第四章 商务合同翻译
（一）合同的定义
（二）商务合同的种类
（三）商务合同的构成
（四）商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（六）商务合同的翻译
一、合同的定义
What is a Contract?
agreements
promises
rights
obligations
duties
一、合同的定义
定义一：
Contract: an agreement establishing, modifying
and terminating the civil rights and obligations
between subjects of equal footing, that is, between
natural persons, legal persons or other
organizations.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第2条：合同是平
等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、
变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
定义二：
A contract is a promise, or a set of
promises, for breach of which the law gives
a remedy, or the performace of which the
law in some way recognizes as a duty.
美国法律整编合同法：合同乃为一个允
诺或一组允诺。违反此一允诺时，法律
给予救济；或其允诺之履行，法律在某
些情况下视之为一项义务。
定义三：
Agreement between two or more parties
that creates for each party a duty to do
something (e. g. , to provide goods at a
certain price according to a specified
schedule) or a duty not to do something (e.
g. , to divulge an employer's trade secrets or
financial status to third parties)
不列颠百科全书：两方或多方达成的协
议，约定各方应执行或禁止的行为。
二、商务合同的种类
《中华人民共合国合同法》将合同分为如下种类：
Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas, and Heat
Gift Contracts
Loan Contracts
Lease Contracts
Construction Project Contracts
Contracts of Carriage
Technology Contracts
Warehousing Contracts
Sales and Purchase Contracts
......
商务合同作为一种严肃的商业文本，具有法律
效力，可以约束合同相关各方的行为，保证商
品买卖、合作经营、信贷、合作或转让、投资、
租赁、加工、运输、聘用和保险等商业往来的
正常进行。
本章讨论的商务合同主要指涉外商务合同，即
中国国内企业或经济组织与外国经济个体在商
业往来活动中依法签订的各种书面协议。有商
品交易、劳务服务、投资融资、资金信贷、保
险、租赁、委托、培训、聘用等各方面的合同。
三、商务合同的构成
（一）合同的标题
（二）合同的前言
（三）合同的正文
（四）合同的附录
（五）合同的结尾
商务合同样本
1. 销售确认书（Sales Confirmation）
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（一）使用古体词
.
1) This agreement shall begin on the date hereof and shall continue
for 5 years thereafter. (hereof = of this; thereafter = after that)
2) In the event of the death of any partner, this partnership shall not
be thereby dissolved. (thereby = by that means)
3) The deposit paid by the Buyers shall not be refunded if the Buyers
fail to make full payment within the time herein specified and the
Buyers shall be liable for all losses incurred therefrom to the Sellers.
(herein = in this document; therefrom = from that)
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（一）使用古体词
.
4) IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF the parties hereto have executed this
Contract by their authorized representatives as of the date first above
written.
IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF: “作为协议事项的证据；以兹证明；
作为其证据”
兹特由双方授权的代表，于上述首次写明的日期签署本合同为据。
5) IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF the parties have executed this
Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the
date first above written.
作为协议事项的证据，双方正式授权的代表于上述首次写明的日
期签署本合同，一式两份。
aforesaid
aforementioned
hereafter
hereby
hereinafter
herein
hereof
前述的
上述的
此后
以此方式，以此
在下文
在此文件中
就此，关于此
hereto
therein
thereto
thereinafter
therewith
thereunder
therefrom
对此，至此
在其中
此外，在其上
以下；在下文
与此
在其下
从此，从那里
thereafter
whereas
whereon
whereby
wherein
hitherto
in witness whereof
此后，据此
鉴于
因此，在什么上面
靠那个
在那方面
迄今
以兹为证
合同中还会出现一些少见的词汇
. The total Contract price to be paid by Party
A pursuant to the Content and Scope of the
Contract as stipulated in Section 2 of the Contract
is _____.
按本合同第二章规定的合同内容和范围，甲方
向乙方支付的合同总价为___。
pursuant to: according to
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（二）使用外来词
pro rate of tax 比例税率
in lieu of 代替
force majeure 不可抗力
agent ad litem 诉讼代理人
per capita 按人数，每人
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（三） 选词正式
因为;由于
财务年度末
在……之前
关于
开始
停止做
事实上
认为
愿意做
by virtue of
at the close of the fiscal year
prior to
as regards/concerning/relating to
commencement
cease to do
in effect
deem
intend/desire to do
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（三）选词正式
赔偿
出租
终止
违约
理解合同
其他事项
何时开会并由某某主持
indemnities
lease
terminate
breach
construe/comprehend a contract
miscellaneous
the meeting shall be convened and
presided by sb.
