- 1 -
基于场源离散化方法的体内微型诊疗装置定位模型
及验证
李鸿炜,颜国正,姜平平
上海交通大学仪器系 820所系统控制与信息处理教育部重点实验室,上海(200240)
摘 要:当前,体内微型介入式诊疗装置发展迅速,然而其在人体中的精确定位问题一直未
得到很好地解决。本文提出了基于场源离散化方法的体内微型诊疗装置的交流激磁定位模
型,从仿真和试验结果来看,本方法建立的电磁定位模型较其他定位模型相比更精确,更符
合实际情况。因此,由该模型得到的体内微型装置的位置误差小,从而可以真正地满足微型
诊疗装置在人体内的定位。
关键词:场源离散化方法;微型诊疗装置;体内;定位
1. 引言
当前,体内微型介入式诊疗装置发展迅速,胶囊内窥镜、自主机器人式胶囊内窥镜、生
理参数检测胶囊、遥控施药胶囊、采样胶囊等不断地涌现。但其在人体内的定位问题仍没有
得到很好的解决,无法获知其在体内的准确具体位置
及姿态,从而不能使以上各种无创检测系统真正的投
入实用。因此,体内微型介入式诊疗装置的无创定位
问题是微型医疗器械应用中亟需解决的关键技术。
目前,国内外对体内微型介入式诊疗装置的定位
方法主要有放射性核素标记法、磁标记物监测
(Magnetic Marker Monitoring)的方法[1][2][3]、检测射
频信号强度法;但它们都有很多不足,分别是放射性
核素对人体有辐射伤害,磁标记物法易被地磁场等干
扰,射频信号能量的衰减跟人体组织有关。综上,这
些方法都难以准确检测微型介入式诊疗装置在人体中
位置及姿态。本文以人体全消化道生理参数微型智能
介入式诊查系统为研究对象,系统由“微型遥测胶囊”,
“体外便携式数据记录器”,“体外探测定位装置”和“体
外数据处理系统”组成如图 1 所示, 图 2 为微型遥测胶
囊内部结构图。为了准确检测微型检测胶囊在人体中
的位置和姿态,鉴于人体是非导磁体,其磁导率与真
空磁导率相等,而且交流激磁受外界干扰小,本文提
出交流激磁定位方案。通过在体外布置线圈进行交流
励磁,胶囊内放置感应线圈检测感应磁场强度转换成感应电动势并传送到体外数据记录器,
最后数据经过体外数据处理系统处理通过求解以胶囊位置和姿态角为未知数的非线性方程
组得到微型胶囊在人体中的准确位置和姿态。
2. 基于场源离散化的交流电磁定位模型分析
圆环电流的磁场[4][5][6](如图 3)
图 1 系统总体结构图
Pressure
Temperature
pH Value
Modulation
Power
management
Battery
cells
Signal
processing
unit
(Sampling
& A/D)
Sensors
Shell
RF
Φ
电源流 信号流
感应电动势检测
模块
压力
温度
PH值
传感器
信号处理单元
电池 电源管理模块
调制
感应线圈
胶囊
体外数据接
收器
体外定位励
磁线圈
图 2 遥测胶囊内部结构图
- 2 -
由毕奥-萨伐尔定律得: 0
3
Idl r
B
4 r
µ
π
×= ∫
ur rr
()
又有: 0 dlB I= [ ]= A
4 r
µ
π∇× ∇×∫
rr r
()
式中,B
r
为电流环周围空间某点的磁通密度; dl
ur
为电流方向的导线元; 0µ 为真空中的
磁导率,大小为 74 10 /H mπ −× ;I 为恒定电流; rr为导线元到空间某点的矢径; Ar 为磁矢
位, 0 dlA I
4 r
µ
π= ∫
rr
。
如图 3 所示,设空间任一点 P(x, y, z) ,线圈上任一点 Q Q QQ(x , y , z ),取 P( , 0, z)ρ (不失一
般性), Q(Rcos , Rsin , 0)θ θ (在柱坐标系下)则:
dl R( sin cos )d aθθ θ θ= − +
r ur
()
x y zr(Q, P) ( R cos )a (0 Rsin )a (z 0)aρ θ θ= − + − + −
r ur ur ur
()
2 2 2 2 2 2r ( R cos ) R Z R z 2 Rcosρ θ ρ ρ θ= − + + = + + − ()
经过计算,得
2 2 2
2 20
2 2
IR R z
A( , 0, z) ( R) z [ K(k) E(k)]a
2 ( R) z
θ
µ ρρ ρπ ρ
+ += + + −
+ +
r ur
()
其中,
2 2
4 R
k
( R) z
ρ
ρ= + + ,K(k)为第一类椭圆积分
2
0 2 2
d
K(k)
1 k sin
π α
α
=
−∫ ,E(k) 为第
二类椭圆积 2 22
0
E(k) 1 k sin d
π
α α= −∫ , K(k) 、 E(k) 展开后得: ( ) 2nn 1
(2 1)!!
