企业福利、员工工作满足与离职倾向之探讨.pdf

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- 1 - ??????????????? ???? ???? : ??? ?? ??? : ??? ????????? ??????????????????? - ??????? - 2 - ???? ???????????????????????? ???74 ???????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????Singer Lin? ?????????Shyjer Chen? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????SPSS FOR WINDOWS??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????Cronbach ‘s a ????????????????????????one way ANOVA????? ??????????????PEARSON ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?? ????????????????????????????????? 1. ?????????????????????????????????? ?????? 2. ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????? 3. ?????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????? - 3 - 4. ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? - 4 - Study on corporate welfare, job satisfaction and intent to leave --- A case study of a news agency --- Abstract An corporate that provides excellent salary and welfare should be able to pool talents and gain advantage in the labor market. As salary and welfare are part of the operating costs of the corporate, how to satisfy employees’ demands and needs at the lowest costs would an important task for the management. In addition, how does the welfare provided by the management retain talents, boost working morale, and create harmonious labor relationships? By surveying employees’ individual traits, their actual demand and satisfaction with the current welfare incentives, the management can efficiently satisfy their needs. Additionally, the theory of characteristics in labor economics is adopted to interpret the difference in welfare requirements demanded by homogenous and heterogeneous employees. This study has been conducted with the objectives as follows: (1) Study and analysis of the difference between the welfare demand and employee’s individual traits (monetary and non-monetary demands). (2) Study and analysis of the relationship and effects among the welfare provided by the corporate, employees’ job satisfaction and the intent to leave. This study has adopted SPSS FOR WINDOWS as the tool for statistical analysis. For sampling data in descriptive statistics, use frequency distribution, and examine the levels of confidence of all frequency tables and their consistency and correlated coefficient Cronbach‘s á of all variables. Factor analysis of main ingredients, single factor variant analysis, one way ANOVA and subsequent inspection are conducted to review the difference of different variables. PEARSON analysis and REGRESSION analysis are used to examine variables of individual background, and the predictability of corporate welfare in relation to job satisfaction and intent to leave. Major findings include the following: 1. Influences of individual traits on welfare satisfaction, corporate welfare demand, job satisfaction and intent to leave: 1) Based on the analysis on satisfaction, only educational background, division of department, and current salary have significant impact on the satisfaction of corporate welfare. 2) Based on the analysis on different types of welfare demand: Gender, educational - 5 - background and division of department have significant influence on the demand for monetary welfare; and educational background, division of department and current salary have significant influence on the demand for non-monetary welfare. 3) Based on the analysis of job satisfaction. In the area of group interaction satisfaction; gender, age, marital status, educational background and division of department have significant influence; however, in the area of actual income satisfaction, only educational background and division of department have significant influence. 4) Based on the analysis of relationship between individual traits and intent to leave. There is no significant influence in gender, age, educational level, current salary, nor division of department. Significant influence of marital status is found higher in females than that of males on average. In significant influence of division of department, the average of executive employees is higher than other departments. 2. Influence of corporate welfare measures to job satisfaction In the analysis of influence of job satisfaction to “welfare satisfaction” and “welfare demand”; the higher the “welfare satisfaction”, the higher the “group interaction satisfaction, and the higher the “satisfaction with actual income”. However, “demand on monetary welfare” is inversely correlated to “group interaction satisfaction”, that is the higher the “demand on monetary welfare”, the lower the “group interaction satisfaction”. Additionally, “demand on monetary welfare” is positively correlated to the “satisfaction with actual income” which indicates that those with higher “demand on monetary welfare” also has higher “satisfaction with actual income”. The results found in “demand on non-monetary welfare” analysis is the same as that of the “demand for monetary welfare”. 