价格条件及作价
——国际贸易价格术语
• 案例:吴先生在商场购买彩电,29吋彩电的
标价是“1888元,送货上门”
• 解读“送货上门”:
1. 商场负责安排市内运输的车辆——责任
2. 商场承担彩电上门以前的风险——风险
3. 商场支付市内运费——费用
• “送货上门”是针对“1888元”这项价格,
对买卖双方所承担的责任、风险、费用的划
分
1
价格条件及价格术语
• 价格条件:针对某项价格,对买卖双方所承担
的责任、风险、费用的界限划分
• Free on Board, 送货上船(船上交货):这是
国际贸易中最早出现的价格条件
• 为了减少字数,节省电报费用, Free on Board
演变成价格术语FOB
• 价格术语:针对某项价格,对买卖双方所承担
的责任、风险、费用的界限划分的专门用语
(英文缩写)
2
FOB在早期使用时,各国没有统一的定义和解释,
容易导致纠纷。为了避免纠纷,国际组织用书面
形式制定对价格术语的定义和解释。
价格条件
减少字数
价格术语
统一定义
国际贸易惯例
3
国际贸易惯例
• 广义的国际贸易惯例:国际贸易的习惯做法
• 狭义的国际贸易惯例:国际组织或商业团体
用书面形式为国际贸易术语和习惯做法所制
定的定义、解释和规则
• 国际贸易惯例的约束力:不是法律,对买卖
双方不具备强制作用,其约束力体现在:
1. 如果当事人明确采用某项惯例,该惯例就对当事人产生约束力
2. 如果当事人明确排除某项惯例,该惯例就对当事人没有约束力
3. 如果当事人没有明确排除某项惯例,发生纠纷时,法院或仲裁
机构可以引用该惯例判决或裁决
4
关于价格术语的国际贸易惯例
1. 《1932年华沙—牛津规则》Warsaw—Oxford
Rules 1932:国际法协会为解释价格术语CIF
而制定的规则
2. 《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》Revised
American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941,由
美国9个商业团体制定
3. 《价格术语释义国际通则》INCOTERMS,
由国际商会International Chamber of
Commerce(ICC)所制定
5
《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》
Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941
定义的术语:
1. Ex (Point of Origin) 产地交货
2. Free on Board 船上交货
3. Free Along Side 船边交货
4. Cost and Freight 成本和运费
5. Cost, Insurance, and Freight 成本和运保费
6. Ex Dock 目的港码头交货
6
INCOTERMS基本情况
1. 标题解字:
由International Commercial Terms三字合成
2. INCOTERMS标题译文的由来:
INCOTERMS的早期版本有副标题:International
Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,我国通常
译为《国际贸易术语解释通则》,简称《通则》,译
文《价格术语释义国际通则》仅供参考。
3. 什么是INCOTERMS?
INCOTERMS是国际商会制定的一套规则,该规则对
国际贸易合同中最常用的术语进行定义,说明买卖双
方责任、费用、风险的划分。
4. 版本:
最初版本是INCOTERMS 1936,
最新版本是INCOTERMS 2000,
我国近20年使用过的版本有INCOTERMS 1980和1990。
7
INCOTERMS 2000
共有13种术语,分为E、F、C、D四组
Group E
Departure 启运
EXW Ex Works 工厂交货
Group F
Main carriage unpaid
主运费未付
FCA Free Carrier
FAS Free Alongside Ship
FOB Free on Board
货交承运人
装运港船边交货
装运港船上交货
Group C
Main carriage paid
主运费已付
CFR Cost and Freight
CIF Cost, Insurance, and Freight
CPT Carriage paid To
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To
成本加运费
成本加运保费
运费付至
运保费付至
Group D
Arrival
到达
DAF Delivery at Frontier
DES Delivered Ex Ship
DEQ Delivered Ex Quay
DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid
DDP Delivered Duty Paid
边境交货
目的港船上交货
目的港码头交货
未完税交货
完税后交货
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常用价格术语
货交装运港术语组
货交承运人术语组
FOB
CFR
CIF
FCA
CPT
CIP
以上分组,并不是INCOTERMS 2000的分组。
这样“跳出” INCOTERMS 2000分组的分组,主要是因为每
一组的三个术语具有共同的交货点和风险点。
黎孝先在其1980年的《国际贸易实务》教材(无出版社出版,
仅在内部使用)中,介绍的就是FOB,C&F, CIF。)
9
Free on Board
FOB (named port of shipment,指定装运港 )
例:FOB Shanghai,China
• 简略定义:
– FOB是指,买方安排船只,支付装运港到
目的港运费,卖方在指定装运港交货。货
物越过船舷时,风险和费用从卖方转移到
买方。
– FOB仅适用于船舶运输。
10
FOB defined in INCOTERMS 2000
• FREE ON BOARD means that the seller delivers when the
goods pass over the ship’s rail at the named port of
shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs
and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point.
