Ё㗤⫼ક⍜䌍Ϣ㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞ ၏ܟඁ ˄ϭ࠼Ӗ༰ᄯڳࠡకཙࡎᄯēю՛ ˅ ᨬ㽕˖·ำ൰༹ဈઐဈ່ଶէ२ԅפຢఢۥູᆇСԅೌēඹڶၮဈ܁ڔઐဈଶ່ۤฑڔԸАԅઐဈଶ່ēಬᄃדॴઐဈଶ່פຢၽէ२ᄯڳڂೇ)DPD )UHQFK ᆦۦۤ ّྜᆦۦᄯԅᆴဈdཙࡎζੜēઐဈଶ່Շޮ੦ۤ)DPD )UHQFKస࿙ᆐ੦ટࠓೄ)DPD )UHQFK ᆦۦԅ ྻ౨ēၙညဟ&&$30ۤ&$30Ģၽࠓೄ ّྜԅ۸ࠉੋדᄯēઐဈଶ່Շޮ੦ԅࠓೄॏஜဟస࿙ᆐ੦c&&$30ۤ&$30dဈઐဈଶ່է२ԅפຢટࠀۚԙࠓೄڂର۸ࠉੋೌԅϢලd ݇䬂䆡˖ᆇСՇޮĢઐဈଶ່Ģ۸ࠉੋೌĢྜ Ёߚ㉏ো˖) ᭛⤂ᷛ䆚ⷕ˖$ ཝ ᴀ᭛ⷨお㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ǃ䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍Ϣ䌘ѻᬊⲞⱘݙ㘨㋏ˈᇏ᳝݇㗤⫼⍜䌍કᑺ䞣ⱘ亢䰽བԩᕅડ䌘ѻⱘᬊⲞ ेѢ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘ䌘ѻᅮӋ˄'&$30˅DŽ㗤⫼કᰃᣛՓ⫼ᯊ䯈㟇ᇥϔᅮᯊᳳҹϞⱘ⠽કˈབ⬉ބㆅǃ≑䔺ǃ⬉㾚ᴎㄝᆊ⬉ᆊDŽ$EHO%HUQDQNH S ᣛߎˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍Ϣᘏ⍜䌍ᬃߎⳌ↨Ӯ㸼⦄ߎ࠻⚜ⱘ⊶ࡼ DŽ䖯ϔℹᴹⳟˈ㗤⫼⍜䌍કᇍ䌘ѻᬊⲞⱘডϢ䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍Ⳍ↨ࡴᬣᛳˈⳌ݇ᗻг䕗催DŽ䖭ህਃ⼎៥Ӏ䗮䖛ᓩܹ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋᄤᴹᇍӴ㒳ⱘѢ⍜䌍ⱘ䌘ѻᅮӋൟ˄ ˅䖯㸠ᬍ䖯ˈҹܟ᳡݊⬅Ѣ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䖛Ѣᑇ⒥㗠ᇐ㟈ⱘĀ㙵ᴗ⑶ӋП䇰ā㾷䞞㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞЁⱘ᮴ㄝ㔎䱋ˈҢ㗠Փ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋ⧚䆎㾷䞞㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞЁ䞡ᮄ⛩থ⫳ᴎDŽ 㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞᰃᣛ⾡㙵⼼ᶤϔᯊ⚍ϞᬊⲞ᳝ᯢᰒⱘऎ߿՟ˈབᄬᰒ㨫ഄĀᵓഫ⦄䈵āǃ Ā㾘ᬜᑨāĀ䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨ᬜᑨāㄝ⡍ᕕDŽԩ䆮乪˄ ˅থ⦄Ё㙵Ꮦᶤϔᯊᳳݙ ϢᶤϔџӊⳌ݇㘨ⱘ㙵⼼ⱘ⍼䎠Ӯ᳝ᯢᰒⱘϔ㟈ᗻˈᰃϔ⾡ᰒ㨫ⱘᵓഫ䕂⍼⦄䈵DŽˈѢᏖഎ㒘ড়ᬊⲞǃ݀ৌ㾘˄㾘ᄤ˅䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨˄Ӌؐᄤⱘ˅)DPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟ )DPDǃ)UHQFK ৃҹᅠܼ㾷䞞Ё$㙵ᏖഎᬊⲞ⥛ⱘ䴶Ꮒᓖˈᴼᗏǃ䰜ሩ䕝˄ ˅> @䆕ᅲњ)DPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟ$㙵Ꮦഎⱘ䗖⫼ᗻਈ˗Ϫݰǃ䆌ᑈ㸠˄ ˅ৠḋথ⦄Ё㙵Ꮦᄬᰒ㨫ⱘĀ䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨ᬜᑨāĀ㾘ᬜᑨā ҪӀ䅸Ўϝᄤൟ↨&$30㛑དഄᦣ䗄㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞⱘব࣪> @DŽ 䆮✊ˈϝᄤൟᅲ䆕Ё㦋ᕫᎼ៤ࡳˈԚ)DPDǃ)UHQFK