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（三）选词正式
. Any event or circumstance beyond the
control of the Parties shall be deemed an event of
Force Majeure and shall include, but not be
restricted to fire, storm, flood, earthquake,
explosion, war, rebellion, insurrection, epidemic
and quarantine restriction.
双方如遇有无法控制的事件或情况应视为不可抗力
事件，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、
战争、叛乱、暴动、传染病及检疫管制。
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（四）多用术语
.
In processing transactions, the manufactures
never have title either to the materials or the
finished products.
在加工贸易中，生产方对原材料和成品都没有所
有权。
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（四）多用术语
Ex Works (named place) 工厂交货（指定地点）
FCA: Free Carrier (named place) 货交承运人（指定地
点）
FAS: Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment)船边
交货（指定装运港）
FOB: Free On Board (named port of shipment) 船上交货
（指定装运港）
CFR: Cost& Freight (named port of destination)成本加运
费（指定目的港）
CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of
destination) 成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（四）多用术语
CPT: Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) 运费付至（指
定目的港）
CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid To (named place of destination) 运
费保险费付至（指定目的港）
DAF: Delivered at Frontier (named place) 边境交货（指定地点）
DES: Delivered ex Ship(named port of destination) 船上交货（指定
目的港）
DEQ: Delivered ex Quay (named place of destination)码头交易（指
定目的地）
DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) 未完税交
货（指定目的地）
DDP: Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) 完税后交货
（指定目的地）
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（五）多用并列结构
.
1. This agreement is made and entered into by and between
Party A and Party B.
本协议由甲方和乙方共同签订。
2. This agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are
not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement
without the consent of the other party hereto.
本协议以及本协议所规定的权利或义务，未经另一方同意不得擅
自转让。
3. The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges
in the sale and transport of goods.
买方承担货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。
四、商务合同英语的词汇特征及其翻译
（六）may, shall, must, may not (或shall not) 的
使用
这些词的使用将对合同主体的权利、义务进行
约定。
may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）
shall 约定当事人的义务（应当做什么）
must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么）
may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什
么）
例一：
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute
arising from or in connection with the contract by
friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such
dispute may be referred to the People's Court having
jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence
of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in
default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定
”shall。如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用
选择性“约定”may也很妥当。
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from
or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should
such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's
Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the
absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in
default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
译文：双方首先应通过友好协商的方式解决因合同而产生的或
与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款或争
议发生后未达成协议的，可将争议提交给有审判权/管辖权的
人民法院裁决。
in the absence of: 缺乏，不存在；无…时，缺少…时
in default of: 因缺少；在缺乏...时
例二：
If any change is required regarding the terms and
conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall
negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided,
however, that any change of this agreement shall be
subject to the approval by the government of both
parties.
shall在商务合同英语中表述各项具体的规定和要求，表示强
制性地要求承担责任或履行义务，含有“本条款具有法律规定
的指令性和强制性”之意。
根据Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English， shall 解释
为(formal or old-fashioned) used in official documents to show a
law, command, obligation or compulsion。
例二：
If any change is required regarding the terms and
conditions of this agreement, then both parties
shall negotiate in order to find a suitable
solution, provided, however, that any change of
this agreement shall be subject to the approval by
the government of both parties.
译文：若须对本协议的条款进行任何修改，双
方须经协商妥善解决，但本协议的任何修改
须经协议双方政府的批准。
例三：
The buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods
at the destination, lodge a claim against the seller for
short weight being supported by Inspection Certificate
issued by a reputable public surveyor.
在商务合同文体中，通过may提出的要求通常不带强
制性，有时为实现要求还准许附加条件；也可在一
定条件下表示允许或许可。may not可表示根据特定
规定或要求而“不得”或“不可以”，语气不及shall not
强烈，使用也不及shall not普遍。
例三：
The buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of
the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against
the seller for short weight being supported by
Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable
public surveyor.
译文：货物抵达目的港15 天内，买方可以凭
有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方
提出短重索赔。
练习一：翻译以下中文句子
1. 下述签署人以此同意在中国制造新产品。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new
products are to be made in China.