The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for
export.
This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway
transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods
across the ship’s rail, the FCA term should be used.
11
FOB INCOTERMS 2000定义
• FOB是指,在指定装运港货物越过船舷时,卖
方就完成了交货义务。买方必须承担货物越过
船舷之后的一切风险和费用。
卖方负责办理货物的出口报关手续。
FOB仅适用于海洋运输或运河运输,如当事人
不打算用越过船舷的方式交货,则应使用FCA。
12
Division of obligation, cost, and risks
under FOB in INCOTERMS 2000
A THE SELLER’S OBLIGATIONS
B THE BUYER’S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice,
or its electronic message, in conformity with the contract of
sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be
required by the contract.
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
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A2 Licences, authorisations, and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export
licence or other official authorisation and carry out, where
applicable, all customs formalities necessary for the export
of the goods.
B2 Licences, authorisations, and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import
licence or other official authorisation and carry out, where
applicable, all customs formalities for the import of the
goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any
country.
14
A3 Contract of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation.
B3 Contract of carriage
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage
of the goods from the named port of shipment.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation.
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A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the
agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the
manner customary at the port on board the vessel
nominated by the buyer.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have
been delivered in accordance with A4.
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A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss
of or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the
ship’s rail at the named port of shipment
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of losses of or damage to the goods
*from the time they have passed the ship’s rail at the named port of
shipment, and
*from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for
delivery which arise because he fails to give notice in accordance
with B7, or because the vessel nominated by him fail to arrive on
time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than
the time notified in accordance with B7, provided, however, that
the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
17
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
* all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship’s rail at
the named port of shipment; and
*where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as
all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
*all costs relating to the goods from the time they have passed the ship’s rail at the
named port of shipment, and
*any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel nominated by him has failed
to arrive on time, or is unable to take the the goods, or closes for cargo earlier
than the time notified in accordance with B7, or because the buyer has failed to
give appropriate notice in accordance with B7 provided, however, that the goods
have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or
otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
*where applicable, all duties, taxes, and other charges as well as the costs of carrying
out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit
through any country.
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A7 Notice to the Buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice the of vessel
name, loading point, and required delivery time.
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A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent
electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller’s expense with the usual proof of
delivery in accordance with A4.
Unless the document referred to in the proceeding paragraph is the transport
document, the seller must render the buyer, at the latter’s request, risk, and
expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of
carriage (for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill,
an inland waterway document, or a multimodal transport document).
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the
document referred to in the proceeding paragraph may be replaced by an
equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent
electronic message
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.
20
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as
checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are
necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is
usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract
description unpacked) which is required for the transport of goods,
to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (for
example, modalities,destination) are made known to the seller
before the contract of sale is concluded.
Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of pre-shipment inspection except when
such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of
export. 21
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter’s request, risk, and
expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or
equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A8)
issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and,
where necessary, for their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary
information for procuring insurance.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the
documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10
and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his
assistance in accordance therewith.