S ᣛߎ㾘ᄤӋؐᄤⱘ䗝ᢽᰃҢ㒣偠Ёᕫߎⱘᇍˈ䖭ѯᄤⱘ䗝পϞᑊ≵᳝⧚䆎ᮍ䴶ⱘᬃᣕˈℸ᳝ѯЏ㾖䱣ᛣᗻˈ0DFNLQOD\ ᰃ䋼⭥ϝᄤൟ᭄᳝ᣪᥬПႠ> @DŽ)DPDǃ)UHQFK S ᦤߎᰃ৺᳝ϧ䮼ⱘᇐ㟈䌘ѻᬊⲞ݅ৠবࡼⱘᴀ䴶㋴ˈᅗӀ⣀ゟѢᏖഎব䞣ˈᑊӴ䗦њϡৠѢϔ㠀ⱘᏖഎ亢䰽ⱘ⑶Ӌਸ਼˛> @⬅ℸˈᴀ᭛䆩ⴔҢ⍜䌍ᴀ䴶ᇸ݊ᰃ㗤⫼⍜䌍કⱘ㾦ᑺᴹ㾷䞞Ϟ䗄䌘ѻᬊⲞⱘ῾䴶⡍ᕕDŽ ⷨお㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䌘ѻᬊⲞⱘ᭛⤂Ё0ˈDQNLZ 䆕ᅲ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᇍᅲ䰙߽⥛ⱘডᑨ↨䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᬣᛳ> @˗'XQQ6LQJOHWRQ (LFKHQEDXP+DQVHQ থ⦄݇Ѣ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘϡৃߚ⾏أདϡ㛑ᰒ㨫ഄᬍ䖯Ѣ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍ⱘ䌘ѻᅮӋ
ൟ> @DŽ*URVVPDQǃ/DURTXH˄ ˅ߚᵤњ㗤⫼કϡ⌕ࡼⱘᚙމϟ᳔Ӭⱘ⍜䌍Ϣ䌘ѻ䗝ᢽ䯂乬 > @ˈ㗠2JDNL 5HLQKDUW ᣛߎᗑ㾚䴲㗤⫼ક㗤⫼કⱘᯊᳳݙ᳓ҷˈӮᇐ㟈䎼ᳳ᳓ҷᔍᗻⱘԄ䅵ൟᕫߎ᳝أ䇃ⱘ㒧䆎> @DŽ<RJR 䆕ᯢњ⍜䌍ⱘ䖍䰙ᬜ⫼䗮䖛䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ϡৃߚ⾏ⱘᬜ⫼ߑ᭄᠔ᵘᓎⱘൟЁ㛑ˈ㾷䞞ড㾘ᬜᑨǃӋؐᬜᑨǃᯊব㙵ᴗ⑶Ӌⱘ亢䰽ᬊⲞⱘᴗ㸵> @DŽг᳝᭛⤂㗗㰥њ᠓ഄѻӋḐⱘ⊶ࡼ㾷䞞䌘ѻᬊⲞЁⱘ⫼˖/XVWLJ 9DQ 1LHXZHUEXUJK ᓎゟњԣ᠓䋶ᆠҎ䌘ᴀ䋶ᆠ↨⥛ⱘԣ᠓ᢉᢐൟˈ䖭Ͼ↨⥛㛑㾷䞞ᑈᑺ㾘䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨㒘ড়ⱘ ῾䴶বࡼ> @˗3LD]]HVLǃ6FKQHLGHUǃ7X]HO ϔ㠀ഛ㸵ൟЁ㗗㰥њԣ᠓ᇍ䌘ѻӋḐⱘᕅડ䞛ˈপњϡৃߚⱘأདᦣ䗄ԣ᠓⍜䌍㪱ЁⱘⳌᇍӑ乱বࡼҪˈӀⱘൟ㛑ᐂࡽᬍᷛޚⱘ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟⱘ㔎䱋> @DŽᔧ䇗ᭈ៤ᴀᄬᯊ6ˈLHJDO ⷨおњ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘϡৃߚ⾏أདᇍ䌘ѻᅮӋⱘᕅડথˈ⦄᮴ᨽ᪺ⱘൟЁ᳝䞣ⱘᅮӋأᏂ㗠㹿ᢦ㒱ᅲˈ䆕ᬃᣕᄬ䴲ߌⱘ䇗ᭈ៤ᴀⱘൟ> @DŽ3DNRV˄ ˅ᓎゟњϔϾ㗗㰥њᆊᒁⱘᓖ䋼ᗻ㗤⫼⍜䌍કⱘ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟথˈ⦄䌘ѻⱘ亢䰽⑤Ѣ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ˈ䴲ᅠܼᏖഎϟˈ㗤⫼ક῾䴶ߚᏗⱘѠ䰊ⶽᴵӊ> @DŽ ᴀ᭛⧚䆎ߚᵤњ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍㾷䞞㙵⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞⱘݙᴎ⧚থˈ⦄ᢹ᳝催ⱘ㗤⫼⍜䌍ક亢䰽ⱘ䌘ѻгӮ᳝催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞ㙵ˈ⼼῾䴶ᬊⲞⱘᏂᓖড㙵⼼᠔㭈ⱘϡৠⱘ⍜䌍亢䰽ϞᴹDŽ䗮䖛䖤⫼ᅣ㾖㗤⫼ક⍜䌍᭄ᖂ㾖䇗ᶹⱘ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍᭄ˈᅲ䆕㸼ᯢˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟ㛑㾷䞞)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়ⱘ ҹϞˈ䖰ӬѢ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟ&$30˗㾷䞞 Ͼ㸠Ϯⱘ῾䴶ߚᵤЁˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟⱘ㾷䞞ᔎѢϝᄤൟǃ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟ&$30DŽ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟЁⱘϝϾ㋏㒳ᗻ亢䰽㛑ᕜདⱘ㾷䞞 㒘ড়ⱘϡৠᬊⲞ᳝ˈ催ⱘ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍亢䰽ⱘ䌘ѻ䌟ќ催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞ䖭ˈ⌏њӴ㒳ⱘѢ⍜䌍ⱘ䌘ѻᅮӋൟˈᑊՓ)DPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟ᳝њ䞥㵡㒣⌢ᄺϞⱘ⧚䆎ᬃᩥDŽ सৢד 㗤⫼ક᳝㗤⫼ᑺेѻક㗤⫼ᗻⱘᑺˈ䗮ᐌ⫼ѻકⱘᇓੑᴹ㸵䞣⫼䋼䞣ᴹ㸼⼎ˈ䖭ᰃ㗤⫼કऎ߿Ѣ䴲㗤⫼કⱘᴀ䋼ሲᗻDŽѢ㗤⫼⍜䌍કⱘ䖭⾡⡍⚍ˈ䖭䚼ߚЏ㽕䖤⫼<RJR ⱘ㗤⫼⍜䌍કᅮӋൟᴹ⧚䆎ߚᵤ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᑺ䞣亢䰽Ϟⱘݙᴎ⧚DŽ ҷ㸼ᗻᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ᳔Ӭ࣪䯂乬 㑺ᴳᴵӊ ҷ㸼ᗻᡩ䌘㗙⍜䌍㒘ড়䗝ᢽ䯂乬བϟˈ↣ϔᯊᳳ ˈҷ㸼ᗻᡩ䌘㗙䌁ф ऩԡⱘ 䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍ક᳡ࡵˈᑊϨф ऩԡⱘ㗤⫼⍜䌍કˈ ᰃҹ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍ક᳡ࡵ䅵Ӌⱘ㗤 ⫼⍜䌍કӋḐDŽᴀ᭛؛ᅮˈ䴲㗤⫼ક↣ϔᳳ䛑㹿⍜㗫⅚ሑˈ㗠㗤⫼ક㛑ᦤկ㟇ᇥѢ ᳳⱘ᳡ࡵ⌕DŽ䖭ḋˈᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ㗤⫼કᄬ䋻Ў =( −δ) − + ˄ ˅ ℸ໘ˈδ∈(
)ᰃᡬᮻ⥛DŽ ᴀ᭛ЁˈৃѸᯧ䌘ѻ᭄Ў + Ͼˈ䆄Ў =
… DŽ ᳳˈᡩ䌘㗙㢅䌍 ऩԡⱘ 䋶ᆠ 䌁ф䌘ѻ ˈ䖭ḋ㛑 + ᳳᅲ⦄ᘏᬊⲞ
+ DŽℸˈᡩ䌘㗙ⱘټ㪘ㄝᓣЎ
∑ = − − ˄
˅ =
݊䱣ৢϔᳳⱘ䋶ᆠ᳝ϟ䴶ⱘ䎼ᳳ乘ㅫ㑺ᴳ㒭ߎ + =∑
+ ˄ ˅ =
Ўㅔ࣪њᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ⍜䌍㒘ড়䗝ᢽ䯂乬ˈ׳䡈%DQVDOǃ7DOODULQL<DURQ ҹঞ&XRFR/LX ⱘخ⊩> @ ᅮНᮄⱘ䋶ᆠ㑺ᴳټ㪘ᮍЎ = +( δ−) − ˄ ˅ + = ˄ ˅ () −
++=δ + ˄ ˅ ᠔ҹˈ㒣䖛ㅔऩⱘҷ᭄䖤ㅫˈ˄
˅ᓣৃ䞡ݭЎ ∑ + = − ˄ ˅ =
䋶ᆠⱘ䎼ᳳ㑺ᴳ˄ ˅ᓣৃݭЎ =∑ + +
+ ˄ ˅ =
ⴔᅮНᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ䌘ѻ㒘ড়Ёᶤ⾡䌘ѻ᠔ऴⱘӑ乱Ўω= ( − ˈᇍӏᛣ䌘 )ѻ =
… + ៤ゟDŽ䖭ḋˈᮍ˄ ˅˄ ˅гህㄝӋѢҹϟϸᓣ =∑ + ω ˄ ˅ =
( −)∑ + + = ω
˄ ˅ + =
ᬜ⫼ߑ᭄ ᡩ䌘㗙ⱘᯊᳳݙᬜ⫼ߑ᭄䆒ᅮЎᐌ᳓ҷᔍᗻ ᔶᓣ ()() ( ) =−α−+α−−ρ ρ ρ ˄ ˅䖭䞠ˈα∈(
)ˈϨ ρ≥
ˈᰃ䴲㗤⫼ક㗤⫼ક䯈ⱘ᳓ҷᔍᗻDŽᔧρ= ᯊˈህব៤ ᬜ⫼ˈ ( )= −α αDŽ䖭⾡䆒ᅮ䱤ⴔᴹ㞾㗤⫼કⱘ᳡ࡵ⌕Ϣ㗤⫼કᄬ䋻៤㒓ᗻ݇㋏ⱘ؛䆒DŽ ҷ㸼ᗻᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ䎼ᳳᬜ⫼ߑ᭄䞛⫼ ǃ ⱘ䗦ᔦᬜ⫼ᔶᓣ !