3. Influence of job satisfaction on intent to leave: “Group interaction satisfaction” and “satisfaction with actual income” are inversely correlated to the intent to leave. In other words, those who are more satisfied with the group interaction and actual income are less likely to quit. 4. Corporate welfare measures have influence on job satisfaction and results in intent to leave: - 6 - The influence of “welfare satisfaction” on group interaction satisfaction, satisfaction of actual working income, overall job satisfaction and intent to leave is highly predicted. Positive influence is predicted when the supply meets the demand of “monetary welfare” and “non-monetary welfare” on high group interaction satisfaction, satisfaction with actual working income, and overall job satisfaction. Which indicates that when the corporate welfare is promoted, employees’ satisfaction and job satisfaction will also improve and employees would be less likely to quit. Key words: corporate welfare, job satisfaction, intent to leave. - 7 - ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? -------------------------------------------------- 1 ??? ???? ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ----------------------------------------- 3 ??? ???????????? ----------------------------------- 11 ??? ???????????? ----------------------------------- 15 ??? ??????? ??? ???? ----------------------------------------------------------- 18 ??? ???? ----------------------------------------------------------- 19 ? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????? -------------------------------------------- 25 ??? ????????? -------------------------------------------- 26 ??? ????????????? -------------------------------- 30 ??? ???????? ----------------------------------------------- 32 ??? ???? ??? ?????????????????????????? ????? -------------------------------------------------------- 34 ??? ?????????????????????????? ??? -------------------------------------------------------------- 49 ??? ????????????????????? -------- 51 ??? ????? ??? ?? ------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 ??? ?? ------------------------------------------------------------------ 61 (?? 1)???? ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 (?? 2)?? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 - 8 - ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? - 9 - ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? Heneman?1984???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???? - 10 - ??? ???? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????????(employee benefits) ????????????? ??????(employee service) ???????(fringe benefits) ??????? (occupational welfare)???????????????? ?????????,???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????(????1989)? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????(????1992 )? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? - 11 - Rosenbloom & Hallman (1991)???????????(employee benefits)??? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????? (1)????? ????????????????????? ????????????????(2)????????????????? ???????? ???(1989)??? ????????????????????????? ?????????????,?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????(????1989)? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???(1991)???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????(employee service)???? ?????(employee assistance programs)?? - 12 - ??????????????,??????????????????? ?????,?????????????? (1993)???? (1)????????????? (2)????????????????????? (3)??????????????????? (4)????????????????????????????? (5)??????????????? (6)????????????????????????????????? ?? ????????????????(????????????1991) (1)????????????????????????????????? ?????? (2)??????????????????????????(???)???? ???? (3)?????????????????????????????????? ????? (4)?????????????????????? (5)???????????????????????? (6)?????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????(?????)???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????(????????1993) ? 1?????(?????????????) 2??? - 13 - 3?????(??????????????) 4?????(??????) 5???????????? 6????????(?????) 7?????????? 8??????? 9?????(?????????????) 10???????? 11?????????(????????????) 12????(?????) 13??????????????? 14??????? 15???????? 16???????? 17?????? 18????? 19??????? 20???????(????????????) 21??????? 22????????????(??????????) 23???????? 24??????? 25???????????? 26????? 27??????? 28???????? 29?????(?????????) 30????? - 14 - ???? 1984??????????????????????????? ??????(Flexible Benefit and Cafeteria Plans)??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????(McCaffery ,1989)?? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????Aldred, 2001?? ???????(Cafeteria Plans)??????????????(Lazear, p414)?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????Simmons , 2001?? ????1997??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?? 2-1-1??????????????????????????WF ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? - 15 - ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????(????????)????? ?? W 0 F ???? ? 2-1-1 ????????????? ? 2-1-1????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????? 1? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??(Hamermesh and Rees, 1984)? 2? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????(????????1996)? 3? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????Edward P. Lazear, ? ??????????????????????????? 2-1-2 ?? ????????????? - 16 - ?? ?3 ?2 ?1 0 ???? ? 2-1-2 ???????????????? ?? 2-1-2?????????indifference curve???????????? ???????????????????combination of wages and fringe benefits????