练习一：翻译以下中文句子
2. 合同生效后，当事人就质量、价格或者报
酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明
确的，可以协议补充。
If, after the contract becomes effective, there is
no agreement regarding quality, price, or
remuneration and place of performance, etc. or
such agreement is unclear, the parties may,
through consultation, agree upon supplementary
terms and provisions.
练习一：翻译以下中文句子
3. 买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列产品
并签订合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer
and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy
and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned
commodity according to the terms and conditions
stipulated below.
练习二：翻译以下英文段落
This letter of intent is confidential and shall not be
disclosed to anyone other than the parties and their
employees, attorneys and accountants and the possible
lenders of the Possible Buyer. The terms of the
transaction being discussed are attached hereto, but the
terms (and the possible sale itself) are not binding
unless and until they are set forth in a written contract
signed by the Possible Seller and the Possible Buyer.
This letter of intent is confidential and shall not be disclosed to
anyone other than the parties and their employees, attorneys
and accountants and the possible lenders of the possible Buyer.
The terms of the transaction being discussed are attached
hereto, but the terms (and the possible sale itself) are not
binding unless and until they are set forth in a written contract
signed by the Possible Seller and the Possible Buyer.
本意向书为保密文件。除了本意向书双方及其雇员、律师、
会计师和可能买方的可能贷款方之外，任何一方不得向其
他第三方透露。随附本次协商交易条款。但这些条款（及
可能的销售本身）将不具有约束力， 除非且直到可能的买
卖双方签署书面协议。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（一）多用陈述句和现在时
陈述句： 阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，语言
显得比较客观、平实。
现在时：在合同所涉及的内容中，将来的事情远
远多于现在，但是对此类事物的讲述一律用现在
时，而不用将来时。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（二）多用条件句
In case a third party brings a charge of
infringement, licensor shall be responsible for
dealing with the third party and bear full legal and
financial responsibilities which may arise.
若第三方起诉侵权，出让方应负责处理第三方事务，
并承担全部相应的法律和财政责任。
如果发生第三方指控侵权，则由出让方负责与第三
方交涉并承担由此引起的法律上和经济上的全部责
任。
licensor: 许可方，出让方
licensee: 被许可方，受让方
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（二）多用条件句
Should the effect of Force Majeure continue more
than one hundred consecutive days both parties
shall settle the further execution of the Contract
through friendly negotiations as soon as possible.
如不可抗力事故延续到一百天以上时，双方应通过
友好协商尽快解决继续执行合同的问题。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（二）多用条件句
Where there come up special requirements or
questions in relation to local circumstances, the
Chinese Party may take them into consideration
in preparing the design.
若遇有特殊要求或涉及地域性问题，中方可在设计
中加以考虑。
Title will be transferred to the buyer when goods
are delivered to New York port provided that the
buyer has paid.
如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时所有
权转至买方。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（三）多用被动语态
试比较以下两句的语气：
It is hoped that the offer is made as soon as
possible.
Make the offer as soon as possible.
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（三）多用被动语态
Any dispute arising out of or in connection
with this Contract shall be submitted to the
competent court in the People’s Republic of
China.
因本合同产生的或与本合同有关的任何争议，
都应交由中华人民共和国有管辖权的法院仲裁。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（三）多用被动语态
It is understood that the Seller shall not be
liable for any discrepancy of the goods
shipped due to the causes for which the
Insurance Company, Shipping Company,
other transportation organizations and Post
Office are liable.
卖方对于由保险公司、船舶公司、其他运输组
织或邮局所造成的货物不符不承担责任。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（三）多用被动语态
It is agreed that a margin of 2% will be
allowed for over or short count.
兹同意，允许的数量误差为正负2%。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（三）多用被动语态
Upon the expiration or earlier termination of the Agreement, all
Confidential Information, together with all transcripts or reproductions
thereof in any form then in the transferee's custody, control or possession
shall be promptly returned or destroyed in accordance with the
request of the Transferor, except an original writing may be retained for
archival purpose in the files of the Transferee's Legal Department.