= ( )
(−β)( − )σ+β(−κ−σ γ
+ ) ˄
˅䖭䞠κ=( −γ)( −)σˈখ᭄β∈(
)ᰃᡩ䌘㗙ⱘЏ㾖䌈⦄ᄤˈσ≥
ᰃ䎼ᳳ᳓ҷᔍᗻ " ˈҹঞγ>
ЎⳌᇍ亢䰽ॠᙊ㋏᭄DŽ ᢝᮍ 䋱ᇨ᳐ᮍ Ў =ω + ( − )ˈᬙ ৃҢᬜ⫼ߑ᭄Ёᦤপߎᴹˈ ()=ω ( −−ρ−ρ()αα+ ) −+ = ν ω + ˄ ˅ ᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ᳔Ӭ࣪䯂乬ৃҹ䖭ḋ⧚㾷㒭ˈᅮᔧࠡⱘ䋶ᆠ∈ᑇ ᡩˈ䌘㗙㑺ᴳᴵӊ˄ ˅˄ ˅ϟᴹ䗝ᢽ⍜䌍㒘ড়ӑ乱{ ω
… ω + ҹ䖒ࠄ᳔ⱘᬜ⫼˄ ˅ᓣˈ䋱ᇨ᳐ }ᮍЎ σ ( σ)( )=(−) γ κ ++ ωωβ ν ω−−β( −# $ … ++)
+ ˄ ˅᳔Ӭⱘ⍜䌍㒘ড়ӑ乱䆄Ў{ %%% ω
… ω}Ң㗠ᕫࠄϔ䰊ᴵӊDŽ + ˈ ᅮӋᮍ Ҹ
+ Ў᳔Ӭ㒘ড়ⱘ䋶ᆠᬊⲞˈ⬅Ϟ᭛Ꮖⶹ ( )= ν( )ˈ᠔ҹ ( ) =−+ ρ− ρν αα− ˄ & ˅ᅮН䎼ᳳ䖍䰙᳓ҷ⥛ " ' ेᅮӋḌ䱣ᴎ䌈⦄ᄤ ( Ў − σ = νρ−σκ+β+ ( + +)
− κ ν( ) + ˄ ) ˅ 䖭ḋˈᡩ䌘㗙⍜䌍㒘ড়䗝ᢽ䯂乬ⱘϔ䰊ᴵӊ᠔ⱘᢝᮍᰃ +
+= ˄ *˅ ᇍӏᛣ䌘ѻ =
… 䛑៤ゟˈ䖭гᛣੇⴔ䌘ѻ ⳌᇍѢ᮴亢䰽䌘ѻⱘ䍙乱ᬊⲞ⒵䎇
˄ + (
+− +) =
! ˅ ˄ !˅ᓣᰃᴀⱘ⍜䌍ᅮӋᮍˈ䖍䰙ᬜ⫼ᰃ݇ᖗ⍜䌍ⱘᡩ䌘㗙ⱘ亢䰽ⱘড়䗖ᑺ䞣ˈᔧ䖍䰙ᬜ⫼催ᯊᦤկԢᬊⲞⱘ䌘ѻᖙ乏㽕᳝催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞᠡ㛑㸹ٓᡩ䌘㗙ᇍ݊亢䰽ⱘᡓᢙDŽᤶহ䆱䇈ˈᔧ䖍䰙ᬜ⫼催ᯊ㛑ᦤկ催ᬊⲞⱘ䌘ѻⳌᔧѢ㒭њᡩ䌘㗙ᑨᇍ亢䰽ⱘϔϾདⱘᇍކˈᡩ䌘㗙ѝⳌ䌁фˈᖙ✊催݊ӋḐˈ᠔ҹˈᖙ乏᳝ԢⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞDŽᔧ㒣⌢㹄䗔ᯊˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䰡Ԣˈᡩ䌘㗙䖍䰙ᬜ⫼ℸᯊᦤ催ˈℷ␈ᳯ᳝དⱘᬃҬˈ㢹ᶤ㉏㙵⼼ैᦤկ乘᭭ࠄⱘԢᬊⲞˈᡩ䌘㗙ᔧ✊ϡᜓᣕ᳝䖭⾡䌘ѻˈ݊ӋḐгህ䰡Ԣˈℸᖙ乏᳝催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞᴹ㸹ٓᡩ䌘㗙ᣕ᳝䖭㉏㙵⼼㗠ᡓᢙⱘ亢䰽DŽᘏПˈ䌘ѻᬊⲞ⥛Ϣ䖍䰙ᬜ⫼ⱘ䋳Ⳍ݇ᑺ䍞催ˈ䆹䌘ѻⱘ⍜䌍亢䰽䍞ˈ݊ᬊⲞгህ䍞DŽ 㒓ᗻᄤൟ Ўњϟ᭛ᅲ䆕ൟⱘㅔ⋕ᢝᮍЁ㋴㒣⌢ᄺНⱘᯢᳫ࣪гˈᮍ֓Ϣ݊ᅗ㒓ᗻᄤൟⱘ↨䕗ˈϟ䴶᳝ᖙ㽕㒓ᗻ࣪ሩᓔ˄ !˅ᓣDŽҸ䌘ѻ ⳌᇍѢ᮴亢䰽䌘ѻ
ⱘ䍙乱 ᬊⲞЎ
=
−
ˈ䗮䖛ᇍ˄ ˅ᓣᇍ᭄㒓ᗻ࣪ᕫߎњ˄ !˅ᓣⱘ㒓ᗻᄤᔶᓣ
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)+ (
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) ˄ ˅ ݊Ёˈ亢䰽ӋḐЎ κ σ+( α− ρ)σ =
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ˈгህᰃσ< γ> ˈ ˄ ˅ᓣਞ䆝៥ӀˈϔϾ䌘ѻ㢹᳝催ⱘ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䋱ศˈ (
ˈᖙ乏㽕᳝催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞDŽৠḋˈᔧ
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ᯊˈᢹ᳝催ⱘ )() 㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䋱ศⱘ䌘ѻˈ (