22
FOB责任、费用、风险划分
• 卖方
• 责任:
1. 将货物送交FOB责任、
费用、风险划分到装运
港买方指定的船只上
2. 办理出口报关手续
• 费用
– 承担货物越过船舷之前的
费用
• 风险
– 承担货物越过船舷之前的
风险
• 买方
• 责任:
1. 租船订舱,将船期、船名通
知卖方
2. 办理进口报关手续
• 费用
– 承担货物越过船舷之后的费
用,特别是装运港~目的港
的运费
• 风险
– 承担货物越过船舷之后的风
险
23
使用FOB的注意事项
1. 船货衔接
买方应尽早将船期、船名通知卖方,以便卖方顺利交货
2. FOB的变形 (租船运输时,装船费用的划分)
• FOB liner terms FOB 班轮条件 买方承担装船费用
• FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货 买方承担装船费用
• FOB stowed FOB理舱 卖方承担装船费用
• FOB trimmed FOB平舱 卖方承担装船费用
3. FOB的界线:
INCOTERMS以船舷为界,实际使用时界线前后移动, “已装船清洁
”提单将风险界线从船舷移到船上
4. INCOTERMS与美国《外贸定义》对FOB的不同解释
24
《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》的FOB分为6种
) FOB (named inland carrier at named inland point of departure)
在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货
) FOB (named inland carrier at named inland point of departure)
freight prepaid to (named point of exportation)
在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货,运费预付到指定的出口
地点
) FOB (named inland carrier at named inland point of departure)
freight allowed to (named point)
在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货,减除至出口地点的运费
) FOB (named inland carrier at named inland point of exportation)
在指定出口地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货
) FOB Vessel (named port of shipment)
在指定装运港的船上交货价
) FOB (named inland point in country of importation)
在进口国的指定内陆地点交货
25
INCOTERMS与美国《外贸定义》(第四、
第五种)对FOB的不同解释
因此,与北美公司签订从北美进口产品到我国的合同,首先使用FOB
Vessel named port of shipment,其次应明确卖方负责出口许可证和
出口报关并承担费用。
INCOTERMS 美国《外贸定义》
FOB的后接
内容
FOB San Francisco,USA FOB San Francisco, USA指San
Francisco内陆运输工具上交货(《外
贸定义》第四种)
FOB Vessel San Francisco, USA指
San Francisco港口船上交货(《外贸
定义》第五种)
风险划分 船舷 船上
出口手续 卖方负责出口许可证和
出口报关
卖方协助买方办理出口许可证,
且买方承担费用。
26
Cost and Freight
CFR (named port of destination,指定目的港 )
例:CFR Los Angeles, USA
• 简略定义:
– CFR是指,卖方安排船只,支付装运港到目
的港运费,在指定装运港交货。货物越过船
舷时,风险和其他费用从卖方转移到买方。
– CFR仅适用于船舶运输
27
CFR INCOTERMS定义
• CFR是指,在指定装运港货物越过船舷时,卖
方就完成了交货义务。
• 卖方必须支付货物运输到目的港的运费。但是,
卖方交货之后货物灭失或损害的风险,以及额
外费用,从卖方转移到买方。
• 卖方负责办理货物的出口报关手续。
• CFR仅适用于海洋运输或运河运输,如当事人
不打算用越过船舷的方式交货,则应使用CPT。
28
CFR defined in INCOTERMS
• COST AND FREIGHT means that the seller delivers when
the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.
• The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring
the goods to the named port of destination, BUT the risk of
loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional
costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are
transferred from the seller to the buyer.
• The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for
export.
• This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway
transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods
across the ship’s rail, the CPT term should be used.