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????convex?????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 1? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????? 2? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? 1???????? ???????The theory of optimal fringe benefits????-?????? ?income-leisure problem??????????-??????????? - 17 - ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????trade - off??????????????????????? ?????????????????goods???????????? ????????????wages?????fringe benefits?????? ????????????????????????????indifference map??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????(? ??)??????????????????? 2-1-3??????? ? WF ????? I?????????????????????? ???????????????? ?? W W* I 0 F* F ???? ? 2-1-3 ???????????? ? 2-1-3??????????????????????????? ???????????????W*, F*?? 2???????(The Hedonic Theory of Wage) ?????????????????????????homogeneous? ?????????????????????????? ?heterogeneous?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? - 18 - ??????????????? ??????????wages?????????nonwage amenities? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????-?????????????????? ?????????????? Ia2 Ia3 ?? Ia1 Ib3 Ib2 Ib1 ???? ? 2-1-4 ????????-??????? ? 2-1-4??????????????????????????? ? A ???????? Ia1?Ia2?Ia3??? B ???? Ib1?Ib2?Ib3? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? Vroom (1964)???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? - 19 - Blum & Naylor(1968)????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? Compbell et al.(1970)????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? Porter & Lawler(1968)????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????? Smith , Kendall , Hulin (1969)??????????????????? ???????????????????????(Job Descriptive Index??? JDI) ??????????????????????????????JDI ???? ????????????????????????????? (Imparato, 1972)? Locke?1976???????????????????????????? ????????Farrell?1978???????????????????? Wexley & Yukl?1984????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? Cranny , Smith , Stone?1992?????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????(????1994) ? - 20 - ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????1999?? ?????????????? ????1991???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? 250????(? ??? 59%????? 41%)??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????1992?? ???1991????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????1992????????????????????????? ??? ???????instrinsic satisfaction model?– ?????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????? ??? ???????extrinsic satisfaction model?– ??????????? ??????????????????????????? 1.????????????????? 2.???????????????????????????? 3.??????????? ??????????instrumental satisfaction model?– ????????? ????????????????????? 1.??????? 2.????????? - 21 - 3.????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????1993??????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????1997?p493?? Maslow ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????Alderfer ????? ????ERG??????? Maslow ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? Maslow ???????????????????????????????????? ???? Alderfer ????????????????????1997, 2-2-1 ? Maslow ? Alderfer ???????? Maslow Alderfer Maslow?????? ERG ???? ???? ? ? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ? ? ? 2-2-1 ? Maslow ? Alderfer ??????? ????????????????????1997,. - 22 - ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????1998, ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????voluntary turnover? 1? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????? 2? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????involuntary turnover?????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????,?????????? (deliberate willfulness)????(Mobley,1977)???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???? (Tett & Meyer,1993; Carsten & Spector,1987; Dougherty,Bluedorn , & Keon,1985; Robert & Nestor 1984; Steel & Ovalle, 1984; & Futrell 1983) Mobley (1978)?????????????????????????Mobley ?????????????????????????????(????)? ??????? 2-4-1? - 23 - ? 2-4-1 ???????? ?????Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O. and A. T. Hollingsworth,?1978?. ”An Evaluation of Precursors of Hospital Employee Turnover”, Journal of Applied Psychology,63,-414. ?????????????? Porter&Steers(1974)?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? Mobley(1977)???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??/?? ????? ????? - 24 - ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????(? Bluedorn, 1982?Hollenbeck & Williams ,1986)?????????????????????????? ? Mobley et al.?1978???????????????????????? ??????????????Hom , Caranikas-Walker , Prussia , & Griffeth?1992?? ??????????????? Mobley et al.?1978??????????? Tett & Meyer (1993)?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? Hellman?1997??? Meta?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????? ???(1980)???????????????????????????? ????????????(1982)?????????????????????? ???(1989)??????????????????????????(1997)?? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? - 25 - ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????? 3-1-1 ??? ? 3-1-1 ?????????? ???? ?????? 1. ?? 2. ?? 3. ???? 4. ???? 5. ??? 6. ???? 7. ?? ????? 1.??? 2.??? ?????? ??????? ???? 1.?????? 2.???? 3.???? 4.???? 5.???? 6.???? - 26 - ???????????????: (?) ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????? (?) ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? (?) ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? (?) ??????? JDI ??????????? 1???????????????????? 2???????????????????? 3??????????????????? 4???????????????????????????? 5??????????,????????????????? 6???????????????,???????????? ?? (?) ???????????????????????????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????? - 27 - ????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 3-2-1 ?? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 3-2-2?3-2-3?3-2-4 ??? ????????????????????? ????????? 260 ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????? 3-2-5 ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????!?????????? ????????????????????????????????? - 28 - ? 3-2-1??????? 1 : ?????? % 2: ????? % 3: ????? % 4: ????? % 5: ?????? % 6: ????? 3% ?????????????????1999/10 ??? ? 3-2-2 ?????????-?? ??? % / ??? % ?????????????????1999 /10 ??? %% % % % 3% 1 2 3 4 5 6 % % % % % % % % ?? ?? ??1 - 29 - ? 3-2-3 ?????????-???? ?? % ?? % ?? % ?? % ??? % ?????????????????1999 /10 ??? ? 3-2-4 ?????????-?? 20 ??? % 20-29 ? % 30-39 ? % 40-49 ? % 50-59 ? % 60 ??? % ?????????????????1999 /10 ??? % % % % % % % % % % % ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??1 % % % % %% % % % % % 20 ? ? ? 20 -2 9? 30 -3 9? 40 -4 9? 50 -5 9? 60 ? ? ? 20??? 20-29? 30-39? 40-49? 50-59? 60??? - 30 - ????????????????: ??? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3-2-5??????????????? ?????????????????1999 /10 ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? /?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??/?? ????? - 31 - ?????? ?????????? 260 ??????????????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????(?? 1) 1? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??? 2? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????;???????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? 3-2-6 ??????????????? ????????????????????? ? 3-2-6 ??????????????????????? ????? (1) ???? (2)?? (3)???? (4)????????? (6) ??? (7)?????? (9)??????? (12)???? ??? (15)???? (20)???? (21)???????? ? ?????? ?5????????8?????????10????? (11) ????(13)??????????? (14)???? (16)??? ? (17)???? (18)??????????????? (19)? ????? (22)????????? (23)????-????? ??? ????????? - 32 - 3?JDI ??????????????????????? Smith,Kendall, & Hulin?1969??? Job Descriptive Index?????????????? ?1977??????1991??????1989?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 5?4?3?2?1 ?????????????? 9?11?12 ?????????????? ?????????????????? ? 3-2-7????????????? ??????? ???? 1. ???? 1,5 2. ???? 2,6,8,11,14 3. ???? 3,7,9,12,15 4. ???? 4,10,13 5. ???? 16,17,18 4???????????????????????????????? ???????1983?? 15 ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? 5?4?3?2?1 ????? 1 ??? 4 ?????? ? 5 ??? 15 ???????????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????coding???? SPSS FOR WINDOWS ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???? - 33 - ?1???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?2???????????????????????????? Cronbach’s?? ???? JDI ???????????????????????????? ??? Cronbach’s???< ???????????????????? ?????? JDI ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? Cronbach’s???????? ????? ?3??????????one –way ANOVA???????? Scheffe ????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?4?Pearson?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?5??????Regression Analysis????????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ?1? ???????????? ???? 15 ??????????Cronbach’s ????? ? ?? 3-4-1 ??? - 34 - ? 3-4-1 ??????????????? ?? 1. ??? 2. ?????????? 3. ???? 4. ???? 5. ???? 6. ???? 7. ????? 8. ???? 9. ???? 10.?????? 11.??????? 12.????????????? 13.??? 14.??? 15.??????? ?? Cronbach’s ??? ?2????????????? ???? 23 ??????????Cronbach’s ????? ? ?? 3-4-2 ??? ? 3-4-2 ??????????????? ?? 1. ????(??.??.???????) 2. ?? 3. ???? 4. ???????(?????) 5. ?????? 6. ??? 7. ?????? 8. ??????? 9. ??????? 10.???? 11.???? 12.??????? 13.???????????(?????.?????) 14.???? 15.???? 16.???? 17.????(??????) 18.??????????????? 19.?????? 20.???? 21.?????????? 22.?????????? 23.???? –???????? ?? Cronbach’s ??? - 35 - ?3????????????? ???? 18 ??????????????ROTATION=VARIMAX?? ????????EXTRACTION=PC??? 18 ???????????? ?????????? 1 ????????????????????? ????????? ??????? 1?2?4?5?6?8?10?14 ??Cronbach’s ??? ??????? 3?7?9?12 ??Cronbach’s ??? ??????? 13?15?16?17?18 ??Cronbach’s ??? ??????? 11 ? ????????????????????? Cronbach’s ????? ??< 11?13?15?16?17?18 ???? ????????????????????????????? 1. ?????????????? 2. ???????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ????????????? 3-4-3 ??? ? 3-4-3????????????????? ?? ?? F1 ???????? F2 ?????? 1.??????????? 2.??????????????? -03 4.?????????????? 5.???????????? 6.???????????? -02 8.?????????????? 10.???????????????? -03 14.????????????? -02 3.??????????????? -02 7.?????????? 9.????????????????? 12.??????????????? ????Eigenvalues? ?????????%? ????????????%? Cronbach’s ??? ??? Cronbach’s ??? E-02=10-2,E-3=10-3 - 36 - ?? 3-4-3 ????????????????????????????? ????? 1??????????????? —??????????????????? 2????????????? —??????????????????? ???????????????? %?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?4?????????? ???? 18 ??????????Cronbach’s ????? ? ?? 3-4-4 ??? ? 3-4-4 ???????????? ?? 1. ??????????? 2. ??????????????? 