) ( )ˈгᖙ乏᳝催ⱘᳳᳯᬊⲞDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ ᔧ㗤⫼ક䴲㗤⫼કⱘ᳓ҷᔍᗻѢ " ᯊˈेρ>σ㗤ˈ⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘ亢䰽ӋḐᰃℷⱘDŽഛ㸵ᯊˈ䌘ѻϡৠⱘᬊⲞᖙ✊Ӯডϡৠⱘ亢䰽ᇣϞϨˈ亢䰽ᰃ⫼䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ϢᬊⲞⱘणᮍᏂ᠔ᑺ䞣ⱘDŽ ֺ֥ۤ 䌘ѻᬊⲞ᭄ ᭄ḋᴀᳳ䯈Ў ᑈ ᄷᑺࠄ ᑈ ᄷᑺˈ䌘ѻᬊⲞ᭄ᴹ㞾⋄ᅝ&60$5᭄ᑧ䫤ᗱ˄5HVVHW˅᭄ᑧDŽЁ㙵Ꮦ)DPD )UHQFK Ͼ㒘ড়ⱘᵘ䗴ᮍ⊩ᣝ✻)DPDǃ)UHQFK˄ ˈ ˅ⱘℹ偸ˈ៥ӀᡞϞ⍋䆕ࠌѸᯧ᠔⏅ഇѸᯧ᠔ϞᏖⱘ᠔᳝㙵⼼˄Ԛ䞥㵡㉏݀⫼㉏݀ৌ䰸˅ᣝ✻⌕䗮ᏖؐᇣߚЎ ㄝ㗠ˈϨᣝ䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨гߚЎ ㄝˈ✊ৢⳌѦѸঝᔶ៤ Ͼ㒘ড়˗↣ϔ㒘ড়Ёˈߚ߿ᣝ⌕䗮㙵Ꮦؐࡴᴗᑇഛࡴᴗㅫߎ↣ϔ㒘ড়ⱘᬊⲞ⥛DŽ Ͼ㒘ড়↣ᑈ ᳜ˈᣝ✻↣ᑈ ᳜ⱘ⌕䗮Ꮦؐ Ͼ᳜ࠡⱘ䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨
ֵᙃ䖯㸠䇗ᭈDŽ 㸠Ϯⱘߚ㉏ᰃᣝ✻ܼ⧗㸠Ϯߚ㉏ᷛޚ*,&6ˈ㒧ড়៥ϞᏖ݀ৌⱘᅲ䰙ᚙމˈ䗝ߎњ Ͼ㸠Ϯ䖯㸠ߚᵤDŽ䖭 Ͼ㸠Ϯߚ߿Ў✸⚁ǃ⊍✊⇨ǃ࣪Ꮉǃᓎᴤǃ䩶䪕ǃ᳝㡆䞥ሲǃᆍ఼ࣙ㺙ǃ⬉ᄤ⬉఼ǃᴎẄࠊ䗴ǃᓎㄥϮǃ≑䔺ǃ㒎㒛ǃᆊᒁ㗤⫼ǃ㒣ᐌ⍜䌍ǃए㥃ǃ䌌ᯧ䳊ଂǃ⼒Ӯ᳡ࡵǃ䖤䕧ǃ䞥㵡ǃഄѻǃֵᙃᡔᴃǃ⬉ǃ⇨ԧ݀⫼կ∈݀⫼DŽ ᏖഎᬊⲞЎϞ⍋䆕ࠌѸᯧ᠔⏅ഇѸᯧ᠔ϞᏖⱘ᠔᳝㙵⼼ᣝ✻⌕䗮ᏖؐᇣࡴᴗᑇഛᕫߎˈㄝᴗᏖഎᬊⲞ߭ЎϸᏖϞᏖⱘ᠔᳝㙵⼼ᣝ✻ㄝᴗㅫߎDŽ ᮴亢䰽ᬊⲞ⥛Ў
ᑈ*᳜
᮹ࠡ⫼ϔᑈᳳ䫊㸠ᄬℒ߽⥛ˈПৢՓ⫼ĀϔᑈᳳЁ༂䫊㸠⼼āⱘ⼼䴶߽⥛ˈᑊ䕀៤ᄷᑺᬊⲞDŽ 㗤⫼⍜䌍કᅣ㾖᭄ ⍜䌍᭄䛑ᴹ㞾ѢЁ㒣㔥㒳䅵᭄ᑧˈ㗤⫼⍜䌍કᅣ㾖᭄⬅≑䔺ǃᆊ⫼⬉఼ǃᆊᡍথ䳊ଂ乱ࡴᘏ㒘៤䴲ˈ㗤⫼ક᳡ࡵ⍜䌍⫼⼒Ӯ⍜䌍ક䳊ଂᘏ乱এᥝ≑䔺ǃᆊᆊ⬉ㄝ㗤⫼કৢ㦋ᕫDŽ᠔᳝⍜䌍䛑ЎҎഛ⍜䌍ˈҎষ᭄⬅ᑈᑺ᭄ᣝԩ䭓⥛䅵ㅫᕫߎᄷᑺҎষDŽ⍜䌍ব䞣䖬䖯㸠њ; ᄷ㡖䇗ᭈˈএ䰸њᄷ㡖ᗻ㋴ⱘᕅડDŽ 㗤⫼⍜䌍કᖂ㾖䇗ᶹ᭄ ߽⫼ᆊ㒳䅵ሔ↣ᄷᑺ䇗ᶹⱘডҎ⇥⫳⌏∈ᑇⱘජ䬛ሙ⇥ᑇഛ↣ⱒ᠋ᆊᒁ㗤⫼કᢹ᳝䞣ˈḋᴀᳳ䯈Ў ᑈ ᄷᑺࠄ ᑈ ᄷᑺˈ៥Ӏᕫࠄ≑䔺ǃ⋫㸷ᴎǃᔽ⬉ǃぎ䇗ǃ⬉㛥ㄝ㗤⫼કⱘᢹ᭄᳝䞣ˈⴔݡձᡒߎ≑䔺ǃ⋫㸷ᴎǃᔽ⬉ǃぎ䇗ǃ⬉㛥ㄝ㗤⫼કⱘᏖഎӋḐ✊ˈৢߚ߿ⳌЬㅫߎ䖭ѯ㗤⫼કⱘᘏ⍜䌍乱᳔ˈৢ䰸ҹ
ᕫࠄњҎഛජ䬛ሙ⇥㗤⫼ક⍜䌍乱˄៥Ӏ؛䆒↣᠋᳝ Ҏ˅DŽ ᴀ᭛Ё᠔ˈ᳝ব䞣䛑⫼ᳳЎ ᑈ ᳜ⱘ⠽Ӌᅮ↨䖯㸠њӋḐ䇗ᭈࠨˈ䰸њ⠽Ӌ㋴ˈⱚЎᅲ䰙᭄DŽ ᅲ䆕ᮍ⊩ খ㗗&RFKUDQH˄ ˅-DJDQQDWKDQǃ:DQJ ⳌԐⱘخ⊩
ˈ៥ӀᡞϞ䗄ᄤൟϔ㠀࣪ৢˈᕫࠄ˖
+ =βλ ˄
˅ ݊Ёˈβ= +
+ˈ + Ў⫼Ѣᇍ䌘ѻᬊⲞ䖯㸠ᅮӋⱘᄤDŽᴀ᭛ˈ⬅˄ ˅ [ + ]ᓣৃⶹˈᄤߚ߿ᰃ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓⥛ ˈ㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓⥛ Ꮦഎ䍙乱ᬊⲞ⥛ ˗ ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟ Ёˈ + Ў⍜䌍䭓⥛˗ ЁˈЎᏖഎ㒘ড়䍙乱ᬊⲞ⥛˗㗠( # (+ ,-ϝᄤൟ䞠ˈ + ЎᏖഎ㒘ড়䍙乱ᬊⲞǃ㾘ᄤ .Ӌؐᄤ/ 0ϟˈ䴶䖤⫼㒣偠᭄ᇍ᠔䗄ᄤⱘ㾷䞞䖯㸠)DPD 0DF%HWK ῾䴶ಲᔦߚᵤ