29
CFR责任、费用、风险划分
• 卖方
• 责任:
1. 租船订舱,将货物送交到
船只上
2. 将装运情况通知买方
3. 办理出口报关手续
• 费用
1. 承担货物越过船舷之前的
费用
2. 承担装运港~目的港的运
费
• 风险
1. 承担货物越过船舷之前的
风险
• 买方
• 责任:
1. 办理进口报关手续
• 费用
1. 承担货物越过船舷之后
的费用,不包括装运港
~目的港的运费
• 风险
1. 承担货物越过船舷之后的
风险
30
使用CFR的注意事项
1. 船险衔接
• 卖方应尽早将装船情况通知买方,以便买方及时投保
2. CFR的变形 (租船运输时,卸船费用的划分)
• CFR liner terms CFR班轮条件, 卖方承担卸船费用
• CFR landed CFR卸至岸上 卖方承担卸船费用
• CFR ex ship’s hold CFR舱底交货 买方承担卸船费用
3. CFR = C&F = CNF
31
Cost , Insurance, and Freight
CIF (named port of destination,指定目的港 )
例:CIF Los Angeles, USA
• 简略定义:
– CIF是指,卖方安排船只、投保,支付装运
港到目的港运费及保费,在指定装运港交货。
货物越过船舷时,风险和其他费用从卖方转
移到买方。
– CIF仅适用于船舶运输
32
CIF INCOTERMS定义
• CIF是指,在指定装运港货物越过船舷时,卖方就完成
了交货义务。
• 卖方必须支付货物运输到目的港的运费。但是,卖方
交货之后,货物灭失或损害的风险,以及额外费用,
从卖方转移到买方。但是,卖方却要买方的这些风险
购买海运保险。
• 因而,卖方订立保险合同,支付保费。卖方只须购买
最小险别。如果买方希望较大险别,应与卖方明确达
成协议,或自行另外加购保险。
• 卖方负责办理货物的出口报关手续。
• CIF仅适用于海洋运输或运河运输,如当事人不打算用
越过船舷的方式交货,则应使用CIP。
33
CIF defined in INCOTERMS
• COST, INSURANCE, and FREIGHT means that the seller delivers
when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.
• The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods
to the named port of destination, BUT the risk of loss of or damage to
the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after
the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.
However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance
against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the
carriage.
• Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance
premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is
required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer
wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to
agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra
insurance arrangement.
• The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
• This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. If
the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail, the
CIP term should be used. 34
CIF责任、费用、风险划分
• 卖方
• 责任:
1. 租船订舱,将货物送交到
船只上
2. 购买海运保险
3. 办理出口报关手续
• 费用
1. 承担货物越过船舷之前的
费用
2. 承担装运港~目的港的运
费、保险费
• 风险
1. 承担货物越过船舷之前的
风险
• 买方
• 责任:
1. 办理进口报关手续
• 费用
1. 承担货物越过船舷之后的
费用,不包括装运港~目
的港的运费、保险费
• 风险
1. 承担货物越过船舷之后的
风险
35
使用CIF的注意事项
1. CIF的风险界线与FOB相同,因此, 从“风
险界线”的角度来看,CIF价格并不是“到岸
价格”
2. CIF的变形 (租船运输时,卸船费用的划分)
• CIR liner terms CFR班轮条件, 卖方承担卸船费用
• CIR landed CFR卸至岸上 卖方承担卸船费用