3. ????????,??????? 4. ?????????????? 5. ???????????? 6. ???????????? 7. ?????????? 8. ?????????????? 9. ?????????????????? 10.???????????????? 11.??????????????? 12.??????????????? 13.?????????????? 14.????????????? 15.????????????? 16.???????????? 17.????????? 18.??????? ?? Cronbach’s ??? 0..8934 - 37 - ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????Cronbach’s ??? > ?????????????????????? 3-5-1? ? 3-5-1 ???????? ???? ?????? 1. ?? 2. ?? 3. ???? 4. ???? 5. ??? 6. ???? 7. ?? ????? 1.??? 2.??? ?????? ??????? ???? 1.?????? 2.???? - 38 - ?????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????1991???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????1993?? ??????????????????????????? ?? 1-1. ?????????????????? 1-2. ???????????????? 1-3. ?????????????? 1-4. ??????????????? ???????????????????????(???????????? 1993)?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?? 2. ????????????????? Hellman?1997??? Meta???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? Tett & Meyer (1993)???????????????? Meta????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? 3. ???????????????? - 39 - ? Mobley et al.?1978??????????????????????? ???????????????Hom ,Caranikas-Walker , Prussia , & Griffeth ?1992????????????????? Mobley et al.?1978???????? ??? ?????????????????????? ?? 4. ????????????????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????? 260 ?????????? ?????????????????? 260 ???? 170 ????? %??? ???? 7 ???????? 163 ???????? %??????????? ??????????? 1?????????????? %???? %? 2???????25 ???????? %?26~30 ?????? %?31~35 ?????? %?36~40 ?????? %?40 ????? %??? ???? 31~40 ???????????? 3?????????????? %????? %??????????? ????? 4????????????????????????? %???/??? 8%? ??/??? %???? %??????? %???????? %? ???????????????/???????? 5???????????????? %??????? %??????? %????? %???? %? 6??????????? 15000 ????? %?15001~20000 ??? %? 20001~25000 ??? %?25001~30000 ??? %?30001~35000 ??? %?35001~40000 ??? %?40001~45000 ??? %?45001~50000 ??? %?50001~70000 ??? %?70001 ????? %?????? - 40 - ????15000 ???? 25000 ?????????????? 7??????????????? %?????? %?????? %? ????? %? ???????????????? 3-6-1? ? 3-6-1 ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 1. ? 108 % 2. ? 55 % ?? 1. 25 ??? 23 % 2. 26~30 ? 32 % 3. 31~35 ? 42 % 4. 36~40 ? 42 % 5. 40 ??? 24 % ???? 1. ?? 61 % 2. ?? 102 % ???? 1. ????? 1 % 2. ??/?? 13 % 3. ??/?? 72 % 4. ?? 34 % 5. ????? 40 % 6. ?????? 3 % ??? 1. ???? 21 % 2. ???? 29 % 3. ???? 33 % 4. ?? 51 % 5. ?? 29 % ???? 1. 15000 ??? 3 % 2. 15001~20000 ? 25 % 3. 20001~25000 ? 22 % 4. 25001~30000 ? 32 % 5. 30001~35000 ? 33 % 6. 35001~40000 ? 16 % 7. 40001~45000 ? 21 % 8. 45001~50000 ? 7 % 9. 50001~70000 ? 3 % ??? 1 % ?? 1. ???? 137 % 2. ???? 19 % 3. ???? 5 % 4. ???? 2 % ?: ??????? 163? - 41 - ??? ???? ??? ?????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????one – way ANOVA?????????Scheffe? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??25 ???? 40 ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? 50001~70000 - 42 - ????????????? 15000 ???????????????? 25001~30000 ??? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ? 4-1-1 ???????????????????????? ? 4-1-1 ???????????????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? F ? Scheffe ? ????? ? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? 1.????? *** (5)>(2) 2.??? (5)>(3) 3.?? (5)>(4) ??? ? 4.????? 1.????? *** (4)>(1) 2.????? (4)>(2) 3.????? (4)>(3) 4.??? (4)>(5) ??? 5.???? ??? *** ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ??? ? ??? . 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? ?: ***p < - 43 - ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????36~40 ?? ??????????????? 26~30 ???31~35 ?????25 ?? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????36~40 ? ????????????????? 31~35 ???25 ???????26~30 ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????? - 44 - ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?? 45001~50000 ????????????????????? 40001~45000 ??????? 50001~70000 ?? 15000 ???????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????? ?? 45001~50000 ?????????????????????? 40001~45000 ??????? 15000 ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 4-1-2?4-1-3 ????????? ????????????????? - 45 - ? 4-1-2 ????????????????????????? -???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? F ? Scheffe ? ? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? 1.????? * 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? (5)>(3) 1.????? ** (4)>(2) 2.????? (4)>(5) 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . 1.???? ??? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? ?: * p <, **p < - 46 - ? 4-1-3 ????????????????????????? -????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? F ? Scheffe ? ? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? 1.????? ** 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? (5)>(3) 1.????? ** (4)>(2) 2.????? (4)>(5) 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? * ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . 1.???? ??? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? ?: * p <, **p < - 47 - ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 26~30 ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? 31~35 ???????????????36~40 ?????26~30 ????? 25 ???????40 ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? - 48 - ????