若本协议到期或提前终止，受让方保管、管理或拥有的所有保密信息，连
同任何形式的副本或复制品，除原书写版本可以保留，以在受让方的法律
部存档外，都要根据出让方的要求立即归还或销毁。
若本协议到期或提前终止，受让方保管、管理或拥有的所有保密信息，连
同任何形式的副本或复制品，除了因存档而可保留在受让人法律部的原件
外（刘美霞），都要根据出让方的要求立即归还或销毁。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（四）多用长句
Party B shall bear all expenses for advertising and
publicity in connection with the commodity in
question in sales regions within the validity of this
agreement, and shall submit to Party A all audio
and video materials intended for advertising for
prior approval.
在本协议有效期内，乙方应承担销售区域内为了销售
商品而产生的一切广告、宣传费用，并向甲方提交用
于广告的声像资料，供甲方事先核准。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（四）多用长句
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China
on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other
relevant Chinese laws and regulations, ＿＿Company and ＿＿
Company, in accordance with the principle of equality and
mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to
jointly set up a cooperative venture in＿＿, ＿＿, the People’s
Republic China.
中中国国＿＿＿＿公公司司和和＿＿＿＿国国（（或或地地区区））＿＿＿＿公公司司，，根根据据 《《中中华华人人
民民共共和和国国中中外外合合资资经经营营企企业业法法》》和和其其他他有有关关法法律律、、法法规规，，本本
着着平平等等互互利利的的原原则则，，通通过过友友好好协协商商，，同同意意在在中中华华人人民民共共和和国国
＿＿省＿＿市，共同建立＿＿省＿＿市，共同建立//创办创办合作经营企业。合作经营企业。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（五）条目化和程式化
A) subject to
. The determination of quality of Rock
Phosphate (磷酸岩 ) is subject to the results of
analysis of the representative samples drawn from
the actually landed cargo, conducted by the China
Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau after
arrival of the goods at destination.
磷酸岩质量的确定，以代表性样品的化验结果为准。
代表性样品在货物达到目的地后自实际到货中抽取，
抽样及化验均由中国出入境检验检疫局办理。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（五）条目化和程式化
B) otherwise
. Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, the
supplied goods shall be packed by standard
protective measures.
除非合同另有规定，卖方所提供的货物应按标准的
保护措施进行包装。
（五）商务合同英语的文体特征及其翻译
（五）条目化和程式化
C) for the purpose of
. For the purpose of this Agreement, each of the
following terms shall have the following meaning
respectively.
就本协议目的而言，下列各用语分别具有下述意义。
（六）商务合同的翻译
1 谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
英译商务合同时，常常由于选词不当而导致词不
达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不
同的含义。如下列词语：
A．shipping advice 与 shipping instructions
B．abide by 与 comply with
C. change A to B 与 change A into B
D. ex 与 per
E. in 与 after
F. on/upon 与 after
G. by 与 before
A. shipping advice 与shipping instructions
shipping advice: 装运通知，是由出口商发
给进口商的。
shipping instructions: 装运须知，是进口商
发给出口商的。
B. abide by与comply with
abide by: 遵守，主语须是“人”
comply with: 遵守，主语是非人称。
. Both parties shall abide by the contractual
stipulations.
All the activities of both parties shall comply
with the contractual stipulations.
双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同
规定。
C. change A to B与change A into B
change A to B: 把A改为B
change A into B: 把A折合成/兑换成B
. Both parties agree to change the time of
shipment to August and change US dollar into
RMB.
双方同意将交货期改为8月，并将美元折合
成人民币。
D. ex与per
ex: 由某轮船“运来”的货物
per: 由某轮船“运走”的货物
by: 由某轮船“承运”
. The last batch per/ex/by . “Victoria” will
arrive in London on October 1st.
由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货
将于10月1日抵达伦敦。
E. in与after
in: “多少天之后”的确切的一天
after:“多少天之后”的不确切的任何的一天
. The goods shall be shipped per . “Dong
Feng” on November 10th and are due to arrive
at Rotterdam in 41 days.
该货于11月10日由“东风”轮船运出，41天后
抵达鹿特丹港。
F. on/upon与after
on/upon: ……到后，就……
after: “……之后”的时间不明确
. The invoice value is to be paid on/upon
arrival.
发票货值在货物达到时支付。
G. by与before
by: 在翻译终止时间时，比如在“某月某日之前”，
如果包括所写日期，就用by.
before: 如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前
一天为止，就用before.
.
The seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer by June
15.
The seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer before
June 15.