• CIR ex ship’s hold CFR舱底交货 买方承担卸船费用
36
FOB、CFR、CIF对比
交货地
点
运输
方式
风险
界线
租船
订舱
投保 支付
运费
支付
保费
交货性质
FOB 装运港 海洋
运河
船舷 买方 买方 买方 买方 实质性交货
CFR 装运港 海洋
运河
船舷 卖方 买方 卖方 买方 象征性交货
CIF 装运港 海洋
运河
船舷 卖方 卖方 卖方 卖方 象征性交货
37
FOB、CFR、CIF的衍生
传统组 衍生组
• Free on Board FOB named port of shipment
• Free Carrier FCA named place
• Cost and Freight CFR named port of destination
• Carriage Paid To CPT named place of destination
• Cost, Insurance, and Freight CFR named port of destination
• Carriage and Insurance Paid To CIP named place of destination
38
Free Carrier
FCA (named place,指定装运地 )
例:FCA Shanghai,China
• 简略定义:
– FCA是指,买方指定承运人,支付装运地
到目的地运费,卖方在指定装运地交货。
货物交给承运人时,风险和费用从卖方转
移到买方。
– FCA适用于各种运输方式。
39
FCA INCOTERMS定义
• 定义:
– FCA是指,在指定地点卖方将业经办理出口报关手
续的货物交付给买方指定的承运人。应当注意的是,
交货地点的选择对装货和卸货义务有影响。如果交
货是在卖方的所在地,则卖方负责装货(到运输工
具上)。如果交货是在任何其他地点,则卖方不负
责(从运输工具上)卸货。
– 使用本术语不考虑运输方式,包括多式联运。
– 承运人是指通过运输合同履行或者购买运输服务的
任何人,运输服务包括铁路、公路、海运、空运、
运河或多式联运。
40
Carriage Paid To
CPT (named place of destination,指定目的地 )
例:CPT Los Angeles,USA
• 简略定义:
– CPT是指,卖方指定承运人,支付装运地
到目的地运费,卖方在指定装运地交货。
货物交给承运人时,风险和费用从卖方转
移到买方。
– CPT适用于各种运输方式。
41
CPT INCOTERMS定义
• 定义:
– CPT是指,卖方将货物交付给卖方指定的承运人,此外,卖方
必须支付将货物运到指定目的地的运费。买方承担交货后的
一切风险和任何其他费用。
– 承运人是指通过运输合同履行或者购买运输服务的任何人,
运输服务包括铁路、公路、海运、空运、运河或多式联运。
– 如果需要后续承运人将货物运到指定目的地,则风险自货物
交付给第一承运人时转移。
– 本术语要求卖方办理货物出口报关手续。
– 使用本术语不考虑运输方式,包括多式联运。
42
Carriage and Insurance Paid to
CIP (named place of destination,指定目的地 )
例:CIP Los Angeles,USA
• 简略定义:
– CIP是指,卖方指定承运人、投保,支付装
运地到目的地运费、保费,卖方在指定装
运地交货。货物交给承运人时,风险和费
用从卖方转移到买方。
– CIP适用于各种运输方式。
43
CIP INCOTERMS定义
• 定义:
– CIP是指,卖方将货物交付给卖方指定的承运人,此外,卖方
必须支付将货物运到指定目的地的运费。买方承担交货后的
一切风险和任何其他费用。卖方还必须为货物在运输途中灭
失或损坏的买方风险购买保险。
– 因而,卖方订立保险合同、支付保费。
– 卖方只须购买最小险别。如果买方希望较大保障范围的险别,
应与卖方明确达成协议,或自行另外加购保险。
– 承运人是指通过运输合同履行或者购买运输服务的任何人,
运输服务包括铁路、公路、海运、空运、运河或多式联运。
– 如果需要后续承运人将货物运到指定目的地,则风险自货物
交付给第一承运人时转移。
– 本术语要求卖方办理货物出口报关手续。
– 使用本术语不考虑运输方式,包括多式联运。
44
货交装运港术语
货交承运人术语 对比
货交装运港术语
FOB、CFR、CIF
货交承运人术语
|FCA、CPT、CIP
运输方式 海洋、运河运输 海、陆、空,多式联
运
运输单据 已装船清洁提单 各种运输单据
交货地点 装运港 运输工具、运输站、
收货点
风险界限 船舷 第一承运人的监管
装卸费用 租船运输时要进一
步明确
包括在运费中
45
价格条款
Commodity and Specification Qty Unit Price Amount
Plush Toy Bear Size 24” 10,000 pcs US$ US$19,
quality as per sample CIF San Francisco, USA
packing charges included
Total contract value: . Dollars Nineteen Thousand Nine Hundred only,
CIF San Francisco, USA, packing charges included.