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????70001 ???????????15000 ????? ????????????????????? 45001~50000 ????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????? 50001~70000 ????????????????????? ??45001~50000 ?????70001 ????????? 20001~25000 ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? 4-1-4?4-1-5 ?????????????????????? - 49 - ? 4-1-4 ????????????????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? F ? Scheffe ? *?? ? ??? ** (5)>(2) ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? *?? ?? ?? 1.????? ** (3)>(5) 2.??? (4)>(5) 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? 1.????? ** (3)>(1) 2.????? (3)>(4) 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . 1.???? ??? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? -02 ?: * p <, **p < , E-02= 10-2 - 50 - ? 4-1-5 ??????????????????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? F ? Scheffe ? ? ??? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? 1.????? * (5)>(3) 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? 1.????? ** (4)>(1) 2.????? 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . 1.???? ??? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? ?: * p <, **p < - 51 - ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????????????26~30 ????? ???????? 31~35 ???25 ???????36~40 ?????40 ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????? 20001~25000 ??????????????? 15000 ???????? ???70000 ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? - 52 - ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? 4-1-6 ????????????????????? ? 4-1-6 ????????????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? F ? Scheffe ? ? ??? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? **?? ?? ?? 1.????? ??? 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? 1.????? ** (1)>(3) 2.????? (2)>(3) 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . 1.???? ??? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? -02 ?: * p <, **p <, E-02=10-2 - 53 - ???? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? ? 4-1-7 ???????????????????????????????? ???????? ? 4-1-7 ??????????????????????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????-????? ?? ??? ??? F? ??? ??? F ? ? ? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? 1.????? *** * 2.??? 3.?? ??? ? 4.????? 1.????? *** ** 2.????? 3.????? 4.??? ??? 5.???? *** ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ??? ? ??? . . 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? ?: * p <, **p < , ***p < - 54 - ?? 4-1-7 ????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????-?????? ????-???????? ?? ??? ??? F ? ??? ??? F ? ? *?? ? ??? ** ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? *?? ?? ?? 1.????? ** ** 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? 1.????? ** ** 2.????? 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? * ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . . 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? -02 ?: * p <, **p <, E-02=10-2 - 55 - ?? 4-1-7 ????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????-?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? F ? ??? ??? F ? ? ? ??? ~30 ? ~35 ? ~40 ? ?? ??? ?? **?? ?? ?? 1.????? * 2.??? 3.?? ?? ?? 4.????? 1.????? ** ** 2.????? 3.????? 4.??? ?? ? 5.???? ??? ~20000 ~25000 ~30000 ~35000 ~40000 ~45000 ~50000 ~70000 ?? ?? ??? . . 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? ?? 4.???? -02 ?: * p <, **p <, E-02=10-2 - 56 - ??? ???????????????????????????? ????? ???? Pearson????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? 4-2-1? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????>???? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? %???????? ???????????????????????????????????? - 57 - ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ? 4-2-1 ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ** ?? ?? ?? ? * * ** ?? * ** ?? ?? ** ** ?? ?? ?? * ** ** * ?? ?? ?? ? ** ** ** ** ?? ?? ?? ?? * * ** * ?? ?? ?? ** ** ** ** ** ?? ?? ** ** ** ** * ?: * p <? **p < , N=163 - 58 - ??? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????Regression??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ???????ENTER?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ? 4-3-1 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? %? ?????????????? % (?R2= ???? % (?R2= ????????? 4-3-1? - 59 - ? 4-3-1????????????????????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? *** *** *** *** ?? -02 () () () () ??? -02 () -02 () -03 () -02 () ??? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ???? () -02 () -02 () -02 () ???? () *** () *** () ** () ??? () -02 () () () ????? -03 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ????? -02 () -02 () -03 () -03 () ?? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ????? ()** ** () ** () ???? -????? * () -02 () -?????? () F ? * ** ** ** R 2 ?R2 0 N 162 162 162 162 ?: ??????? B ???????????????? * p <? **p < <, E-02=10-2, E-03=10-3 ??? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (ENTER?????????????????????? ??????? 4-3-2??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? %??????????????????????? % (?R2= - 60 - ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? 4-3-2? ? 4-3-2??????????????????