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
A. 限定责任
a. and/or
. 如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其他货物造成任
何损害，托运人应负责任。
The shipper shall be liable for any damage caused by
such goods to the ship and /or cargo on board.
b. by and between
. 买卖双方同意按照下述条款购买、出售
下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the
Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer
agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell
undermentioned commodity subject to the
terms and conditions stipulated below.
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
B. 限定时间
a. on and after/on or before
. 自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何订单。
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any
order on and after September 20.
我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，
支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, .
on or before May 1st.
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
B. 限定时间
b. not later than
. 本合同签字之日起一个月内，即不迟于12月
15日，乙方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month
of the date of signing this Contract, ., not
later than December 15.
She came late to the meeting, but she was
not later than Anthony. (She came
sometime before Anthony.)
She came late to the meeting, but she was
no later than Anthony. (She came at the
same time as Anthony.)
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
B. 限定时间
c. include的相应形式 : inclusive; including;
included.
. 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1st (inclusive)
/till and including January 1st for negotiation in
Beijing.
如果不包含 1月 1日，则翻译为 till and not
including January1st
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
C. 限定金额
a. 大写文字重复金额
. 甲方须每月付给乙方500美元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US
$500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该
金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加
上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在
最后加上“ONLY”，意思为“整”。
2 慎重处理合同的关键细目
C. 限定金额
b. 正确使用货币符号
$ 既可以代表“美元”也可以代表其他地方的货
币。
金额数字必须紧靠货币符号 . US $400.
此外，还要注意小数点和逗号，务必看清楚。
涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转换
1） 主语的转换
A. 主语转换为谓语
原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被
动语态。译成汉语时，须将英语的被动
语态调整为汉语的主动语态，进行翻译
转换。
Case Study
Delivery must be effected within the time
stated on the purchase order, otherwise the
Buyer may at its option cancel the order, and
charge the Seller for any loss incurred as a
result of the latter’s failure to make such
delivery.
卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货，否
则，买方可取消合同，并要求卖方赔偿因不
交货所造成的一切损失。
B. 主语转换为宾语
原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常常采用被动语态。
译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译成汉语的主动
语态，主语转换为宾语。如：
Should all or part of the Contract and its appendices be
unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,
the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus
caused.
由于一方过失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合
同及其附件时，由过失方承担违约责任。
2） 宾语的转换
A. 宾语转换为主语
合同英语中的某些宾语，在逻辑上是应说明的主体，
为使其突出醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主
语。
Party A shall send twice its technical personnel to
Party B’s factory for training, and the total number of
the participants shall not exceed 320 (excluding the
interpreter).
甲方的技术人员将分两批赴乙方接受培训，参加培
训人员不超过320人（翻译人员除外）。
B. 宾语转换为谓语
如果原文的谓语动词不易处理成汉语的谓语，而原
文中的宾语又是含有动作意义的名词，那么在汉译
时可以将原文中的宾语转换成汉语的谓语，或与原
文动词一起合译为汉语的谓语。如：
The Licenser will, at its own cost, take such actions to
eliminate infringement of the Licensed Patents as may
be reasonably necessary and proper in its own opinion.
许可方应在其认为有必要的时候，以适当的方式，
自费采取行动，消除对特许专利的侵权。
3） 表语的转换
A. 表语转换为主语
在英语中，当用名词作表语时，主语和表语
所表达内容往往是一致的。在译成汉语时，
为使上下文连贯，或突出表语所述内容，可
将原文句中的表语转换为汉语的主语。
This is the final arbitration award and binding
on both Contracting Parties.
这一仲裁是终局性的，对缔约双方均有约束
力。
B. 表语转换为谓语
当介词和名词构成短语作表语时，其功能类
似于汉语的谓语部分，一般可选择一个适当
的汉语动词作为谓语来处理译文。
In the course of arbitration, the Contract shall be
continuously executed by both parties except
the part of the Contract which is under
arbitration.
在仲裁过程中，除了正在仲裁的部分条款外，
合同的其他条款应继续执行。
4） 定语的转换
在汉语中，形容词是可以作谓语的。因此，当英语
的形容词作前置定语时，很难将其译成通顺的汉语。
此时，如果将定语转换为汉语的谓语，使之和所修
饰的名词一起构成汉语的主谓词组，则可使译文流
畅规范。
The sample of the machine submitted by the Seller is
featured by novel shape, easy operation, high calorific
efficiency and low fuel consumption.
卖方提交的样机的特点是造型新颖、操作简便、热
效率高、油耗低。