DŽ ᦣ䗄ᗻ㒳䅵 㸼 Ёਞњব䞣ⱘᦣ䗄ᗻ㒳䅵㒧ᵰDŽᏖഎᄤेᏖഎ䍙乱ᬊⲞ⥛ⱘഛؐЎ ˈᑇഛᴹⳟ↣ᄷᑺ᳝ ⱘ䍙䖛᮴亢䰽߽⥛ⱘᬊⲞ⥛ˈᷛޚᏂ䖥 DŽ䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍᳡ࡵ䭓⥛↣ᄷᑺᑇഛЎ ˈԢѢᅣ㾖㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘ ˈ݊ᷛޚᏂгᇣѢ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓⥛ⱘᷛޚᏂˈԚᖂ㾖㗤⫼કⱘᷛޚᏂ⬹Ѣ DŽ㞾Ⳍ݇߫㒭ߎњব䞣ⱘϔ䰊㞾Ⳍ݇ˈ݊Ё䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍᳡ࡵ䭓⥛ⱘ㞾Ⳍ᳔݇ˈЎ ˈӋؐᄤे䋺䴶Ꮦؐ↨ᄤⱘ㞾Ⳍ݇
ᰃ ˈ㞾Ⳍ݇㒱ᇍ᳔ؐᇣⱘᏖഎᄤˈЎ DŽⳌ݇ᗻẔ偠Ёˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓⥛ϢᏖഎᬊⲞ⥛ⱘⳌ݇ᗻߚ߿Ў ˈ㗠䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᏖഎᬊⲞⱘⳌ݇ᗻҙЎ ˈ㾘ᄤӋؐᄤ᳝ ⱘⳌ݇ᗻDŽ( # (+ ,-ϝᄤϢ⍜䌍ব䞣ⱘⳌ݇ᗻ↨䕗Ԣˈᇸ݊Ϣ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍DŽˈব䞣ⱘ$')ऩԡḍẔ偠ؐ䛑ᇣѢ݊ 1∈ᑇЈ⬠ؐˈ㸼ᯢᅗӀ䛑 㕂ֵ∈ᑇϞᑇ〇DŽ ЁˈৃҹⳟߎЁⱘ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓⥛ⱘ⊶ࡼᗻ䖰Ѣ䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓⥛ⱘ⊶ࡼDŽ
ᦣ䗄ⱘᰃ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⳌᇍѢ䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ⱘ䭓⥛Ꮒ乱ৠᏖഎᬊⲞⱘᯊ䯈ᑣ߫݇㋏ҢˈЁⳟߎᏖˈഎᬊⲞⱘবࡼᮍϢ㗤⫼કⱘⳌᇍ䭓⥛বࡼᮍᴀϔ㟈DŽ 㸼 ᦣ䗄ᗻ㒳䅵 2 ,+ 3 , ഛؐ ᷛޚᏂ Ⳍ݇ᗻ ব䞣 1 1 㞾Ⳍ݇ ( Ꮦഎᄤ 㾘ᄤ Ӌؐᄤ 䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍 Ꮦഎᄤ 454* 5 &
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5
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5 ⊼˖ (Ẕ偠Ёˈᖂ㾖㗤⫼ક 1∈ᑇЈ⬠ؐЎ 5) ˈ݊ԭব䞣ⱘ 1∈ᑇЈ⬠ؐⱚЎ 5&*!DŽ
㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䴲㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓⥛ ( + + , # 6 6 + , # + 7 -
㗤⫼કⳌᇍ䭓⥛ᏖഎᬊⲞ ( + + , # + 7 - 6 # +8 + +
ಬᄃࠒڴד ᅣ㾖㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䆕 ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড় 㸼 ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়῾䴶㒧ᵰ 2