K(k) k
2 2 2 !!
n
n
π π ∞
=
−= + ∑ ,
( )
2n
n 1
(2 1)!! k
E(k)
2 2 2 !! 2n-1
n
n
π π ∞
=
−= − ∑ 。
则可得 P 点磁通密度为:
P Z zB ( ,0,z) B a B a B a= A ρ ρ θ θρ = + +∇×
ur r ur ur ur
()
图 3 圆环电流周围磁场计算模型
X
Y
Z
Q
P θ
O
Rr
r
- 3 -
2 2 2
0
2 22 2
I z R z
B [ E(k) K(k)]
2 (R ) z( R) z
ρ
µ ρ
πρ ρρ
+ += −− ++ +
()
B 0θ = ()
2 2 2
0
z 2 22 2
I 1 R z
B [ E(k) K(k)]
2 (R ) z( R) z
µ ρ
π ρρ
− −= +− ++ +
()
取空间任一点 P 为 ( , , )x y z (在柱坐标系中为 ( , , )zρ φ ),则 P 点磁通密度为:
x
y
z z
B B cos
B B sin
B B
ρ
ρ
φ
φ
=
=
=
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
()
基于场源离散化的线圈周围磁场模型
此方法的基本思想在于将连续场源的效应由离散场源集合的叠加效应予以等值替代,换
句话说,将连续函数的积分运算用求和的方法来逼近。相对而言,求和比数值积分法单纯,
方法简便,且计算速度快,但计算精度决定于离散化的精度。
场源的离散化
以图 4a 所示的矩形长直载流导线为例,当采用基于场源离散化的直接积分法计算它所
产生的磁场时,直观而简捷的处理方法是:首先,将导线截面 S 离散成 x ym m m= 个小面
积,如图 4b 所示,其中 xm 为 x 方向分段数, ym 为 y 方向分段数,每个小面积 kS∆
(k=1,2,…,m)内的电流为: k k k
I
I J S S
S
∆ = ∆ = ∆ ;
其次,把电流 kI∆ 看作集中在 kS∆ 中心的线电流,从而,载流导线所产生的场可以看作
由 m 个线电流各产生场的叠加。显然,只有当载流截面离散为足够数量的小面积 kS∆ 时,
才能保证计算结果具有满意的精度。
1by
2by
yD
kS∆ kI∆ ( , )p pP x y
xD 2ax
x
y
a)矩形长直导线 b) 载流区域离散化
图 4 矩形长直导线
0
j
i
ρ
Z
H
1R
2R
ijR
? ij? ?
? ? ?
图 5 载流螺线管区域的离散化
- 4 -
螺线管线圈的磁场
螺线管产生的场具有轴对称性(如图 5),现取线圈的等效截面为 2 1( ) /S R R h= − ,设
截面内电流均匀分布,即电流密度为 /J NI S= 。今在 ρ 和 z 方向分别把截面 S 等距分割
成mρ 和 zm 段,则在相同的每一小截面 S∆ 内的电流看作集中于其中心的线电流,这样在任
意场点 ( , , )P P PP zρ φ 处的磁感应强度的两个分量应分别为:
2 2 2
0
1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2
( )
[ ]
2 ( ) ( )
[( ) ( ) ]
z
m m
P ij P ij P ijz
i j P ij P ij
P P ij P ij
P
z z z zJD D
B E K
z z
z z
ρ
ρ
ρ ρ ρµ
π ρ ρρ ρ ρ= =
− + + −= × −− + −+ + −
∑∑
()
2 2 2
0
1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2
( )1
[ ]
2 ( ) ( )
[( ) ( ) ]
z
z
m m
ij P P ijz
i j P ij P ij
P ij P ij
P
z zJD D
B E K
z z
z z
ρ ρ ρ ρµ
π ρ ρρ ρ= =
− − −= × +− + −+ + −
∑∑
()
( 1, 2, , ; 1, 2, , )zi m j mρ= =L L
式中, 1
1
( )
2ij
R i Dρρ = + − 为相应的离散源点在 ρ 方向坐标; 1 1( )2 2ij zz h j D= − + − 为相
应的离散源点在 z 方向坐标。
感应线圈电动势
当圆环电流为低频正弦电流 sinmI I tω= 时,若场点的矢径 ρ、圆电流半径 R、电磁波
波长λ满足关系式 1Rρ λ
− � ,则电磁场具有静态场的特点,称为近场区。在近场区,源直
接产生的静态场远大于电磁场相互激发所产生的场,可以采取静态电磁场方法进行计算。由
于实际应用中,检测胶囊距激磁线圈为几厘米到几十厘米的范围,圆电流半径在几十厘米的
数量级,在几千赫兹的励磁频率下,满足近场区的定义。
由电磁感应定律得,P 点感应线圈感应电动势为:
x y z
x x y y z z
x y z z
e NS [B cos sin B sin sin B sin ]
NS [B S B S B S ]
= NS [ S S B S ]B cos B sinP PP Pρ ρ
ω β α β α β
ω
ω φ φ
= − + +
= − + +
− + +⋅ ⋅ ⋅
()
其中, xS 、 yS 、 zS 为感应线圈横截面积单位矢量S
r
分别在 x 、 y 、 z 轴的分量(如图 6),
且 2 2 2x y zS S S 1+ + = 。
- 5 -
Y
Z
O
α
β
X
S
r
感应线圈
xS
yS
zS
Y
Z
O
感应线圈
1 2 3
4 5 6 6个激磁线圈
P(x,y,z)
1
x′
y′
z′
1号线圈
多个激磁线圈的定位模型
坐标系 x-y-z 为主坐标系(如图 7),6 个激磁线圈在主坐标系得位置分别为
i0 i0 i0(x , y , z ) , i 1,2 6= ⋅⋅ ⋅ ;各线圈上的坐标系分别表示为 x -y -z′ ′ ′、 x -y -z′′ ′′ ′′、 x -y -z′′′ ′′′ ′′′、
(4) (4) (4)x -y -z 、 (5) (5) (5)x -y -z 、 (6) (6) (6)x -y -z ,并且各轴分别平行于主坐标系的 x、y、z 轴。6 个
线圈分时通激磁电流,当 1 号激磁线圈通电时(此时 P 点坐标以该线圈上的坐标系表示),
得感应线圈感应电动势:
1e f (x , y ,z , , )α β′ ′ ′= ()
依次类推,得
2e f (x , y ,z , , )α β′′ ′′ ′′= ()
3e f (x , y ,z , , )α β′′′ ′′′ ′′′= ()
(4) (4) (4)4e f (x , y ,z , , )α β= ()
(5) (5) (5)5e f (x , y ,z , , )α β= ()
(6) (6) (6)6e f (x , y ,z , , )α β= ()
其中,
10
10
10
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
′
′
′
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
,
20
20
20
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
′′
′′
′′
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
,
30
30
30
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
′′′
′′′
′′′
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
,
(4)
40
(4)
40
(4)
40
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
,
(5)
50
(5)
50
(5)
50
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
,
(6)
60
(6)
60
(6)
60
x =x-x
y =y-y
z =z-z
⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩
3. 模型仿真分析比较
本文分别将基于场源离散化的磁场模型(模型Ⅰ)和基于级数展开的简化模型(模型Ⅱ),
与 Maxwell 仿真模型(标准模型)进行了比较。分别在 20 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= = 和
10 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= = 的平面上计算激磁线圈周围任一点的磁通密度。从图 8 和图 9 中,
明显可以看出模型Ⅱ比模型Ⅰ的相对误差大,模型Ⅱ与 Maxwell 仿真模型的相对误差达到
10%,而模型Ⅰ与 Maxwell 仿真模型的相对误差最大只有 %;图 10 和图 11 中,模型Ⅱ
比模型Ⅰ的相对误差更大。因此,本文选用基于场源离散化的磁场模型(模型Ⅰ)计算激磁
线圈周围磁场分布比较精确。
图 7 多个线圈激磁定位模型 图 6 感应线圈面积矢量图
- 6 -
0
0
1
2
3
x 10-9
0
-2
0
2
4
x 10-9 Error of model with Maxwell modelⅡ
R/m
E
rro
r/T
0
-10
-5
0
5
Percentage error of of model with Maxwell modelⅡ
R/m
P
er
ce
nt
ag
e
er
ro
r/%
0
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10-8 Error of of model with Maxwell modelⅠ
R/m
E
rro
r/T
0
-10
-5
0
5
10
Percentage Error of model with Maxwell modelⅠ
R/m
P
er
ce
nt
ag
e
er
ro
r/%
图 8 模型Ⅰ与 Maxwell 仿真模型比较结果
20 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= =
图 9 模型Ⅱ与 Maxwell 仿真模型比较结果
20 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= =
图 10 模型Ⅰ与 Maxwell 仿真模型比较结果
10 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= =
- 7 -
0
-10
-5
0
5
x 10-8 Error of model with Maxwell modelⅡ
R/m
E
rro
r/T
0
-4000
-2000
0
2000
Percentage error of of model with Maxwell modelⅡ
R/m
P
er
ce
nt
ag
e
er
ro
r/%
4. 试验验证
为了验证模型的正确及精确性,本文设计了试验系统[7],包括激磁模块和感应模块两部
分(如图 12)。台架试验中,激磁模块轮流对各个激磁线圈通交变电流,感应模块检测出线
圈感应电动势,然后将其传到上位机,通过求解由基于场源离散化交流激磁定位模型导出的
非线性方程组得到测试位置结果。通过对试验结果分析(如图 13),可以看出位置误差基本
可以满足体内微型介入式诊察装置定位要求。
5. 结语
本文提出了基于场源离散化方法的定位模型。首先通过仿真验证此模型的精确性远远高
于其他简化模型;其次,搭建试验台进行了体外定位试验,从试验结果分析,基于本文提出
的模型计算得到的位置精度比较理想,基本可以满足体内微型诊疗装置的定位要求。但是,
由于本文采用的是电磁定位方法,不可避免地受到其他电磁设备的干扰,再加上试验台架误
差等因素,在某些位置误差较大。因此,此系统要用于临床,还需继续完善。
图 11 模型Ⅱ与 Maxwell 仿真模型比较结果
10 0 ~ 30z cm R cm= =
图 12 交流激磁定位试验系统结构图
- 8 -
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
y
z
参考文献
[1] He Wenhui, Yan Guozheng, Guo Xudong. A novel localization method for noninvasive monitoring capsule.
High Technology Letters. 2006, 12(3):255-259
[2] , T. Steniner, . Magnetic position and orientation tracking system[J].IEEE Transaction
on Instrumentation and Measurement(S0018-9456), 1980,29(4):462-467
[3] Three Dimensional Magnetic Tracking of Biaxial Sensors[J].IEEE Transaction on
