouFangyin (6)-ticlepresentsadefinitionofstructureanddiscussessomeimportanttheoreticalcontroversiesabouttheinternationalstruc-ture,suchaswhetherinteractionsbelongtothecontentofstructure,,-interactionperspective,maintainingthatthereisadeeperinnerconnectionbetweenthestrategic-interactionperspectiveandtheinternationalstructure,,CognitiveStructure,andPsychologicalAnalysisofInternationalPoliticsYinJiwu (18),suchas/whatisthedefinitionofstructure?Andwhatisthemechanismbywhichstructureinfluencesbehaviorandprocess?,theauthorpresentsasystematicconceptualframeworkofstructurefromtwoperspectives:,)))OntheLimitsoftheStructureTheoryofKennethWaltzXueLi (29)ByscanningthecharacteristicsofstructuralismbothinthesocialsciencesandIRtheories,theauthorexposestheflaws)3)