46
六、《INCOTERMS 2000》其他七种贸易
术语简介
(一)EXW…(Named Place)
工厂交货……(指定地)
卖方在其所在处所(工厂、工场、仓库等)将
货物置于买方处置之下时,即履行了交货义务。
买方必须承担在卖方所在地提取货物至目的地
所需的一切费用和风险。
47
适用的运输方式---
交货地点――
风险划分点――
费用划分点――
出口清关手续――
48
适用的运输方式――各种运输方式;
交货地点――卖方所在地(工厂、工场、或仓库
等)将货物交付买方处置(卖方不负责将货物
装上任何运输工具);
风险划分点――卖方所在地;
费用划分点――卖方所在地;
出口清关手续――买方;
49
EXW 装车(EXW loaded);
EXW the added obligation for the seller to
load the goods on the buyer’s collecting
vehicle;
50
(二)FAS…Named port of shipment
船边交货……(指定装运港)
卖方在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船边,即完成
交货义务。买方必须承担自交货时起的一切费用和风险。
51
适用的运输方式――海洋运输和内河运输;
交货地点――装运港买方指定的船边(码
头或驳船上);
风险划分点――装运港船边;
费用划分点――装运港船边;
出口清关手续――卖方(《INCOTERMS
2000》又一重要修改);
52
FOB与FAS异同点:
相同点――适用的运输方式、出口清关手
续的办理;
不同点――交货地、风险点、费用点;
53
美国《定义修正本》:
FAS--Free Along Side
• FAS vessel
• 出口清关手续--买方办理
54
(三)DAF…(named place)
边境交货……(指定地点)
当卖方在边境的指定地点和具体交货点,在毗邻国
家海关边界前,将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸
下的货物交给买方处置,办妥货物出口清关手续但
尚未办理进口清关手续时,即履行交货义务。
“边境”可用于任何边境,包括出口国边境。因
此,必须明确规定边境的指定交货点。
55
适用的运输方式――各种运输方式(主要用于陆地边界
交货――陆地接壤的国家);
交货地点――边境指定地(两国关境之间)处于交货的
运输工具上;
风险划分点――边境指定地;
费用划分点――边境指定地;
(如双方当事人希望卖方负责从交货运输工具上卸货并
承担卸货的风险和费用,则应在销售合同中明确写明。)
出口清关手续――卖方;
进口清关手续――买方;
出口国关境|--------------------------------|进口国关境
56
(四)DES…named port of destination
目的港船上交货……(指定目的港)
卖方在指定的目的港船上将货物交给买方处置,
但不办理进口清关手续,即履行交货义务。卖方
承担货物运至指定目的港卸货前的一切风险和费
用。
57
适用的运输方式――海运或内河运输,或多式联
运(但在目的港船上交货);
交货地点――目的港船上(将货物交买方处置);
风险划分点----目的港船上;
费用划分点----目的港船上;
进口清关手续――买方;
58
DES与CIF 主要区别:
1、交货地点
2、风险划分点
3、承担的费用
4、交货方式
59
(五)DEQ…named port of destination
目的港码头交货……指定目的港
卖方在指定的目的港码头将货物交给买方处置,即完成交
货义务。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的港并卸货至码
头的一切风险和费用。
60
适用的运输方式――海洋运输和内河运输,或多
式联运(但在目的港码头卸货);
交货地点――目的港码头(将货物交买方处置);
风险划分点---目的港码头;
费用划分点---目的港码头;
进口清关手续――买方(买方办理进口清关手续,
并支付一切办理进口海关手续的费用、关税、
税款和其他费用);
(《INCOTERMS 2000》又一个重要修改)
61
(六)DDU…(named place of destination)
未完税交货……(指定目的地)
DDU是《90通则》新增加的术语。
卖方在指定的目的地将货物交给买方,不办理进口
手续,也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下,即完成
交货义务。卖方应承担货物运至指定目的地的一切费
用和风险,不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应
交纳的任何 “税费”(duty)(即不承担办理海关手续的
责任和风险,以及进口交纳的海关手续费、关税、税
款和其他费用)。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未
能及时办理货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。
62
适用的运输方式---各种运输方式,包括多式联
运;
交货地点---进口国指定目的地(将货物交买方
处置);
风险划分点---进口国指定目的地;
费用划分点--进口国指定目的地;
(将货物从运输工具卸下的费用-卸货费由买方
承担)
进口清关手续――买方;
63
(七)DDP…(named place of
destination)
完税后交货……(指定目的地)
卖方在指定的目的地,办理完进口清关手续,将
在交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交与买方,完
成交货义务。卖方必须承担将货物运至目的地的
一切风险和费用,包括在需要办理海关手续时在
目的地应交纳的任何进口“税费”(包括办理一
切海关手续、交纳海关手续费、关税、税款和其
他费用的责任和风险)。
64
适用的运输方式――各种运输方式,包括多式联运;
交货地点――进口国指定目的地将货物交至买方;
风险划分点---进口国指定目的地;
费用划分点--进口国指定目的地;
(有关卸货费由买方负责)
进口清关手续――卖方;
65
适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语 ----
EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAF、DDU、
DDP;
适用于海洋运输和内河运输的贸易术语--
--FAS、 FOB、 CFR、 CIF、 DES、
DEQ;
66
FOB与FAS异同点:
相同点――适用的运输方式、出口清关手
续的办理;
不同点――交货地、风险点、费用点;
67
DES与CIF 主要区别:
1、交货地点
2、风险划分点
3、承担的费用
4、交货方式
68
§ 作价及核算
• 常用价格术语的价格构成
(以我国外贸公司作为出口方)
• FOB价 =收购价 +收购地至装运港运费+管理费用及利润-出口退税
(一程运费)
• CFR价= FOB价 +装运港至目的港运费
(二程运费)
• CIF价= CFR价+海运保险费
管理费 = 收购价(人民币)×百分比 …… 按收购价定额化
• 含税收购价=净价+增值税=净价+净价×17% =净价×(1+17%)
净价=含税收购价÷ (1+17%)
• 出口退税=净价×退税率= 含税收购价×退税率
1+17%
69
换汇成本核算、盈利核算
例、出口电机配件一批,出口总价US$70, CIF San Francisco, USA,
一、二程运费合计RMB12,,保险费RMB3,, 收购价
RMB560,(含17%增值税),定额管理费为收购价的5%,出口退税率
14%,美元买入价,美元卖出价,试计算合同是否盈利。
人民币总支出 =560, + 560, ×5% + 12, + 3,
-560, ×14%
1 + 17%
= RMB535,
人民币收入=US$70,×
盈利=收入-支出= US$70,×-535,
= -535, × 70,
70,
出口商品换汇成本=人民币总支出 = 535, =
美元净收入 70,
美元买入价是换汇成本的盈亏临界值:当换汇成本 < 美元买入价时,外贸公司盈利,
当换汇成本 > 美元买入价时,外贸公司亏损
换汇成本越低,人民币盈利越多;换汇成本越高,人民币盈利越少。
70
常用价格术语的价格换算
• CFR价= FOB价 +装运港至目的港运费
• CIF价= CFR价+海运保险费
1. CIF价=CFR价/[(1+加成率)×保险费率)
]
71
例:我国外贸公司出口一批商品,对外报价为每箱
,FOB上海,英国客户要求改报CIF London。
已知上海—London运费为每箱,保险加成率为
10%,保险费率为8‰ 。请计算CIF London报价。
CIF价= (FOB价+运费)
1-(1+加成率)×保险费率
= 500+50
1-(1+ 10% )× 8‰
=
验证:
保险费= ×(1+ 10% )× 8‰=
FOB价+运费+保险费=500+50+=
72
佣金和折扣
(一)含义和作用
佣金:卖方或买方付给中间商的酬金。
折扣:卖方给买方的减让。
73
(二)表示方法
含佣价:
US$45 per metric ton CIF New York including
2% commission
(or US$45 per metric ton CIFC2% New York)
折扣价:
US$30 per metric ton FOB Shanghai less 2%
discount
净价: US$30 per metric ton FOB Shanghai net
74
(三)计算方法
1、折扣
US$200 Per doz. CIF New York less 2%
discount
现价=原价-原价X折扣率
=原价(1-折扣率)
=200(1-2%)
=196
75
2、佣金
如:US$100 per doz. CIFC3% New York
佣金=含佣价X佣金率
=100X3% =3美元
净价=含佣价-佣金
=100-3
=97
76
3、含佣价与净价的换算
(1)含佣价改报净价:
原报价为:US$100 per doz. CIFC3% New York
现改报CIF New York
净价=含佣价-佣金=含佣价-含佣价X佣金率
=含佣价(1-佣金率)
=100(1-3%)=97
现报价为:US$ per doz. CIF New York
77
(2)净价改报含佣价:
原报价:US$ per doz. CIF New York
现改报CIFC3% New York
净价 97
含佣价=----------------=--------------=100
1-佣金率 1-3%
现报价为:US$ per doz. CIFC3% New
York
78