Magnetics,2004,40(3):1530-1536
[4] 冯慈璋. 电磁场.北京:高等教育出版社,1983:115-170
[5] Bhag Singh Guru著.周克定,张肃文,董天临等译. 电磁场与电磁波. 北京:机械工业出版社,
:191-218
[6] 严志刚,原魁.一种获得电磁跟踪系统参数的简单方法[J].系统仿真学报,,19(1):81-117
[7] 刘笃仁.PIC 软硬件系统设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005;182-188
误差绝对值 横轴
数值 范 围
1 ≤5mm
2 5mm~10mm
3 10mm~20mm
4 20mm~30mm
5 30mm~40mm
6 40mm~55mm
7 >55mm
图 13 X、Y、Z 轴方向的误差分布图
- 9 -
A Model of Positioning Micro Devices for diagnosis and treat
in Vivo Based on the Discrete Method of Source of Magnetic
Field
Li Hongwei, Yan Guozheng, Jiang Pingping
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Department of instrument science & engineering, 820 Institute,
Control of System and Signal processing lab of Ministry of education (200240)
Abstract
Today, micro diagnosing and treating devices develop fast. But the positioning problem has not been
solved. This paper put forward a positioning model of micro devices in vivo, based on the discrete
method of source of magnetic field. From the result of simulation and experiments, the positioning
model is so accurate that can visualize the real magnetic field. Because of small positioning error,
which is computed according to the algorithm derived from this positioning mode, the positioning
model and method is much more feasible and expected to put into practice in medical application.
Keyword: discrete method of source of magnetic field, micro devices for diagnosis and treat, in-vivo,
positioning
作者简介:
李鸿炜(1980~),男,河北省石家庄人,上海交通大学精密仪器及机械专业博士研究生,
主要研究方向为医用微型机器人技术;
颜国正(1961~),男,湖南省桃江县人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为微型机电系
统控制理论与方法、医用精密仪器工程与机器人技术。
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/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments false
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold
/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold
/EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /Unknown
/Description <<
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/ENU (Use these settings to create PDF documents with higher image resolution for improved printing quality. The PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Reader and later.)
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/SUO <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>
/ITA <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>
/NOR <FEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f00700070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f80079006500720065002000620069006c00640065006f00700070006c00f80073006e0069006e006700200066006f00720020006200650064007200650020007500740073006b00720069006600740073006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0067002000730065006e006500720065002e>
/SVE <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>
>>
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [ ]
>> setpagedevice