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? *** *** ** * ?? -02 () -03 () -02 () -02 () ??? -03 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ??? -02 () () () () ???? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ???? () -02 () -02 () -02 () ??? () -02 () -02 () -02 () ????? * () () () () ????? () () () () ?? () () () () ????? *** () *** () *** () ???? -????? () () -?????? -03 () F ? ** *** *** *** R 2 ?R2 0 0 N 162 162 162 162 ?: ??????? B ???????????????? * p <? **p < <, E-02=10-2, E-03=10-3 - 61 - ??? ???????????????????ENTER?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? 4-3-3 ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????? %?????????????????? ??????? % (R2= ????????????????????? %?% (?R2=? ?R2= ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? 4-3-3? ? 4-3-3????????????????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? *** *** *** *** ?? -02 () -02 () () -02 () ??? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ??? -02 () -03 () -04 () -03 () ???? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ???? ** () *** () *** () ** () ??? () -02 () () () ????? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ????? () -02 () -02 () -02 () ?? -02 () -03 () -02 () -03 () ????? *** () *** () *** () ???? -????? -02 () -02 () -?????? () F ? *** *** *** R 2 ?R2 0 N 162 162 162 162 ?: ???????B ???????????????? * p <? **p < <, E-02=10-2, E-03=10-3, E-04=10-4 - 62 - ??? ?????????????????ENTER?????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? 4-3-4 ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????? %??????????????????????? ?? % (?R2= ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? 0% (?R2=0?? ????????????????????????????????? ????????? % (?R2= ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????? 4-3-4? - 63 - ? 4-3-4????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? *** *** *** *** *** *** ?? -02 () () () () -02 () -02 () ??? () () () () () () ??? () -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () ?? ?? * () () () () () () ?? ?? * () ** () ** () ** () * () () ??? ** () ** () ** () ** () * () * () ?? ??? -02 () -02 () -02 () -02 () -03 () -02 () ?? ??? -02 () () () () () () ?? -03 () -03 () -03 -02 () -02 () -03 () ?? ??? *** () *** () *** () *** () *** () ?? ?? -??? ?? -04 () -02 () -02 () -02 () -??? ??? -02 () -03 () -03 () ?? ?? -??? ??? ?? *** () *** () -??? ??? () F ? ** *** *** *** *** *** R 2 ?R2 0 0 N 162 162 162 162 162 162 ?: ???????B ???????????????? * p <? **p < <, E-02=10-2, E-03=10-3, E-04=10-4 ??????????????? 1? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????Lazear,1998, ???????????????? 2? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? 3? ?????????????????????????????????? - 64 - ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? 4? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????Rollings,2001?? - 65 - ??? ????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??? ?? ????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????30000 ?????? ????????????????????????????45001 ?? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???30000 ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????30000 ??? ??????????????????????????? - 66 - ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????36 ? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????36 ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????30000 ??????????????45001 ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????30000 ?????????????????????? ???????????45001 ??????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????36 ????????????? ??????????????????36 ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? (????????1996)???????????????? ?1-1??????????????????????1-2??????????? ?????????1-3??????????????????1-4???????? ???????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????? 2 ?????????????????? - 67 - ????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????Hellman?1997???????????? ?????????????? 3 ??????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 4. ????????????????? 5-1-1 ????? ? 5-1-1 ???????????? ???? ???? ?? 1-1 ????????????????? ?? 1-2 ??????????????? ?? 1-3 ????????????? ?? 1-4 ?????????????? ?? ?? 2 ???????????????? ?? ?? 3 ??????????????? ?? ?? 4 ????????????????????????? ?? - 68 - ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????36~40 ??????? ?????????????? 45001~50000 ???????? ?????????????????????????36~40 ?????? ?????????????? 45001~50000 ???????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??? ?? ????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????1992???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? - 69 - ??? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????flexible benefit plan????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? —???????? ???????????????????????????????? ??Rollings,2001?? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????-????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????? 31~40 ???? ?? %?????????? %????????? %???? ?????????????????????????????????? - 70 - ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? - 71 - ?? 1 ? ? ? ? ?? ???? Wexleyr, N. W. and Yukl, G. A.?1984?Organizations behavior and personnel psychology, ???????????? Stephen P. Robbins ????????????? ???1995??????? ??????????? ????1999???? SPSS ??????????????????? ????1992?????????????1992 ????????????? ??????? ????1997???????????