# 9 + 9 , + # 6 7 - ( # (+ ,-
& 3 7 - 6 + 9 ᐌ᭄乍 䴲㗤⫼ક 㗤⫼ક⍜䌍 Ꮦഎᄤ 㾘ᄤ Ӌؐᄤ
㋏᭄ W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ '&$30 ㋏᭄ W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ )DPD )UHQFK ㋏᭄ W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ &&$30 W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ &$30 W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ Ң㸼 ⳟߎ)ˈDPD 0DF%HWK ῾䴶ಲᔦ㒧ᵰ㸼ᯢˈᇍ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়ⱘ㾷䞞Ϟ)ˈDPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟⱘৃއ㋏᭄᳝ ˈৃᚰ㔎Уᯢ⹂ⱘ㒣⌢Нˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟ'&$30㛑㾷䞞 ⱘ῾䴶Ꮒᓖˈ⍜䌍䌘ѻᅮӋൟ&&$30᳝ ⱘ㾷䞞ˈԚ䌘ᴀ䌘ѻᅮӋൟ&$30Т≵᳝㾷䞞DŽ&&$30ⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄ҙ ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫ˈ㗠&$30ⱘ㋏᭄ϡᰒ㨫DŽ'&$30ൟЁˈ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ǃ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓ᏖഎᄤⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄䛑 ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫ˈ䖭ϝϾ㋏㒳ᗻ亢䰽㛑ᕜདⱘ㾷䞞 㒘ড়ⱘϡৠᬊⲞDŽ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟЁˈᇍ 㒘ড়ⱘᬊⲞᏂᓖˈ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍㛑䕗དഄ㾷䞞݊㾘ᬜᑨˈ㗤⫼ક⍜䌍亢䰽߭㛑㾷䞞݊ӋؐᬜᑨDŽ䖭ḋ㗤ˈ⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟⱘϝϾ㋏㒳ᗻ亢䰽ৃҹ㾷䞞⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗⱘ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড় ⱘᬊⲞDŽ ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়*00㒧ᵰ 㸼 ᰃ*00㒧ᵰˈᎹব䞣Ўᐌ᭄ǃᏖഎᬊⲞǃᏖഎ䍙乱ᬊⲞǃ㾘ᄤǃӋؐᄤǃ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ˈ䛑⒲ৢњѠᳳDŽ ᇍ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়ⱘ㾷䞞Ϟˈ)DPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟⱘᢳড়Ӭᑺᰃ 㗤ˈ⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟ'&$30㛑㾷䞞 ⱘ῾䴶Ꮒᓖ ˈ&&$30᳝ ⱘ㾷䞞 ˈ&$30ⱘ㾷䞞Ў DŽϝᄤൟЁˈᏖഎᄤⱘ㋏᭄ϡᰒ㨫˗'&$30ൟЁˈ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ҙ ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫㗤ˈ⫼ક⍜䌍䭓ⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄ ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫ԚˈᏖഎᄤⱘ㋏᭄ϡᰒ㨫&˗&$30&$30ⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄ ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫DŽẔ偠䖛ᑺ䆚߿ⱘ-㒳䅵䞣䇈ᯢൟ'&$30
∈ᑇϞᄬ䖛ᑺ䆚߿ˈᅮӋᮍ㋏㒳ᰃ┰᳝ᬜⱘˈ䆹ൟᭈԧϞᢳড়㡃དDŽ݊Ҫൟⱘ-㒳䅵䞣г㸼ᯢњ㛑䕗དഄᢳড়DŽ ㄝᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড় ៥Ӏ䖬ᇍㄝᴗ
&㒘ড়䖯㸠њ῾䴶ಲᔦˈЎ㡖ⳕ㆛ᐙ㒧ᵰਞߎDŽᇍㄝᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়ⱘ㾷䞞Ϟˈ)DPD )UHQFKϝᄤൟⱘ߸ᅮ㋏᭄᳝ ˗㗤⫼ક⍜䌍ᅮӋൟ'&$30㛑㾷䞞 ⱘ῾䴶Ꮒᓖˈ䴲㗤⫼⍜䌍䭓ᄤϡᰒ㨫ˈ㗠㗤⫼ક⍜䌍䭓ᏖഎᄤⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄䛑 ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫DŽ&&$30᳝ ⱘ㾷䞞ˈ &$30᳝ ⱘ㾷䞞ˈϸ㗙ⱘԄ䅵㋏᭄䛑ϡ㛑 ∈ᑇϞᰒ㨫DŽᘏԧϞⳟ'ˈ&$30㾷䞞)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়ⱘ㛑ᯢᰒӬѢ&&$30&$30ˈϢࡴᴗ 㒘ড়ⱘ㒧䆎ϔ㟈ˈ䖭г䆕ᯢњࠡ䴶᠔ᕫ㒧䆎ⱘ〇عDŽ 㸼 ⌕䗮Ꮦؐࡴᴗ)DPD )UHQFK 㒘ড়*00㒧ᵰ 2 : # 9 + 9 , + # 6 7 - ( # (+ ,-
& 3 7 - 6 + 9 ᐌ᭄乍 䴲㗤⫼ક 㗤⫼ક⍜䌍 Ꮦഎᄤ 㾘ᄤ Ӌؐᄤ
㋏᭄ '&$30 W㒳䅵䞣 >-㒳䅵䞣@ Sؐ > @ ㋏᭄ )DPD )UHQFK W㒳䅵䞣 >-㒳䅵䞣@ Sؐ > @ ㋏᭄ &&$30 W㒳䅵䞣 >-㒳䅵䞣@ Sؐ > @ ㋏᭄ &$30 W㒳䅵䞣 >-㒳䅵䞣@ Sؐ > @ 㸼 㸠Ϯ㒘ড়῾䴶㒧ᵰ 2 4 # 9 + 9 , + # 6 7 -
4 6 + ; + 9 ᐌ᭄乍 䴲㗤⫼ક 㗤⫼ક⍜䌍 Ꮦഎᄤ 㾘ᄤ Ӌؐᄤ
㋏᭄ '&$30 W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ )DPD )UHQFK W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ &&$30 W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ ㋏᭄ &$30 W㒳䅵䞣 Sؐ 㸠Ϯ㒘ড়㒧ᵰ ᴀ᭛䖬䗝ߎњ Ͼ㸠Ϯ䖯㸠῾䴶ߚᵤˈ㸼 Ёˈᇍ˄ ˅ᓣಲᔦⱘ㒧ᵰ㸼ᯢ'&$30
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