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ??1991???????????????????????????? ???? ????1996? ???????????????????????????? ? 9 ??-258? ??? (1997? ?????????????????????????? ????1999?????????????????????????? ????1999???????????????????????????? ?? ????1989????????????????????????????? ????1991???????????????????? 44 ?? ????????1993???????????????????????? ????????1996??????????????????? ?????????????????? ????1997???????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????1995????????????????? ????? ????1982???????????????????????????? ??????????????????? 5 ??-76? ????1983??????????????????????????? - 72 - ??????? 56 ?? ????1992???????????????????????????? ??? ????1996???????????????????????????? ???-37? ????1997?????????????????? ????1998???????????????? ? ??1996? ?????????????????????????? 37 ??-17? ????????????1998???????????????????? ?????????????-49? ????1980????????????????????? ????1997??????????????????????? ????1999???????????????????????????? ?????????? ????1992??????????????? ????1994???????????????????? 41 ??-87? ????????????1993???????????????????? ?????????? 110 ??-19? ????????????1997???????????????????? ?????????????????? 18 ??? 2 ?? -83? ????1989?????????????????? 66/67 ??-44? ??? 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Vroom,?1964?.Work and Motivation , New York: John Wiley & Sons. - 76 - ?? 2 ?????? ???????? : ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????! ????! ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? - 77 - ?????? ??????????????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. ??? ? ? ? ? ? 2. ?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 3. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 4. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 5. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 6. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 7. ????? ? ? ? ? ? 8. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 9. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 10.?????? ? ? ? ? ? 11.??????? ? ? ? ? ? 12.????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 13.??? ? ? ? ? ? 14.??? ? ? ? ? ? 15.??????? ? ? ? ? ? ???,????!! - 78 - ?????? ???????????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. ????(??.??.???????) ? ? ? ? ? 2. ?? ? ? ? ? ? 3. ???? ? ? ? ? ? 4. ???????(?????) ? ? ? ? ? 5. ?????? ? ? ? ? ? 6. ??? ? ? ? ? ? 7. ?????? ? ? ? ? ? 8. ??????? ? ? ? ? ? 9. ??????? ? ? ? ? ? 10.???? ? ? ? ? ? 11.???? ? ? ? ? ? 12.??????? ? ? ? ? ? 13.???????????(?????.?????) ? ? ? ? ? 14.???? ? ? ? ? ? 15.???? ? ? ? ? ? 16.???? ? ? ? ? ? 17.????(??????) ? ? ? ? ? 18.??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 19.?????? ? ? ? ? ? 20.???? ? ? ? ? ? 21.?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 22.?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 23.???? –???????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????!! - 79 - ?????? ?????????????????????????,????????? ?????????,??! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. ??????????? ? ? ? ? ? 2. ??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 3. ????????,??????? ? ? ? ? ? 4. ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 5. ???????????? ? ? ? ? ? 6. ???????????? ? ? ? ? ? 7. ?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 8. ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 9. ?????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 10.???????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 11.??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 12.??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 13.?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 14.????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 15.????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 16.???????????? ? ? ? ? ? 17.????????? ? ? ? ? ? 18.??????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? !! - 80 - ?????? ??????????????????,????????,???????? ?????,??????????,??! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. ???????????? ? ? ? ? ? 2. ??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 3. ???????????,???????? ? ? ? ? ? 4. ????????,???????????? ? ? ? ? ? 5. ??????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 6. ????????: ??????,?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 7. ??????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 8. ????????,???????? ? ? ? ? ? 9. ????????????,??????????? ? ? ? ? ? 10.??????????,?????? ? ? ? ? ? 11.??????????,????????? ? ? ? ? ? 12.????????,?????????? ? ? ? ? ? 13.????,????????????????,????? ? ? ? ? ? 14.?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? 15.????????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????!! - 81 - 1. ?? : ? 1)? ? 2) ? 2. ?? : ? 1)25 ??? ? 2)26-30 ? 3)31-35 ? 4)36-40 ? 5)40 ?? 3. ?? : ? 1)?? ? 2)?? ; ?? : ? ? ? ? 4. ???? : ? 1)????? ? 2)??/?? ? 3)??/?? ? 4)?? ? 5)????? ? 6)?????? 5. ??? : ? 1)???? ? 2)????(???/??/??/??) ? 3)????(?????/????) ? 4)??(???/??/??) ? 5)??(???/??/??) 6. ??????(????????????)??????: ? 1) 15000 ??? ? 2)15001-20000 ? ? 3)20001-25000 ? ? 4)25001-30000 ? ? 5)30001-35000 ? ? 6)35001-40000 ? ? 7)40001-45000 ? ? 8)45001-50000 ? ? 9)50001~70000 ? ? 10)70001 ??? 7. ????????: ? 1)???? (?????????????) ? 2)???? (??????????) ? 3)???? (??????) ? 4)???? (??????????) ?? ???????,??????! ????,??????,???????????: