캴쏻틫뿢ꆤ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆤ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔뇠캯믡훷뇠뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭LocalInsights,GlobalEthicsforBusinessꆲ쏀ꆳ뷰죧 훸뺲 튲 틫놱뺩듳톧돶냦짧ꆤ놱뺩ꆤ
춼쫩퓚냦뇠쒿(CIP)쫽뻝 뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭/ꆲ쏀ꆳ뷰죧(Koehn,D.)훸;뺲튲틫.ꆪ놱뺩:놱뺩듳톧돶냦짧, (캴쏻틫뿢ꆤ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆤ5) ISBN7-301-06941-3 ꋱ.뗘ꆭ ꋲ.ꋙ뷰ꆭꋚ뺲ꆭ ꋳ.짌튵뗀뗂-뛔뇈퇐뺿-훐맺ꆢ죕놾 ꋴ.F718 훐맺냦놾춼쫩망CIP쫽뻝뫋ퟖ(2004)뗚140784뫅 Translationcopyright2004byPekingUniversityPress LocalInsights,GlobalEthicsforBusiness byDarylKoehn AllRightsReserved. PublishedbyarrangementwithDarylKoehn. 캴뺭탭뿉,늻뗃틔죎뫎랽쪽뢴훆믲뎭쾮놾쫩횮늿럖믲좫늿쓚죝ꆣ 냦좨쯹폐,랭냦뇘뺿 쫩쏻:뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭?훸ퟷ퓰죎헟:ꆲ쏀ꆳ뷰죧훸틫헟:뺲 튲틫훐컄냦퓰죎헟:싞쫀랶퓰죎뇠벭:헅쿾샙뇪ힼ쫩뫅:ISBN7-301-06941-3/Fꆤ0776돶냦랢탐:놱뺩듳톧돶냦짧뗘횷:놱뺩쫐몣뗭쟸훐맘듥놱뺩듳톧킣쓚 100871췸횷:뗧뮰:폊릺늿62752015 랢탐늿62750672 뇠벭늿62753154?업냦헟:놱뺩뮪싗춼컄훆ퟷ훐탄82866441펡쮢헟:놱뺩듳톧펡쮢뎧뺭쿺헟:탂뮪쫩뗪?890뫁쏗ꇁ1240뫁쏗 A5 펡헅 302잧ퟖ2005쓪3퓂뗚1냦 2005쓪3퓂뗚1듎펡쮢뚨볛:풪
ꆶ캴쏻틫뿢ꆷ돶냦잰퇔냙쓪살,놻폾캪ퟮ룟톧뢮뗄놱뺩듳톧폫훐맺뗄뿆톧뷌폽뫍톧쫵컄뮯뗄랢햹뷴쏜뗘솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ놱듳짮뫱뗄컄뮯믽뗭ꆢ퇏뷷뗄톧쫵뒫춳ꆢ뿭쯉뗄훎톧뮷뺳ꆢ맣랺뗄맺볊붻췹,퓬뻍쇋튻듺폖튻듺짹훐췢뗄횪쏻톧헟ꆢ뷌쫚ꆣ쯻쏇볡쫘톧쫵컄뮯헳뗘,퓚룷ퟔ듓쫂뗄쇬폲샯,킴쿂쇋튻엺퓚훐맺톧쫵컄뮯쪷짏닺짺짮풶펰쿬뗄훸ퟷꆣ춬퇹,놱듳뗄톧헟쏇퓚랭틫췢맺톧쫵컄뮯랽쏦튲ퟶ돶쇋늻뿉맀솿뗄릱쿗ꆣ1898쓪6퓂,퓧퓚뺩쪦듳톧쳃돯냬쪱,ퟜ샭퇃쏅ퟠ쓢뗄ꆶ뺩쪦듳톧쳃헂돌ꆷ뗚컥뷚훐뻍쏷좷쳡돶ꆰ뾪짨뇠틫뻖,ꆭꆭ뻖훐벯훐훐컷춨닅,쮾ퟫ틫ꆱꆣ1902쓪1퓂,맢탷랢돶짏?,붫돉솢폚1862쓪,풭솥쫴폚췢컱늿뗄춬컄망맩늢죫듳톧쳃ꆣ춬쓪4퓂,뺩쪦듳톧쳃맜톧듳뎼헅냙컵ퟠ쟫맢탷ꆰ,췆볶뺫춨컷컄,훐톧폈폐룹뗗ꆱ뗄횱솥뫲늹뗀퇏뢴,돤죎틫쫩뻖ퟜ냬,춬쪱폖캯죎쇖캪틫쫩뻖뇊쫶ꆣ튲퓚헢튻쓪,뺩쪦듳톧쳃돉솢쇋뇠쫩뒦,죎쏼샮쾣쪥캪뇠쫩뒦ퟜퟫꆣ틫쫩뻖ꆢ뇠쫩뒦뗄돉솢뫍춬컄망뗄늢죫,쫇놱뺩듳톧좫쏦랭틫췢맺춼쫩뫍듓쫂돶냦믮뚯뗄뾪쪼,튲쫇훐맺듳톧돶냦믮뚯뗄뾪쪼ꆣ1902쓪,쫇놱뺩듳톧돶냦짧뗄뒴짨횮쓪ꆣ탁몥룯쏼틔잰,뺩쪦듳톧쳃뻍랭틫뫍돶냦맽늻짙췢맺뗄뷌뿆쫩뫍컷톧랽쏦뗄춼쫩ꆣ헢엺춼쫩돉캪떱쪱훐맺죋헶퇛뾴쫀뷧뗄훘튪닎뾼쫩ꆣ듓퇏뢴떽닌풪엠ꆢ붯쏎ꆢ뫺쫊뗈킣뎤횴헆놱듳웚볤,놱듳룼쫇틔뿕잰뗄죈돀랭틫쇋듳솿뗄췢맺ퟷ욷ꆣ뛾죽쪮쓪듺,떱쓪짌컱펡쫩망돶냦뗄몺틫쫀뷧쏻훸듔쫩벰췲폐컄뿢훐뗄탭뛠틫헟살ퟔ놱듳ꆣ냙쓪살,퓚놱듳죎뷌맽뗄퇏뢴ꆢ쇖ꆢ닌풪엠ꆢ슳톸ꆢ훜ퟷ죋ꆢ퇮닽볃ꆢ쇖폯쳃ꆢ솺쪵쟯ꆢ솺ퟚꆢ훬맢잱ꆢ럫훁ꆢ닜뺸뮪ꆢ뷰뿋쒾ꆢ십볡ꆢ뫘ꆢ뫩잫ꆢퟚ냗뮪ꆢ훜튻솼ꆢ웫쮼뫍ꆢ쳆ꆢ쇵헱ꆢ헔시?ꆢ퇮훜몲ꆢ맹룳ꆢ컅볒ꆢ싞듳룔ꆢ쳯뗂췻ꆢ컢듯풪ꆢ룟쏻뾭ꆢ췵솦ꆢ풬볒ꆢ쿩뗈
2뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭샏튻놲톧헟,틔벰죔퓚놱듳죎뷌뗄벾쿛쇖ꆢ퇮튵훎ꆢ캺믄ꆢ훜뢨돉ꆢ탭풨돥ꆢ퇕놣ꆢ헅쫀펢ꆢ닌뫨뇵ꆢ샷틔쓾ꆢ훬쇺뮪ꆢ헅폱쫩ꆢ랶듳닓ꆢ췵쪽죊ꆢ쳕뷠ꆢ맋퓌ꆢ싞뙺ꆢ헔헱붭ꆢ헔뗂쏷ꆢ뛅킡헦ꆢ짪떤뗈샏훐쟠죽듺톧헟,퓚컄톧ꆢ헜톧ꆢ샺쪷ꆢ폯퇔ꆢ탄샭톧ꆢ뺭볃톧ꆢ램톧ꆢ짧믡톧ꆢ헾훎톧뗈짧믡뿆톧폫죋컄뿆톧쇬폲샯,틔퓺쪵뗄췢폯릦솦ꆢ럡뫱뗄톧쪶ꆢ뺫닊뗄컄뇊틫뷩돶쇋튻늿폖튻늿췢맺톧쫵컄뮯쏻훸,탭뛠틫ퟷ틑돉캪뒫쫀뺭뗤ꆣ퓚쯻쏇뗄틫ퟷ훐쳥쿖쇋훐맺횪쪶럖ퟓ뛔헱탋훐뮪쏱ퟥ뗄퓰죎뫍뛔뿆톧컄뮯뗄맘뮳,캪컒쏇뗄쏱ퟥ늻뛏뗘쇋뷢뫍컼쫕췢맺뗄쿈뷸컄뮯볜웰쇋튻ퟹ폖튻ퟹ뗄쟅솺ꆣ횵듋놱듳돶냦짧붨솢100훜쓪횮볊,컒짧뻶뚨췆돶듳탍듔쫩ꆰ캴쏻틫뿢ꆱ(WeimingTranslationLibrary)ꆣꆰ틫뿢ꆱ캪듳탍뗄ퟛ뫏탔컄뿢ꆣ컄뿢틔톧뿆쏅샠쾵쇐벰틫듔솽훖탎쪽돶냦ꆣ톧뿆쏅샠쾵쇐냼삨:헜톧폫ퟚ뷌쾵쇐ꆢ컄톧폫틕쫵쾵쇐ꆢ폯퇔폫컄ퟖ쾵쇐ꆢ샺쪷폫뾼맅쾵쇐ꆢ짧믡톧폫죋샠톧쾵쇐ꆢ뒫능폫컄뮯쾵쇐ꆢ헾훎톧폫맺볊맘쾵쾵쇐ꆢ뺭볃폫맜샭쾵쇐뗈;틫듔캪훷쳢탔훊뗄틫ퟷ,뷏캪쇩믮,컒짧벴붫췆돶뗄폐ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆱꆰꆢ탂탰쫂톧샭싛틫듔ꆱꆢꆰ탄샭톧틫듔ꆱ뗈뗈ꆣꆰ캴쏻틫뿢ꆱ캪뾪럅탔컄뿢ꆣ캴쏻뫾쫇놱듳탣샶럧맢뗄튻룶쿳헷,춬쪱튲듺뇭쇋놱듳ꆰ냼죝냙뒨ꆱ뗄뿭맣탘뷳ꆣ놾듔쫩좡쏻캪ꆰ캴쏻틫뿢ꆱ,횼퓚볌돐놱듳컥쯄틔살ꆰ볦죝늢냼ꆱ뗄톧쫵컄뮯뒫춳ꆣ컒쏇붫퓚틫뿢쫩쒿뗄톡퓱(듓맅뗤떽떱쿂)뫍틫헟뗄톡짏(늻럖킣쓚킣췢)쳥쿖헢퇹튻훖뒫춳ꆣ컒쏇좷탅,횻폐붫죋샠뒴퓬뗄좫늿횪쪶닆뢻살럡뢻컒쏇뗄춷쓔,닅쓜릻붨짨튻룶쿖듺뮯뗄짧믡ꆣ컒쏇붫뎤웚볡돖틽뷸췢맺쿈뷸뗄컄뮯돉맻,ퟩ횯랭틫돶냦,캪맣듳죋쏱럾컱,캪컒맺쿖듺뮯뗄붨짨럾컱ꆣ평폚컒쏇좱랦뺭퇩,퓚춼쫩뗄톡쒿폫랭틫짏듦퓚늻짙쫨슩,쾣췻몣쓚췢뛁쫩뷧ꆢ랭틫뷧쳡돶엺움붨틩,냑ꆰ캴쏻틫뿢ꆱ헦헽붨돉튻ퟹ탂쫀볍뗄ꆰ톧쫵컄뮯춼쫩망ꆱꆣꆶ캴쏻틫뿢ꆷ뇠캯믡2002쓪3퓂
ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆱ떼퇔ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆱ캪훐맺뛁헟쳡릩튻훖탂뗄쫓튰,죃쯻쏇쇋뷢붫짌컱ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ뷰죚뷧춬싗샭톧솪쾵퓚튻웰뗄튻룶뢻폐컼틽솦뗄쇬폲ꆣ뺭볃싗샭톧퓚훐맺틑뺭풽살풽돉캪튻룶쇷탐뗄뮰쳢,헢늢늻쫇튻룶뒿듢뗄쟉뫏ꆣ퓚맽좥20쓪볤,훐맺뺭샺쇋뿕잰뗄뺭볃퓶뎤,튲듌벤웳튵믱좡룼뛠샻죳뗄캸뿚ꆣ떫쫇,ퟮ뷼퇇훞뷰죚쫐뎡뗄럧늨쾷뻧탔뗘뚯튡쇋뛔뺭볃퓶뎤쳬헦뛸폖업쯻뗄탅쓮ꆣ헻룶퇇훞훰붥탎돉쇋튻훖탂뗄뾴램,죏캪톸쯙퓶뎤뗄뺭볃죧맻춬뢯냜뗄헾뢮탐캪뫍늻돏쪵뗄웳튵쪵볹폐맘,쓇쎴헢훖뺭볃쫇뫜죝틗뇀삣뗄ꆣ퓚탭뛠퇇훞맺볒,죋쏇풽살풽쿠탅,뛔폚뢯냜,뻸늻쓜퓙냑쯼ퟷ캪ꆰ폎쾷뗄튻늿럖ꆱ살죝죌쇋ꆣ평폚늻돏쪵뗄붻틗,튻킩릫쮾뫍헾뢮늿쏅늻뷶즥쪧쇋듳솿잮닆,뛸쟒튲즥쪧쇋쯻쏇뗄웳튵뫏ퟷ헟뗄뇘튪탅죎ꆣ뢯냜뫍뺭볃캥램탐캪쫇튻뛔싏짺탖뗜ꆣ틲듋,헢쳗탂뗄ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆱ싺ퟣ쇋튻훖웈쟐뗄탨튪,캪뷰죚ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ웳튵ꆢ컄뮯쇬폲샯뗄퇐뺿헟뫍튵컱죋풱춬싗샭톧볒횮볤뗄뇘튪뛔뮰쳡릩ퟮ탂뗄탅쾢ꆣ쯼횼퓚캪훐맺뗄톧쫵뷧뫍웳튵뷧쳡릩튻룶맛뗣뿲볜,뮽탑릲춬뗄볛횵틢쪶,헢뛔돉릦뗄웳튵뺭펪럇뎣뇘튪ꆣ뺭볃싗샭톧ퟮ돵뒴솢폚20쫀볍70쓪듺뗄쏀맺,늢좷솢쇋퓚쏀맺뫍얷훞뗄짌톧풺맜샭뷌폽뿎돌훐뗄뗘캻ꆣ떫쫇퓚훐맺,뮹폐듽폚붫헢룶ퟛ뫏쇋뺭볃톧ꆢ탄샭톧ꆢ램싉톧ꆢ헜톧뗄붻닦톧뿆뇤돉쎿튻룶맜샭톧톧짺뗄뇘탞뿎ꆣ컒쏇뗄뗚튻놾쫩쫇뺭볃싗샭톧쇬폲뗄뾪췘헟샭닩뗂ꆤ뗂ꆤ쟇훎뗄훸ퟷ,짦벰맣랺뗄훘튪컊쳢,랴펳쇋뛠쓪살쯹ퟶ뗄좫쏦릤ퟷ훐좡뗃뗄돉맻ꆣ헢쳗듔쫩뗄쒿뇪쫇룸죋틔폐틦뗄웴랢,틦폚쓇킩퓚훐맺릤ퟷ뗄죋,쪹쯻쏇퓚늻뗃늻ퟶ돶삧쓑뗄뻶닟떫폖뺭뎣룐떽맂솢컞풮쪱뗃떽튻킩웴쪾ꆣ캪쇋럖컶룶낸퇐뺿,컒쏇쫗쿈뇘탫틀뾿튻쳗릲춬뗄볛
2뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭횵뇪ힼ,쪹늻춬(볒춥ꆢ탅퇶ꆢ컄뮯뗈)놳뺰뗄죋쏇쓜릻튻웰뫏ퟷꆣ죧뫎닅쓜쪹돏쪵ꆢ뿉뾿ꆢ탅ꆢ퓰죎탄뗈믹놾뗄죋샠볛횵맛랢믓ퟷ폃쓘?뾼싇떽뢯냜뗄맣랺랴컄뮯쟣쿲,헢룶컊쳢뿏뚨늻죝틗뗃떽믘듰ꆣ떫쫇,폐맄컨죋탄뗄벣쿳뇭쏷,훐맺헾뢮쿖퓚헽훂솦폚뷸탐뗄랴뢯냜뚷헹붫풽살풽놻ퟷ캪튻훖뻸뛔뇘튪뗄쫂쟩살뷓쫜ꆣ죧맻훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺붨맺틔살ퟮ듳뗄ퟟ쮽낸ꆪꆪꆪ럇램뗄쿃쏅풶뮪벯쳥ퟟ쮽믮뚯ꆪꆪꆪ놻ퟷ캪ꆰ폎쾷뗄튻늿럖ꆱ살뷓쫜,쓇쎴훐맺쯹쫜뗄쯰쪧붫늻뷶쫇퓚뺭볃쇬폲ꆣ뺭볃싗샭톧뇘탫쳡돶쇮죋탅럾뗄샭평,쮵쏷믘뿛뫍믟슸쫇퓙뮵늻맽뗄춶,폐튻쳬믡룸쓣듸살퇏훘뫳맻ꆣ뺭볃싗샭톧헢쏅탂톧뿆틔컷랽뫍훐맺싗샭톧볒(퇇샯쪿뛠뗂ꆢ뾵뗂ꆢ뿗ퟓꆢ쏏ퟓꆢퟓ)뗄훘튪맛뗣캪믹뒡,춬퇹쫇튪횤쏷,ퟔ맅틔살뻍폐웆뮵죋샠ퟰ퇏뗄럇램싲싴,죧뚾욷붻틗,뷶뷶캪쇋퓶볓샻죳헢룶캩튻뗄샭평뛸쪹컞림뗄쓐얮샏짙짭탄쫜떽득닐ꆣ뺭볃싗샭톧뗄펰쿬훷튪틀뾿늻춬쇬폲ꆪꆪꆪ헾뢮늿쏅,웳튵,듳톧ꆪꆪꆪ횮볤죋쏇뗄뛔뮰폫뫏ퟷꆣ쎻폐늻뗃늻퓚탂뗄뺺헹럕캧튻랽쏦퓬뻍튻엺펮볒,쇭튻랽쏦퓶볓듳엺쪧냜헟뗄ꆰ쳔뷰죈놾훷틥ꆱ럕캧훐톰쟳돶슷뗄죋뗄늻뛏랴삡,튻냣뗄횸떼풭퓲뻍뻸늻믡폐틢틥ꆣ듓뺭볃싗샭톧뗄뷇뛈살뾴컊쳢,퓚튻룶램싉쳥훆뮹늻릻붡좫뗄뮷뺳훐뻍쿔뗃룱췢웈쟐ꆣ컞틉,쿖퓚폐풽살풽룟뗄뫴짹,튪쟳퓋폃싗샭뇪ힼꆣ헢쳗탂뗄듔쫩랴뛔쒳킩놯맛훷틥뗄맛뗣,죏캪퓚훐맺룄짆뗀뗂뇪ힼ쫇뿉틔쪵쿖뗄:훐맺죔좻폐ퟅ뻞듳뗄싗샭잱솦,탨튪놻룼듳맦쒣뗘뗷뚯웰살ꆣ죋쏇웚듽ퟅ붫쫀뷧늻춬훇믛뒫춳폫훐맺뛔헦샭뗄ힷ쟳뷡뫏웰살뗄뛔뮰ꆣ쓇쪱뫲,뺭볃싗샭톧붫돉캪튻훖ퟮ훕뗄쳴햽,쪹헢훖뛔튻훖잡떱뗄싗샭톧뗄릲춬첽쯷늻뷶뷶춣쇴퓚샭싛닣쏦,뛸쟒뗃돶뻟쳥뷡싛,쳡돶룄짆훐맺짺믮폫릤ퟷ쳵볾뗄뻶뚨탔쪵쪩랽낸ꆣ듋췢,퓚훐맺,죴룉쓪틔살맘폚죧뫎붫펢폯쫵폯ꆰBusinessEthicsꆱ랭틫돉훐컄폐맽튻뎡헹싛ꆣ탭뛠퇐쳖믡벰룷훖쳖싛폫뾪믡뗄뷡맻쫇,ퟮ잡떱뗄훐컄랭틫펦룃쫇ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧ꆱꆣꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧ꆱ쫇ꆰ뺭볃랢햹ꆱ퓚쯼춬뗀뗂헜톧폐맘뗄훘튪랽쏦,죧뇘탫놻퓋폃떽웳
ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔ꆱ떼퇔3튵맜샭ꆢ뷰죚ꆢ탐헾맜샭ꆢ짺첬헾닟ꆢ탅쾢벼쫵ꆢ샍뚯좨샻뗈쇬폲샯좥뗄퓰죎ꆢ릫헽ꆢ돏쪵뗈룅쓮퓚튻쟐뺭볃쇬폲샯뗄싗샭랴펳ꆣ춬쪱,ퟮ뷼퓚짏몣룕돶냦뗄ꆶ뺭볃싗샭톧듳듊뗤ꆷ훐맘폚헢룶듊뗄뷧뚨뫍랭틫,튲뿉틔ퟷ캪놾쾵쇐듔쫩횮쯹틔쪹폃ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧ꆱ살뇭쪾ꆰBusinessEthicsꆱ헢튻펢폯쫵폯뗄샭평뗄ퟴ횤ꆣ싞쫀랶(StephanRothlin)퇮뫣듯2001쓪12퓂폚놱뺩
뺭볃싗샭톧틫듔뇠캯믡 훷죎:퇮뫣듯(YangHengda)훐맺죋쏱듳톧 싞쫀랶(StephanRothlin)놱뺩샭릤듳톧 뇠캯:쇵싼뫬(LiuManhong)훐맺죋쏱듳톧 룇믴뛻뗂ꆤ놴뿋(GerholdBecker)쿣룛뷾믡듳톧 뛠쏗쓡뿋ꆤ쳝뛻(DominiqueTyl)첨췥뢨죊듳톧 쟇훎ꆤ뛷뗂샕(GeorgeEnderle)짏몣훐얷맜샭톧풺 헅컄뚨(ZhangWending)놱뺩듳톧 슽쿾뫌(LuXiaohe)짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺 뷰죧(DarylKoehn)쏀맺쪥ꆤ췐십쮹듳톧
훐컄냦탲ퟮ뷼튻뛾쪮쓪컷랽톧쫵뷧쯹맘탄뗄ꆰ뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢ꆱ,쫗쿈쫇뿧맺웳튵쯹쏦쇙뗄쪵볹컊쳢:떱릫쮾뒩맽컄뮯뇟뷧쪱,쯼쏇쏦쇙춨뎣붫떼훂볛횵맛뫍싗샭맦랶돥춻뗄컄뮯닮틬ꆣ헢훖닮틬붫떼훂컳뷢뫍럁낭뇋듋붻쇷,펰쿬릫쮾뗄킧싊ꆣ쇮컷랽뿧맺웳튵뫍컷랽톧쫵뷧룐탋좤뗄ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ,쳘뇰쫇퓚20쫀볍80쓪듺뚫퇇뺭볃뗄웰뛸룼볓틽죋힢쒿ꆣ헽죧놾쫩ퟷ헟뷰죧쯹횸돶ꆰ:쯦ퟅ퇇훞쫐뎡뗄랢햹,웳튵뷧뫍헜톧볒뛔쯹캽ꆮ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆯ뗄탋좤튲쿠펦뗘뇤뗃얨뫱웰살ꆣ죋쏇죏캪,죧맻컷랽웳튵튪쪹뾪럅죕놾ꆢ몫맺뫍훐맺쫐뎡뗄첸에돉릦,뻍뇘탫쇋뷢퇇훞볛횵맛뫍싗샭쳥쾵ꆣ쪵솦헾닟퓚뛔퇇훞볛횵맛랢짺탋좤뗄맽돌훐튲웰쇋훘튪ퟷ폃ꆣ쯦ퟅ헢킩랢햹훐맺볒닆뢻뗄퓶뎤,쯼쏇퓚맺볊쫂컱훐뗄랢퇔좨튲폺틦뻙ퟣ쟡훘ꆣ컷랽죋쿖퓚늻뗃늻많쒿쿠뾴퇇훞죋,늢뺡뿉쓜뗘좥쇋뷢쯻쏇ꆣꆱ(ꆶ뚫랽헜톧룸폨컒쏇뗄뺭볃싗샭톧웴쪾ꆷ,짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺ꆶ톧쫵벾뾯ꆷ1998쓪뗚2웚)헽쫇쫊펦헢훖탨튪,폐맘ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄컄헂쫩벮튻쪱볤돉캪컷랽돶냦뷧뗄튻룶죈뗣ꆣ뻍폫웳튵쪵볹맘쾵쏜쟐뗄뺭볃싗샭톧뛸퇔ꆰ,뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢ꆱퟮ돵쫇퓚맺볊짌컱싗샭닣듎짏햹뾪뗄,쫇ퟷ캪맺볊짌컱싗샭컊쳢쳡돶뗄ꆣ20쫀볍웟냋쪮쓪듺뗄쏀맺뺭볃싗샭톧뷧튪뷢뻶틲뛸헹싛뗄컊쳢쫇:뿧맺릫쮾펦죧뫎뾴듽뫍뒦샭늻춬맺볒늻춬컄뮯뗄싗샭맦랶닮틬?쫇ꆰ떽싞십뻍ퟶ싞십죋ꆱ벴죫쿧쯦쯗쓘,뮹쫇ꆰퟶ튻룶헽횱뗄쏀맺죋ꆱ벴볡돖놾맺싗샭뇪ힼ?헢웚볤쏀맺랢뇭쇋듳솿컄헂쫩벮,쳡릩쇋뒦샭헢훖맦랶닮틬뗄훖훖싗샭ힼ퓲;쯻쏇뮹뻍맺볊짌컱싗샭릲쪶뻙탐쇋룷훖맺볊믡틩,탎돉쇋뛠훖맺볊킭틩ꆣ좻뛸,평ꆰ릫쮾뒩맽컄뮯뇟뷧ꆱ뛸틽돶뗄퇐뺿뫍헹싛늢럇뷶쿞폚뺭볃싗샭톧쇬폲뗄맺볊짌컱싗샭닣듎ꆣ90쓪듺뫳,맺볊웳튵ꆢ뺭볃톧뫍싗샭톧뷧뷸
2뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭튻늽붫헢컊쳢삩햹떽컄뮯퇐뺿쇬폲,늢뷸뛸ퟷ캪좫쟲뺭볃싗샭컊쳢뛸햹뾪ꆣ뛸헜톧ꆢ컄뮯ꆢퟚ뷌퇐뺿헟틔벰헾훎볒뗄닎폫,죧뫠춢뛙ꆢ뢣즽ꆢ몺쮹ꆤ삥(HansKꢹng)뗈횪쏻톧헟폐맘좫쟲컄뮯좫쟲싗샭컊쳢뗄싛쫶,탂볓웂잰ퟜ샭샮맢튫뛔ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄몴컀,튲쪹폐맘헢컊쳢뗄퇐뺿뫍헹싛퓚룼짮뗄닣듎뫍룼맣뗄랶캧햹뾪ꆣꆰ평릫쮾뒩맽컄뮯뇟뷧ꆱ뛸틽돶뗄컊쳢뷸튻늽랢햹돉죧쿂컊쳢:뺭볃좫쟲뮯쫇럱붫떼훂죋샠볛횵폫탐캪탎쪽ퟮ훕믣뫏돉튻훖쫀뷧컄뮯,뮹쫇쫀뷧늻춬컄뮯뗄믣뫏횻랢짺퓚뇭닣늢캴짦벰늻춬뗄룹놾볛횵쳥쾵?헢퇹,튻랽쏦,뺭볃싗샭퇐뺿뫍맺볊짌컱싗샭퇐뺿듙뷸췆뚯쇋컄뮯퇐뺿,캪컄뮯퇐뺿쳡릩쇋탂뗄뿎쳢뫍컊쳢;쇭튻랽쏦,컄뮯퇐뺿폖짮뮯췘뿭쇋뺭볃싗샭퇐뺿,훂쪹ꆰ좫쟲뮷뺳훐뗄뺭볃싗샭톧ꆢퟩ횯짨볆뫍룶죋랢햹뗈뗄캴살샭싛쳖싛뫍쪵볹펦폃뫜듳돌뛈짏퓚컄뮯퇐뺿쇬폲훐뷸탐ꆱꆣퟮ뫳,평ꆰ뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢ꆱ뛸틽랢뗄뺭볃싗샭퇐뺿컄뮯퇐뺿뮹듙뷸쇋헜톧퇐뺿,샽죧폐맘쿠뛔훷틥폫뻸뛔훷틥뗄헜톧컊쳢뗄헹싛폖퓚탂뗄탎쫆쿂햹뾪ꆣ평폚뚫퇇뺭볃뗄웰,평폚컷랽웳튵룼뛠뗘퓚퇇훞뷸탐,틲듋,ꆰ뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢ꆱ,뛔폐탋좤폚퇇훞뗄컷랽죋살쮵,쳘뇰뗘뇭쿖캪죧뫎샭뷢뫍뛔듽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄컊쳢,뺭볃싗샭뗄컄뮯퇐뺿튲쳘뇰퓚폐맘죥볒ꆢ퇇훞볛횵맛뗈컊쳢짏햹뾪,늢틽돶쇋죧쿂솽룶믹놾컊쳢뗄헹싛:쫗쿈쫇,죧뫎샭뷢죥볒ꆢ퇇훞볛횵맛뗈뗘폲싗샭쳘쫢싗샭뗄컊쳢;웤듎쫇,쓜럱틔벰죧뫎듓뗘폲싗샭쳘쫢싗샭듯훁좫쟲싗샭웕뇩싗샭뗄컊쳢ꆣ폐맘헢솽룶컊쳢뗄헹싛:1.쿔쪾쇋뚫퇇뺭볃웰뗄펰쿬ꆰ:컷랽죋쿖퓚늻뗃늻많쒿쿠뾴퇇훞죋,늢뺡뿉쓜뗘좥쇋뷢쯻쏇ꆱ;2.뇭쏷쇋컷랽죋틢쪶떽뚫퇇뺭볃듓뛸뺭볃놳뫳뗄컄뮯퇐뺿볛횵퇐뺿뗄훘튪탔;3.폫횳쏱쪱웚뫍샤햽쪱웚뗄ꆰ컄뮯뗛맺훷틥ꆱ늻춬,컷랽훷쇷뺭볃싗샭톧헟퓚헢킩헹싛훐쟣쿲폚,퓚잿뗷좫쟲뮷뺳훐듯훁릲춬뗄볛횵뇪ힼ뫍램싉탎쪽뗄훘튪탔뗄춬쪱,훘쫓늻춬컄뮯횮볤뗄뛔뮰붻쇷뫍퇐뺿ꆣퟜ횮,평뿧맺웳튵랢짺뗄ꆰ뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢ꆱ듙쪹헢킩맺볒뗄톧쫵뷧듓싗샭ꆢ컄뮯ꆢ볛횵맛랽쏦살퇐뺿헢룶컊쳢,늢쳘뇰
훐컄냦탲3훘쫓뛔뚫랽볛횵맛뗄쇋뷢퇐뺿,틔폐훺폚컷랽웳튵뷢뻶웤쯹쏦쇙뗄컊쳢,춬쪱헢킩퇐뺿튲뷸튻늽듙뷸쇋컷랽톧쫵뗄랢햹ꆣ놾쫩뻍쫇퓚헢퇹뗄놳뺰쿂컊쫀뗄,ퟷ헟늻뷶쳘뇰믘펦쇋뺭볃좫쟲뮯훐뗄컷랽웳튵퓚뚫퇇ퟶ짺틢뗄싗샭맦랶탨튪,뛸쟒춨맽헢훖쳘뇰믘펦,뻟쳥첽쯷쇋죧뫎뷢뻶평짏쫶ꆰ떱릫쮾뒩맽컄뮯뇟뷧ꆱ뛸틽돶뗄뺭볃싗샭컊쳢ꆢ컄뮯컊쳢뫍헜톧컊쳢ꆣ쳘뇰횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇,ퟷ헟늻뷶쏴죱뗘냑컕쇋짏쫶솽룶믹놾컊쳢,뮹뛔폐맘헹싛쳡릩쇋뛀쳘뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ듓컷랽웳튵뗄뷇뛈,ퟷ헟뾼싇뗄믹놾컊쳢쫇,펦퓵퇹샭뷢쓇킩짺믮퓚풶뚫뗄죋쏇뗄싗샭,뛔컷랽죋살쮵,뺿뺹펦듓쓄샯ퟅ쫖?ퟷ헟횸돶,폐솽훖퇐뺿랽램뿉릩톡퓱ꆣ튻훖쫇ꆰ뫪맛퇐뺿랽램ꆱ,벴볙뚨폐튻룶웕뇩뗄ꆢ쯹폐퇇훞죋뚼뻟폐뗄싗샭ꆣ헢훖퇐뺿랽램퓚컷랽ꆰ놨뾯뫍짧믡톧컄쿗훐쫇쾰틔캪뎣뗄ꆱꆣ떫쯽죏캪,헢훖퇐뺿랽램쫇늻쓜쇮죋싺틢뗄,틲캪:1.퇇훞뗘쟸뗄컄뮯벫캪뛠퇹,컄뮯볛횵폖뇤뚯늻뻓,늢늻듦퓚헢퇹튻쳗듳튻춳뗄뺲횹뗄퇇훞볛횵맛;2.헢훖퇐뺿랽램횻쫇쳡릩쇋쇽춳뗄볛횵맛,늢쎻폐쳡릩퓚헢킩볛횵맛놳뫳뗄쮼쿫,튲늻맄샸랴쮼믲룼짮뗘쇋뷢퇇훞뗘쟸죋쏇뗄싗샭,틲뛸컞훺폚컷랽죋헦헽쇋뷢쯻죋뫍룄짆ퟔ벺ꆣ쇭튻훖랽램쫇ꆰ캢맛퇐뺿랽램ꆱ,벴쯽쯹몴컀뫍쪹폃뗄랽램ꆣ헢훖랽램뻟쳥뾼달평폐펰쿬뗄헜톧볒쯹쳡돶뗄쳘쫢뗄싗샭싛횤ꆣ쯽죏캪,헢훖랽램뇈뫪맛퇐뺿랽램룼뢻폐뚴달솦뫍쮵럾솦,틲캪쯼뿉쪹컷랽죋룼짮뿌뗘샭뷢쒳킩퇇훞죋뗄싗샭쮼쿫,뮹뿉횸돶듓늻춬룶죋뫍컄뮯듯훁웕뇩싗샭뗄랽쪽,듓뛸뇜쏢컄뮯쿠뛔훷틥ꆣ놾쫩뗚튻훁쇹헂뻟쳥퓋폃쇋헢훖랽램ꆣퟷ헟톡퓱쇋훐맺맅듺헜톧볒뿗ퟓ뫍죕놾뷼듺헜톧볒뫍ﶡ헜색ퟷ캪캢맛퇐뺿뗄뛔쿳ꆣ뫳헟뗄죽뻭놾ꆶ싗샭톧ꆷ(1934ꆫ1949)릹돉죕놾뷼듺싗샭쮼쿫쪷짏ퟮ엓듳뗄싗샭쳥쾵,짮뿌펰쿬쇋햽뫳죕놾쿖듺싗샭쮼쿫뗄랢햹ꆣퟷ헟죏캪,뺡맜쯻쏇늢늻듺뇭쯹폐훐맺죋믲죕놾죋,떫뚼짮뿌펰쿬쇋룷ퟔ컄뮯뗄튻킩믹놾첬뛈뫍쾰맟ꆣ틲듋,튪샭뷢훐맺죋믲죕놾죋뗄뺭볃탐캪,뻍폐뇘튪쇋뷢헢솽룶죋뗄믹놾쮼쿫ꆣퟷ헟뻟쳥뾼달움컶쇋ퟷ캪뿗ퟓ폫
4뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭톧믹뒡뗄폐맘죋탔ꆢ탅죎뫍릫릲쇬폲룅쓮벰웤쯻쏇뛔뺭볃탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ평폚쯽쳡릩뗄캢맛퇐뺿,쿖퓚컷랽죋:1.퓚쇋뷢뚫퇇죋뗄싗샭쪱,폐뿉쓜늻퓙탅죎쇽춳뗄ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ,뛸쫇힢틢듓뻟쳥맺볒폐펰쿬뗄싗샭쮼쿫볒,샽죧,듓뿗ퟓퟅ쫖살쇋뷢훐맺죋;2.평폚쯟훮뗄쫇쳘쫢싛횤,힢틢뗄쫇놳뫳뗄쮼쿫,틲듋,뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색뗄쮼쿫뇤뗃뿉샭뷢뫍뿉본짍뗄,뛸늻쫇풭쪼뫍럇샭탔뗄,틲뛸쪹컷랽죋쓜릻죏헦뾴듽퇇훞훇믛,듓뛸쓜헦헽폐쯹믱틦;3.평폚닉좡뻟쳥럖컶뗄첬뛈ꆢ뇈뷏럖컶뗄랽램,쪹컷랽죋튲랴쮼ퟔ벺,듓뛸룄뇤뛀뛏싛뗄첬뛈ꆣ쯽헢퇹쮵ꆰ,닉좡뫍ﶡ믲뿗ퟓ뗄맛뗣뿏뚨늻쫇훎쇆쯹폐컷랽늡뗄쇩떤쏮튩ꆣ좻뛸,죏헦뛔듽헢킩뒫춳,붫폐훺폚컒쏇죏쪶ퟔ벺뗄욫볻,쇋뷢훮죧탅죎헢퇹튻킩뿉볓톡퓱뗄훘튪뗄쮼쿫룅쓮ꆣ컷랽죋튲탭늢늻쿫뷓쫜헢킩맛쓮,떫훁짙쓜릻룼뫃뗘ퟶ돶뫎틔펦룃뻜뻸쯼쏇뗄돤럖싛횤,늢쟒쓜룼뫃뗘샭뷢훐맺믲죕놾웳튵볒뫍헜톧볒뛔컒쏇뗄뒫춳뿉쓜쳡돶뗄엺움ꆣꆱ(춬짏컄)4.평폚힢훘뻟쳥싛횤뫍놳뫳뗄쮼쿫,뛁헟믡랢쿖,쯽뛔컒쏇쯹쫬쾤뗄뿗ퟓ뗄탭뛠싛쫶뗄럖컶쫇쇮죋퓞첾뗄,쳡릩쇋컒쏇쯹늻퓸힢틢뗄뛀쳘뗄쫓뷇ꆣ헽죧뎤웚퓚쿣룛횴뷌뗄놴뿋(쇭폐몺쏻캪냙샯뫆)뷌쫚쯹쮵,쯽뗄쫩폅쏀뗘쳥쿖쇋쯽맘폚캢맛퇐뺿랽램뗄훷헅ꆰ,헢랽램붫쪹컒쏇뇷웺쇷탐뗄쳗뮰,뚴볻뚫랽훘튪뗄싗샭쮼쿫ꆣꆱ믹폚뛔뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색뗄싗샭쮼쿫뗄움컶,ퟷ헟퓚ퟮ뫳튻헂뛔짏쫶뗚뛾룶믹놾컊쳢벴폐럱웕뇩싗샭틔벰죧뫎듓쳘쫢싗샭듯훁웕뇩싗샭뗄컊쳢ퟶ쇋닻쫶ꆣ쯽횸돶,뛔뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색뗄싗샭쮼쿫뗄럖컶뇭쏷,쯼쏇퓚쒳킩랽쏦뿉늹돤믹폚죋좨믲뗂탔뗄컷랽싗샭ꆣ늻맽,죔좻듦퓚뗄컊쳢쫇:떱쯼쏇폫뫳헟랢짺돥춻쪱퓵쎴냬?춨뎣폐솽훖톡퓱ꆣ튻훖쫇뛀뛏싛뗄:뛏퇔잰헟뻸뛔폅풽폚뫳헟믲헟쿠랴;쇭튻훖쫇쿠뛔싛뗄:탻돆룹놾뻍쎻폐뻶뚨싗샭컊쳢뗄맦퓲쾵춳,늻춬쏱ퟥ폐샭평내헕쯻쏇쳘쫢뗄볛횵맛뫍싗샭맦랶탐뚯ꆣ쯽쿠탅폐뗚죽쳵뗀슷뿉ퟟ,헢뗀슷ퟰ훘닮틬ꆢ퓊탭룶죋폐탂뗄볻뷢ꆢ떫늢늻싙캪싗샭쿠뛔훷틥ꆣ쯽죏캪,뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색쪵볊짏횸돶쇋듯떽헢훖웕뇩싗샭뗄뗀슷ꆣ틲듋,컷랽죋폐돤럖헽쏦뗄샭평죏헦뛔듽헢킩쮼쿫볒,헢늻뷶
훐컄냦탲5폐훺폚룼뫃뗘샭뷢탭뛠훐맺죋뫍죕놾죋뗄쮼캬랽쪽,뛸쟒튲뿉캪웕뇩싗샭틔벰웕뇩뺭볃싗샭첽쏷믹뒡ꆣ내쯽뗄샭뷢ꆰ,웕뇩싗샭늻쫇틔튻쳗쪵훊탔뗄맦랶,뛸쫇틔믹폚맽돌뗄횸쓏캪훐탄붨릹뗄ꆣꆱ뮻퇔횮,ퟷ헟늢늻맩쓉ꆢ돩쿳ꆢ쳡릩튻쳗캪뚫컷랽컄뮯쯹릲춬돐죏뗄싗샭맦랶,죧탭뛠죋죔좻쫔춼ퟶ뗄쓇퇹,뛸쫇폃뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색뗄싗샭톧살닻쫶튻훖뛔컷랽죋쒰짺뗄웕뇩싗샭룅쓮,헢룅쓮쫇튻훖돐죏뫍냼죝닮틬뗄싗샭샭쿫,쫇튻훖듯훁헢훖싗샭샭쿫뗄쪵볹횸쓏ꆣ쯼냼몬죧쿂훘튪쮼쿫:1.웕뇩싗샭늻쫇춬뛸쫇틬,쯼쫇틔쎻폐룟쿂횮럖뗄뛠퇹짆캪잰쳡캪믹뒡뗄;2.뒦폚뛠퇹쟒춨뎣쫇돥춻뗄짆뗄뺳폶훐뗄룶죋쫇뻶뚨싗샭짆탐캪뫍톡퓱뗄뇪ힼ,쯻쏇퓚죏쪶뫍뒦샭헢킩뛠퇹돥춻뗄짆뗄맽돌훐,늢늻횻쯟훮튻훖뇪ힼ믲뗤랶,뛸쫇퓚폫쯹짦벰룶죋뗄뛔뮰킭짌훐붫헢킩짆훃폚잡떱뗄캻훃ꆰ,쏀뗂뻍뇭쿖퓚늻춬틢볻뗄뿉쓜탔훐ꆱ;3.평폚웕뇩싗샭쫇ퟰ훘뫍죝쓉닮틬뗄맽돌,틲듋폫컷랽싗샭톧춨뎣쯹샭뷢뗄늻춬,뛱늢늻퓚폚캥놳쒳훖싗샭맦퓲,뛸퓚폚믑돆횻듦퓚튻훖짆ꆣퟷ헟ퟮ뫳뮹뻟쳥쮵쏷쇋평뛠퇹짆릹돉뗄웕뇩싗샭죧뫎뷢뻶뿧컄뮯볛횵맛횮볤뗄돥춻컊쳢ꆣ룅퇔횮,ퟷ헟훷헅뛔뗘폲싗샭쳘쫢싗샭닉폃캢맛퇐뺿랽램,춨맽쇋뷢룶죋쫇죧뫎쮼뾼뗄,틔폐훺폚쇋뷢헢뗘랽뗄죋쫇죧뫎쮼뾼뗄,틲듋,쯽늻뷶럱뚨쇋돩쿳쇽춳뗄뫪맛퇐뺿랽램벰웤ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ,뛸쟒럱뚨쇋캨컷랽뮰폯좨싛ꆰ:컷랽죋죧맻늻쫇볡돖폃죋좨뗄폯퇔,뛸쫇폃뿗ퟓ뗄폯퇔,뻍쓜룼뫃뗘쟣쳽훐맺죋쮵쪲쎴,춬쪱뿋럾ퟔ벺뗄늻ퟣꆣꆱ늻뷶죧듋,쯽뛔룶뇰쮼쿫볒뗄캢맛퇐뺿뮹싛횤쇋춨쿲웕뇩싗샭뗄뗀슷,틔럱뚨쿠뛔훷틥ꆢ뛀뛏싛늢뎬풽폐맘춬훊쫀뷧뗄헹싛ꆣ죧맻웕뇩싗샭틔닮틬캪잰쳡캪믹뒡,쓇쎴뻍튪죏헦뛔듽뗘폲싗샭뗘랽컄뮯,뻍튪뺡뿉쓜톰쟳뫍ퟰ훘늻춬맛뗣뫍뛠훖짆,뻍늻뿉쓜횻쯟훮튻훖싗샭뇪ힼ,쫀뷧컄뮯좫쟲싗샭뻍늻뿉쓜컷랽춬훊싛ꆣ떱좻,ퟷ헟뛔폚풭퓲싗샭톧뗄샭뷢뫍엺움쫇럱잡떱뮹뿉틔쳖싛,떫쯽폃뿗ퟓ폫뫍ﶡ헜색살싛횤뗄웕뇩싗샭룅쓮,뛔뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫컄뮯닮틬컊쳢뗄헹싛좷쪵쳡릩쇋뺫닊뛸뛀쳘뗄탂맛뗣ꆣ
6뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭놾쫩늻뷶뛔컷랽뛁헟뻟폐웴뗏틢틥,뛸쟒뛔훐맺뛁헟튲폐닎뾼볛횵ꆣ쫗쿈,놾쫩붫폐훺폚컒쏇짮뮯폐맘좫쟲뺭볃싗샭컊쳢뗄헹싛ꆣ맺쓚폐튻훖뾴램,틲뺭볃좫쟲뮯폐쿊쏷뗄컷랽싗샭볛횵좡쿲뛸럱뚨좫쟲뺭볃싗샭쏼쳢뗄뿉돉솢탔ꆣ뺭볃좫쟲뮯떱좻늻떥쫇쫂쪵컊쳢,뮹폐볛횵에뛏컊쳢,늢뇭쿖폐잿쇒뗄컷랽싗샭볛횵좡쿲,떫헢늢늻돉캪럱뚨좫쟲뺭볃싗샭쏼쳢뗄룹뻝ꆣ뛔컷랽웳튵살쮵,샽죧퓚훐맺ꆰ펦죧뫎탐캪ꆱ쫇튻룶헦쪵뗄컊쳢ꆣ춬퇹,ퟟ돶맺쏅뗄훐맺웳튵튲쏦쇙샠쯆컊쳢,틲뛸퓚뿧컄뮯뗘폲펦죧뫎탐캪ꆢ폐럱웕뇩싗샭좫쟲싗샭쫇튻룶럇뎣쿖쪵뗄컊쳢ꆣ뺭볃좫쟲뮯뮹삩듳쇋욶뢻맺닮뻠뫍늻욽뗈뺭볃맘쾵,떫헢튲늻쓜돉캪좫쟲뺭볃싗샭쫇탩릹싗샭뗄룹뻝ꆣ폃십뿋쮼맘폚펢맺놾훷틥뇤룯맽돌뗄뮰살쮵ꆰ,쯼[헢맽돌]닉좡뷏닐뿡뗄뮹쫇뷏죋뗀뗄탎쪽,쓇튪뾴릤죋뷗벶ퟔ짭뗄랢햹돌뛈뛸뚨ꆣꆱ뻍쒿잰뗄뺭볃좫쟲뮯살뾴,죧맻쯼쫇십뿋쮼쯹뷒쪾뗄ꆰ쿖듺짧믡뗄뺭볃퓋뚯맦싉ꆱ뗄뇭쿖뗄튻늿럖ꆰ,쫇볈늻쓜쳸맽튲늻쓜폃램쇮좡쿻ퟔ좻뗄랢햹뷗뛎ꆱ,쓇쎴헢맽돌뺿뺹ꆰ닉좡뷏닐뿡뮹쫇뷏죋뗀뗄탎쪽ꆱ,춬퇹튪뾴컒쏇ퟔ짭뗄랢햹돌뛈냼삨퓚뺭볃싗샭랽쏦뗄얬솦ꆣ틲듋쳖싛좫쟲뺭볃싗샭,헹좡컒쏇퓚좫쟲뺭볃싗샭붨짨훐뗄뮰폯좨뻍늻쫇뫁컞틢틥뗄,쯼붫뿉쓜폐훺폚컒쏇뗄짧믡ꆰ쯵뛌뫍복쟡럖쏤뗄춴뿠ꆱ(ꆶ놾싛ꆷ뗚튻냦탲)ꆣ뻍듋살뾴,놾쫩ퟷ헟뗄캢맛퇐뺿붫폐훺폚컷랽죋죏헦뗘뾴듽컒쏇뗄싗샭뮰폯좨,쯽뗄ퟰ훘뗘폲닮틬뗄웕뇩싗샭룅쓮튲뿉캪컒쏇쯹폃,헹좡뺭볃좫쟲뮯훐뗄뛠풪싗샭볛횵좡쿲뗄짺듦뫍랢햹뿕볤ꆣ웤듎,놾쫩붫폐훺폚컒쏇뛔컷랽뺭볃싗샭톧뗄ꆰ뫪맛퇐뺿랽램ꆱ뗄랴쮼ꆣ컷랽뺭볃싗샭톧돉맻튲쫇컷랽릫훚ꆢ톧쫵뷧틔벰웳튵뷧맽좥뷼30쓪뺭퇩뷌통뗄ퟜ뷡,컞싛듓ꆰ릤튵뷏랢듯뗄맺볒쿲릤튵뷏늻랢듯뗄맺볒쯹쿔쪾뗄,횻쫇뫳헟캴살뗄뺰쿳ꆱ(춬짏쫩탲),뮹쫇듓좫쟲쫐뎡훐뗄ꆰ뺺헹뛔쫖ꆱ틢틥짏뾴,붫컷랽뺭볃싗샭톧돉맻볲떥쇽춳뗘ퟷ캪ꆰ떥뇟훷틥싗샭ꆱ뛸볓틔럱뚨뻜돢,뚼쫇늻잡떱뫍컞틦폚컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄ꆣ컒쏇펦죏헦뛔듽쯻쏇뗄싗샭돉맻,믲헟늻럁튲폃ꆰ캢맛퇐뺿랽램ꆱ,듓쯻쏇뗄폐펰쿬뗄싗샭톧볒룶죋죫쫖,뷨폃ퟷ헟뗄뮰살쮵:컒쏇튲탭늢늻쿫뷓쫜헢킩맛쓮,떫훁짙쓜릻룼뫃뗘ퟶ돶뫎틔펦룃뻜뻸
훐컄냦탲7쯼쏇뗄돤럖싛횤,늢쟒쓜룼뫃뗘샭뷢쯻쏇뛔컒쏇뗄뒫춳뿉쓜쳡돶뗄엺움ꆣퟮ뫳,놾쫩뮹붫폐훺폚컒쏇훘탂짳쫓훐맺뒫춳싗샭퓚짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃뫍좫쟲싗샭붨짨훐뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ훐맺퓚쿲쫐뎡뺭볃맽돌훐,튻횱냩쯦ퟅ죧뫎뛔듽훐맺뒫춳싗샭뗄헹싛,튻킩톧헟죏캪죥볒컄뮯쫇쒿잰쫐뎡뺭볃싗샭컊쳢뗄짮닣풭틲,뇘탫뛔컄뮯뒫춳뷸탐룄룯,듓룹놾짏엗웺죥볒컄뮯ꆣ놾쫩ퟷ헟춨맽뛔뿗ퟓ벰웤뛔떱듺컷랽웳튵쪵볹틢틥뗄럖컶,싛횤쇋죥볒싗샭뗄쒳킩랽쏦뿉늹돤믹폚죋좨믲뗂탔뗄돉쫬뗄컷랽쫐뎡뺭볃싗샭늢떼쿲튻훖ퟰ훘닮틬뗄웕뇩싗샭룅쓮,듓뛸뿉듙쪹컒쏇뷸튻늽랴쮼뛔뿗ퟓ틔벰뒫춳싗샭컄뮯뗄첬뛈뫍헹싛ꆣ폐뇘튪횸돶뗄쫇,탨튪뻟쳥럖컶뗄,늻뷶쫇뿗ퟓ뫍훐맺맅듺뒫춳싗샭,뮹폐맽좥50뛠쓪뗄짧믡훷틥쪱웚뗄싗샭ꆣ떱좻헢랽쏦뗄릤ퟷ룼펦평컒쏇ퟔ벺살ퟶꆣ놾쫩ퟷ헟쿖죎쏀맺쪥ꆤ췐십쮹듳톧()뾨싗뺭볃싗샭톧뷌쫚(CullenChairofBusinessEthics)ꆢ뺭볃싗샭퇐뺿훐탄훷죎ꆢꆶ퓚쿟싗샭톧퓓횾ꆷ(OnlineJournalofEthics)훷뇠ꆢ쏀맺ꆰ뺭볃싗샭톧믡ꆱ(SocietyforBusinessEthics)믡뎤(2002ꆫ2003),뮹죎ꆶ뺭볃싗샭톧벾뾯ꆷ(BusinessEthicsQuarterly)ꆢꆶ짺틢폫짧믡움싛ꆷ(BusinessandSocietyReview)뗈뾯컯뗄뇠캯틔벰맺쓚췢뛠쯹퇐뺿믺릹뗄쳘풼퇐뺿풱뫍뿍ퟹ뷌쫚ꆣ쯽톧쪶풨늩,쓜맣랺짮죫뫍쏴죱뗘짦벰탭뛠잰퇘뿎쳢,싗샭톧랽쏦,쫴폚쏀맺뗂탔싗샭톧엉횪쏻톧헟,쳘뇰쫇탅죎컊쳢뗄퇐뺿볒ꆣ쯽퓚뺭볃싗샭톧뫍횰튵싗샭톧랽쏦랢뇭폐듳솿훸쫶,튻킩틑놻틫캪웤쯻컄ퟖꆣ돽놾쫩췢,뮹랢뇭폐:ꆶ횰튵싗샭톧믹뒡ꆷ(TheGroundofProfessionalEthics,1994)ꆢꆶ짺틢폫탅죎:헏낭폫쟅솺ꆷ(BusinessandTrust:BarriersandBridges,1997,훐틫놾,2003);ꆶ훘탂쮼뾼얮좨훷틥싗샭:맘낮ꆢ탅죎ꆢ춬쟩ꆷ(RethinkingFeministEthics:Care,Trust,Empathy,1998)뫍ꆶ릫쮾훎샭:좫쏦뗄싗샭ꆷ(CorporateGovernance:EthicsAcrosstheBoard,2000)컒죏쪶뷰죧뷌쫚뛠쓪,놾쫩돵룥퓸별룸컒뾴맽,쫩훐뮹틽폃쇋컒뗄컄헂ꆶ싛뺭볃볛횵폫싗샭볛횵ꆷ뫍ꆶ뺭볃좫쟲뮯폫웳튵볛횵좡
8뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쿲ꆷꆣ컒튲타짍쯽뗄탭뛠뢻폚쮼쿫뗄뛀솢볻뷢ꆣ쯽랴뛔얷훞훐탄훷틥,ퟰ훘훐맺뫍퇇훞컄뮯,뛔훐맺첬뛈폑뫃,랢뇭맽뛠욪퇐뺿훐맺싗샭뗄컄헂,쿲컷랽뛁헟뷩짜훐맺컄뮯뛔뷢뻶떱듺뺭볃싗샭컊쳢뗄훘튪틢틥ꆣ컒퓸틫뷩맽쯽뗄뛠욪컄헂뫍ꆶ짺틢폫탅죎:헏낭폫쟅솺ꆷ튻쫩ꆣ쿖퓚,뫜룟탋싞쫀랶뷌쫚ퟩ횯랭틫돶냦쯽뗄헢늿ퟮ탂훘튪훸ퟷ,훔탄쾣췻쯽뗄퇐뺿돉맻쓜틽웰컒맺뺭볃ꆢ맜샭ꆢ싗샭ꆢ헜톧ꆢ컄뮯뗈뛠쇬폲퇐뺿헟뫍듓튵헟뗄탋좤,듓뛸캪쪹훐맺컄뮯폫쫀뷧늻춬훇믛뒫춳튻웰듙뷸훐맺뫍쫀뷧뗄랱죙닽쪢폫릫헽뫍욽뛸ퟶ돶컒쏇탂뗄릱쿗ꆣ슽쿾뫌2003쓪7퓂폚짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺
탲뫜뛠쫀볍틔살,짌튵믮뚯틑뺭뿧풽쇋탭뛠맺볒뗄뇟뺳,폫탭뛠튣풶뗄뗘랽뚼붨솢쇋쎳틗솪쾵ꆣ좻뛸,쯦ퟅ좫쟲뮯뫍헦헽뿧맺릫쮾쪱듺뗄떽살,맺볊짌튵틑뺭돊쿖돶튻룶좫탂뗄캬쏦,튻룶뛔죋쏇쯹쫬쾤뗄짌튵믮뚯쒣쪽뷸탐쳴햽뗄탂캬쏦ꆣ쫀뷧랶캧쓚짧믡맘쾵뗄잿뮯(AnthonyGiddens),쫀뷧뗄쏜벯폫톹쯵(RolandRobertson)틔벰춨맽짌튵폫쎳틗뛸쪵쿖뗄죕틦퓶뎤뗄쏱ퟥ볤쿠뮥틀삵쮮욽(MalcolmWaters)뗈뗈뚼늻뷻쪹탭뛠컷랽짌죋뾪쪼쿠탅,컄뮯뇚생믲뷧쿟튲틑뺭쿻쪧,믲헟훁짙쮵,헢킩뇚생뫍뷧쿟퓚짌튵뷧늻펦룃퓙듦퓚ꆣ좻뛸,뛔쓇킩돖엺움퇛맢뗄죋살쮵,헢훖떥튻쫀뷧뗄뾴램늻맽쫇튻훖믃쿱,컄뮯뛠퇹탔죔헦쪵듦퓚,컄뮯닮틬퓚헽퓚탋웰뗄좫쟲뺭볃훐죔쫇럇뎣잿듳뗄틲쯘ꆣ쓇킩ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄횧돖헟쏇폐솦뗘쮵쏷쇋헢튻뗣,쯻쏇엺에쇋컷랽뗄컄뮯춳튻볙쮵,돢웤캪뫳횳쏱쪱듺컄뮯뗛맺훷틥뗄슩뚴냙돶벿솩뗄튻룶ퟩ돉뮷뷚ꆣ뺡맜ퟮ뷼뗄퇇훞캣믺벫듳뗘듲믷쇋맘폚퇇훞볛횵맛싛햽뗄헾훎탛뇧뫍죈쟩,떫헢샯쏦뗄컊쳢죔횵뗃죋쏇뛔웤볓틔짳쫓ꆣ뛔뷰죧(놾쫩ퟷ헟DarylKoehn)살쮵,컊쳢늻쫇컷랽짌죋쫇럱펦룃뛔뚫랽뗄컄뮯틔벰싗샭볛횵폨틔맘힢,뛸쫇첫탨튪쇋ꆣ쯽뾼싇뗄쫇듋샠맘힢죧뫎뷸탐,늢쟒톰쟳쪶뇰쓇킩폐훺폚볓짮샭뷢퇇훞싗샭뫍컄뮯뚨캻뗄춾뺶폫랽램ꆣ쯤좻헢훖샭뷢쳘뇰쫊폃폚퓚퇇훞뮷뺳훐쯹뾪햹뗄짌튵믮뚯,떫쫇쯽뗄랽램튲믡뛔싗샭퇐뺿쳡릩폐좤뗄탂쫓튰뫍탂뷇뛈ꆣ뷰죧죏캪,쓇훖캪죋샠탐캪볙뚨뎬풽쪱뿕뗄횸떼탔볛횵맛뗄ꆰ뫪맛랽램ꆱ쫇럴잳뛸쎻폐킧맻뗄ꆣ쯽룼쾲뮶ꆰ캢맛랽램ꆱꆣ헢훖ꆰ캢맛랽램ꆱ뻍쫇쾸훂퇐뺿쓇킩뛔룷ퟔ컄뮯뒫춳닺짺짮풶펰쿬뗄쮼쿫볒
10뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗄싗샭맛뗣ꆣ틲캪훚쯹훜횪뗄풭틲,뷰죧퓚훐맺뒫춳훐톡뿗ퟓ캪듺뇭;뛸퓚죕놾뒫춳훐,쯽퓲톡뫍ﶡ헜색캪듺뇭,틲캪쯻뗄쮼쿫얨쯵쇋죕놾뗄뒫춳컄뮯틔벰쯼퓚쿖듺뗄퇝뮯뫍훘탂뿏뚨ꆣ뷰죧뗄훸ퟷ틔듳솿뗄횤뻝횤쏷쇋쯽뗄맛뗣:쯽뗄헢훖랽램쓜릻쪹컒쏇냚췑튻킩웕뇩뗄쮼캬뚨쪽,뮹쓜캪샭뷢뚫랽싗샭튪쯘쳡릩폐틢틥뗄뚴쪶ꆣ퓚잰쇹헂뗄쳖싛훐,뷰죧ퟐ쾸퇐뺿늢엺에뗘럖컶쇋뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭믹뒡뫍뫍ﶡ헜색뗄헜톧쮼쿫:죋뗄놾훊ꆢ탅죎틔벰릫릲랶돫틔벰헢킩맘볼룅쓮뛔짌튵탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ쯽뛔컷랽죋훐웕뇩듦퓚뗄뛔뚫랽컄뮯뗄맽폚볲뮯ퟶ램뗄짮뿌엺에틔벰퓚ퟮ뫳튻헂훐뛔붨솢튻훖볈뻟웕뇩탔폖뾼싇컄뮯닮틬뗄싗샭맛뗣뗄폐솦싛횤뚼뛔웕춨싗샭샭싛퇐뺿뫍맺볊짌튵싗샭퇐뺿ퟶ돶쇋뻞듳뛸벰쪱뗄릱쿗ꆣ놴뿋()쪵폃싗샭퇐뺿쾵쇐듔쫩훷뇠
훂 킻퓚듋컒탨튪쿲탭뛠죋훂킻ꆣ쫗쿈룐킻PamMaben뫍AstridaTantillo뛔헻늿쫩뗄컄룥뷸탐퓄뛁뫍움싛ꆣ쇭췢,JohnthanChan뫍컒횮볤뗄뛔뮰뢻폐웴랢틢틥ꆣAngelaWong뫍MakiYamazaki뛔놾쫩뗄훐컄뫍죕컄닎뾼쇏뷸탐쇋ퟐ쾸뗄볬닩ꆣCliftonLeeVanOn뫍LauraPeyton퓚놾컄룥뗄뇠킴맽돌훐쳡릩쇋돏뿒뗄냯훺ꆣ쿣룛뷾믡듳톧(HongKongBaptistUniversity)쪵폃싗샭훐탄뾶뾮뗘쫚폨놾죋1999쓪쿄쳬뗄퇐뺿풱짭럝,룃퇐뺿풱짭럝쪹컒쓜릻닩퓄퇇훞폐맘쇏,쪹컒폐ퟣ릻뗄쪱볤췪돉듋쫩ꆣ룃훐탄뗄훺샭PeterLuk쿈짺냯훺뷢뻶쇋탭뛠뫳쟚랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꆣꆰ볛횵첽쯷쾵쇐듔쫩ꆱ뗄뢱훷뇠쿈짺틔벰룃듔쫩뗄횴탐훷뇠RobertGinsberg쿈짺쳡돶쇋튻킩폐폃뗄컊쳢,늢뛔놾쫩뗄췪돉쳡릩쇋뾶뾮뗄냯훺ꆣ놾쫩뗄튻킩맛뗣퓸돶쿖퓚컒ퟮ뷼벸쓪랢뇭뗄싛컄훐,뛔쓇킩퓸뛔컒뗄맛뗣폫싛횤쳡돶탭뛠훊톯컊쳢뫍랴뛔틢볻뗄뛁헟,퓚듋튻늢뇭쪾룐킻ꆣ퓚듋컒룒뿏뚨,뺡맜컒뮹쎻폐믘듰쯻쏇쯹쳡돶뗄쯹폐컊쳢,떫컒쾣췻컒뗄싛뗣뇈틔잰룼뺭뗃힡췆쟃,틲캪쯼쏇뇏뺹뺭맽쇋쓇쎴뛠뗄볬퇩ꆣ놾쫩틽퇔훐뗄늿럖쓚죝퓸랢뇭퓚ꆶ뺭볃싗샭퓓횾ꆷ(1999)짏,룐킻믱퓊ힼ훘펡ꆣ뷰죧
ퟷ헟뷩짜놾쫩ퟷ헟듯죰뛻ꆤ뿆뛷(DarylKoehn),ퟔ벺웰쇋훐컄쏻뗄뷰죧쫇쏀맺뗃뿋죸쮹훝택쮹뛘쫐뗄쪥췐싪쮹듳톧뺭볃싗샭퇐뺿훐탄훷죎ꆢ뾨싗뺭볃싗샭톧뷌쫚ꆣ1999쓪쪱,쯽놻움캪놱쏀ퟮ폅탣뗄짌튵싗샭톧볒횮튻ꆣ뷰죧펵폐횥볓룧듳톧뗄싗샭톧늩쪿톧캻ꆢ쏀맺컷놱듳톧뗄뷰죚맜샭쮶쪿톧캻ꆢ횥볓룧듳톧뗄헜톧톧쪿톧캻틔벰얣뷲듳톧뗄헜톧ꆢ헾훎뫍뺭볃톧쪿톧캻ꆣ1977쓪쪱,쯽믱뗃쇋싞뗂붱,쫇쫗엺믱뗃듋쿮쫢죙뗄쪮튻쏻뢾얮??헟횮튻ꆣ뷰죧틑뺭랢뇭쇋탭뛠맘폚샭싛싗샭뫍쪵폃싗샭랽쏦뗄싛컄뫍쫩벮ꆣ쯽뗄튻킩쫩냼삨:ꆶ짺틢폫탅죎:헏낭폫쟅솺ꆷꆢꆶ횰튵싗샭톧믹뒡ꆷꆢꆶ릫쮾훎샭:좫쏦뗄싗샭ꆷꆢꆶ훘탂쮼뾼얮좨훷틥싗샭:맘낮ꆢ탅죎폫춬쟩ꆷ뗈뗈ꆣ쯽뗄ퟷ욷쿖틑놻랭틫돉쇋훐컄ꆢ컷냠퇀폯뫍펡쓡폯ꆣ뷰죧쫇횥볓룧듳톧뗄뿍ퟹ뷌쫚뫍쿣룛뷾믡듳톧뗄뿍ퟹ퇐뺿풱ꆣ쯽늢놻쿣룛뷾믡듳톧뫍짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺울죎캪뺭볃싗샭쳘뇰퇐뺿풱ꆣ1997쓪,쏀맺떤런듳톧헙뾪쇋튻듎쏅쳖싛쯽횰튵싗샭훸ퟷ뗄퇐쳖믡ꆣ1998쓪,쯽놻퇻쟫떽뗃뿋죸쮹훝택쮹뛘쫐붨솢탂뗄짌튵싗샭훐탄ꆣ1999쓪,룃훐탄뻙탐쇋튻듎쏻캪ꆰ벯췅맜샭:뚭쫂믡싗샭ꆱ뗄튵퇐쳖믡ꆣ퓚램퓺훆튩(Pfizer)뗄훺쿂,룃듎듳믡훷튪쳖싛맜샭틕쫵훐뗄싗샭벰램싉컊쳢ꆣ택쮹뛘쫐뎤틑뺭퇻쟫뷰죧떣죎ꆰ택쮹뛘2012믹뷰믡ꆱ뗄싗샭캯풱믡훷죎횮횰,킭훺택쮹뛘쫐짪쟫돐냬냂퓋믡ꆣ뷰죧튲죎횰폚ꆰ듳택쮹뛘짌튵싗샭풲ퟀ믡틩ꆱ,룃믡틩평튻킩틢퓚택쮹뛘엠퇸솼뫃짌튵싗샭뗄짌죋뫍톧헟ퟩ돉ꆣ2000쓪,쯽놻톡캪짌튵싗샭킭믡뗄맜
14뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭샭샭쫂믡뗄돉풱ꆣ춬쪱,쯽뮹쫇튻킩훷튪짌튵싗샭퓓횾뗄뇠캯ꆣ쎽쳥쪱뎣뛔쯽뷸탐닉럃뫍놨뗀ꆣ쯽뗄튻킩ퟷ욷랢뇭퓚ꆶ맾런짌튵움싛ꆷꆢꆶ택쮹뛘짌튵퓓횾ꆷꆢꆶ듯삭쮹짌튵퓓횾ꆷꆢꆶ럆쓡뿋쮹짌튵퓓횾ꆷ뗈튻쾵쇐놨뾯짏ꆣ쯽쯹붨솢늢죔볌탸뇠벭뗄퓓횾ꆶ싗샭퓚쿟퓓횾ꆷ(OnlineJournalofEthics)쫇ퟮ폅탣뗄뗧ퟓ퓓횾횮튻ꆣ룃퓓횾쫇쫗엺놻쏀맺맺믡춼쫩망쯹돐죏뗄짙쫽뗧ퟓ퓓횾횮튻ꆣ쯽닎폫맦뮮뗄쪥놣싞싗샭췸햾쫇쏀맺뗚튻룶싗샭췸햾,늢틑뺭믱뗃죽듎ꆰퟮ병췸햾ꆱ붱ꆣ쯽ퟮ뷼춨맽쪥췐싪쮹듳톧쯹돉솢뗄싗샭췸햾틑뺭놻ꆰ톧쾰췸ꆱ(StudyWeb)쏼쏻캪ퟮ병췸짏뷌폽풴횮튻ꆣ
쒿 슼훐컄냦탲ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ슽쿾뫌 (1)탲ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ놴 뿋 (9)훂킻ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ뷰죧 (11)ퟷ헟뷩짜ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(13)틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(1)뗚튻뷚 ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄듦퓚뫍쳖싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(3)뗚뛾뷚 ힷ쟳캢맛닟싔뗄샭평ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(13)뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(19)뗚튻뷚 죊짆뗄퇔탐뻙횹ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(20) 튻ꆢ죊:ퟔ싉ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(20) 뛾ꆢ죊폫샱틇탐캪ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(36) 죽ꆢ죊폫탐캪ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(47) 쯄ꆢ죊폫훈탲ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(54) 1.춨맽폑뫃킭짌뷢뻶럗헹ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(59) 2.룟닣맜샭헟뗄룟킽컊쳢ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(63) 3.릫쮾탐캪ힼ퓲뗄펦폃ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(65)뗚뛾뷚 뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵듦퓚뗄컊쳢ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(66)뗚죽뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(72)뗚뛾헂 뫍헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(73)뗚튻뷚 뫍헜색싗샭맛ퟝ샀ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(74)뗚뛾뷚 짌튵놳뺰훐뗄뫍헜색싗샭ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(84)
2뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭 튻ꆢ맍풱훕짭훆ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(87) 뛾ꆢ틔샺캪믹뒡뗄킽돪뫍짽잨훆ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(94) 죽ꆢ볒ퟥ훆뛈ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(98)뗚죽뷚 뛔뫍헜색싗샭뗄틬틩ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(105) 튻ꆢ틬틩횮튻:쯼쫇랴펦탔뗄ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(105) 뛾ꆢ틬틩횮뛾:뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫶싔쇋쒳킩샻틦?쿠맘랽ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(106) 죽ꆢ틬틩횮죽:룶쳥놻쎻퓚헻쳥훐ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(112)뗚쯄뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(113)뗚죽헂 뫍헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹ꆭꆭꆭꆭ(115)뗚튻뷚 탅삵뫍죋볤ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(115) 튻ꆢ탅삵늻쫇춨맽맦퓲믲웵풼뛸붨솢믲놣횤뗄ꆭꆭ(118) 뛾ꆢ탅삵늻쫇튻훖룶죋볤뗄쿖쿳,뛸쫇튻훖죋볊볤뗄?쿖쿳ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(118) 죽ꆢ탅삵늢늻쫇틔튻룶룶죋쯹쫕벯뗄맘폚쇭튻룶룶죋뗄?뇭쿖믲샺쪷ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(119) 쯄ꆢ탅삵늻쫇쓇훖돉놾킧틦뫋쯣뗄뷡맻ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(120)뗚뛾뷚 탅삵뗄믹뒡ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(123)뗚죽뷚 붲쪵뮰ꆢ돏쪵폫웛햩ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(128)뗚쯄뷚 뫍헜색횮탅삵룅쓮뗄잱퓚캣쿕ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(134)뗚컥뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(142)뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(143)뗚튻뷚 뿗쫏싗샭훐뗄뿉탅삵맛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(143) 튻ꆢ뛔뫏춬뗄뮳틉ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(149) 뛾ꆢ맘쾵뗄훘튪틢틥ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(153) 죽ꆢ뛔뗀뗂쇬탤뗄잿뗷ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(157)뗚뛾뷚 뛔뿗ퟓ횮뿉탅삵룅쓮뗄랴늵ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(162) 튻ꆢ랴늵횮튻:뿗ퟓ뗄킢뗂맄샸늻탅삵ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(162)
쒿 슼3 뛾ꆢ랴늵횮뛾:뿗ퟓ싗샭뫶쫓퓚탅삵훐쪤죎쓜솦뫍?릲춬럖쿭볛횵쯹냧퇝뗄뷇즫ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(163) 죽ꆢ랴늵횮죽:ퟔ쪡뫜죝틗뻍돉캪캣쿕뗄?ퟔ컒엺움ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(165)뗚죽뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(166)뗚컥헂 뫍헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄?틢틥ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(168)뗚튻뷚 컷랽뗄죽훖ꆰ릫릲ꆱ룅쓮쒣탍ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(169) 튻ꆢ쒣탍횮튻:헾훎좨솦쯹쓜짦벰뗄쯹폐쇬폲뚼돆횮캪?릫릲랶돫ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(169) 뛾ꆢ쒣탍횮뛾:릫릲랶돫쫇튻훖햹쪾뿕볤ꆭꆭꆭꆭ(172) 죽ꆢ쒣탍횮죽:릫릲랶돫쫇룶죋탐캪뗄뫳맻ꆭꆭꆭ(175)뗚뛾뷚 뫍헜색뗄릫릲룅쓮벰웤뛔짌튵쪵볹뫍?맦랶뗄틢틥ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(178)뗚죽뷚 뫍헜색싗샭뗄튻킩컊쳢ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(184) 튻ꆢ컊쳢횮튻:좱짙뛔죋좨뗄뾼싇ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(184) 뛾ꆢ컊쳢횮뛾:헾뢮룉풤뗄뻖쿞ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(187) 죽ꆢ컊쳢횮죽:헾뢮뫍웳튵횮볤튲쫇뮥쿠솪뷡뗄ꆭ(191) 쯄ꆢ컊쳢횮쯄:럀횹릫릲랶돫췋뮯뗄늻췗듫쪩ꆭꆭ(195)뗚쯄뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(197)뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥ꆭꆭꆭꆭ(199)뗚튻뷚 뿗ퟓ싗샭좱랦뛔릫쮽뗄쟸럖ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(199) 튻ꆢ죊짆랶돫뗄닺짺ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(201) 뛾ꆢ죊짆랶돫뫍짌튵쪵볹ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(208) 죽ꆢ뛔뿗ퟓ짌튵싗샭뗄뿉쓜랴뛔틢볻ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(221) 1.랴뛔틢볻횮튻:뿗ퟓ싗샭뢳폨뺫펢첫뛠좨솦ꆭꆭꆭ(222) 2.랴뛔틢볻횮뛾:뿗ퟓ싗샭폫쿖ힴ뷴쏜솪뷡ꆭꆭꆭ(225) 3.랴뛔틢볻횮죽:떱듺뺭볃탨튪램훎ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(227)
4뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗚뛾뷚 뷡싛ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(229)뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(231)뗚튻뷚 웕쫀싗샭믹뒡횮튻:죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄뛠훘탔뫍?늻뿉닢솿탔ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(233) 튻ꆢ뫍ﶡ헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭훐냼몬뗄죋샠샻틦뫍?쪥짆쫇뛠훘뗄벰뛠풪뗄ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(233) 뛾ꆢ떱짆쫇뛠훘뛸뿉쓜늻뿉닢솿쪱,룸돶샭평?ퟮ뻟틢틥ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(240) 죽ꆢ뗂탔뗄잰쳡쫇훚뛠뗄죋샠횮짆ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(245) 1.췪헻탔ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(245) 2.훒돏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(247) 3.뫍킳ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(249) 4.뿉탅삵탔ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(250)뗚뛾뷚 룶죋쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪뗄뇪ힼꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(252)뗚죽뷚웕쫀싗샭쓚뗄뛱뗄룅쓮ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(258) 튻ꆢ룶낸퇐뺿ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(259) 뛾ꆢ솼뫃에뛏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(265) 1.춨맽톰쟳늻춬맛뗣뫍훚뛠짆뛸퓚놳뺰뮷뺳훐?ퟶ돶에뛏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(265) 2.뺡뿉쓜ퟰ훘쯹폐뗄짆ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(272) 3.뻸늻뿉뗍맀튻룶컄뮯랢햹뗄쓜솦ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(279) 4.잫톷ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(282)닎뾼쫩쒿ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ(284)
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ닐죌쫖뛎떼훂뻞듳짋몦ꆣꆪꆪꆪ죕놾룱퇔쯦ퟅ퇇훞쫐뎡뗄돉뎤벰웤뛔췢맺놾뗄컼틽,짌죋뫍헜죋풽살풽뛔쯹캽뗄ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ헢튻쮵램뇭쪾돶얨뫱뗄탋좤ꆣ컷랽뗄웳튵틢쪶떽,죧맻쯼쏇쿫쿲죕놾ꆢ몫맺ꆢ탂볓웂ꆢ펡뛈쓡컷퇇ꆢ첩맺뫍훐맺돉릦돶쫛쯼쏇뗄닺욷,쯼쏇뇘탫쇋뷢헢킩잱퓚뿍뮧뗄볛횵맛뫍싗샭쳥쾵ꆣ쓇킩늻쓜랢쿖듯돉킭틩뗄뫏쫊랽쪽,믲헟늻쓜틔튻훖샻폃뫍랢햹떱뗘죋뗄탅죎뗄췆쿺랽쪽뗄쿺쫛죋풱늻첫뿉쓜쫇폐킧싊뗄췆쿺풱ꆣꆰ쿖쪵헾훎ꆱ(realpolitik)춬퇹튲뛔퇇훞볛횵맛뇭쪾돶쇋탋좤ꆣ쯦ퟅ닆뢻뗄믽샛뫍퓶볓,풶뚫랢햹훐맺볒튲풽살풽퓚맺볊쫂컱훐폐랢퇔뗄좨솦ꆣ떽1996쓪뗄쪱뫲,퇇첫뺭뫏ퟩ횯(APEC)틑뺭돉캪쫀뷧짏ퟮ훘튪뗄뗘쟸뺭볃ꆣꋙ컷랽죋틲듋놻웈쿲튻킩퇇훞맙풱훁짙뇭쪾돶뿚뒽짏뗄ퟰ뺴,틲캪헢킩맙풱쓜릻뻶뚨쓄킩웳튵퓚쪲쎴퇹뗄쳵볾쿂뿉틔뷸죫퓚웤릫쏱볤햹뾪튵컱ꆣퟮ뷼뗄뚫쓏퇇뺭볃캣믺룼쪹죋쏇죏쟥쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ뚫컷랽뺭볃횮볤뗄쿠뮥틀삵탔뇤뗃풽살풽쏷쿔ꆣ죧맻컷랽죋쿫폫훐맺죋ꆢ죕놾죋ꆢ몫맺죋뫍펡뛈쓡컷퇇죋튻웰뷢뻶컞솦뎥뮹틸탐ꆢ늻솼탅듻틔벰춨믵뷴쯵톹솦뗈컊쳢뗄쪱뫲,쯻쏇뇘탫힢틢퇇훞죋뛔싗샭볛횵뗄샭뷢랽쪽ꆣ퇇훞죋쿞훆쫐뎡ힼ죫뗄솦솿틔벰쯻쏇펰쿬쫀뷧뺭볃뗄쓜솦뚼컼틽쇋컷랽죋뗄쒿맢ꆣꋙKiyohikoFukushima,reviewofAsiaPacificFusion:JapanꆯsRoleinAPEC,byYoichiFunabashi,inSAIS,Review,16:2(Summer-Fall1996),-207.
2뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쓇쎴,컒쏇펦룃죧뫎ퟅ쫖샭뷢쓇킩짺믮퓚풶뚫뗄죋쏇뗄싗샭볛횵쓘?웤훐뗄랽램횮튻뻍쫇쫔춼톰헒풶뚫맺볒쯹릲춬럖쿭뗄퇇훞볛횵맛,헢훖ꆰ뫪맛랽램ꆱ퓚듳훚뒫쎽뫍짧믡톧훸쫶훐럇뎣쇷탐,쯼췑샫샺쪷탔뇤뮯,뛸돩좡볙뚨튻킩폀뫣뗄뚫랽볛횵맛쓮,죧ퟰ뺴샏죋뫍벯쳥틢쪶뗈뗈ꆣ틲캪헢훖뫪맛랽램횻볙뚨튻쳗퇇훞볛횵맛,붫웤ퟷ캪튻훖닎뾼톡퓱폠뗘,뛸늻쳡릩웤놳뫳뗄샭평폫쮼캬,쯹틔헢훖랽램늢늻믡벤샸죋쏇뛔퇇훞뗄싗샭맛뷸탐랴쪡,믲볓짮뛔웤뗄샭뷢ꆣ컷랽죋튻랽쏦짨램펭뫏헢킩볙뚨뗄볛횵맛,쇭튻랽쏦낵뗘샯좴붫웤돢캪ꆰ럇샭탔뗄ꆱꆢꆰ풭쪼뗄ꆱ뚫컷ꆣ랽램횮뛾뻍쫇컒붫튪퓚놾쫩폨틔뇧뮤뫍쪹폃뗄랽램,놾랽램룼캪컂뫍,떫ퟮ훕룼뻟웴랢탔뫍쮵럾솦ꆣ헢훖ꆰ캢맛랽램ꆱ붫쾸훂짳닩뻟폐펰쿬솦뗄훐맺헜톧볒뿗ퟓ뫍쿖듺죕놾헜톧볒뫍헜색쯹랢햹뗄싗샭맛뗣ꆣ놾캢맛랽램붫믡뎬풽뚨쪽탔뗄볛횵맛,뛸뷸튻늽짮죫짳닩헢킩볛횵맛뗄놳뫳샭평믲잱퓚믹뒡ꆣ춨맽퇐쳖뫍짳닩헢킩싗샭맛뗣,컒쏇쓜릻뛔훐맺뫍죕놾싗샭뗄튻킩쒣쪽폐룼짮뗄샭뷢ꆣ쇭췢,컒쿠탅,헢솽캻쮼쿫볒뗄럖컶믡틽죋ퟟ쿲튻훖쏴룐뛔듽룶죋볤뫍컄뮯볤뗄닮틬뗄웕쫀싗샭,듓뛸뇜쏢쿝죫쿠뛔훷틥ꆣ퓚놾틽퇔훐,컒믡쳖싛퇇훞볛횵맛헢훖룅쓮,늢쳡돶튻킩랴뛔뫪맛랽램뗄샭평ꆣ컒죏캪ꆰ,퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ늻듦퓚,폫퇇훞볛횵맛헢훖쮵램폐맘뗄헹싛뚼쫇컳떼뗄,튲탭쫇캣쿕뗄ꆣ퓚횤쏷캪쪲쎴퇇훞볛횵맛뗄쮵램펦룃폨틔랴뛔뫍쳡릩캪쪲쎴펦룃ퟅ퇛폚뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄싗샭맛뗣뗄샭평횮뫳,컒믡퓚뗚튻훁뗚쇹헂훐뛔쯻쏇뗄훘뗣맛뗣뷸탐엺에탔짳쫓ꆣ헢벸헂믡ퟅ퇛폚헢솽캻쮼쿫볒뗄쿂쏦튻킩쮼캬쒣쪽뫍맛뗣:튻ꆢ죋탔ꆢ탅죎뫍릫릲랶돫뗄놾훊;뛾ꆢ헢킩맛뗣뛔폚짌튵탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ쒿잰맘폚퇇훞짌튵싗샭뗄훸쫶훁뛠횻쫇뛔쒿잰짧믡샱틇폫쾰쯗뗄튻킩ퟛ쫶ꆣ헢헦죃죋몹퇕!돏좻,컒쏇펦룃쇋뷢떱뗘뗄컄뮯쾰쯗,떫컒쏇룼탨튪샭뷢룼짮닣뗄뚫컷ꆣ컒쏇뮹펦룃샭뷢캪쪲쎴헢킩쾰쯗믡듦퓚,뮹펦룃듏쏷뗘쳖싛헢킩쾰쯗놳뫳뗄맦랶뫍랽램쫇럱뛔죋헦폐틦뒦ꆣ훮죧뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색횮샠뗄쮼쿫볒쯹쳡돶뗄맘폚죋샠쳵볾뗄뛀쳘볻뷢뫍맛뗣뿉틔놻폃살랢햹튻룶좫탂뗄ꆢ룼뷻뗃힡
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ3췆쟃뗄맺볊짌튵싗샭맛ꆣ쿖퓚쪱믺틑뺭떽쇋,짌튵싗샭톧볒펦룃뎬풽럴잳뗄퇇훞샱틇,뛸엺에탔뗘움맀퇇훞헜톧볒쯹뇧뮤뗄싗샭맛뗣ꆣ놾쫩뗄ퟮ뫳튻헂믡쳖싛쫇럱틔벰퓚쪲쎴틢틥짏웕쫀짌튵싗샭쫇뿉쓜뗄ꆣ죧맻뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄싗샭쫇폐킧뗄,쓇쎴틔맦퓲캪믹뒡뗄웕쫀싗샭뻍늻듦퓚ꆣ틲캪헢솽캻쮼쿫볒뚼랴뛔헢퇹뗄맛뗣:틀싗샭탐쫂뻍쫇쿈뇦뇰좷죏튻룶싗샭맦퓲믲풭퓲,좻뫳붫쒳룶쳡틩뗄탐캪믲맽좥뗄탐캪맩죫쓇룶맦퓲믲풭퓲훐뗄ퟶ램ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇튲늻쓜춨맽볲떥볙짨뚫컷랽쮼쿫볒릲춬럖쿭튻킩뫋탄싗샭맛뗣뗄ퟶ램살믱좡튻쳗웕쫀싗샭ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭맛좷쪵퓚쒳킩랽쏦폫맅쾣산헜톧볒퇇샯쪿뛠뗂폐쿠쯆횮뒦,떫쫇뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭맛늢늻쿱퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄싗샭맛쓇퇹뛔죋탔싛폐ퟅ뫜짮뗄틀삵ꆣ뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뿖엂뚼늻믡뷓쫜뗂맺싗샭톧볒뾵뗂뗄맛뗣:쯹폐뗄싗샭탐캪뚼웰풴폚튻캻샭탔훷쳥쓇훖ퟔ킳뗄풸췻(arationalagentꆯsdesiretobeself-consistent)ꆣ벴쪹퓚뚫랽헜톧쓚늿튲듦퓚ퟅ튻킩훷튪뗄럖웧ꆣ컒쏇붫믡뾴떽,뿗ퟓퟅ퇛폚ퟔ컒랢햹,뛸뫍헜색퓲잿뗷튻훖뒿헽싗샭(anethicofauthenticity)ꆣ죧맻웕뇩싗샭듦퓚뗄뮰,컒쏇튲늻믡춨맽뾪쇐튻룶릲쿭뗄볛횵쟥떥살싛횤헢룶웕쫀싗샭ꆣ헢룶웕쫀싗샭뺡맜뇘좻듦퓚,믲헟,헽죧컒튪붲뗄쓇퇹,헽쫇틲캪죋쏇폐쪱폐럇뎣늻춬뗄맛뗣ꆣ틔짏뻍쫇놾쫩쯹튪햹뾪뗄쳖싛맽돌ꆣ죃컒쏇쿈듓뫪맛퇇훞볛횵맛랽램뗄만폐컊쳢뾪쪼놾쫩뗄쳖싛ꆣ뗚튻뷚 ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄듦퓚뫍쳖싛죧맻컒쏇쿫튪죏헦쏦뛔풶뚫룷쏱ퟥ뗄싗샭맛,컒쏇탨튪럅웺헢훖ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄럴잳쳡램ꆣ탭뛠뺭볃톧볒ꆢ헾훎쇬탤뫍볇헟뚼탻돆,펵폐훚뛠뮪죋뗄훐맺ꆢ죕놾ꆢ몫맺틔벰웤쯻풶뚫맺볒뫍첨췥뗘쟸뚼틲캪릲쿭뗄뿗ퟓ뒫춳뛸쿭쫜ퟅ뻞듳뗄뺭볃돉맻ꆣ뻝쯻쏇붲,쟚샍ꆢ뷚볳ꆢ잫톷ꆢ뷌폽ꆢ췅쳥훒돏뫍ퟔ싉뗈뿗ퟓ볛횵잡잡엠퇸쇋쓇훖쓜퓚놾뺭볃훐돉릦뗄뇘튪쾰맟ꆣ죧맻듓20쫀볍90쓪듺뗄퇇훞뺭볃캣믺뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢킩쮵램폖쳘뇰쿔뗃뻟폐럭듌틢캶ꆣ죧맻헢킩뿗ퟓ
4뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭볛횵쫇퇇훞뺭볃돉릦뗄캩튻믲훷튪뗄뻶뚨틲쯘,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍뿉췆싛,헢킩볛횵튲뇘탫뛔룃뗘쟸뗄듳맦쒣뺭볃쮥췋뢺퓰ꆣ헢킩볛횵폐웤뫚낵뗄튻쏦싰?믲헟퇇훞죋뫶좻횮볤쪧좥쇋쯻쏇뗄뿗ퟓ볛횵맛싰?죧맻쫇헢퇹뗄뮰,헢훖볛횵즥쪧쫇캪뫎랢짺뗃죧듋횮뿬?벴쪹컒쏇돐죏뿗ퟓ뒫춳뗄맣랺탔,떫헢킩볛횵튲뫜쓑놻죏캪쫇퇇훞뗄볛횵ꆣꆰ퇇훞ꆱ헢룶듊쯹횸뗄뗘샭랶캧뫜맣,훐맺ꆢ죕놾ꆢ펡뛈틔벰쯹폐풶뚫맺볒(믲떱뗘죋뗄ꆰ뚫퇇맺볒ꆱ뗄쳡램)뚼퓚헢룶랶캧횮쓚ꆣꋙ잰쯕솪튲퓸놻얷훞죋죏캪쫇퇇훞뗄튻늿럖ꆣ쿖퓚컷랽죋쯹붲뗄ꆰ훐뚫ꆱ튲쫴폚퇇훞ꆣ맅쾣산샺쪷톧볒쾣싞뛠뗂(Herodotus)튻맡붫늨쮹뫍쓡믹돆캪퇇훞뗄뗛맺ꆣꋚ틲듋컒쏇뿉틔쿫쿱,틲캪퇇훞뗄엓듳,룷컄뮯튲믡폐뫜듳뗄늻춬,헢헽죧룷룶쫀뷧탔ퟚ뷌,죧런뷌(컞쫽뗄엉뇰)ꆢ펡뛈뷌ꆢ죥뷌ꆢ틀쮹삼뷌ꆢ믹뚽뷌뗈뗈쯹뇭쿖돶살뗄ꆣ퇇훞헢룶뗘쟸쓚튻룶맺볒뗄컄뮯췹췹믡폐탭뛠늻춬뗄쇷엉ꆣ뻍쓃훐맺살쮵냉,쯽뻍퓸놻탭뛠늻춬뗄뒫춳쯹쯜퓬,죧뿗ퟓ(죥볒)쮼쿫ꆢ쟥췵뎯뗄춳훎(1644ꆪ1911)ꆢ뻼랧믬햽(1911ꆪ1927)ꆢ붯뷩쪯맺쏱떳뗄춳훎쪱웚(1927ꆪ1949)ꆢ쎫퓳뚫훷틥(1949ꆪ1976)틔벰쒿잰볈폐쫐뎡탔훊폖폐쇐쓾탔훊뗄뫳쎫퓳뚫훷틥쪱웚ꆣꋛ헢킩쇷엉횮볤듳뛠닺짺헅솦,샽죧,쎫퓳뚫훷틥훷헅웆ꆰ쯄뻉ꆱ:뻉쮼쿫ꆢ뻉컄뮯ꆢ뻉뒫춳ꆢ뻉쾰쯗,헢ꆰ쯄뻉ꆱ튲냼삨죥볒맛쓮,죧뛔볒춥뗄훒돏ꆣꋜ훐맺릲닺훷틥헟뗄튻룶랴뿗뿚뫅쫇ꆰ:뗹쟗,쓯쟗,쎻폐퓛쎫훷쾯쟗!ꆱꋝ쿖퓚틑뺭돉캪훐맺튻늿럖뗄쿣룛튲쿲쓇킩쫔춼ퟜ삨ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄죋쳡돶쇋쇭튻룶컊쳢ꆣ쿣룛뗄돇쟸쫐쏱쫓ퟔ벺캪쿣룛죋,뛸늻ꋙWilliamTheodoredeBary,EastAsianCivilizations(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1988),.ꋚHerodotus,ThePersianWars,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1975).ꋛ,PopularProtestandPoliticalCultureinModernChina,
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ5쫇훐맺죋ꆣ쿣룛죋뗄볛횵맛쫇뗤탍뗄훐컷뫏쪽뗄볛횵맛ꋙ,쯻쏇뗄볛횵폐쏷쿔놻뿗ퟓ쮼쿫쯹펰쿬뫍쯜퓬뗄뫛벣ꆣ떫쫇쇭튻랽쏦,쿣룛쫐쏱틔웤룟뛈뗄쪵폃훷틥ꆢ놾훷틥뫍룶죋훷틥뗄ꆰ컷쪽ꆱ맛뗣뛸훸돆ꆣꋚ룼캪뢴퓓뗄컊쳢쫇,벴쪹퓚쿣룛쓚튲듦퓚ퟅ늻춬뗄훖ퟥ좺,쯼쏇췹췹뇋듋늢늻쿠춬ꆣ뿍볒죋뫍떰볒(Tangka)죋틔듲폣캪짺,쯻쏇뛔폦듥뗄훒돏뎬맽웤뛔쿣룛헾뢮뗄훒돏,뚼쒤냝폫웤쯻쿣룛죋늻춬뗄짱끜,쯻쏇늢늻펵폐쿣룛돇쟸뻓쏱뗄쏱훷ퟔ평뺫짱ꆣ퓚죕놾,컒쏇튲믡랢쿖춬퇹뗄뛠퇹탔ꆣ죕놾뗄훆퓬튵놻죏캪쫇ꆰ쏼쇮벰뿘훆ꆱ쪽뗄뗈벶맜샭쒣쪽,헢훖쒣쪽잿뗷뗄쫇샺,뛸늻쫇뒴탂ꆣ좻뛸,듳?뗘쟸틔짌튵훐탄훸돆,헢샯퓸떮짺쇋탭뛠훸쏻뗄짌튵,듓힡폑뗛맺떽19쫀볍뗄럄횯웳튵,퓙떽20쫀볍뗄뗧ퟓ뻞춷ꆣꋛ죃컒쏇퓙뾴튻룶샽ퟓ:죕놾죋놻죏캪쫇ퟔ컒컾짼쪽뗄,붫췅쳥뗄샻틦훃폚ퟔ벺뗄샻틦횮,폐킩쟩뿶쿂쫇헢퇹뗄ꆣ뫡뺮쟯욽(AkihiroYokoi)랢쏷쇋뗧ퟓ벦췦뻟,떫쯻붫웤맩릦폚튻캻얮탔뫏ퟷ헟,틲캪헽죧쯻ퟔ벺쯹붲뗄ꆰ:죕놾짧믡늻믡릫뾪퓞퇯룶죋돉뻍ꆣꆱꋜ좻뛸,죔폐킩죕놾릫쮾뫍믺릹맄샸룶죋훷틥뫍쓦랴뺫짱(non-confirmity)ꆣ놾쳯웻뎵뗄뒴쪼죋놾쳯쿈짺(SoichuroHonda)퓸맄샸맽룶죋훷틥ꆰ:쎿룶죋뚼캪ퟔ벺릤ퟷ,늻헢퇹붲뻍쫇퓚죶믑ꆣꆱꋝKeio듳톧뗄뒴쪼죋뢣퓳풣벪(YukichiFukuzawa)잿뗷횻폐ꆰ뛀솢뗄룶죋닅쓜듙뻍뛀솢뗄쏱ꋙHo-funHung,ꆰRethinkingtheHongKongCulturalIdentity:TheCaseofRuralEthnicity,ꆱ(June1998),HongKong:HongKong:InstituteofAsia-PacificStudies.ꋚ-lokLui,ꆰMorality,Class,andtheHongKongWayofLife,ꆱ(November1993),HongKong:HongKongInstituteofAsia-PacificStudies.ꋛBcrnardWysocki,Jr.,ꆰItsEconomicEmpireinAsiaLanguishing,JapanMostlyHesitates,ꆱWallStreetJournal(IOctober1998),.ꋜSherylWuDunn,ꆰLearningtoGoAgainsttheGrain,ꆱNewYorkTimes(8March1998),.ꋝSoichuroHondaQuotedinSteveLynch,ArroganceandAccords(Dallas:PccosPress,1997),.
6뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭ퟥꆱ,뛸쟒ꆰ튻룶쏱ퟥ뗄싗샭웸뫲살ퟔ폚룶죋뗄싗샭뗀뗂ꆱꆣꋙ돽쇋헢킩뗘샭탔뫍ퟜ쳥탔뗄닮틬횮췢,쎿룶쏱ퟥ뚼폐샻틦폫탋좤췪좫쿠랴뗄뷗벶폫췅쳥ꆣ퓚뒦샭뷰죚캣믺뗄컊쳢짏,죕놾뗄짌튵뷧튪쟳헾뢮룉풤뗄돌뛈풶풶뎬맽헾뢮듺뇭쯹풸틢룸폨뗄돌뛈ꆣꋚ틲뛸,튻랽쏦컒쏇뿉틔붫뗘쟲뗄쒳튻룶뗘쟸좦웰살,퓝쟒붫웤돆캪ꆰ퇇훞ꆱ,쇭튻랽쏦,컒쏇폖뫜쓑좷뚨헢킩늻춬컄뮯쯹릲폐뗄릲춬볛횵맛,틲캪쎿튻룶컄뮯쓚뚼폐쇮죋쓑틔훃탅뗄뛠퇹탔ꆣ(떱좻,헢튻뗣튲춬퇹쫊폃폚룷ꆰ컷랽ꆱ컄뮯)ꆣ쓇킩맩쓉돶살뗄쯹캽뫋탄볛횵뎣뎣늻맽쫇돌쪽뛸틑ꆣ쏀맺죋쳽쮵,죕놾컄뮯쫇튻룶럇뎣췅뷡ꆢ틔솮돜캪훐탄뗄컄뮯,쯼뗄ퟔ즱싊뫜룟,쳘뇰쫇퓚쓪쟡죋훐볤ꆣꋛ헢훖뾴램뻟폐컳떼탔,쪵볊짏,죕놾컄뮯뗄ퟔ즱싊뗍폚튻킩컷랽컄뮯뗄ퟔ즱싊,죧탙퇀샻ꆢ죰뗤ꆢ뗂맺ꆢ떤싳ꆢ죰쪿틔벰냂뗘샻ꆣ죕놾뗄ퟔ즱싊뫍램맺ꆢ뇈샻쪱닮늻뛠ꆣ쇭췢,죕놾쓪쟡죋ퟔ즱튲늢늻ꆰ쳘뇰ꆱ뛠ꆣ퓚15ꆪ24쯪뗄쓪쇤뛎훐,쏀맺뗄ퟔ즱싊쫇죕놾뗄솽놶ꆣ뛸죕놾듋쓪쇤뛎뗄ퟔ즱죋쫽뗍폚볓쓃듳ꆢ냄듳샻퇇ꆢ떤싳ꆢ램맺ꆢ뗂맺ꆢ늨삼뫍죰뗤퓚춬튻쓪쇤뛎뗄ퟔ즱죋쫽ꆣꋜ튻킩죕놾죋좷쪵죏캪,ퟔ즱쫇튻훖쳓뇜탟돜뗄쳥쏦랽쪽ꆣ퓚1997ꆪ1998쓪뗄뺭볃돳컅훐,벸룶놻횸뿘뗄죕놾듳뎼쿠볌ퟔ즱짭ꋙYukichiFukuzawaquotedinYukichiShitahodo,ꆰTheJapaneseTraditionofEconomicEthics,ꆱBusinessEthics:JapanandtheGlobalEconomy,(Dordrccht,TheNetherlands:KluwerAcademicPublishers,1993),p,224.ꋚStephanieStrom,ꆰRuffled,.:MindYourOwnBusiness,ꆱNewYorkTimes(9April1998),.ꋛ,ꆰWhenCulturesCollide,EtiquetteLosesSomethinginTranslation,ꆱNewYorkTimes(15February1998),;,TheJapaneseToday(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1995),.ꋜTomoyukiTanaka,ꆰFrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutJapan,ꆱ
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ7췶ꆣꋙ쯤좻ꆰퟔ뢺ꆱ뗄쏀맺죋폐쪱튲믡틔춬퇹뗄랽쪽뷸탐쇋뷡,떫쎻폐죋죏캪쏀맺컄뮯쫇튻훖ꆰ탟돜ꆱ컄뮯ꆣ뿋쇖뛙ퟜ춳뗄훺쫖뢣쮹쳘(VincentFoster)퓚뿋쇖뛙뗄뷰죚돳컅훰붥냗죈뮯뫳ퟔ즱뛸쯀ꆣ퓚맾뚡(Harding)ퟜ춳횴헾웚볤,ퟜ볬달뎤뗀뢥첫(HarryDaugherty)틔벰쯻뗄벸룶쟗탅놻횸뿘듓헾뢮첰컛뗁좡잮닆,웤훐솽룶죋ퟔ즱쇋뷡ꆣꋚ죃컒쏇퓙뾴튻룶샽ퟓ:컷랽뗄튻킩ퟷ볒잿뗷,죕놾죋늻풸틢웰뫥떷싒,늻풸ퟶ죎뫎폐쯰ꆰ뫍킳ꆱ믲ꆰwaꆱ뗄쫂쟩ꆣꋛ헢킩ퟷ볒쯆뫵췼볇쇋죕놾20쫀볍40쓪듺뺭샺뗄쓇뎡듳맦쒣샍릤즧싒ꆣퟔ60쓪듺틔살,죕놾뗄릤믡ퟩ횯틑뺭랢뚯쇋ꆰ뒺벾릥쪽ꆱ,쒿뇪횱횸쓇킩훘튪뗄릤튵뫍닺튵,캪쇋쓜믱뗃룼룟뗄킽돪듽폶,욵욵뻙탐냕릤뫍웤쯻샍릤믮뚯ꆣꋜ죕놾뗄헢킩냕릤뿉쓜늻죧쏀맺뫍몫맺뗄냕릤쓇퇹뻟폐뫜잿뗄뛔뾹탔,떫쫇쯼쏇좷쪵쓜릻횤쏷,죕놾죋늢늻ퟜ쫇틲톭놣쫘뗄ꆣ뇜쏢룅쓮돌쪽뫍톰헒뫋탄퇇훞볛횵맛늢늻쫇삧죅헢훖뫪맛ퟶ램뗄뷶폐쓑쳢ꆣ벴쪹퓚헢룶뗘쟸쓚좷쪵듦퓚ퟅ튻킩릲춬럖쿭뗄볛횵맛,떫헢킩볛횵맛튲늢늻쫇튻돉늻뇤뗄ꆣ헢킩퇇훞볛횵맛튲믡죧컷랽뗄볛횵맛튻퇹틲헾훎ꆢ뺭볃틲쯘뗄펰쿬뛸룄뇤ꆣ헢훖컷랽뫍퇇훞볛횵맛뗄뛔뇈ퟶ램럇뎣늻탒뗘쪹헢뛾헟뇤뗃쯆뫵ퟜ쫇뛔솢뗄ꆣ헢웤훐ퟮ쿔훸뗄튻뗣뻍쫇:컷랽뗄룶죋훷틥쿠뛔폚퇇훞뗄벯쳥훷틥(틔벰ꋙSherylWuDunn,ꆰFinanceScandalinJapanTakesaNastyTurn,ꆱNewYorkTimes(20February1998),.ꋚThomasFleming,ꆰHistoryꆯsRevenge,ꆱNewYorkTimes(23February1998),.ꋛYuiTsunehiko,ꆰEconomicDevelopmentandEthicsinJapan;AHistoricalPerspective,ꆱBusinessEthics,edsDunfeeandNagayasu,;,ꆰ:TaiwanIsRidingOuttheStormThatIsInundatingItsNeighbor,ꆱNewYorkTimes,(24February1998),;ChristopherLingJe,ꆰTheEndoftheBeginningoftheꆯPacificCenturyꆯ?ConfucianCorporatismandAuthoritarianCapitalisminEastAsia,ꆱThePacificReview,9:3(1996),-409.ꋜ,LabourLawandIndustrialRelationsinJapan(Deventer,TheNetherlands:KluwerLawandTaxationPublishers,19853,-63.
8뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뚫랽뛔좨췾뗄ퟰ훘)ꆣꋙ좻뛸,헽죧AkioKawato쯹횸돶뗄쓇퇹,컷랽뛔룶죋훷틥튲늢늻ퟜ쫇쿖퓚뗄헢훖죈훔돌뛈ꆣꋚ훐쫀볍뗄얷훞뇈쿖퓚뗄얷훞룼캪볒ퟥ쪽ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂싛횤쮵,맅쾣산뗄돇냮웰풴폚맅쪱뗄늿실,떱쪱뗄늿실횻폐튻룶쫗쇬,웤쯻늿실돉풱뚼튪캩웤십쫗쫇햰ꆣꋛ쿠랴,훐맺퓸폐믺믡뇈뷱쳬뗄컷랽뮹튪컷랽:? 컒쏇풽믘쯝떽룼퓧뗄샺쪷,컒쏇풽믡랢쿖떱쪱훐맺죋뫍훐맺컄뮯폫쿖퓚컷랽죋뫍컷랽컄뮯풽뷓뷼ꆣ맅듺쏱훚탅퇶ꆢ맅듺뗄틾쪿ꆢꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ뗄샏루,맅듺훮뫮췵,럢붨훆뛈ꆭꆭ뗈뗈,헢킩뚫컷뚼룼쿠쯆컷랽뗄쿖쿳,뛸룼늻쯆뿗뮯훐맺(ConfucianChina)뗄쳘헷ꆣ틲듋컒쏇뿉틔죏캪,탭뛠놻죏캪놾짭만폐뗄훐맺쳘헷튲뿉쓜쫇뒿샺쪷뫍컄뮯펰쿬뗄닺컯ꆣꋜ죧듋뾴살,쯦ퟅ샺쪷뗄랢햹,퇇훞뿉쓜믡뇤뗃룼볓룶죋뮯,뛸컷랽뿉쓜믡뇤뗃룼볓늿실뮯(tribal)ꆣ쎻폐죎뫎컄뮯쫇췪좫뇕맘ퟔ쫘뗄,쓇훖죏캪컄뮯쫇튻룶럢뇕쳥쾵뗄죋듓뫜듳돌뛈짏컳뷢쇋컄뮯놾짭벰웤퇝뷸맽돌,헢훖퇝뷸췹췹쫇틲캪폫웤쯻컄뮯뗄펰쿬뫍듌벤뛸랢짺뗄ꆣꋝ샽죧,1945쓪틔뫳,쏀맺뛔죕놾뗄헾훎뫍짧믡쳥훆닺짺쇋뫜듳펰쿬ꆣ퓚뛾햽횮잰,뻼맺훷틥춳훎ퟅ죕놾ꋞ,뛾햽뫳,쏀맺쯹잿볓뗄쿜램붫죕놾뚨틥캪튻룶뫍욽훷틥헟뗄맺볒ꆣ튻킩쏀맺릫쮾틑뺭닉폃쇋죕놾죋뗄ꆰKaizenꆱ(뾪뷸,ꋙThiLam,ꆰTheNotionofAsianValuesIsaMyth,ꆱ
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ9벴ꆰ늻뛏췪짆ꆱ)맛쓮ꋙ,죕놾죋틔뷨본컼쫕췢맺맛쓮뫍펰쿬뛸훸돆ꆣꋚ튻킩췢맺틸탐헽퓚뛘듙첩맺쓇킩틔쿖뷰붻틗캪훷뗄릫쮾룄뇤쯻쏇맅샏뗄뷰죚뷡쯣랽쪽ꆣ쿖퓚췢맺틸탐튪쟳첩맺릫쮾ퟮ뛠뗄튻룶듊뻍쫇ꆰ춸쏷뛈ꆱ,튪쟳첩맺릫쮾쟥돾뛸뺫좷뗘춨놨쯻쏇뗄닺뢺햮쟩뿶ꆣꋛ틲캪컄뮯볤뗄뷓뒥,컄뮯훐뗄볛횵맛튲ퟜ쫇뒦폚튻훖늻뛏뇤뮯퇝뷸뗄ힴ첬,쇭췢튻킩좫쟲탔뗄뺭볃탔솦솿튲믡떼훂튻킩훷튪뗄뇤룯ꆣ쯤좻죕놾릫쮾춨뎣쟣쿲폚맍펶쓇킩뇏튵폚죕놾쏻킣뗄쓐짺,떫쫇튻킩췸싧릫쮾쿖퓚헽맍펶쓇킩쎻폐듳톧컄욾뗄쓐쓐얮얮ꆣ헢킩뇘탫뒦폚톸쯙뇤뮯뗄췸싧쫀뷧뗄릫쮾,룼맘탄쯹맍펶죋풱뗄쪵볊쓜솦,뛸늻쫇훸쏻뗄컄욾ꆣ헢킩릫쮾뗄붱샸믹뒡쫇튵벨,뛸늻쫇뒫춳뗄샺ꋜ,쯻쏇쯹ힷ쟳뗄쫇쓇훖뺴튵뺫짱ꆣꋝꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뫜뿉쓜퓸뺭돉캪ꆰ컷랽볛횵맛ꆱ(랴맽살튲쫇죧듋),튲뿉쓜뮹믡퓙듎돉캪ꆰ컷랽볛횵맛ꆱꆣ벴쪹퇇훞폐헢퇹튻쳗뫋탄뗄뛀쳘퇇훞볛횵맛,떫쓇훖췪좫틔럇샺쪷뗄쫖램뛔듽헢훖볛횵맛뗄죋튲캴뇘폐뗣첫떥뒿쇋ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃췼볇뚫퇇뻟폐뷏뎤뗄횳쏱쪷ꆣ퇇훞볛횵맛훐뗄쳽쏼폚좨췾헢튻뗣캴뇘뻍쫇퇇훞죋ퟔ벺풸틢톡퓱뗄볛횵,웤훐폐킩볛횵쫇놻잿웈뷓쫜뗄ꆣ훐맺죋쿲살틔뷚볳ퟔ뿤,떫떱컒쏇쇋뷢떽,퓚80쓪듺,훐맺죋놻웈릺싲헾뢮뗄맺뿢좯쪱ꋞ,틔벰떱컒쏇믘틤쯻쏇퓚릺싲쿻럑욷랽쏦쎻폐첫뛠뗄톡퓱쪱,헢훖쟩뿶뿖엂ꋙ,ꆰEmpoweringEmployeestoꆯJustDoItꆯ,ꆱTrainingandDevelopment(May1993),-76.ꋚBary,EastAsianCivilizations,;Wysocki,ꆰJapanMostlyHesitates,ꆱ.ꋛPeterWaldman,ꆰꆯAsianValuesꆯConceptIsRipeforChangeasEconomiesFalter,ꆱWallStreetJournalInteractiveEdition(28November1997),
10뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭믡폐늻춬뗄몬틥ꆣ틲캪컒쏇컷랽돆횮캪ꆰ퇇훞ꆱ뗄헢룶뗘쟸뻟폐룱췢뗄컄뮯뛠퇹탔,틔벰틲캪컄뮯볛횵쓚만폐뗄믮솦,컒쏇폐뫜뫃뗄샭평뮳틉,떥튻뺲횹뗄퇇훞볛횵맛쫇럱퓸뺭듦퓚맽믲붫살뿉쓜듦퓚ꆣ헢늢늻믡럱죏룃뗘쟸쓚뗄튻킩맺볒쇬떼죋욵욵쯟훮폚퇇훞볛횵,떫쫇헢훖돶폚듇쇮쒿뗄뛸쯟훮폚퇇훞볛횵뗄ퟶ램탨튪컒쏇뷸탐짳닩ꆣ뛔ꆰ뗚죽쫀뷧(춬퇹쫇컷랽쯹룸폨뗄뇪잩)ꆱ살쮵,퇇훞볛횵맛뗄컼틽솦훷튪퓚폚맺볒쓜릻뷸탐ퟔ훎ꆣ퓚맽좥뷼뛾쪮쓪뗄쪱볤샯,뚫랽뗄튻킩톧헟뫍쮼쿫볒튻횱뚼퓚쳴햽컷랽뛔뚫랽뗄샭뷢,쯻쏇헹싛쮵,19쫀볍뫍20쫀볍퓧웚뗄컷랽톧헟튻훂뗘붫뚫랽(냼삨컷랽돆횮캪ꆰ훐뚫ꆱ뫍ꆰ풶뚫ꆱ뗄뗘쟸)룷쏱ퟥ쏨뮭캪뻟폐틬맺쟩뗷ꆢ짱쏘쟒실뫳뗄쏱ퟥꆣꋙ헢훖뛔뚫랽뗄샭뷢랽쪽볈랴펳쇋횳쏱춳훎뗄쮼쿫,폖뫜뫃뗘횧돖쇋헢훖쮼쿫ꆣ헢킩뗘쟸뗄죋쏇뮹쎻폐놻퓊탭폃ퟔ벺뗄짹틴살뇭듯쯻쏇ퟔ벺ꆢ쯻쏇뗄맘힢ꆢ쯻쏇뗄볛횵틔벰쯻쏇뗄샺쪷ꆣꋚ쿠랴,컷랽튻횱뚼퓚쎰쏁뗘횸돶쯻쏇쫇쮭ꆣ컷랽뗄닟싔튻횱뚼퓚뛳즱죎뫎뛔횳쏱춳훎뗄틬틩믲쳴햽,헢뻍떼훂쇋헲톹ꆢ췀즱뗈뗈,룃닟싔쫇쓇쎴뗃폐킧,틔훁폚췵뛻뗂(OscarWilde)퓸죧쫇탻돆ꆰ:ꆭꆭ헻룶죕놾뚼쫇뒿듢뗄뒴퓬ꆭꆭ룹놾쎻폐헢퇹튻룶맺볒,룹놾쎻폐헢퇹튻룶쏱ퟥꆣꆱꋛ횳쏱쇐잿쫓ퟔ벺캪컄쏷뗄,뛸쫓웤쯻맺볒믲늿실캪풭쪼뗄ꆣ웴쏉퓋뚯쫇튻룶맢쎢쯄짤뗄뗆쯾,튻랽쏦쯼쿔쪾돶탭뛠훘튪뗄튻횱놻폃살횤쏷헽좷탐캪맦랶뫍놻폃살좷죏컷랽죋짭럝뗄볛횵(죧룶죋늻뿉냾뛡뗄ퟰ퇏ꆢ죋쏇톡퓱ퟔ벺헾뢮뗄좨샻틔벰쓇쓜냯훺죋샠뿘훆훜캧뮷뺳뗄ꋙXiaorongLi,ꆰꆮAsianValuesꆯandtheUniversalityofHumanRights,ꆱReportformtheInstituteforPhilosophyandPublicPolicy,16:2(Spring1996),
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ11샭탔쓜솦뗈뗈),쇭튻랽쏦쯼폖룸쓇킩뻟폐늻춬볛횵맛뫍늻춬샭쓮뗄럇컷랽죋춶쿂쇋튻뗀뎤뎤뗄틵펰ꆣ뾵삭뗂(JosephConrad)뗄킡쮵ꆶ뫚낵뗄탄쇩ꆷ(HeartofDarkness)쿲죋쏇쿔쪾,쓇킩쎻폐튲늻쓜쪵볊뾴떽쯻쏇춳훎뗄횳쏱뗄컷랽헷럾헟뫜죝틗뻍ퟶ돶뷡싛쮵,헢킩놻헷럾헟놾짭뻍늻펦룃듦퓚ꆣ뾵삭뗂뇊쿂뗄헷럾헟뿂듈(Kurtz)뗄뫳볇ꆰ(돽뗴튰싹죋ꆱ)뿉틔놻샭뷢캪횳쏱헾닟뗄쓽솷탻퇔뫍뒫춳ꆣꋙ퇇훞맺볒뗄쇬떼죋췹췹볡돖뛀쳘뗄퇇훞볛횵맛,뛔듋뗄튻훖뿭뫱샭뷢뻍쫇,쯻쏇퓚잿뗷뚫랽룷맺쓇훖쏨쫶ퟔ벺뫍ퟔ벺짭럝뚨캻뗄좨샻,틔벰쓇훖냚췑컷랽톹웈뗄횾쿲ꆣ떫쫇헢훖쯟훮퇇훞볛횵맛뗄ퟶ램튲폐웤뫚낵뗄튻쏦,컊쳢볈쫇탎쪽짏뗄,폖쫇쓚죝짏뗄ꆣ듓탎쪽짏뾴,붫퇇훞볛횵맛폫컷랽볛횵맛뛔솢웰살뗄ퟶ램쫇벫뮯뗄ꆣ죧맻헢솽룶볛횵맛쳥쾵,죧튻킩죋쯹탻돆뗄튻퇹,쫇뎹뗗쟒폀뻃늻볦죝뗄,쓇쎴헢퇹ퟶ뗄쟷쫆뻍쫇ꆰ튪쎴붫뇰죋쫓캪췪좫뗄쒰슷뛸늻폨샭닇,튪쎴붫ퟔ벺뗄볛횵잿볓룸뇰죋ꆣꆱꋚ퓚헢훖벫뮯뗄웸럕훐,쮫랽뚼늻믡뢶돶얬솦살퓚쮫랽횮볤톰헒릲춬믹뒡ꆣ헢훖쯟훮퇇훞볛횵맛뗄ퟶ램쓜릻볓잿튻킩퇇훞잿죋뗄뗘캻,뿉쓜돉캪쪩췾헟뫍뛀닃헟뗄폖튻샻웷ꆣ헢훖퇇훞볛횵맛뗄싛뗷튲믡틽웰컷랽죋뗄뿖믅:풶뚫뗄튻킩뷏랢듯맺볒튪폫컷랽햹뾪컄뮯햽헹쇋(쫔샭뷢ꆰ믆즫늿실뗄췾킲ꆱ헢훖쮵램)ꆣ쇭췢,쯼뮹믡쿷죵풶뚫죋쏱쿲웤좨췾훊톯쳽횤뗄솦솿ꆣꆰ횻폐퇇훞죋ퟔ벺닅쓜움쮵퇇훞볛횵맛뗄ꆱ볙뚨췹췹럇뎣쟉쏮뗘쪹튻킩퇇훞쇬떼죋쫜틦,헢킩죋춨맽캪ퟔ벺엻짏ꆰ뛀쳘퇇훞볛횵맛몴컀헟ꆱ(DefenderofUniqueAsianValues)뗄엻럧,뛸쪹ퟔ벺쏢폚쓚늿뫍췢늿뗄엺움ꆣ튻킩훐맺쇬떼죋틑뺭뾪쪼탻돆,틲캪훐맺볛횵맛쓚만폐뗄폅풽탔ꆰ,캴살붫쫴폚훐맺ꆱꆣꋛ잰펡ꋙSteinTonnesson,ꆰOrientalism,Occidentalism,andKnowingAboutOthers,ꆱNIAsyntt,(April1994),
12뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쓡ퟜ춳쯕맾췐퓸뛠듎잿뗷,펡쓡뗄쏱훷늻탨튪죎뫎랴뛔틢볻ꆣ탂볓웂뗄짮췢붻맙십늼맾쓡(KishoreMahbuhani)퓸벫솦퓞퇯퇇훞죋쓇훖캪쇋룼듳뗄뢣뛸풸틢컾짼룶죋샻틦뗄뺫짱ꆣ룹뻝쯻뗄쮵램,탂볓웂햹쪾쇋튻훖샭쿫뗄볍싉탔폫쓽뻛솦,뛸헢킩뚼쫇쏀맺쯹췪좫쎻폐뗄,틲캪쯼뛔ꆰ쏱훷ꆢ죋좨ꆢퟔ평ꆢ욽뗈뫍릫틥ꆱ뗄돧냝뛸뇤뗃ꆰ붩뮯컞쟩ꆱꆣꋙ탂볓웂잰ퟜ샭샮맢튫쫇탂볓웂뗄튻룶뾪맺헟,쯻튻횱뚼죏캪,뿗ퟓ(죥볒)쮼쿫훐폐맘볍싉뫍릤ퟷ뗄쏀뗂쫇ꆰ뚫퇇뺭볃킡쇺ꆱ돉릦뗄믹뒡ꆣ좻뛸,쯹폐헢킩쮵램뚼늻펦룃늻볓엺에뗘뷓쫜ꆣ샽죧,컒쏇뿉틔헢퇹죏캪,탂볓웂뗄붨솢헟횮쯹틔늻틅폠솦뗘뇜쏢쳡벰뿗ퟓ볛횵맛훐뗄늻탠늿럖,헢쫇틲캪쯻쏇쿫붨솢튻룶ퟰ훘뛠훖짆뗄뛠훖ퟥ뗄짧믡,뛸늻쿫붨솢튻룶듓쒳룶ퟚ뷌믲싗샭틢쪶탎첬뛸퇜짺돶살뗄떥튻짧믡ꆣ죧맻헦쫇헢퇹뗄뮰,쓇쎴헢킩ꆰ뿗뮯ꆱ뚫퇇뗄쇬떼죋뻍퓚웆뮵쓇킩얬솦뇜쏢떥튻틢쪶탎첬뗄릫쏱뗄쏱훷횾쿲ꆣꋚ쓇훖뷏짙탎쪽룼뛠쓚죝랽쏦뗄컊쳢훷튪쫇맘폚뛀쳘퇇훞볛횵맛뗄쓚죝뗄컊쳢ꆣ폐킩죋죏캪,퇇훞죋잿뗷뗄쫇퓰죎,뛸컷랽죋맘탄뗄쫇좨샻ꆣꋛ쯤좻런뷌믲죥볒뚼쎻폐탎돉죋좨랽쏦뗄룅쓮,떫쫇헢킩ퟚ뷌뗄뺲쒬늢늻쫇쮵,좨샻맛쓮퓚퇇훞룷ퟥ죋쏱횮볤쎻폐쿠펦뗄뇭쿖탎쪽ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄ꆰ훎늻풤,퓲쏱탋ꆱ통?쳽웰살뫜쿱컷랽뗄ퟔ평볛횵ꆣ쫂쪵짏,쓇놻돆캪ꆰ뿗ퟓ뗘쟸ꆱ뗄첨췥뗄쏱훚튲쪱뎣헹좡ퟔ벺뗄좨샻,뛸쇭튻룶쫜뿗ퟓ쮼쿫펰쿬뗄쏱ퟥ죕놾튲쫇죧듋ꆣꋜ런뷌쯆뫵튲늻랴뛔좨샻ꆣ쯤좻룃ퟚ뷌뗄ퟅ퇛뗣쫇죋뗄랢햹,떫ꋙWaldman,ꆰꆯAsianValuesꆯRipeforChange,ꆱ.ꋚJanamitraDevan,ꆰLessonsfromSingapore:ARejoinderꆱBusinessHorizons,33:2(March-April1990),-5.ꋛSteinTonnesson,ꆰDoHumanRightsandAsianValuesGoTogether?ꆱ,NIASnytt,(December1996),
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ13웤튲풸틢돐죏죋좨뗄듦퓚,늻맽쯼쫔춼붫헢킩좨샻폫죋뗄잱퓚솪쾵웰살ꆣꋙ컷님죋뗄싉램쳥훆캪헢훖솪쾵랽램쳡릩쇋튻룶뫜뫃뗄랶샽,룃싉램쳥훆돐죏튻훖릫욽짳에좨샻,뛸컷님죋뗄램춥튲닉폃튻훖쓜좷놣릫틥뗄돌탲ꆣ룃싉램쳥훆폫컷랽맺볒싉램쳥훆뗄늻춬뗣횮튻뻍쫇뛔돍랣룅쓮뗄샭뷢ꆣ퓚컷님,돍랣뗄돶랢뗣늻쫇뾼싇ퟯ랸뗄ꆰퟯ폐펦뗃ꆱ,뛸쫇뾼싇냯훺ퟯ랸믱뗃룼짮뗄죏쪶틔벰룼룟쮮욽뗄퓰죎틢쪶ꆣꋚퟜ뗄살붲,퇇훞볛횵맛폫컷랽볛횵맛뗄뛔뇈ퟶ램놾짭쫇컳떼탔뗄,헢쫇틲캪튻돉늻뇤뗄퇇훞볛횵맛(믲컷랽볛횵맛)룹놾뻍늻듦퓚ꆣ쓇훖퓚듋뛾헟횮볤볙뚨튻룶뿭맣뛸늻뿉폢풽뗄뫨릵뗄ퟶ램횻쓜럁낭컒쏇쿲퇇훞뗄쮼쿫볒뷸탐뷨본폫톧쾰ꆣ쯤좻헢훖뛔퇇훞볛횵맛뗄잿뗷ퟶ램뗄쒿뇪뎣뎣쫇쿫훘탂쳽떽틔잰놻퇆뗄짹틴,떫헢훖뛔솢뚫컷랽싗샭뗄벫뮯ퟶ램튲횻쓜믡떼훂룼뷸튻늽뗄퇆ꆣퟮ훕,죧맻뚫컷랽싗샭췪좫뛀쳘쟒췪좫늻춬,쓇쎴컒쏇폖뫎뇘쳽췢맺죋퓵쎴쮵?볈좻컒쏇횮볤뗄싗샭맛쫇쓇쎴늻춬,늻쓜뮥쿠뷨본,쓇쎴컒쏇죎뫎튻랽튲뻍늻쓜쟥돾뗘뛔룷ퟔ맛뗣폨틔뛔뇈ꆣ헽쫇틲ퟅ틔짏헢킩컊쳢,컒쏇펦룃뇜쏢ퟷ맘폚컄뮯닮틬뗄좫쟲탔훷헅,쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃ힷ쟳튻훖캢맛닟싔,짳닩튻룶컄뮯훐쒳킩쮼쿫볒쯹ퟷ맘폚ퟮ병짺믮랽쪽뗄랴쪡ꆣ캪쇋쓜돤럖샭뷢헢킩죋뗄볛횵맛,컒쏇늻뷶탨튪짳쫓헢킩쮼쿫볒쯹횧돖뗄볛횵맛,뛸쟒뮹튪짳쫓쯻쏇뗄싛횤맽돌뫍뇧뮤랽쪽ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇뿉쓜믡랴뛔헢킩죧뿗ퟓ쯹쳡뗄볛횵맛,떫쫇컒쏇믡랢쿖뿗ퟓ랴쪡뫎캪뫃짺믮뗄랽쪽좴뫜죃죋탅럾ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 ힷ쟳캢맛닟싔뗄샭평캢맛닟싔뇈뫪맛닟싔폅풽쳥쿖퓚벸룶랽쏦:ꋙKennethInada,ꆰABuddhistResponsetotheNatureofHumanRights,ꆱJournalofBuddhistEthics,2(1995),
14뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쫗쿈,헢훖캢맛닟싔헽쫓퇇훞뗘샭쟸쓚뗄컄뮯뛠퇹탔ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쿫튪쳽떽럇컷랽죋틔ퟔ벺뗄듊믣뫍ퟔ벺뗄짹틴붲뮰,컒쏇뇘탫럅웺헢퇹튻훖맛쓮:퇇훞폐튻쳗평쯹폐퇇훞죋릲춬뷓쫜뗄튻돉늻뇤뗄뫋탄볛횵맛ꆣ쫂쪵짏,퇇훞ퟷ캪튻룶헻쳥쎻폐짹틴,횻폐웤쓚뗄룶죋닅폐짹틴,죧맻컒쏇쿫튪뇜쏢죎뫎늻릫헽뗄ퟶ램,컒쏇뻍뇘탫쳽헢킩룶죋뗄짹틴ꆣ쇭췢,쒳튻룶맺볒쓚늻춬뗄쏱ퟥ죋훖튲믡폐늻춬뗄짹틴ꆣ짺믮퓚죕놾뗄뎯쿊죋믲몫맺죋틔벰짺믮퓚죕놾놱늿뗄췁훸죋낢틁얬틑뺭놻짭뇟뗄죕놾죋톹웈쇋벸룶쫀볍ꆣꋙ뫜쏷쿔,헢솽룶짙쫽쏱ퟥ늢늻럖쿭듳뛠쫽죋쓇훖폃틔횤쏷헢훖톹웈뗄볛횵맛ꆣ컒쏇쓜쇋뷢낢틁얬죋헦헽쿫램뗄캩튻랽쪽뻍쫇쳽헢룶짙쫽쏱ퟥ쓚뗄룶죋돉풱ꆣ웤듎,헢훖캢맛랽램뿉틔쪹컒쏇랢햹튻훖뛔뇰죋쮼캬뗄룼쾸캢뗄짳닩ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뛔죕놾ꆢ훐맺ꆢ펡쓡뗈컄뮯쓚뗄늻춬맛뗣ퟣ릻쏴룐뗄뮰,컒쏇뻍뿉쓜뇜쏢ퟶ돶맘폚헢킩컄뮯쓚뗄볛횵맛뗄컳떼탔룅삨폫ퟜ뷡ꆣ쇭췢,헢훖랽램뮹쓜쪹컒쏇뛔횧돖헢킩룶죋쮼쿫볒맛뗣뗄싛뻝뷸탐룼쾸룼짮뗄쇋뷢ꆣ헽죧컒잰쏦쯹쳡뗄,틲캪ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ헢훖랽램횻쫇볲떥뗘쇐뻙돶쯼죏캪쯹폐퇇훞죋뚼럖쿭뗄볛횵,쯹틔헢훖랽램쎻폐룸돶캪쪲쎴퇇훞죋뚼룟뛈훘쫓ꆰ뫍킳ꆱ헢룶룅쓮뗄샭평,믲헟퇇훞죋쮵뗄ꆰ뫍킳ꆱ헢룶듊떽뗗횸쪲쎴ꆣ벴쪹퇇훞죋헦뗄ퟜ쫇붫ꆰ뫍킳ꆱ쫓캪훕벫볛횵(쫂쪵짏헢훖쮵램쫇쇮죋뮳틉뗄),컒쏇죔좻탨튪쇋뷢캪쪲쎴헢룶볛횵쫇쓇쎴뗃훘튪틔벰헢룶볛횵죧뫎폫웤쯻쯹쳡뗄퇇훞볛횵솪쾵웰살ꆣ죧맻늻뛔헢킩랽쏦뷸탐쇋뷢,컒쏇뫜죝틗뻍믡탎돉뛔헢킩컄뮯훐뗄싗샭맛뗄뮬민쒣럂ꆣ컒쯹쳡뗄헢훖캢맛랽램뿉틔뛔퇇훞떥룶쮼쿫볒뗄맛뗣폫싛횤뷸탐엺에쪽움맀,듓뛸쪹뗃탎돉뮬민쒣럂뗄뿉쓜탔듳듳복짙ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇죔좻폐뿉쓜듭컳?뷢쓇킩룶죋쮼쿫볒뗄훸쫶폫퇝붲ꆣꋙYasunoriFukuokaandYukikoTsujiyama,ꆰMINTOHREN:YoungKoreansAgainstEthnicDiscrimination,ꆱTheBulletinofChibaCollegeofHealthScience,10:2,
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ15떫쫇,죧맻헢캻쮼쿫볒(믲쯻뗄몴컀헟)쾣췻쳴햽컒쏇뗄?뷢,쯻믲쯽뺡뿉틔믘펦컒쏇뻍쒳룶싛횤쯹ퟷ뗄짹쏷믲움싛ꆣ춨맽헢훖캢맛랽램,쮫랽뚼럇뎣쟥돾,룷랽뗄헹싛붹뗣쫇쪲쎴,룷랽뷓쫜뗄싛횤폫짹쏷쫇쪲쎴ꆣ춨맽헢훖싛횤폫랴싛횤뗄맽돌,뮥늻춬틢뗄룷랽뿉쓜믡뛔헹틩뗄볛횵맛닺짺룼짮뗄샭뷢ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇죔믡볌탸뛔좨샻ꆢ틥컱ꆢ맘쾵뫍뗂탔뗈뗄쿠뛔훘튪탔폐웧틥,떫컒쏇훁짙믡얪쟥돾쪲쎴쫇헹싛뗄붹뗣ꆣ퓚헢훖캢맛럖컶램뗄뺫짱쿂,컒튪쳖싛뗄쫇뿗ퟓ(릫풪잰551ꆪ479)뫍죕놾헜톧볒뫍헜색(1889ꆪ1960)뗄훸ퟷꆣꋙ캪쪲쎴컒튪톡퓱헢솽캻헜톧볒뗄훸ퟷ뷸탐럖컶뫍퇐뺿?캪쪲쎴듓쯻쏇뗄ퟷ욷샯쏦믱좡뛔퇇훞짌튵쪵볹뗄샭뷢쓘?틲캪쯻쏇솽캻늢늻쿱뷱쳬쒳킩퇐뺿훐맺뫍죕놾뗄볒,헢킩볒톧헟췹췹횻퓚헢룶뗘쟸듴맽벸쓪믲벸룶퓂,뛸헢솽캻헜톧볒퓚헢샯돶짺늢퓚헢샯짺믮훕짺ꆣ쯤좻쯻쏇돶짺폚듋뗄쫂쪵늢늻믡ퟔ뚯쪹쯻쏇돉캪퇇훞뗄듺퇔죋믲쯻쏇ퟔ벺춬냻뗄듺퇔죋,떫헽쫇짏쏦컒쏇쯹룸뗄쓇킩샭평,쯻쏇솽캻쯹뒦뗄캻훃쪹쯻쏇쓜릻쇴틢벰랴쪡웤춬냻죧뫎쮼뾼쯻쏇뗄쪵볊탐캪컊쳢ꆣ볙죧컒쏇쿫튪쇋뷢쒳킩죕놾죋죧뫎뒦샭쪵볊컊쳢,ퟮ뫃뗄냬램뻍쫇퇐뺿놾맺죋뗄훸ퟷꆣ룼캪쟐쳢뗄튻뗣쫇,헢솽캻헜톧볒뚼쮼뾼탎돉쇋룷ퟔ뒿헽뗄싗샭ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵,쯻쏇헻뫏돶룷ퟔ뗄뫏뫵싟벭뗄쫀뷧맛,늢뛔횮폐킧싛횤벰뇧뮤ꆣ쯻쏇쯹탎돉뗄쫀뷧맛쓜릻폐킧뗘뛔쪵볊컊쳢뷸탐럖컶,늢쟒틔튻훖럇커뛏뗄랽쪽뛔컊쳢쳡돶뷢뻶랽램ꆣ쇭췢,쯻쏇뗄쫀뷧맛뚼쳡릩쇋튻훖뛔쿖ힴ뷸탐훊틉뗄믹뒡ꆣ퓚ퟮ뫳튻헂샯,컒믡쳖싛캪쪲쎴쯻쏇뗄쮼쿫쫇뒿싗샭탔뗄ꆣ퓚쒿잰헢훖쟩뿶쿂,컒횻쿫잿뗷튻뗣,뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄릱쿗늢늻쿱쒳킩죋쯹쮵뗄ꋚ,쯻쏇뗄쮼쿫횻ꋙTetsuroWatsuji,Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1996;Confucius,TheAnalects,(London:PenguinBooks,1979).ꋚWeber,ReligionofChina,.
16뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쫇맘폚훐맺죋뫍죕놾죋럧쯗훐뗄맖틬샱뷚뗄믲뷶뷶쫇헢킩럧쯗뗄퓙쿖폫훘뢴뛸틑ꆣퟮ뫳,쯤좻컒늻쾣췻붫뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뇤돉퇇훞싗샭,떫뿗ퟓ뗄쮼쿫좷쪵퓚훐맺쓚뗘ꆢ몫맺ꆢ죕놾틔벰첨췥폐벫짮뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯻뗄쮼쿫틑뺭쯜퓬쇋헢킩맺볒뗄쮼캬ꆢ퇔탐뫍쳥훆듯솽잧쓪횮뻃ꆣꋙ뫳살뗄튻킩쮼쿫볒뫍튻킩춳훎헟뚼퓸쿫랽짨램뗓돽뿗ퟓ뗄펰쿬,떫풽쫇헢퇹,뿗ퟓ뗄튻킩믹놾쮼쿫뻍풽틔늻춬뗄랽쪽훘탂뗃떽좷죏ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄쮼캬쒣쪽죔볌탸쳥쿖퓚훐맺쓚뗘ꆢ첨췥틔벰몫맺뗈뗘뗄짌튵쪵볹훐,뻍솬뫳쎫퓳뚫쪱듺뗄릲닺떳튲튻횱퓚믽벫뗘췆탐뿗ퟓ뗄쮼쿫ꋚ,쯻쏇튲탭헽붫웤ퟷ캪십뿋쮼훷틥틢쪶탎첬뗄폖튻늹돤,믲헟쯻쏇뛔뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뗄훘쫓횻쫇튻훖뿚뒽짏뗄ퟰ뺴뛸틑,늻맽쫇럖즢죋쏇뛔릲닺떳룟맙맽폚좨솦벯훐뗄힢틢솦냕쇋ꆣ늻맜퓵쎴쮵냉,1980쓪틔살,훐맺헾뢮틑뺭훷돖쇋튻킩듳뗄맘폚뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뗄퇐쳖믡,쇭췢뮹붨솢쇋튻룶뿗ퟓ퇐뺿믹뷰믡ꆣ잰뢱ퟜ샭뗋킡욽뮹ퟅ쫖믖뢴탞붨쇋ꆰ컄뮯듳룯쏼ꆱ웚볤놻믙뗄튻킩뿗쏭ꆣ헽죧냍샻(WilliamThꢦodoredeBary)쯹횸돶뗄쓇퇹ꆰ:Pluscachange,pluscꆯestlamꢺmechoseChinoise.ꆱꋛ틲캪뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뗄짮풶펰쿬틔벰쯼뗄랴떯,뛔뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄쇋뷢뛔쓇킩쿫튪엺움믲룄뇤훐맺믲몫맺쿖탐쪵볹뗄죋쏇살쮵쫇폐폃뗄ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ쎻폐붲싛좨샻헢랽쏦뗄ퟖ퇛,떫쫇쯻뗄싗샭좷쪵쓜릻캪쓇킩폻쳡룟훐맺릤죋듽폶뫍췆탐룼퇏룱뮷뺳뿘훆헾닟뗄죋쏇쳡릩탭뛠쯘닄ꆣ죧맻컷랽죋붫ퟔ벺뗄뾹틩뫍맘힢틔뿗ퟓ뗄폯퇔뇭듯돶살,뛸늻잿웈훐맺죋붲죋좨뗄ퟖ퇛,튲탭쯻쏇뗄짹틴믡뗃떽룼뛠뗄쳽ꆣ뫍헜색튲탭쫇뗚튻룶캪믹폚런뷌뗄ꆰ럇튻컒ꆱ(non-unitaryself)맛쓮뗄싗샭뷸탐뇧뮤뗄죕놾쮼쿫볒ꆣ쯻퓚죕놾싗샭헜톧랽쏦뗄ꋙGilbertRozman,ed.,TheEastAsianRegion:ConfucianHeritageandItsModernAdaptation(Princeton,.:PrincetonUniversityPress,1991,Passim.ꋚWilliamTheodoredeBary,ꆰTheNewConfucianisminBeijing,ꆱCrossCurrents,45(Winter1995-1996):-492.ꋛBary,EastAsianCivilizations,.
틽퇔 뚫컷엶ힲ:뎬풽ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ17펰쿬늻퇇폚뾵뗂퓚컷랽싗샭톧뷧뗄펰쿬ꆣ룼훘튪뗄,쯻뗄쮼캬쒣쪽룼틗폚럇죕놾죋폨틔샭뷢ꆣ틲캪쯻퓚얷훞뷓쫜뷌폽,쯹틔쯻ퟔ벺뗄싗샭쳥쾵닎헕쇋컷랽헜톧볒뗄싗샭쮼쿫쳥쾵ꆣ헢훖랽램뿉틔쪹컷랽죋쇋뷢쯻쫇죧뫎뛔듽폫샭뷢ퟔ벺ꆰ뗤탍ꆱ뗄죕놾싗샭뫍컷랽싗샭횮볤뗄쟸뇰뗄ꆣ쯻뛔ퟮ뷼뢡돶낻룱슳ꆪ쏀샻볡뒫춳뗄튻킩컷랽싗샭맛뗣쳡돶쇋탭뛠엺움,샽죧,쯻뛔컷랽룶죋훷틥맛뗣뗄짮뿌엺움ꆣ쯻늢늻뷶뷶잿뗷죕놾싗샭뫍컷랽싗샭횮볤뗄닮틬,쯻뮹캪쯻뗄싗샭쳥쾵뗄뫏샭탔뷸탐싛횤ꆣ틲듋,쯻뗄훸ퟷ쫇쓇킩쿫튪얪쟥튻룶퓚죕놾돶짺뎤듳뗄죋죧뫎뾴듽맦랶탔컊쳢뗄짌튵싗샭톧헟뗄튻룶뫜뫃뗄뾪뛋ꆣ쇭췢,틲캪쯻쿫싛횤뫍뇧뮤튻룶뛀쳘뗄뒿죕놾싗샭쳥쾵,쯹틔쯻뗄싗샭쳥쾵튲헽뫃돉캪놾쫩훐탄쏼쳢(벴,뒴솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭쫇뿉쓜뗄)뗄튻룶닢쫔낸샽:쿱헢퇹튻룶룟뛈룶낸탔뗄싗샭쫇럱쓜릻틽떼컒쏇ퟟ쿲뒴솢튻룶뛔쯹폐컄뮯틔벰쯹폐쪱듺뚼폐킧뗄웕쫀짌튵싗샭쓘?틲듋ퟛ짏쯹쫶,뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄싗샭톧쳥쾵좷쪵횵뗃컒쏇힢틢ꆣ듏쏷뗄뛁헟튲탭믡힢틢떽,쯤좻컒퓸뛠듎뺯룦죋쏇늻튪볙짨춳튻춬풴컄뮯뗄듦퓚,떫컒틑뺭늻횪늻뻵쿝죫쇋ꆰ죕놾ꆱ헜톧쮼쿫ꆢꆰ훐맺ꆱ짌튵쪵볹틔벰ꆰ컷랽ꆱ샭싛뗈쮵램횮훐,죕놾헜톧쮼쿫뫍컷랽헜톧쮼쿫늻쫇튲냼몬탭뛠뗄럖횧폫쇷엉쎴?훐맺쪵볹훐늻쫇튲폐탭뛠뗘쟸탔뗄닮틬쎴?쎻듭,헢헽쫇컒튻횱잿뗷뗄쓚죝ꆣ떫쫇틲캪쮼쿫ퟜ쫇돩쿳뗄,쒳훖돌뛈짏뗄뛔죋ꆢ뗘뫍쫂컯뗄뛳튪쏨쫶쫇컞램뇜쏢뗄ꆣ떱컒붲죕놾죋ꆢ훐맺죋뫍컷랽죋뗄쪱뫲,듳볒펦룃샭뷢캪ꆰ쓇킩뻟폐탭뛠ꆢ늻춬ꆢ늻뛏뇤뮯뗄쏱ퟥ폫죋훖ꆢ듳볒돆횮캪죕놾ꆢ훐맺뫍컷랽뗄뗘쟸ꆱ,틲캪좱짙좷쟐뗄뇭듯랽쪽,컒맃쟒퇘폃뇰죋뗄쮵램ꆣ쇭췢튻룶뺯룦:쯤좻뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄싗샭쳥쾵뛔샭뷢쒿잰죕놾죋뫍훐맺죋뗄탭뛠짌튵쪵볹폐쯹웴랢,떫컒늢늻쫇쮵,헢솽룶싗샭쳥쾵쓜릻뷢쫍쯹폐헢킩쪵볹,믲웤훐뗄듳뛠쫽ꆣ폐킩훐맺죋뗄쪵볹쫇쎫퓳뚫쮼쿫횸떼쿂뗄헾닟뗄뷡맻,폫뿗ퟓ맛쓮뫍볛횵늢쎻폐첫듳뗄솪쾵ꆣ죕놾돶짺싊뗄붵뗍틢캶ퟅ헢룶맺볒탨튪룼뛠뗄샍뚯솦,튲헽쫇헢훖샍뚯솦뗄좱짙,뛸늻쫇죕놾죋뗄싗샭풭퓲,닅쪹뗃뒫춳뗄볒
18뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭춥훷뢾뷸죫릫쮾튵뷧ꆣ쯤좻헢퇹붲,컒죔볡돖죏캪,컒쏇뮹펦룃듓뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색싗샭쳥쾵뗄뷇뛈살샭뷢폫뾴듽떱뗘뗄짌튵믮뚯ꆣ헢킩싗샭뗄?쫍솦솿떽뗗폐뛠듳,쫇늻쓜폨틔돩쿳샭뷢뗄ꆣ컒쏇횻쓜춨맽뛔헢킩싗샭쳥쾵뷸탐뷏뫃뗄샭뷢틔벰춨맽붫쯼쏇폃살볬닢떱뗘뗄쪵볹살움맀헢킩싗샭쳥쾵뗄헽좷탔뫍솦솿ꆣ헢튲헽쫇컒쏇닉폃캢맛랽램뫍죏헦뛔듽헢킩헜톧볒쮼쿫뗄샭평!뫜쿔좻,뗘랽뗄짌튵쪵볹쫇믡쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯뗄ꆣ좻뛸컒쏇탨튪볇힡,쪵볹쫇믡틲룶죋뗄톡퓱뛸뇤뮯뗄ꆣ죧맻,죧컒쯹훷헅뗄쓇퇹,뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄쮼쿫뿉틔횸돶튻쳵좷솢웕쫀싗샭뗄뗀슷(헢펦룃쫇튻훖죎뫎죋죎뫎쪱듺뚼쓜릻폐틢펦폃뗄웕쫀싗샭쳥쾵),쓇쎴짌튵쪵볹뗄뇤뮯쳘탔늢늻믡펰쿬컒쯹붨틩뗄헢훖캢맛랽램ꆣ쿠랴,헢훖뇤뮯탔랴떹쓜좷죏컒헢훖랽램뗄쏷훇탔ꆣ헢튲뻍쫇쮵,컒쏇뇘탫ퟜ튪뛔헢훖웕쫀싗샭뷸탐볬퇩,틔뻶뚨쯼쫇럱헦헽폐킧뫍웕뇩ꆣ뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄쮼쿫폐뿉쓜퓚쒳튻쪱듺뻍늻퓙쫇훐뿏폐킧뗄,틔쯻쏇쮼쿫캪믹뒡뗄헢훖웕쫀싗샭튲뻍믡춬쪱쪧킧ꆣ컒쏇헦뗃늻쓜춣횹쮼뾼ꆣ쿖퓚죃컒쏇뾪쪼컒쏇뗄쮼뾼싃돌,붫컒쏇뗄쒿맢춶쿲뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄쮼쿫ꆣ
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭쳥쾵훷튪쫇캧죆ퟅꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮햹뾪뗄,헢룶룅쓮놻샭뷢캪뗂탔ꆢ듈짆ꆢ죊낮ꆢ죊듈ꆢ죋탄믲랶쪽죋탔ꆣꋙꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶ퟖ퓚뿗ퟓꆶ싛폯ꆷ뗄499뷚훐튻릲돶쿖쇋105듎,헢룶ퟖ평솽늿럖ퟩ돉,튻늿럖듺뇭ꆰ죋ꆱ,쇭튻늿럖듺뇭ꆰ뛾ꆱꆣꋚ헢솽늿럖럅떽튻웰쯹ퟩ돉뗄ퟖ듺뇭튻룶죋탔췅쳥ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뿉붫ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮샭뷢캪튻훖퓚죋탔췅쳥훐쯹펦룃믱뗃뗄뗂탔,믲헟튻훖쪹죋탔췅쳥돉캪뿉쓜뗄첬뛈,믲헟튻훖쯹폐죋샠뚼펦룃펵폐뗄폅뗣ꆣꋛ틲캪헢죽훖샭뷢랽쪽뚼짦벰죋샠듦퓚헢룶룅쓮,쯹틔컒쏇퓚샭뷢뿗ퟓ싗샭쪱탨튪듓뿗ퟓ뛔헢룶룅쓮뗄맛뗣죫쫖ꆣ놾헂뗄뗚튻늿럖믡햹뾪뛔뿗ퟓ죋샠룅쓮벰헢룶룅쓮폫싗샭탐캪횮볤맘쾵뗄쳖싛ꆣ캪쇋쓜룼뫃뗘샭뷢뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭,컒믡붫웤폫컷랽뗄싗샭샭싛뷸탐뛔뇈뫍뛔헕ꆣ쇭췢캪쇋쓜쿔쪾뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄솦솿,컒튪붫웤폃폚움맀쒳킩톡뚨뗄짌튵쪵볹뫍컊쳢ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔놾훷틥뗄싗샭짆탔(ethicalgoodness)쫇죧뫎뾴듽뗄?뿗ퟓ죧뫎샭뷢쏀맺죕틦볓뻧뗄킽쮮닮뻠?뿗ퟓ싗샭쫇럱믡퓊탭닉폃릫쮾탐캪맦랶?뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭볈폐쏨쫶뗄쓜솦폖폐맦랶뗄쓜솦ꆣ쯼뿉틔냯훺컒쏇뾴쟥,듓쓇킩놻뿗ퟓ싗샭쯜퓬뗄훐맺짌튵맜샭헟뫍맍풱뗄뷇뛈,쪲쎴쫇컊쳢뗄맘볼ꆣ쇭췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭쓜릻냯훺컒쏇좥엺에뫍움볛튻킩짌튵쪵볹틔벰ꋙYi-paoMei,ꆰTheBasisofSocial,Ethical,andSpiritualValuesinChinesePhilosophy,ꆱTheChineseMind,(Honolulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress,1967),;,ThinkingThroughConfucius(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1987),-115.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛMei,ꆰBasis,ꆱ.
20뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭붨틩튻킩랽쪽쪹헢킩쪵볹룼뫏뫵싗샭ꆣ놾헂뗄ퟮ뫳믡쳖싛튻킩뛔뿗ퟓ짌튵싗샭쳥쾵뗄랴뛔맛뗣ꆣ뗚튻뷚 죊짆뗄퇔탐뻙횹룹뻝뿗ퟓ뗄맛뗣,튻룶죋펦룃쓾풸좥쯀,튲늻쪹ퟔ벺뗄ꆰ죊ꆱ쫜떽짋몦ꆣꋙ쯤좻ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮럇뎣훘튪,떫쫇뿗ퟓ듓캴뛔헢룶룅쓮폨틔튻룶볲뷠뛸럖컶탔뗄뚨틥ꆣ쿠랴,쯻춨맽튻쾵쇐뗄맊쫂뫍훷헅뛸뛔헢룶룅쓮뗄틢틥뫍랶돫뷸탐쇋닻쫍,쯻붫ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮폫볍싉ꆢ욽뗈ꆢ훈탲틔벰엺에탔ퟰ훘뒫춳뗈룅쓮솪쾵웰살ꆣ캪쇋쓜헦헽샭뷢ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮뗄틢틥,컒쏇뇘탫맩쓉돶쯼뗄뻟쳥캬뛈폫싖삪ꆣ컒믡ퟅ퇛폚쓇킩뛀쳘뗄ꆢ폐훺폚컒쏇샭뷢짌튵쪵볹뫍쇬탤뗘캻뗄닣쏦ꆣ틲캪ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶듊뻟폐쓇쎴뛠뗄쾸캢몬틥,쯹틔컒뻶뚨퓚탭뛠쟩뿶쿂늻뛔웤뷸탐랭틫ꆣ놣쇴헢룶틴틫룅쓮뮹뿉틔쪹컒쏇놣쇴ꆰ죊ꆱ(듈짆ꆢ뾶뾮뫍뗤탍죊탔뗈뛀쳘뗄죋탔뗂탔)뫍ꆰ죋ꆱ(웕춨죋)횮볤뗄뷴쏜솪쾵ꆣ튻ꆢ죊:ퟔ싉퓚첸떽맅쪱뗄쪫루쪱,뿗ퟓ퓸죧쫇움싛ꆰ:쪫죽냙,튻퇔틔뇎횮,풻쮼컞킰ꆣꆱꋚ헢훖쮵램벸뫵뿉틔펦폃폚뿗ퟓ쯹폐뗄통?훐,쯼쏇뚼틔쒳훖랽쪽뇭쪾ힷ쯦ꆰ뗀ꆱ틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꆣ쓇쎴헢룶ꆰ뗀ꆱ쫇쪲쎴쓘?헢쳵ꆰ뗀ꆱ붫믡냑죋틽쿲뫎랽쓘?튲탭쯼늻믡붫죋틽쿲죎뫎뗘랽,틲캪쯼놾짭쎻폐쳘뚨뗄훕뗣ꆣ쯼늻쿱컷랽뗄싗샭쓇퇹볙짨튻훖훕벫쒿뇪,죧뻈쫪ꆢ탒뢣ꆢ샭탔,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵늢쎻폐캪헢쳵뗀좷솢튻룶쒿뇪ꋙConfucius,TheAnalects,(London:PenguinBooks,1979),15/,thefirstnumberreferstothechapterintheLautranslation,thesecondnumbertothesayinginthatchapter.ꋚIbid.,2/2.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌21(쒿뗄뗘),횻쫇볡돖퇘ퟅ헢쳵뗤랶뗂탔횮뗀잰뷸쿂좥뻍뿉틔쇋ꆣ볡돖헢쳵뗀뻍쫇틑뺭떽듯쇋훕뗣ꆣꆰ뗀ꆱ놾짭폐쯼ퟔ벺뗄솦솿폫쏀ꆣ죧맻룶죋쓜릻틀ꆰ뗀ꆱ뛸짺믮,쓇쎴뇰죋튲믡놻쯻(쯽)뗄뗤랶쯹컼틽뛸폨틔쒣럂ꆰ:캪헾틔뗂,용폫놱뎽,뻓웤쯹뛸훚탇릲횮ꆣꆱꋙꆰ죊ꆱ헟뿉틔헐훂죋쏇뗄럂킧,틲캪죊헟뗄탐캪폫톡퓱뻟폐뗤랶ퟷ폃(exemplary),듓뛸뻟폐튻뚨뗄좨췾탔(authoritative)ꆣꋚ퓵쎴퇹닅쓜ힷ쯦헢룶ꆰ뗀ꆱ쓘?횻폐튻훖랽램ꆰ:뿋벺뢴샱캪죊ꆭꆭ캪죊평벺,뛸평죋뫵퓕?ꆱꋛ죧듋뾴살ꆰ,죊ꆱ뻍폐솽룶닣쏦:ퟔ싉뫍샱틇쪵볹ꆣퟔ싉뗄틢쮼뻍쫇ퟔ컒뿘훆ꆣ쯤좻ꆰ뿋벺ꆱ헢룶듊퓚훐컄뗄틢쮼캪ꆰ뿋럾햽쪤ퟔ벺ꆱ,헢퇹뗄틢쮼믡컳떼붲펢폯뗄죋쏇ꆣ? 뿗ퟓ뗄룅쓮(뿋벺)늢늻쫇쮵,죋쏇펦룃폫ퟔ벺뗄짺샭폻췻뷸탐볨뿠뗄햽뚷ꆣ쯻뗄틢쮼쫇쮵,죋쏇펦룃퓚뫏뫵싗샭뗄쟩뿶쿂싺ퟣ헢킩폻췻ꆣꆮ뿋벺ꆯ뗄룅쓮쫂쪵짏폫ꆮ탞짭ꆯ헢룶룅쓮쫇뷴쏜솪쾵퓚튻웰뗄ꆭꆭ듓쪵볹뗄뷇뛈살붲,쯼쏇쫇튻퇹뗄ꆣꋜ틲듋,ퟔ싉틢캶ퟅퟔ컒탞쾰,뛸늻쫇ퟔ컒톹훆ꆣ틲캪컒쏇춨맽붫ퟔ벺폫룼듳뗄죋탔췅쳥헻뫏웰살뛸랢햹컒쏇뗄죋탔,쯹틔헢훖탞쾰뇘좻뻍짦벰ퟔ컒뗄뿘훆ꆣ횻폐떱컒쏇틔쓇훖폐틦폚릫릲샻틦뗄탐캪랽쪽뛸뛔컒쏇짭뇟뗄죋닺짺펰쿬쪱,컒쏇닅뻟폐좨췾탔ꆣ횻폐쓇퇹,컒쏇닅쓜헦헽돉캪튻룶뒿헽뗄죋,쪵쿖듓죋(웕춨죋)떽죊(랶쪽죋)뗄맽뛉ꆣ뿗ퟓ헢훖뛔ꆰ죋ꆱ(죊)뗄뒦샭랽램,컒쏇컷랽죋늻펦룃룐떽쒰짺ꆣ떱컒쏇붲쒳죋쫇튻룶ꆰ헦헽뗄쫜ퟰ뺴뗄죋ꆱ(realMensch)쪱,컒쏇튲믡뺡솦럖뇦쯼뗄틢쮼ꆣ헢룶뗂폯듊(Mensch)볈횸웕춨죋,폖ꋙConfucius,TheAnalects,(London:PenguinBooks,1979),15/,thefirstnumberreferstothechapterintheLautranslation,thesecondnumbertothesayinginthatchapter.,2/1.ꋚHallandAmes,Thinking,.ꋛConfucius,Analects,12/1.ꋜWei-mingTu,HumanityandSelf-Cultivation:EssaysinConfucianThought(Berkeley:AsianHumanitiesPress,1979),p6.
22뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭횸뻟폐쯹폐죋탔뗂탔뗄죋ꆣ죧맻컒쏇ퟝ죝컒쏇뗄쎿훖폻췻폫쓮춷,컒쏇뻍늻뿉쓜듯떽ꆰ죊ꆱꆣ떫쫇컒쏇튲펦룃쟥돾,폻췻놾짭늢늻쫇늻럻뫏싗샭뗄ꆣ늻쿱뾵뗂싗샭쳥쾵,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵늢쎻폐볙짨퓚듓폻뗄탐캪뫍듓틥컱뗄싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪뛾헟횮볤듦퓚쒳훖맘볼탔닮틬ꆣ떱폻췻쫇헽좷뗄,쟒듓폻뗄탐캪쪵쿖뗃뫃뗄쪱뫲,쓇쎴헢훖탐캪뻍쫇짆뗄,튲뻍쿔쪾헢룶탐캪뗄랢돶헟쫇튻룶랶쪽죋ꆣ헽죧컒퓚놾헂뾪춷쪱쯹횸돶뗄ꆰ,죊ꆱ헢룶ퟖ뫍ꆰ죋ꆱ헢룶ퟖ쫇튻퇹뗄,횻늻맽쫩킴늻춬뛸틑ꆣ싗샭짏짆뗄죋늢늻쫇짱,튲늻쫇쪥죋ꆣ튪쿫돉캪폐뗂탔뗄죋늢늻튪쟳죋쏇웺뻸믲뎬풽웤죋탔ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,ꆰ죊ꆱ죋룼믡틢쪶떽틔벰햹쪾쯻쏇뗄죋탔ꆣ싗샭짏짆뗄죋믡붫ퟔ벺듓튻룶욽랲웕춨뗄죋뮯돉튻룶랶쪽죋,컒쏇쎿튻룶죋뚼뿉쓜퓚컒쏇쓚뷸탐헢훖뮯ꆣꋙ컒쏇뗄짆뿉틔폐뫜뛠뗄탎쪽ꆣ듳뛠쫽뗄컷랽싗샭쳥쾵뚼믡쏷쿔뗘쟸뇰싗샭짆뫍싗샭뛱믲헟뒿듢훐탔,뛸뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵좴붫짆쫓캪튻훖솬탸뗄맽돌:? 뻝쮵,뿗ퟓ퓸죧쫇쮵,ꆭꆭ샭탔랢햹맽돌훐릲폐컥훖죋ꆭꆭ,듓(1)웕춨죋뾪쪼,헢샠죋뺭맽뷌폽횮뫳쓜릻돉캪(2)폐톧컊ꆢ컄쏷뗄죋,퓚쯻믽샛튻뚨횪쪶늢믱뗃탐뚯횮훇믛횮뫳,쯻붫돉캪(3)뻟폐쏀샶죋룱뫍욽뫢탄첬뗄뷜돶뗄죋,춨맽뷸튻늽뗄뷌폽,쯻쓜릻돉캪(4)폅탣죋,쯻뗄톡퓱폫좡짡뚼럻뫏좫죋샠헻쳥뚼뷓쫜뗄룟볛횵쮮욽ꆭꆭꆣ쯻쯹붲쫶뗄헦샭캪쫀뷧쫷솢솼뫃뗄뇪ힼ,뛸늻믡컾짼ퟔ벺뗄췪헻탔ꆣퟮ뫳쯻쓜릻돉캪(5)쪥죋,쯻뻟폐췪짆뗄횪쪶,틔럻뫏ꆰ뗀ꆱ뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂,쪹ퟔ벺쓜펦뛔ꋙInTheChineseMind,,seeYu-WeiHsieh,ꆰTheStatusoftheIndividualinChineseEthics,ꆱ-309;CharlesMoore,ꆰIntroduction:TheHumanisticChineseMind,ꆱ;Yi-paoMei,ꆰTheStatusoftheIndividualinChineseSocialThoughtandPractice,ꆱ;Chꢹn-ITꆯang,ꆰTheDevelopmentofIdeasofSpiritualValueinChinesePhilosophy,ꆱ.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌23짺믮뗄죎뫎쟩탎폫뇤뮯ꆭꆭ뛸늻믡쏦뛔죎뫎럧쿕ꆭꆭꆣꋙ틲캪듯떽ꆰ죊ꆱ쫇튻훖ퟔ컒랢햹뫍ퟔ컒탞솶뗄맽돌,틲캪헢룶맽돌튪맡뒩컒쏇뗄튻짺,쯹틔컒쏇늻쓜틲쒳죋틑뺭ퟶ쇋튻킩짆뗄탐캪뻍에뛏쯻쫇짆뗄ꆣ죋쟣쿲폚뗸떹,튲쟣쿲폚ퟝ죝ퟔ벺쓇킩쿠랴탞솶뗄폻췻ꆣ죋튪쿫듯떽ꆰ짆ꆱ뗄뗘늽,쯻뻍튪훕짺늻뛏톧쾰,늢쟒뮹튪쪱뎣힢틢컒쏇뗄탐캪뫍훜캧뮷뺳ꆣ틲듋,뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭쳥쾵뿉틔놻샭뷢캪튻훖틢쪶믲뺯탑싗샭ꆣꋚ뿗ퟓ퓸죧듋뺯룦죋쏇:늻풻ꆮ죧횮뫎,죧횮뫎ꆯ헟,컡쒩죧횮뫎튲틑틓ꆣꆱꋛ헦헽뗄죋뻍펦룃쟚톧뫃컊ꋜ,늻펦룃몦엂돐죏ퟔ벺뗄듭컳폫늻ퟣꋝ,뮹펦룃벰쪱뻀헽ퟔ벺뗄맽쪧ꆣꋞ듓쒳훖틢틥짏쮵,뇤뗃ꆰ뺯탑ꆱ뻍쫇뇤뗃뛔컒쏇쯹늻횪뗀뗄쫂쟩뗄뺯탑ꆣ헽죧쯕룱삭뗗튻퇹,뿗ퟓ죏캪,쟳횪듓뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇뛔늻횪뗀뗄쫂쟩뗄쇋뷢ꆣꋟ컊컊쳢늻쫇튻볾탟돜뗄쫂쟩,컊컊쳢놾짭뻍쫇헽좷뗄샱뷚ꆣꋠ쓇킩얬솦돉캪룼캪죋탔ꆢ죋뮯뗄죋뎣뎣믡폫엳폑폫춬쫂튻웰뷸탐쳖싛ꋡ틔벰엠퇸튻훖ퟔ쪡뗄쾰맟:? ꆰ죊ꆱ쫇ퟔ컒랴쪡뫍뛔뇰죋헦돏믘펦뗄ꆰ(쫶ꆱ)쪵볊뫳맻,볈쫇룶죋뗄,폖쫇럇룶죋뗄,쯼쫇튻훖ퟔ벺폫ퟔ벺ꆢퟔ벺폫쯻죋뗄ꋙThomꢦ,ꆰTheWorldandtheIndividualinChineseMetaphysics,ꆱTheChineseMind,,.ꋚHerbertFingarette,ꆰReason,Spontaneity,andtheLi:AConfucianCritiqueofGrahamꆯsSolutiontotheProblemofFactandValue,ꆱChineseTextsandPhilosophicalContexts:,,Jr.(LaSalle,III.:OpenCourt,1991),-228.ꋛConfucius,Analects,15/16.ꋜIbid.,1/14.ꋝIbid.,5/6.ꋞIbid.,1/8.ꋟIbid.,2/17.ꋠIbid.,3/15.ꋡIbid.,12/24.
24뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뛔뮰맽돌,쪼폚볒춥늢퇓짬떽좫늿죋샠ꆣꋙꊞ0좨췾죋뗄폻췻쫇헽좷뗄,틲캪헢킩폻췻랴펳쇋좨췾죋뛔쟩탎벰웤튪쟳뗄뺯뻵폫틢쪶ꆣ뿗ퟓ늢쎻폐쿈쳡돶싗샭쓑쳢,ퟮ뫳폨틔뷢뻶ꆣꋚ뛔쟩탎뗄쏨쫶놾짭뻍돤싺쇋볛횵,싗샭짏뗄삧쓑늻퓚뷢뻶쓑쳢,뛸룼퓚쫗쿈뛔컊쳢뗄쏨쫶,떫늢늻쫇쯹폐뗄쏨쫶뚼쫇폐킧뗄ꆣ돽럇컒쏇폐쏴룐뗄탄첬뫍뺫좷뗄에뛏쓜솦살뛔쒳룶쟩탎훐뗄쿠맘쳘뗣뫍잱퓚틲쯘볓틔달뻵,컒쏇뗄탐캪쫇늻믡뫏뫵싗샭뗄ꆣ튻룶쟩탎폀풶늻믡쫇ꆰ쿖돉뗄ꆱ,헽좷뗄쏨쫶틔벰쪵볊뗄뷢뻶랽램횻폐쓇ꆰ죊ꆱ죋닅쓜쳡릩ꆣ쎻폐뺲횹뗄샭싛믲뚨샭쓜릻좡듺헢훖ꆰ뺯뻵ꆱ죋쪿뗄에뛏,헢쫇튻훖춨맽늻뛏ퟷ폐틢쪶톡퓱틔벰춨맽폫춬퇹짮쮼죋쪿쳖싛뛸ퟶ돶뗄에뛏ꆣ춨맽췪짆폫쳡솶컒쏇뗄에뛏,컒쏇뇤뗃룼볓ퟔ싉ꆣ쓇쎴컒쏇펦룃죧뫎쳡룟폫룄짆컒쏇뗄에뛏쓘?훚쯹훜횪,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵럇뎣잿뗷뛔뒫춳쪵볹뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ뿗ퟓ튪쟳컒쏇ퟰ훘ퟚ뷌쪵볹,폈웤쫇뺴ퟦ랽쏦뗄샱틇ꆣ(떱좻헢훖ퟰ뺴폫ퟰ훘늢늻쫇쓇훖뛔볌돐뗄쾰쯗뷸탐뗄쎤쒿ퟱ쫘ꆣ뛔뒫춳뗄ퟰ훘뿉쓜믡뇤돉붩뮯뛸믺킵뗘ퟱ쫘,뿗ퟓퟔ벺튲틢쪶떽쇋헢훖캣쿕ꆣ퓚ퟱ쫘샱틇쪱,횻폐컒쏇좫쏦ꆰ쇙퓚ꆱ,헢훖뛔뒫춳뗄쪵볹닅폐볛횵ꆣꋛ컒쏇늻펦룃횻놻뚯뗘ퟱ쫘헢킩샱틇;쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃얬솦샭뷢헢킩샱틇뗄틢틥ꆪꆪꆪ뻍퓚듋쪱,뻍퓚듋뗘ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫룶죋뮯헢킩샱틇,헽죧췾뛻톷쯹쮵뗄쓇퇹ꆰ:(뗂탔)쫗쿈뇘탫닺짺늢돉뎤폚쓇평룶죋뛀쳘뗄탔룱ꆢ닅쓜ꆢ쏴룐틔벰쎤뗣쯹ퟩ돉뗄늻욽헻췁죀ꆣ좻뫳,컒쏇닅믡틲컒쏇뗄ퟮ짮ꆢퟮ룶죋뮯뗄뚯믺,쫜떽쓇랴ꋙWilliamTheodoredeBary,EastAsianCivilizations(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress);.ꋚHerbertFinagrette,Confucius:TheSecularasSacred(NewYork:harper&Row,1972),.(펢컄듊ꆰancestorworship(ancestralworship)ꆱ헢룶듊뗄ퟖ쏦틢틥쫇ꆰퟦ쿈돧냝ꆱ,쪵볊짏헢룶펢컄듊폐킩췡쟺훐맺뗄뺴ퟦ샱틇ꆣ떥듓ퟖ쏦틢틥살샭뷢ꆰ,뺴ퟦꆱ늻춬폚ꆰퟦ쿈돧냝ꆱꆰ,뺴ퟦꆱ쫇붫ퟦ쿈ퟷ캪쿈쿍쪥죋살뺴샱,뛸ꆰퟦ쿈돧냝ꆱ퓲쫇붫ퟦ쿈ퟷ캪훁짏짱(짱쏷)살돧냝틫헟ꆣꋛConfucius,Analects,3/12;3/26.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌25펳헦헽죋탔뗄샱틇뗄룐좾ꆣ믲헟룹놾뻍쎻폐짮뫱뚯믺뛸뛔샱틇컞뚯폚훔ꆣꆱꋙ룶죋뗄춶죫폫얬솦뛔ힼ놸탄쇩틢횾틔믱좡죏횪헢룶맽돌살쮵쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄ꆣ튻룶죋늻쓜럛쮢탞헻룉퓯뗄럠췁횮잽ꆣꋚꆰ쇙퓚ꆱ뗄틢쮼쫇쮵,춨맽뷨본뻉쫂컯뷢뻶탂컊쳢뛸죃뻉뗄돉캪탂뗄ꆣ헢훖훘탂짳쫓맽좥늢붫웤헻뫏캪컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄튻늿럖뗄쓜솦좷쪵럇뎣폐킧ꆣ뛔샱틇뗄믺킵ퟱ쫘믲뛔샏쪦뗄믺킵럾듓뚼늻믡틽죋ퟟ쿲뗂탔ꆣꋛ뛔폚쓇킩좱짙ꆰ죊ꆱꆢ늻쓜퓚샱틇훐좫쏦쇙퓚뗄죋,컒쏇헦쓃쯻쏇쎻폐냬램ꆣꋜ쇭췢,뛔맅벮뗄쯀볇펲놳믲뛔쿈죋탐캪ꆢ죋룱믲첬뛈뗄쒣럂뚼늻믡쪹컒쏇듯훁늢믱뗃뗂탔ꆣ돏좻,컒쏇펦룃ퟰ훘컒쏇뗄뎤헟,늻맽뿗ퟓ뎰킦쇋쓇킩볲떥쒣럂쯻뛸폖늻쓜뷸탐뛀솢에뛏뗄톧짺쏇ꆣꋝ뿗ퟓ뗄튻짺햹쿖쇋탭뛠펦폃뛀솢에뛏뗄샽ퟓꆣ샽죧,쯻붫ퟔ벺뗄얮뛹볞룸쇋튻룶ퟸ볠뗄죋,틲캪쯻에뛏,헢룶죋쎻폐ퟷ죎뫎듭쫂쟩ꆣꋞ횻폐떱컒쏇탄폚쓇폃맅듺훇믛뷢뻶쿖듺컊쳢뛸폖늻쪧좥쿖듺컊쳢뗄탂쿊캬뛈뗄랽램쪱,컒쏇닅쓜쳡룟컒쏇뗄에뛏솦뫍헷럾ퟔ컒ꆣ죧맻컒쏇춨맽룷훖ퟚ뷌틇쪽쎤쒿뛸쏔탅뗘좫짭탄춶죫뛔ퟦ쿈뫍룷샠짱끜뗄뺴샱,컒쏇쫇늻믡돉릦뗄ꆣ헢훖뺴샱랽쪽횻믡틆죋쏇뛔듋쫀뷧쫂컯뗄힢틢솦ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇튲늻펦룃컞탄뗘쫌럮컒쏇뗄뢸쒸,컒쏇펦룃ퟰ뺴쯻쏇ꆣ쯻쏇룸쇋컒쏇짺쏼,틲듋떱컒쏇싱퓡쯻쏇벰변쯻쏇쪱,컒쏇펦룃ퟱ쫘쿠맘샱틇ꆣꋟ헢퇹,컒쏇훕폚얪쟥쇋퓚볒춥훐ퟷ튻룶컄쏷죋뗄몬틥:맘탄ꆢ낮뮤ꆢퟰ훘뇰죋ꆣ춨맽뛔컒쏇짺샭짺쏼풴좪(벴컒쏇뗄뢸쒸)뗄ퟰ뺴,컒쏇쇋뷢쇋ퟰ훘쓇킩ퟷ캪컒쏇컄ꋙ,ꆰConformity,Individuality,andtheNatureofVirtue,ꆱJournalofReligiousEthics,23:2(Fall,1995),.ꋚ,5/10.ꋛIbid.,15/36.ꋜIbid.,3/3.ꋝIbid.,5/7;15/36.ꋞIbid.,5/1.ꋟIbid.,2/5.
26뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뮯짺쏼풴좪뗄쪦뎤뗄헦헽몬틥ꆣ돽듋횮췢,컒쏇뮹톧믡쇋맘탄컒쏇뗄춬냻탖뗜폫뷣쏃ꆣ헽죧컒쏇ퟰ뺴컒쏇뗄뢸쒸쓇퇹,컒쏇튲뇘탫ퟰ훘쯻쏇쯹뒴퓬퓐폽뗄죋ꆣꋙ컒쏇뗄볒춥짺믮캪컒쏇랢햹뫍엠퇸쏴룐탄첬뫍에뛏쓜솦쳡릩쇋뫜뫃뗄믺믡ꆣꋚ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,킢뫍탖뗜횮낮쫇죊뗄룹ꆣꋛ떱헢룶룹샃뗴쪱,쯼붫늻믡뎤돶뫃뗄뚫컷ꆣꋜ늻맽,죧맻튻룶죋늻쾸탄ꆢ짮쮼쫬싇,쯻쫇늻쓜헦헽ퟶ떽킢쮳뗄ꆣ폐죋죏캪킢뗀뻍쫇쿲뢸쒸쳡릩쪳컯,쯻쏇췪좫듭쇋,뚯컯튲쓜ퟶ떽헢퇹튻뗣ꆣꋝ틲듋룸뢸쒸쳡릩쪳컯쫇늻쓜쪹컒쏇ퟣ릻죊듈뗄믲돉캪죊죋ꆣ헦헽뗄킢뗀뇘탫랴펳컒쏇펦룃룐벤뢸쒸쪲쎴틔벰캪쪲쎴튪룐벤쯻쏇ꆣ떱컒쏇낧떿컒쏇뗄뢸쒸쪱,컒쏇펦룃랴쪡튻쿂캪쯀좥뢸쒸쫘킢죽쓪뗄뒫춳ퟶ램ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔펦룃캪뢸쒸쫘킢죽쓪,튲탭쫇틲캪컒쏇뗄뢸쒸퓚컒쏇짺쏼뗄ퟮ돵죽쓪뗄쯹ퟷ뗄췪좫컾짼폫춶죫ꆣ떱컒쏇틔헢훖랽쪽랴쪡룃샱틇뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇뻍믡뷓뷼헦헽뗄킢뗀ꆣ컒쏇뗄랴쪡뮹펦룃돐죏뫍룐벤컒쏇뗄쿈죋,춬쪱뮹튪좷죏ퟷ캪튻룶죋틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇늢늻쫇떥뒿뗄짺컯듦폐,컒쏇뮹쫇쓇쓜퓚쿈죋쟗쏜뒫뗝뗄컄뮯훐샭뷢ퟔ벺뗄듦폐ꆣ헦헽뗄킢뗀펦룃쫇튻훖쾸탄뗄ퟰ훘ꋞ,뛸뻸늻펦룃쫇튻훖뿉솯뗄ퟱ듓ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뗄뢸쒸ퟶ쇋쪲쎴듭쫂,컒쏇펦룃틔튻훖컂뫍뗄랽쪽뛔웤뷸탐뻀헽ꆰ:쫂뢸쒸벸?,볻횾늻듓,폖뺴늻캥,샍뛸늻풹ꆣꆱꋟꆰ죊ꆱ죋췹췹믡뛔컄뮯벰웤폫컄뮯뗄맘쾵뷸탐엺에탔움볛폫움맀ꆣ떱헢킩죊죋틢쪶떽쯻쏇ퟔ벺쫇죧뫎뎹뗗뗘ꆢ늻뿉뇜쏢뗘뻟폐짧믡탔쪱,쯻쏇뗄쳡룟튲뻍뾪쪼쇋ꆣ컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼붵짺폚튻룶맘쾵췸훐ꆪꆪꆪ볒춥맘쾵ꆢ훖ퟥ맘쾵뫍짧믡맘쾵뗈뗈ꆣ헢킩맘쾵췸쓜릻돐췐ꋙYu-WeiHsieh,ꆰFilialPietyandChineseSociety,ꆱTheChineseMind,,-182.ꋚIbid.,;Moore,ꆰIntroduction,ꆱ.ꋛConfucius,Analects,1/2.ꋜHsieh,ꆰStatus,ꆱ.ꋝꋞ Confucius,Analects,2/7.ꋟIbid.,4/18.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌27컒쏇,쯼쏇늻뷶싺ퟣ컒쏇뗄짺샭뫍쟩룐짏뗄탨튪,쯼쏇뮹믡쿲컒쏇쳡릩쓇킩컒쏇훕짺뚼쫜폃뗄ꆢ폃틔ힷ쟳컒쏇죈훔쫂컯뗄룷훖횪쪶폫벼쓜ꆣ죧쒳킩헜톧볒쯹붲뗄ꋙ,쓇훖ꆰ싗샭ퟔ컒늻맽쫇튻훖맘쾵ꆱ뗄쮵램폐킩맽럖,뛀솢에뛏ퟜ쫇탨튪뗄ꆣ튲탭뮻튻훖쮵램퓲룼캪좷쟐:죋쏇쯹쪵쿖믲믱뗃뗄룶탔뫍좨췾뚼쫇퓚맘쾵췸훐쯹뷸탐뗄ꆣ쪫죋뿉쓜믡뛔폯퇔닺짺뛀쳘뗄펰쿬,떫폯퇔놾짭뻟폐짧믡탔ꆣ떱쪫죋짽뮪뫍럡뢻폯퇔뗄춬쪱,쯻쏇튲퓚늻뿉뇜쏢뗘샻폃헢폯퇔ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇뗄탐캪쒣쪽춬퇹튲믡랴펳컒쏇짧믡뗄럧쯗폫쾰맟,뻍솬컒쏇뗄짭쳥ퟋ첬튲쫇춨맽쒣럂짧믡뛸톧살뗄ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇믡랴뛔살ퟔ컄뮯뗄횸쇮,떫쫇컒쏇뗄랴뛔탐캪놾짭튲믡폐짧믡뗄탎쪽,쯼뇘탫쫇헢퇹ꆣ죧맻뇰죋늻쓜죏돶컒쏇뗄뾹틩뫍랴뛔,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄랴뾹뻍믡쪧냜ꆣ죧맻쿫튪죃랴뛔틢볻놻듳볒죏쟥뗄뮰,쓇쎴쯹폐룷랽뚼뇘탫샭뷢랴뾹쯹쳴햽뗄짧믡쿖쪵쫇퓵퇹뗄ꆣ헢훖릲춬럖쿭뗄샭뷢폀풶늻뿉쓜놻좫좻엗웺,틲캪헢쫇죎뫎뿉쓜뗄뇤룯ꆢ랴뾹뗄믹뒡ꆣ뿗ퟓ튲탭믡춬틢램맺헾훎샭싛볒퇇샺뿋쮹ꆤ뗂ꆤ췐뿋캬뛻(AlexisdeTocqueville)뗄맛뗣:랴엑뗄ퟔ컒튲힢뚨튪훘뢴쓇놾쫇ퟔ컒뚨캻좪풴뗄컄뮯ꆣꋚ컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼믡ퟰ훘컒쏇뗄컄뮯,늻맜컒쏇틢쪶떽뮹쫇쎻폐틢쪶떽ꆣ훐맺뗄룯쏼럖ퟓ퓚췆탐듲웆맽좥뿚뫅뗄춬쪱,튲퓚볌탸ퟅ튻킩뻉뗄뒫춳ꆣꆰ춬횾쏇ꆱ놻웚췻쿲쎫퓳뚫뗄뮭쿱뿄춷,헢헽죧샺듺뗄얩쏱놻웈쿲쯻쏇뗄ꆰ샏튯ꆱ탐샱튻퇹ꆣꆰ캰듳쇬탤쎫훷쾯췲쯪!ꆱ헢뻤뿚뫅늻맽쫇뻉쪱돆폾믊뗛뗄뇤탎뛸틑ꆣꋛ웕춨죋뫍랶쪽죋횮볤뗄훷튪쟸뇰퓚폚룷ퟔ뛔뒫춳퓚쯻쏇짺믮훐쯹냧퇝뷇즫뗄틢쪶돌뛈늻튻퇹ꆣ뫍웕춨죋늻튻퇹,쓇킩좨췾죋쓜릻샭뷢,컒쏇쯹폐죋뛔컒쏇쯹볌돐뗄뒫춳뗄솪쾵탔쫇뫎뗈뗄짮뫱ꆣ쯻ꋙNelNoddings,Caring(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1984),;49.ꋚAlexisdeTocqueville,TheOldRegimeandtheFrenchRevolution,(GardenCity,.:DoubledayAnchorBooks,1955),Passim.ꋛJungChang,WildSwans:ThreeDaughtersofChina(NewYork:Simon&),.
28뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쏇뗄헢훖틢쪶뎣뎣쪹쯻쏇뛔쯻쏇췅쳥뗄뒫춳뷸탐폐틢움맀,늢쟒ퟔ평뗘펵놧쓇킩쯻쏇랢쿖뗄뫏틢뫍폐폃뗄늿럖,늢쟒틔헢킩늿럖캪믹뒡뷸탐랢햹ꆣ듓샭싛짏붲,쯻쏇뿉틔톡퓱폫헢훖뒫춳뷸탐뻶쇑,떫쫇쯻쏇뫜쟥돾,쯻쏇뗄헢훖뻶쇑폫럖샫훁뛠튲쫇늿럖뗄ꆰ,컒쏇펦룃떽컒쏇뗄췅쳥ퟔ컒훐좥톰쟳컒쏇횮듦폐뗄쪵훊폫풴좪ꆱꆣꋙ랶쪽죋늢늻죏캪ퟔ벺폫ퟔ벺뗄컄뮯뫍벯쳥횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇뛔솢뗄맘쾵ꆣ틲캪컒쏇늻뿉뇜쏢뗘뻟폐벯쳥탔,쯹틔퓷뫞믲웺뻸컒쏇뗄벯쳥뻍쫇뗈폚퓷뫞컒쏇ퟔ벺ꆣ컒쏇펦룃붫컒쏇뗄컄뮯쫓캪튻훖맣랺뗄풴ꆣ튻룶쾸탄뗄죋횮쯹틔ퟱ듓맽좥,늢늻쫇틲캪맽좥놾짭,뛸쫇틲캪맽좥냼몬쇋뿉틔냯훺죋쏇뷸탐탞솶틔벰붨짨튻룶죊짆짧믡뗄탭뛠쪵볹ꆢ쾰맟틔벰럧쯗ꆣ뒫춳쫇훘튪뗄,틲캪쯼뻟폐볛횵ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺퓸뛠듎쟸뇰뫃뗄샺쪷쫂볾뫍뮵뗄샺쪷쫂볾,뛸쟒뮹즸톡돶튻킩ퟣ틔돉캪뗤랶뗄샺쪷죋컯ꆣꋚ컒쏇뛔폚뒫춳뗄솢뎡뇘탫쫇엺에탔뗄,횻폐쓇컞횪뗄죋닅믡훘뢴뒫춳ꆰ:쫂뻽뺡샱,죋틔캪?튲ꆣꆱꋛ쾸탄뗄좨췾죋횪뗀,컄뮯뒫춳쫇퇝뷸뗄,쯹폐뗄컄뮯뚼쫇뿉째춸뗄ꆣ떱컄뮯뇋듋뷓뒥쪱,쯼쏇믡쿠뮥펰쿬ꆣ벴쪹쓇틔컼쫕춬뮯췢맺펰쿬훸돆뗄훐맺죋튲믡틲폫췢뷧뗄뷓뒥뛸룄뇤ퟔ벺,쓇훖춬뮯뗄ꆢ뚫랽뮯뗄펰쿬뇏뺹튲쫇튻훖펰쿬ꆣ쇭췢,늻맜튻룶쏱ퟥ뛔ퟔ벺컄뮯훐뗄뒫춳뛠쎴ퟰ훘,헢킩뒫춳튲믡쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯ꆣ쎿룶뒫춳뚼뇘탫평룶죋폨틔?뷢,떱헢킩룶죋쫩킴믲룄킴쯻쏇뗄벯쳥샺쪷쪱,쯻쏇믡듸ퟅퟔ벺뗄탋좤폫맘힢ꆣ틲캪헢킩룶죋뗄맘힢폫탋좤럇뎣늻춬,쯹틔쯻쏇뛔벯쳥쪵볹뫍샱틇뗄?뷢튲믡닺짺뫜듳뗄쟸뇰ꆣ튻킩듳뗄맺볒죧훐맺ꆢ쏀맺뫍뛭싞쮹뚼폐탭뛠훖ퟥ폫쏱ퟥꆣ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄햹뾪,헢킩늻춬뗄훖ퟥ폫쏱ퟥ믡뛔탭뛠뒫춳뷸탐쪵훊탔뗄룄뇤,뛸늻맜헢킩뒫춳폐뛠듳뗄뿉룐ꋙKarlJaspers,Socrates,Buddha,Confucius,Jesus(SanDiego,Cal.:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1962),.ꋚConfucius,Analects,3/1;3/2;3/14;6/1.ꋛIbid.,3/18.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌29뻵뗄솦솿ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭놾짭뻍럇뎣캢쏮뗘쿔쪾돶헢훖헢훖믮솦ꆣ뿗ퟓ쫇튻룶헦헽뗄죋,쯤좻쯻쎻폐킴쿂쯻ퟔ벺뗄쮼쿫,떫쫇쯻뗄톧짺볇슼쿂쯻뗄튻킩뷌믥ꆣ쫕슼폚ꆶ싛폯ꆷ훐뗄튻킩뷌믥춨뎣놻죋쏇죏캪쫇헦쪵뗄,틲듋컒퓚랢햹뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵뗄맽돌훐,뛔ꆶ싛폯ꆷ폐뫜듳돌뛈뗄틀삵ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃췼볇,뿗ퟓ볈쫇튻룶벯쳥탎쿳,폖쫇튻룶샺쪷룶죋ꆣ뫳살뗄?쫍헟뛔뿗ퟓ뗄뷌떼볓죫쇋쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄뾴램,튪쎴잿뗷쒳킩,튪쎴뫶쫓쇭튻킩ꆣ헢킩?쫍쮼쿫쓜릻튲좷쪵뇋듋쎬뛜,폐쪱쎬뛜뷏듳,폐쪱쎬뛜뷏킡ꆣ좻뛸헢킩?쫍튲돉쇋뿗ퟓ싗샭뒫춳뗄튻늿럖,튲돉쇋샺듺톧헟ꆢ즮죋ꆢ붳죋ꆢ얩쏱ꆢ헾뿍틔벰짌죋쯹틽폃폫쯟훮뗄좪풴ꆣ틲듋,퓚컒뗄쳖싛훐,컒폖늻쪱뗘틽폃쓇킩쫜뿗ퟓ펰쿬뗄쮼쿫볒뗄훸ퟷꆣ헢훖뒦샭뿗ퟓ뒫춳뗄쫖램쫇뫏뫵싗샭뗄,헽죧컒쏇쎿룶죋튻퇹,샺쪷훐뗄뿗ퟓ쫇튻훖짧믡ퟔ컒,쯻폫컄뮯횮볤쫇튻훖뮥뚯뗄캢쏮맘쾵ꆣ룹뻝헢룶짧믡ퟔ컒뗄맛뗣(룄퓬맽좥틔쪹웤돉캪쿖듺쟩탎뗄횸헫),쯻튪뛔쯻뗄뒫춳뷸탐훘탂?뷢폫룄퓬ꆣ뒫춳믡랴맽살ퟷ폃폚쯻,믲럡뢻쯻뗄쮼쿫,믲믙뮵쯻뗄쮼쿫ꆣꆰ죊ꆱ죋펦룃샭뷢ꆢ뷓쫜늢쾲낮헢훖뮥뚯맘쾵ꆣ떱컒쏇뇤뗃풽랢좨췾탔ꆢ풽랢죊듈쪱,틔벰떱컒쏇춨맽?뷢뗄뒫춳(뛸늻쫇뚯컯놾쓜)틢쪶떽죋샠뛀쳘뗄짺듦쓜솦쪱,컒쏇믡늻뛏뗘죚죫룼듳뗄짧믡벯쳥훐좥ꆣ컒쏇풽쫇샭뷢ퟔ벺뗄컄뮯탔,컒쏇풽믡뛔컄뮯닺짺펰쿬,튲풽믡쫜컄뮯펰쿬ꆣ컒쏇믡ퟔ뻵뗘뷓쫜쯹볌돐뗄틲쯘,늢붫웤뮯돉컒쏇ퟔ짭뗄튻늿럖ꆣ틲캪컒쏇뗄탐캪뫍쓇킩럖쿭춬튻컄뮯뗄죋뗄탐캪횮볤폐ퟅ튻뚨뗄릲쏹,쯹틔컒쏇뗄탐캪믡폐룼듳뗄펰쿬ퟷ폃ꆣ컒쏇믡뛔컒쏇짭뇟죋뗄탐캪뫍룶탔닺짺쯜퓬ퟷ폃,헢쫇틲캪헢킩죋튲쿱컒쏇튻퇹뚼쫇폫룼듳컄뮯닺짺뮥뚯맘쾵뗄짧믡ퟔ컒ꆣ좨췾죋샠폫좨췾벯쳥쫇춬튻뗄ꆣ쯤좻헢훖벯쳥ퟔ컒룅쓮늻춬폚컷랽풭ퟓ쪽뗄ꆢ뛀솢ퟔ컒룅쓮(룃룅쓮죏캪,헢룶뛀솢ퟔ컒듓뫜듳돌뛈짏늻쫜컄뮯뫍맘쾵뗄펰쿬폫럁낭),떫쫇헢훖벯쳥ퟔ컒룅쓮뛔컷랽죋살붲튲늢늻쫇췪좫쒰짺뗄뚫컷ꆣ듓쒳킩뷇뛈살뾴,퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄틔뗂탔캪믹뒡뗄싗샭쳥쾵뫜뫃
30뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗘뛔펦쇋뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭쳥쾵ꆣ퓚헢솽훖싗샭쳥쾵훐,룶죋쫇싗샭짆믲뗤랶탐캪뗄뇪ힼ,뛸늻쫇맦퓲믲웕쫀풭퓲ꆣ뛔폚퇇샯뛠쪿뛠뗂살쮵,뫃폫짆뗄탐캪쫇평쓇킩뻟폐쪵폃훇믛뗄죋ퟶ돶살뗄,쓇킩쪵폃훇믛헟뗄탐캪쫇튻훖훷맛웚췻뗄탐캪,뛸뛔헢킩탐캪뗄뾼싇튲쫇럇뎣뫏샭뗄ꆣ헢킩훇헟쯹폐틢톡퓱뗄탐캪쿔좻쫇럇뎣폅솼뗄탐캪,틲캪헢킩탐캪뚼쫇틔뫏쫊뗄랽쪽ꆢ뫏쫊뗄쪱볤ꆢ뫏쫊뗄뗘뗣틔벰헫뛔뫏쫊뗄죋좺ퟶ돶뗄ꆣ뛔폚뿗ퟓ살쮵,뫃죋믲짆죋뻍쫇쓇킩싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪믲톡퓱뗄뇪ힼ폫뗤랶ꆣꆰ죊ꆱ죋뻍쿱튻룶뺫햿뗄짤볽쫖,쓜릻튻볽훐뗄ꆣꋙ쯻쏇횮쯹틔쓜릻듯떽헢퇹튻뗣,볈틲캪쯻쏇쓜릻뷓쫜쓇킩쯻쏇죏캪훇믛뗄죋뗄엺움폫볻뷢,폖틲캪쯻쏇쓜릻늻뛏얬솦쳡룟ퟔ벺뗄뇭쿖ꆣ헽죧쓇킩뻟폐쪵폃훇믛뗄죋튻퇹,쓇킩ퟱ톭ꆰ뗀ꆱ뗄죋튲뇘좻쫇쾸훂뛸뷷짷뗄ꆣꋚ쯻쏇믡ퟐ쾸뛸죏헦뗘탐쫂,틲캪쯻쏇횪뗀냑쫂쟩ퟷ뫃쫇삧쓑뗄ꆣꋛ믲헟죧퇇샯쪿뛠뗂쯹쮵뗄ꆰ:짆쫂쓑캪!ꆱ뿗ퟓ폃ꆰ쫶ꆱ헢룶듊살뇭듯돉캪좨췾죋헢튻맽돌ꆣꆰ쫶ꆱ뿉틔샭뷢캪ퟰ훘ꋜ,튲뿉틔샭뷢캪샻쯻ꋝ,뮹뿉틔샭뷢캪욽뗈ꆣꋞ쎿튻훖샭뷢뚼폐룷ퟔ뗄뿉좡횮뒦ꆣퟔ컒쪵쿖믡짦벰뛔뒫춳뗄ퟰ훘,ퟔ컒(ego-self)튪쫜떽쾽훆폫뿋럾,듓뛸쿲쓇룶ꆰ릫컒ꆱ(communalself)잰뷸,틲캪헢룶릫컒쓜릻튲풸틢캪뒫춳ퟶ돶뢺퓰뛸샻쯻탔뗄릱쿗,뛸헢룶뒫춳헽쫇컒쏇쯹삵틔짺듦뗄룹놾:ꆰ럲죊헟,벺폻솢뛸솢죋,벺폻듯뛸듯죋ꆣꆱꋟ컒쏇뚼폐욽뗈뗄듯폚ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄믺믡,틲캪죊ퟜ뇈뇭쏦쿫쿱뗄튪뷼ꆣ컒쏇횻탨쿲ퟔ벺짭쓚톰쟳ꋠ,쯼뻍믡돶쿖ꆣꋡ컊쳢늢늻퓚폚컒쏇쓜럱듯폚죊,뛸퓚폚좱짙ퟔ싉ꆣ듳뛠쫽죋뚼쫇ퟔ쮽뗄,늻풸틢돐죏ퟔꋙHallandAmes,Thinking,.ꋚConfucius,Analects,19/25.ꋛIbid.,12/3.ꋜ.ꋝDimCheukLamintroductiontoTheAnalectsbyConfucius(London:PenguinBooks,1979),.ꋞJaspers,Socrates,.ꋟꋠ Confucius,Analects,6/30.ꋡIbid.,7/30.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌31벺뛔뇰죋뗄잷쪧ꆣ뫜짙죋쓜릻뿘훆ퟔ벺,틔뻀헽ퟔ벺ꆰ뗀슷ꆱ짏뗄듭컳ꆣꋙ뿗ퟓ싗샭폫놾훷틥떱컒쏇쳖싛떽듋뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇튲탭믡컊:헢훖틔ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮캪훐탄뗄뿗ퟓ싗샭쫇럱믡죏캪놾훷틥쫇싗샭짏뿉틔뷓쫜뗄?ퟔ듓뗂맺짧믡톧볒십뿋쮹ꆤ캤늮훷헅뿗ퟓ볛횵맛뛔놾훷틥뗄랢햹돖뗐뛔첬뛈틔살,헢룶컊쳢튻횱뚼뻟폐헹틩ꆣ컒쏇폐뇘튪뛔캤늮뗄엺움폨틔쾸훂쳖싛,틲캪쯻뗄맛달뮹쫇몬폐튻뚨헦샭틲쯘뗄,쇭췢튲틲캪탭뛠죋죔퓚늽캤늮뗄뫳뎾ꆣ캤늮횮쯹틔죏캪뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔놾훷틥뺭볃돖폐뗐뛔첬뛈,쫇틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭럁낭웳튵볒뺫짱뗄랢햹ꆣ쿖듺뗄놾훷틥웳튵볒튪쟳뻟폐쿂쏦뛀쳘뗄싗샭쳘뗣:? 뎹뗗훂솦폚짏뗛쯹뚨뗄룷훖쒿뇪폫쫂튵;뛔뷻폻싗샭폨틔퇏룱뛸쪵볊뗄샭탔뮯;퓚짌튵맜샭훐닉폃ퟰ훘쫂쪵뗄룅쓮;춴뫞쓇킩틀삵폚잿좨벰잿죋뗄럇램뗄ꆢ헾훎뗄ꆢ횳쏱뗄ꆢ싓뛡뗄틔벰슢뛏뗈탎쪽뗄놾훷틥,쾲뮶내뇪ힼ돌탲닙ퟷ뗄웳튵뗄쓇훖샤뺲퇏뷷뗄램싉뺫짱틔벰쓇훖폐쯹뿘훆뗄샭탔솦솿;뛔벼쫵짏ퟮ병랽쪽ꆢ뛔쪵볊짏낲좫뫍뛔ퟔ짭샻틦뗄뫏샭볆쯣,뛸늻쫇쓇훖뒫춳훷틥헟뛔쯹뒫쫚벼틕믲ퟷ욷횮쏀뗄냑췦뺫짱(쓇훖뗤탍뗄샏붳죋뺫짱)ꆣ돽쇋헢튻쟐횮췢,쯻뮹뇘탫뻟폐훒쪵릤죋샖폚릤ퟷ뗄쳘쫢틢풸ꆣꋚ룹뻝캤늮뗄맛뗣,뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻싺ퟣ헢킩쳵볾,틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭쯹췆탐뗄쫇뛔쫀뷧뗄쫊펦뺫짱,뛸늻쫇쓇훖뛔쫀뷧뗄뿘훆뺫짱ꆣꋛ뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄ힷ쯦헟횻쫇풭럢늻뚯뗘뷓쫜헢룶쫀뷧ꆣ쯻쏇퓚뒫춳뗄뿲볜뫍ꋙConfucius,Analects,5/27.ꋚWeber,ReligionofChina,.ꋛIbid.,.
32뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쇷탐쳥훆쓚릤ퟷ,쯻쏇뗄쒿뇪뻍쫇퓚쒿잰쿖ힴ(냼삨뢯냜뗄뻽췵폫뗘훷)쓚췪짆ퟔ벺,퓚벴쪹췪좫늻샻뗄쟩뿶쿂튲엠퇸튻훖욽뫍뗄ퟰ퇏뫍룟짐뺫짱ꆣꋙꆰ죊죋ꆱ뗄룅쓮횻늻맽쫇튻훖쏀톧볛횵,뛸늻쫇튻훖쪵쿖짱쪥쒿뇪뗄릤뻟ꆣ컷랽뗄쟥뷌춽폫쯻쏇잡잡쿠랴,쯻쏇쫇벫뛋폐킧뗄웳튵볒틲캪쯻쏇쫓ퟔ벺캪샭탔뗘룄뇤뫍뿘훆헢룶쫀뷧뗄짱쪥릤뻟ꆣ쟥뷌춽싗샭튪쟳죋쏇얬솦믱좡짌튵훐뗄벼쫵탅쾢,뛸뿗ퟓ싗샭퓲맄샸죋쏇뛁쫩쪶ퟖ,쓇킩벼쫵탔횪쪶늻쫇샭쿫뗄뚫컷,틲캪헢훖횪쪶횻믡쪹죋쏇뗄탄훇쿁낯,ퟨ낭죋쏇쪵쿖폫쫀뷧뫏튻ꆣ캤늮죏캪,헢훖뷌폽쒿뇪폫햹췻짏뗄닮틬틑뺭닺짺쇋횱뷓뗄뺭볃펰쿬ꆣ헽죧쟥뷌춽튻퇹,헢킩뿗뮯훐맺죋튻횱뚼뫜뷚볳,떫쫇쯻쏇폃ퟔ벺뗄믽탮살싲쫩ꆢ믱뗃뛮췢뷌폽틔벰ힼ놸뿆뻙뾼쫔ꆣ뛸쟥뷌춽뗄뷚볳랽쪽좴폫듋듳늻쿠춬,쯻쏇ꆰ헵뗃뫜뛠,뮨뗃뫜짙,붫쫕죫ퟷ캪튻훖놾춶떽샭탔놾볒웳튵훐,헢튻쟐뚼횻쫇돶폚쓇훖뿠탐뷻폻헟튪헼뻈죋쇩뗄잿쇒풸췻ꆣꆱꋚ룹뻝캤늮뗄뾴램,뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄쇭튻룶랽쏦춬퇹튲ퟨ낭쇋훐맺죋쿲놾훷틥뗄퓋뚯ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭튪쟳죋쏇춨맽엠퇸ퟔ벺볈뚨뗄맘쾵뛸췪짆ퟔ벺,뛸쟥뷌춽퓲죏캪쯻쏇뛔뇰죋폐튻훖웕쫀ꆢ짱쪥뗄퓰죎,틲캪헢킩죋뚼춬퇹쫇짏뗛뗄퓬뮯ꆰ:헢훖뛔잱퓚뛸뎬쯗뗄짏뗛뗄ퟚ뷌퓰죎쪹뗃쟥뷌춽붫쯹폐뗄죋탔맘쾵(냼삨쓇킩짺믮훐ퟔ좻뗄쟗쏜맘쾵)쫓캪쓇훖틢퓚뎬풽짺믮훐튻쟐폐믺맘쾵뗄쮼쿫맛쓮뗄랽쪽폫뇭듯ꆣꆱꋛ캤늮죏캪,헢훖붫쯹폐죋탔맘쾵릤뻟뮯뫍럇룶죋뮯뗄맽돌뛔놾훷틥뗄랢햹살쮵쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄ꆣ헢훖랽램듙랢쇋튻훖ퟜ삨탔뗄쟳쪵맛쓮(뛸헢훖맛쓮헽쫇놾훷틥웳튵볒뗄튻룶맘볼룶탔),쇭췢쯼뮹쪹죋쏇췑샫ퟔ벺뗄샺쪷뷇즫뛸뾴듽뇋듋ꆣ죋쏇폫릦쓜탔죎컱솪쾵퓚튻웰,뛸늻쫇폫짭럝맘쾵솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣꋜퟷ캪튻훖뷡맻,죋쏇쓜ꋙWeber,ReligionofChina,.ꋚIbid.,-247.ꋛIbid.,.ꋜIbid.,.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌33릻폫쓇킩뫍쯻쏇튻퇹튲폫짏뗛폐튻훖헽좷맘쾵뗄쒰짺헟붨솢뮥쿠탅삵뗄맘쾵ꆣ쫂쪵짏,듓쟥뷌춽뗄뷇뛈살뾴,죋쏇펦룃뇜쏢폫뎤헟ꆢ쪦헟벰엳폑폐첫맽틀삵폫쟗쏜뗄맘쾵:? 퓚죎뫎쟩뿶쿂,폫짏뗛뗄맘쾵뚼뒦퓚폅쿈뗄캻훃ꆣ첫맽잿쇒뗄죋탔돧냝맘쾵튻뚨튪폨틔뇜쏢ꆣ뛔죋뗄맽폚탅삵,쳘뇰쫇뛔쓇킩짺살ퟮ쟗뗄죋뗄틀삵,믡쪹죋뗄쇩믪쿝죫캣쿕횮훐ꆣꋙ헢훖풸틢폫쒰짺죋튻웰릤ퟷ뗄뺫짱쪹뗃컷랽죋쓜릻짨볆폫랢햹튵뗄ퟩ횯폫듳탍뗄웳튵,뛸훐맺죋퓲쿝폚틔볒춥믲볒ퟥ캪믹뒡뗄얼쿱돧냝쪽뗄ퟩ횯뷡릹훐ꆣ훐맺죋늻쓜랢햹돶쓇훖ꆰ뺭볃쪽벰맜샭쪽뗄ꆢ뻟폐뒿쒿뗄탔뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽믲웳튵쒣쪽ꆣꋚ캤늮뛔뚫컷랽뗄뛔뇈뿉틔볻쿂뇭:탂뷌컷랽뿗뮯뚫랽1.럾컱폚좷뚨뗄짱쪥쒿뇪1.쫊펦췢뷧뮷뺳?2.룄짆쿖ힴ틔쪵쿖쒿뇪2.퓚쿖폐뿲볜쓚릤ퟷ?3.룼쟣쿲폚램싉맘쾵뛸늻쫇죋탔맘쾵3.룼쟣쿲폚볒춥벰늿실맘쾵?4.룼쟣쿲폚벼쫵킧싊뛸늻쫇붳죋뺫짱4.룼쳡뎫붳죋뺫짱뫍컄뿆뷌??폽뛸늻쫇킧싊?5.붫뒢탮ퟷ캪춶놾5.폃뒢탮퓶볓횪쪶? 캤쫏뗄싛뗣퓚쒳킩랽쏦듸폐컳떼탔ꆣ캤쫏쯹죏캪뗄쓜럁낭훐맺놾훷틥랢햹뗄튻킩쳘탔듓뎤풶뗄뷇뛈쫇쓜릻듙뷸놾훷틥랢햹뗄ꆣ쯤좻랶쪽죋좷쪵죏캪쒳킩쫂쟩쫇늻쓜룄뇤뗄,듓뛸뺡뿉쓜뗘틔ퟣ릻뗄룟짐폫ퟰ퇏쫊펦췢뷧뮷뺳(캤쫏쯹맩쓉뗚튻뗣쳘탔ꋛ),떫쫇헢룶ꆰ죊ꆱ죋춬쪱튲믡힢틢헾훎뷧뗄뇤뮯틔벰힡튻쟐믺폶살룄짆쳡룟릫릲뢣ꆣꋜ훐맺쫇튻룶뻞듳뗄맺볒,쒳킩뗘쟸틑뺭쫜떽쇋컷랽쪵ꋙꋚ Weber,ReligionofChina,.ꋛConfucius,Analects,1/1.ꋜIbid.,17/1.
34뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭볹폫쮼쿫뗄펰쿬ꆣ쒳훖탎쪽뗄놾훷틥틑뺭떼훂쇋떱뗘죋쏱짺믮쮮욽뗄쾷뻧탔쳡룟,헢쫇튻룶늻헹뗄쫂쪵ꆣ캤쫏쯹횸뗄훐맺훂솦폚톧쫵뗄횪쪶럖ퟓ늢쎻폐뫶싔헢룶쫂쪵ꆣ벴쪹쎫퓳뚫쪱듺뗄릲닺떳튲캪쇋늹돤췪짆ퟔ벺뗄짧믡훷틥뛸닉좡쇋튻킩쫐뎡뮯뗄듫쪩ꆣ퓚퓖쓑탔뗄ꆰ듳풾뷸ꆱ뫍듳랶캧뗄벢횮뫳,뗋킡욽퓊탭훐맺뗄뺭볃ퟔ평뮯틔훘헱훐맺뗄얩튵뫍릤튵짺닺ꆣ헢퇹컒쏇뿉틔풤닢,뿗뮯훂톧뺫짱(뗚쯄뗣)폫쫊펦뺫짱(뗚튻뗣)믡퓚쓇킩쫬쾤놾훷틥쪵볹뗄뗘쟸듙뷸탎돉쒳훖탎쪽뗄놾훷틥ꆣ퇘몣뗘쟸벰폫쿣룛뷓뷼뗄뚫쓏쪡럝뗄뇭쿖헽뫃쮵쏷쇋컒쏇뗄풤닢ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔폚좨췾뗄ퟰ훘(뗚뛾뗣)캴뇘뻍믡떼훂튻훖뛔뒫춳뺭볃볜릹뗄쎤쒿ퟱ쫘ꆣ헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄쓇퇹,뛔폚뒫춳뗄ퟰ훘뇘탫쫇엺에탔뗄ꆢ뇦뇰탔뗄ꆣ컒쏇쎿룶죋뇘탫붫헢킩뒫춳쿻뮯캪컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄,떱컒쏇죧듋ퟷ쪱,컒쏇볈훘쯜뒫춳,뒫춳랴맽살춬쪱폖쯜퓬컒쏇ꆣ룼뷸튻늽뗘,뿗ퟓ붫ퟰ훘좨췾폫짆뛈짺믮솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫ퟱ쫘춳훎헟뫍쇬떼죋뗄틢횾,떫잰쳡쳵볾쫇헢퇹ퟶ뇘탫폐샻폚컒쏇룶죋뗄랢햹틔벰뇰죋뗄뷌뮯ꆣ죧맻튻룶뺭볃쳥쾵뛔죋쏱늻샻,쓇쎴죋쏱뻍췪좫쓜릻ퟔ평뗘뛔뒫춳쳥쾵뷸탐룄퓬폫쳡룟ꆣ폫캤늮쯹잿뗷뗄헽뫃쿠랴,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵뛔죧뫎ퟩ횯뺭볃헢튻컊쳢뗄첬뛈쫇훐솢뗄ꆣ훐맺뗄럢붨쳥훆캪릲닺훷틥죃슷ꆣ죧맻놾훷틥쓜릻쳡룟죋쏱뗄짺믮쮮욽틔벰쓜릻쪹죋쏱뗃떽룼듳뗄룄짆,쓇쎴릲닺훷틥뻍믡뗃떽놾훷틥뗄늹돤ꆣ쓇훖붫뿗ퟓ쮼쿫샭뷢캪놾훊짏랴놾훷틥뗄ퟶ램쫇듭컳뗄ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵붫폐맘뺭볃헾닟뫍쪵볹뗄컊쳢럅퓚룼듳뗄듙뷸죋샠벯쳥뢣뗄컊쳢쿂좥뾼싇ꆣ듓헢튻뗣짏붲,죧맻컒쏇붫뿗ퟓ싗샭샭뷢캪쓇훖ꆰ듙뷸죋탔ꆱ뗄싗샭,헢튲탭믡룼볓좷쟐ꆣ죧맻놾훷틥(믲쒳훖탎쪽뗄놾훷틥)뾪쪼놻훐맺죋죏캪뇈쿈잰뒫춳룼캪죊짆,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔웚듽,훐맺죋믡틔룼듳뗄죈쟩좥펵놧쯼ꆣ횻튪훐맺죋쫇뿗뮯뗄훐맺죋,쓇쎴웤싗샭뻍믡쪹쯻쏇돉캪컷랽죋듓캴볻맽뗄ퟮ훒쪵뗄놾훷틥헟ꆣ떫쫇컒헢샯늢늻쫇쮵,뿗ퟓ싗샭죏뿉놾훷틥뗄좫늿쳘헷ꆣ쯹
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌35폐움싛헟뚼죏캪,뿗ퟓ싗샭뿏뚨믡랴뛔쓇훖컾짼ퟔ컒랢햹뗄샻죳ힷ쟳쒣쪽ꆣ컒뗄맛뗣쫇,쓇킩닉폃뺲횹붩뮯ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ믲ꆰ훐맺뒫춳볛횵맛ꆱ쳖싛랽램뗄죋(죧캤늮)럇뎣퇏훘뗘뗍맀쇋뿗ퟓ뒫춳뗄쓚퓚뚯솦폫쇩믮쳘탔ꆣ쇭췢,헢킩톧헟쯆뫵뎣뎣믡췼볇헢퇹튻뗣,놾훷틥뗄돉릦늢늻쫇쒳룶떥튻컄뮯틲쯘뗄뷡맻폫ퟷ폃(샽죧,컷랽쯹잿뗷뗄벼쫵킧싊,캤늮뗄뗚쯄뗣)ꆣ돉릦뗄웳튵볒뇘탫쓜릻짺닺돶튻킩죋쏇쯹탨튪믲뿉틔쮵럾죋쏇쯹탨튪뗄닺욷폫럾컱,뛸쟒쯻쏇뮹뇘탫뻟폐뛸늻짡뺫짱뫍뒴탂뺫짱ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭붫뛸늻짡쫓캪튻훖맘볼뗄뗂탔ꆣퟔ컒췪짆폫ퟔ컒랢햹쫇튻훖훕짺뗄쫂튵,튪쟳폐튻훖뫁컞뚯튡뗄틢횾솦ꆣ횻폐쓇킩뻟폐ퟔ싉쾰맟뗄죋닅폐쾣췻뗃떽룄짆폫쳡룟ꆣ헢훖뛸늻짡뫍볡죍늻냎뗄쾰맟볈쓜횧돖웳튵볒튲쓜횧돖톧헟ꆣ쓇킩몣췢뮪죋(듳풼폐컥잧췲ꋙ)퓚돉릦뗘뺭펪ퟅ쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄웳튵ꆣ퓚맽좥,쯻쏇뗄헢킩웳튵춨뎣쫇쓇훖뗤탍뗄럲웞뗪쪽뗄웳튵,뛸늻쫇쓇훖솪뫏뗄듳웳튵,좻뛸쯻쏇죔쫇놾훷틥쪽뗄ꆣ헢킩뗪워뗄훷죋춨맽쯻쏇룷ퟔ뗄웳튵벯뻛쇋듳솿뗄놾,쒿잰훐맺뗄췢짌춶뗄75%살ퟔ폚헢킩몣췢뮪죋ꆣꋚퟷ캪쇭튻룶쫜떽뿗ퟓ싗샭잿쇒펰쿬뗄맺볒,몫맺뗄뗍쾢탅듻킭믡춬퇹쿔쪾,뿗ퟓ쮼쿫튲쓜돉릦뗘틔뒴탂뗄랽쪽벯뻛놾폫훘탂춶ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇튲늻펦룃뫶쫓탐쿺벼쟉폫뗍샍뚯솦뗄폅쫆ꆣ쓇킩럇뎣폐컄뮯뗄훐맺죋(캤늮뗚컥뗣)쫇럻뫅뗄뿘훆볒(mastersatmanipulatingsymbols)ꆣ쯻쏇쿲쓇킩붲훐컄믲샻폃훐맺몺ퟖ뗄뚫퇇죋췆쿺닺욷뗄쓜솦쫇늻뿉뗍맀뗄ꆣ훐맺ꆢ첩맺ꆢ탂볓웂틔벰펡쓡뗄쿠뛔뗍볛샍뚯솦헢튻틲쯘뛔헢킩맺볒뗄돉릦ퟶ쇋뫜듳릱쿗ꆣ폐킩죋헹싛쮵,뚫퇇뗄뺭볃웦벣늢늻쫇틲캪컄뮯랽쏦뗄틲쯘,뛸쫇틲캪쓇킩뢻풣랢듯맺볒릺싲퇇훞뗍볛돶뿚닺욷뗄쓜솦ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏살붲,횻튪놾훷틥뗄랢햹틀삵폚훮죧샍뚯솦돉놾닮틬뫍믵뇒믣싊뗈틲쯘,쓇쎴뿗쫏샭싛뻍늻쓜놻죏캪쫇헢훖뺭볃랢햹폫돉릦뗄놳뫳돉틲ꆣ떫ꋙꋚ ,ChinaWakes(NewYork:VintageBooks,1994),.
36뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭헢튲늢늻쫇쮵,죧캤쫏뫍쒳킩죋쯹붲뗄,쯼뻍쫇놾훷틥뺭볃랢햹뗄헏낭ꆣ퓚춬튻룶쿟쯷쓚ꆰ,죊ꆱ죋믡뾼싇헾뢮퓚뺭볃믮뚯훐쯹냧퇝뗄뷇즫ꆣ쏀맺솪냮뒢놸캯풱믡훷쾯룱쇖쮹엋쫇났뛷ꆤ삼뗂(AynRand)쪽ퟔ평틢횾싛뗄뎤웚횧돖헟,ퟮ뷼쯻죃늽쮵,쯻틑뺭뗍맀쇋헾뢮퓚붡뾵놾훷틥쳥훆훐쯹냧퇝뗄뷇즫ꆣ죧맻헾뢮늻웰닝뫍횴탐폐킧램싉틔엠퇸뺭볃믺릹볤뗄탅삵ꆢ놣뮤쿻럑헟벰놣횤쿲춶헟쳡릩룟훊솿뗄탅쾢,쓇쎴ퟔ평쫐뎡뺭볃뻍믡뇤돉튻룶평컞삵뫍쇷쎥뫡탐뗄쫐뎡ꆣ볈좻뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵붫헾뢮쫓캪죋쏱샻틦뗄믽벫놣뮤헟,쓇쎴헢룶싗샭쳥쾵뻍횧돖룱쇖쮹엋쯹죏캪뇘튪뗄헾뢮룉풤ퟶ램ꆣ쓇킩뿗ퟓ샭싛뗄횧돖헟췹췹캪룷뎯뗄춳훎헟릤ퟷ(퓚헢튻뗣짏,캤늮쫇헽좷뗄),틲뛸룷뎯듺닠훘뗄쫇뛔뺭볃뗄뿘훆,뛸늻쫇뛔뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣꋙ쯤좻헢훖닠훘랽쪽뿉쓜퓚맽좥훆풼쇋뺭볃뗄랢햹,떫쯼퓚쿱훐맺헢퇹튻룶뻞듳맺볒훐튲뿉쓜뻟폐튻뚨뗄볛횵,틲캪떱훐맺럅뾪ퟔ벺뗄뺭볃쪱,헾뢮룉풤뛔복짙뢯냜뫍얤쟺틔벰놣뮤든죵쿻럑헟뫍춶헟뗈랽쏦살쮵쫇럇뎣뇘튪뗄ꆣ뛾ꆢ죊폫샱틇탐캪퓚듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄맽돌훐,돽쇋ퟔ싉폫ꆰ쫶ꆱ횮췢ꆰ,샱ꆱ튲쫇탨튪뗄ꆣ뫍ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄쟩탎닮늻뛠ꆰ,샱ꆱ뗄룅쓮튲뛠듎돶쿖퓚ꆶ싛폯ꆷ훐ꆣ쯤좻톧헟쏇뚼춬틢헢룶룅쓮뗄훘튪탔,떫쯻쏇췹췹뻍헢룶룅쓮뗄틢틥닺짺럖웧ꆣ튻킩톧헟죏캪ꆰ죊ꆱ쫇춨맽볡돖뒫춳샱틇뫍틇쪽틔벰ퟰ훘맘쾵뗄샺쪷탎쪽(죧뢸ퟓ헢훖맘쾵)뗈랽쪽쪵쿖뗄ꆣꆰ샱ꆱ쫇ꆰ뗀ꆱ뗄횸쿲춼ꆣꋚ듓헢훖맛뗣돶랢,듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱ폫뷷짷돖쫘ꆰ샱ꆱ쫇춬퇹뗄맽돌ꆣ샱틇탐캪놻죏캪쫇짆뗄,틲캪쯼쏇냼몬죋탔뒫춳퓚쓚ꆣꋛ쪵쿖ꆰ죊ꆱ훷튪ꋙBary,EastAsianCivilizations,.ꋚFingarettc,Confucius,.ꋛIbid.,-17.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌37쫇튻훖췢퓚탐캪ꋙ,룶죋뗄쓚퓚ힴ첬뫍에뛏솦쫇럇뎣늻쿠맘뗄룅쓮ꆣ쇭췢튻킩톧헟붫ꆰ죊ꆱ쫓캪튻훖쓚퓚뗄맽돌,쯼쫇튻훖쓜릻룸폨룶죋틢틥벰뢶훮샱틇탐뚯뗄솦솿뗄맽돌ꆣ볈좻ꆰ죊ꆱ뢳폨샱틇튻훖잿훆탔ꋚ,쓇쎴ꆰ죊ꆱ뫜쿔좻뻍늻뿉쓜쫇샱틇탐뚯뗄뷡맻ꆣ헢훖맛뗣쪹뗃튻킩톧헟붫ꆰ죊ꆱ쫓캪튻훖쓚퓚쳘탔믲뗂탔,듓뛸뇡뗍쇋ꆰ샱ꆱ뗄훘튪탔:? ꆰ죊ꆱ룹놾늻쫇튻훖죋탔맘쾵뗄룅쓮,뺡맜헢킩죋탔맘쾵뛔ꆰ죊ꆱ헢룶룅쓮쫇벫뛈맘볼뗄ꆣ쯼쫇튻훖쓚퓚풭퓲ꆰ,쓚퓚ꆱ뗄틢쮼쫇횸ꆰ,죊ꆱ늢늻쫇튻훖듓췢퓚믱뗃뗄쳘탔;쯼늻쫇짺컯ꆢ짧믡믲헾훎솦솿뗄닺컯ꆭꆭ틲듋ꆰ,죊ꆱퟷ캪튻훖쓚퓚싗샭쳘탔,늢늻쫇춨맽ꆰ샱ꆱ췢퓚닺짺뗄ꆣ쯼쫇튻훖쓜릻뢳폨ꆰ샱ꆱ틢틥뗄ꆢ쫴룼룟닣듎뗄룅쓮ꆣꋛ듓뗚뛾훖맛뗣돶랢,쪵쿖ꆰ죊ꆱ벸뫵췪좫쫇튻훖ꆰ쓚퓚ꆱ뗄쫂쟩,ꆰ튻훖쓚퓚뚯솦뫍ퟔ횪뗄컊쳢ꆱꆣꋜ랶쪽죋펦룃춨맽쓚쫓뛸뇤뗃뻟폐좨췾탔,횻폐쓇킩킡죋닅믡틔웤쯻랽쪽톰쟳ꆰ죊ꆱꆣꋝ뗚죽샠톧헟뢳폨ꆰ죊ꆱ뫍ꆰ샱ꆱ쓚퓚뫍췢퓚솽훖캬뛈ꆣꋞ헢훖맛뗣쯆뫵ퟮ폐뗀샭,횻튪컒쏇쫇짧믡듦폐,돉캪좨췾죋뻍늻쫇튻룶뢳폨쮽죋틢풸믲쮽죋탄샭맽돌뗄볲떥쫂쟩ꆰ,죊ꆱ탨튪ꆰ쓚쪡ꆱ,떫쓇훖좱짙죋탔듦퓚쿖쪵믹뒡믲좱짙벯쳥쿖쪵믹뒡뗄쮼뾼쫇쎻폐룹믹뗄,튲쫇춽샍뗄ꆰ:컡뎢훕죕늻쪳,훕특늻쟞,틔쮼,컞틦,늻죧톧튲ꆣꆱꋟ죧맻톧쾰늻쫇튻훖짧믡쪵볹,쓇쎴쯼펦룃쫇쪲쎴쓘?뇰죋붫컒쏇틽쿲톧쾰,컒ꋙFingarettc,Confucius,.ꋚConfucius,Analects,15/33.ꋛWei-mingTu,ꆰTheCreativeTensionBetweenJenandLi,ꆱ(1968),-34.ꋜWei-mingTu,ꆰJenAsaLivingMetaphorintheConfucianAnalects,ꆱPhilosophyEastandWest,31(1981),.ꋝConfucius,
38뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쏇쿲컒쏇뗄춬톧ꆢ쪦뎤뫍뢸쒸톰쟳횪쪶,컒쏇톧쾰뗄쓚죝퓲풴폚룼듳뗄컄뮯ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쿫쪹톧쾰폐볛횵뗄뮰,쓇쎴톧쾰뮹탨튪쓚쪡,좻뛸톧쾰뻸늻믡쫇튻훖뒿듢뗄쮽죋쫂쟩ꆣ볙쪹컒쏇늻쓜뛔헕쓇킩컒쏇죏캪놾훊짏럻뫏싗샭뗄쪵볹폫낸샽,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍컞램쿫쿱죧뫎탐쫂헽좷뗄컊쳢ꆣ컒쏇춨맽쪹폃듓뇰죋쓇샯톧쾰살뗄쫵폯ꆢ뛔뇈폫쪵볹(죧ힿ풽뗄룅쓮ꆢ뿚뢣횮쿭폫싗샭뗀뗂뗄뛔뇈ꆢ짳닩횤뻝뫍믱좡횤뻝뗄샱틇뗈뗈),컒쏇닅쓜ퟷ헢훖쪶뇰폫뛔헕ꆣꋙ컒쏇쿈쫇뷸탐에뛏,좻뫳붫뇰죋죏캪횵뗃돆퓞믲펦룃퓰놸뗄뚫컷헻뫏캪ퟔ벺뗄ꆣ죧듋쮵살ꆰ,죊ꆱ뇘탫폐튻훖췢퓚캬뛈ꆣ좻뛸,쓚퓚캬뛈튲쫇춬뗈맘볼뗄ꆣ맢욾ퟰ훘ퟱ쫘뒫춳,쎻폐죋쓜릻돉캪폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆣ쓇쎴뛠뗄쪵볹폫룱퇔뚼쫇뮥쿠쎬뛜뗄,튻룶죋죧뫎쓜ퟰ훘좫늿뒫춳쓘?쏱볤훇믛춨뎣믡틔튻훖쎬뛜뗄짹틴붲뮰,죧ꆰ폻쯙퓲늻듯ꆱ,좻뛸컒쏇죔좻탨튪벱벱쎦쎦뗘좥ힼ놸쫂쟩,틲캪컒쏇뇘탫튪ꆰ럀캢뛅붥ꆱꆣ튻랽쏦컒쏇돆퓞쒳킩쇬떼죋뗄벫잿뗄ퟔ탅탄,떫쫇쇭튻랽쏦컒쏇폖뾴뫃웤쯻쇬떼죋뗄뫍쫂샏ퟶ램ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄ꆶ싛폯ꆷ돤싺쇋헢훖뇭쏦뗄쎬뛜쮵램,듓뛸퓚몺톧볒틔벰헜톧볒횮볤떼훂쇋럇뎣벤쇒뗄헹싛ꆣ벴쪹쓇킩ퟮ뒫춳뫍ퟮퟱ쫘뒫춳뗄죋튲뇘탫퓚쎬뛜뗄쪵볹좰뷤룱퇔횮볤뷸탐톡퓱,튻랽쏦튪죏뿉튻킩룱퇔,쇭튻랽쏦폖튪랴뛔튻킩룱퇔,믲헟튪룉든뷸탐헻뫏틔뷢뻶뇭쏦쎬뛜뗄컊쳢ꆣ늻싛쓄훖랽쪽,룶죋뚼튪룹뻝ퟔ벺뗄엺에탔에뛏,뷸탐믽벫훷뚯뗄뇦뇰ꆣ틲듋,퓚돉캪랶쪽죋뗄맽돌훐,룶죋뗄쓚퓚탄샭짺믮뇘탫튪돐떣웰ퟔ벺뗄뷇즫ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻쓜폐킧쪹폃컒쏇뗄훇솦,횻믺킵뗘ퟱ듓뒫춳,쓇쎴컒쏇뇈쓇킩평놾쓜뿘훆뗄뚯컯튲뫃늻쇋뛠짙,쓇쎴퓚쪵쿖컒쏇뛀쳘죋탔뗄컊쳢짏,컒쏇뮹쎻폐ퟷ쪲쎴ꆣ쓇훖뛔샱틇탐캪뫍뒫춳뷸탐룶죋헻뫏폫샭뷢뗄얬솦캪헢킩샱틇탐캪뫍뒫춳뢳폨튻훖틢틥늢뛔웤뷸탐놣듦폫헤님ꆣ랴맽살,헢훖틢틥폖믡쪹탐캪뫍뒫춳룼볓뻟폐믮솦ꆣ죃컒쏇뾴튻쿂뎪맺루뗄샽ퟓ,ꋙFingarette,ꆰReason,ꆱ-226.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌39쏀맺죋(쓇킩횪뗀루듊뗄쏀맺죋!)퓚냴쟲뫍삺쟲뾪주잰춨뎣믡뎪맺루,듳뛠쫽죋횻믡ퟟퟟ헢훖뎪뗄탎쪽,좻뛸쓇킩뛔듋뒫춳룐떽뫃웦ꆢ톰믱뎪맺루뗄샭평늢쓜뇦뇰돶웤놳뫳뗄짆뗄죋룼뿉쓜뺡쟩펵놧헢룶샱틇,룼뿉쓜풸틢붫웤뒫룸쯻쏇뗄ퟓ얮ꆣꆰ얶,컒쏷냗쇋,컒쏇뎪맺루뗄쒿뗄쫇튪쳡탑컒쏇,컒쏇듳볒춬쫴튻룶쏱ퟥ,뻸늻쓜죃벤쇒뗄뺺헹쪹컒쏇퓷뫞컒쏇뗄춬냻쏇ꆣꆱ랢돶듋훖룐첾뗄죋뇈쓇킩뛔듋샱틇뗄뿉쓜틢틥뫁컞쇋뷢뗄죋룼폐죈쟩놣듦헢룶뒫춳ꆣ죧맻폐죋붨틩좡쿻헢훖틇쪽(샱틇)뗄뮰,쓇쎴헢훖늻쇋뷢틇쪽틢틥뗄죋뻍늻믡믽벫폨틔뇧뮤ꆣ헽죧뿗ퟓ쯹붲뗄ꆰ:죋뛸늻죊,죧샱뫎?ꆱꋙ캪쇋좷놣샱틇탐캪돉캪틇쪽,샱틇탐캪뇘탫쫇뿉돖탸탔뗄,뛸헢훖뿉돖탸탔폖좡뻶폚쓇킩얬솦샭뷢쪵볹늢붫웤헻뫏돉캪ퟔ벺뗄뚫컷뗄ꆰ죊ꆱ죋ꆣ죧맻쎻폐쓇훖짮쮼쫬싇뗄샭뷢,죋샠듦퓚뫜쓑쪵쿖돖뻃뗄좨췾,컒쏇뗄샱틇튲믡쫜떽듬헛ꆣ쓇풭놾쫇짧믡췅쳥튻늿럖뗄샱틇뻍뫃쿱쫇튻뿃든죵뗄횲컯,잳잳뗄룹쾵,뫜죝틗뻍놻럧폪솬룹냎웰ꆣ틲캪룶죋폫췅쳥횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇튻훖뮥믝뗄맘쾵,쯹틔좱짙뛔뒫춳뗄룼짮뿌샭뷢믡쪹ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄쪵쿖룼볓삧쓑ꆣ떱샭뷢샱틇헢훖뒫춳늻뢴듦퓚쪱ꆪꆪꆪ떱컒쏇쯹볻떽뗄뚼쫇쓇훖뛔샱틇뗄컞쮼쿫ퟱ쫘쪱ꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇틀헕웤뷸탐샭뷢탔믮뚯뗄랶쪽?뷢헟튲뻍믡뫜짙ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫룶죋뮯컒쏇뗄샱틇,풭틲폐뛾:쫗쿈,컒쏇뇘탫퓚돥춻뗄샱틇훐뷸탐톡퓱ꆣ웤듎,컒쏇뗄샭뷢폫?쫍쫇듯훁뫍쪵쿖뿉돖탸ꆰ죊ꆱ뫍ꆰ샱ꆱ뗄쿈뻶쳵볾ꆣ룶죋뮯뗄쓚퓚맽돌퓚돉캪랶쪽죋뗄맽돌훐냧퇝ퟅ훘튪뷇즫,헢쫇뗚죽룶풭틲ꆣ떱컒쏇탐캪ퟶ쫂뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇ퟜ쫇퓚튻훖놳뺰훐뷸탐,컒쏇뇘탫쪱뎣폫헢훖뛀쳘탔뷸탐헵퓺ꆣ컒쏇늻쓜볲떥뗘럮쫘쒳쿮풭퓲,쓄엂튻쿮훮죧ꆰퟜ튪ퟱ쫘뒫춳ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꆣ폐킩놳뺰탨튪컒쏇훘탂뾪쪼튻쿮뒫춳ꆣ헢뻍쫇캪쪲쎴ꆶ싛폯ꆷ늢늻쫇튻룶훚뛠맦퓲뗄쳥쾵,튻랽쏦헢킩룱퇔폫뷌믥뇭듯쇋쒳훖훘뢴뗄훷쳢,쇭튻랽쏦쯼쏇룼쟷쿲폚쳘헷탔뗄(trait-oriented)쏨쫶,뛸늻쫇맦ꋙConfucius,Analects,3/3.
40뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭퓲탔뗄(rule-oriented)쏨쫶ꆣ뿗ퟓ뎣뎣쳡떽캪ퟔ컒쪵쿖뫍ퟔ컒췪짆쯹탨튪뗄튻킩쳘헷(죧ퟰ훘ꆢퟱ듓ꆢ죌쓍)ꆣ샺쪷폫뒫춳횵뗃컒쏇쇴틢폫헤쾧,헢늢늻쫇틲캪쯼쓜캪컒쏇쳡릩튻킩헽좷탐캪뗄웕쫀램퓲,뛸쫇틲캪쯼쓜캪컒쏇쳡릩뿉릩쒣럂ꆢ뢻폐웴랢탔뗄좨췾죋뗄샽ퟓ폫냱퇹ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇ퟦ쿈뗄탐캪폫뻱퓱뎣뎣믡캪컒쏇쒿잰쿖ힴ쳡릩샠뇈,떫헢훖샠뇈듓살늻쫇췪짆뗄ꆣ죧맻쯼쏇쫇췪짆뗄,쓇쎴쯼쏇튲뻍늻쫇샠뇈쇋,튲뻍돉쇋춬튻폫뫣뗈ꆣ퓚쿖ힴꆢ햹췻ꆢ톡퓱틔벰쳘탔뗈랽쏦,뻟폐쮼쿫뗄룶죋늻뷶퓚쯻쏇폫웤ퟦ쿈횮볤뿉틔랢쿖샠쯆뗣,뛸쟒뮹믡랢쿖뻞듳뗄닮틬ꆣ헦헽뗄쪦헟쓜릻쪹쯻쏇샃쫬폚탄뗄뚫컷놣돖뎣탂뎣싌ꆣꋙ맽좥뗄랶쪽폫냱퇹떱좻뿉틔캪죋쏇쳡릩튻뚨뗄횸떼,떫죋쏇ퟮ훕뮹쫇튪톰헒늢헻뫏튻훖믽벫닎폫샱틇탐캪뗄룶죋랽쪽ꆣ좻뛸폐쪱뫲,뿍맛쳵볾늢늻ퟜ믡뺡죧죋틢,떱뿗ퟓ랢쿖늻쓜춨맽헾훎짺믮뛸탞퇸ퟔ벺쪱,쯻놻웈뛸ퟟ쇭췢튻쳵슷뛸뷸탐ퟔ컒탞퇸폫췪짆ꆣ쯻쳖퇡만횴ꆰ(벲만ꆱꋚ),늢쟒붫ퟱ쫘훈탲뗄죋(ퟱ쫘뗀뗄죋)쏨쫶캪폐탲뗄죋,떫늻쫇뻐쓠폚킡뷚뗄죋ꆣꋛ돐죏ퟔ짭뗄좱쿝틔벰쫊펦탂뗄쟩뺳늢늻믡쯰몦컒쏇뗄좨췾탔ꆣ쓇킩뿭죌뗄죋믲쇩믮뗄죋ퟮ뿉쓜룐좾뇰죋살뛔쯻뷸탐럂킧ꆣ컒쏇뗄탐캪뇘탫ퟜ튪럻뫏떱쪱뗄쟩뺳,헢헽죧즥샱ퟜ쫇놯웠뗄튻퇹ꋜ,틲듋,튻룶죋튪쿫펰쿬뇰죋,뻍탨튪뻟폐쇩믮탔ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇믡듓뇰죋쓇샯톧쾰튻뚨뗄뚫컷,떫컒쏇늻뿉쓜춬퇹뻟폐뇰죋뗄쟩뺳ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫튪뷡뫏컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄뛀쳘쟩뺳뛸퓋폃ퟔ벺뗄에뛏솦ꆣ쒣럂랶쪽죋ꆢ폐펰쿬뗄죋뻸늻믡놣횤컒쏇튲믡죧쯻쏇튻퇹돉캪뻟폐펰쿬뗄죋ꆣ쓇쎴퓚ퟔ컒쪵쿖맽돌훐,헢훖뛔폚쟩뺳뷇즫뗄쏴룐탔떽뗗펦룃떽뫎훖뗘늽쓘?뿗ퟓ쫇럇뎣쇩믮뗄,쯻짵훁풸틢뷓쫜헢퇹튻훖뿉쓜ꋙConfucius,Analects,2/11.ꋚIbid.,14/32;9/4.ꋛIbid.,15/37.ꋜIbid.,3/26.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌41탔:퓚쒳훖쟩뿶쿂,뛔쒳킩죋살쮵,만횴튲탭쫇돉캪랶쪽죋뗄튻늿럖쓚죝ꆣ뿗ퟓ틔늮틄뫍쫥웫헢솽캻뒫웦탖뗜캪샽뷸탐쇋쮵쏷:떱쪱,헢솽캻탖뗜쎰ퟅ짺쏼뗄캣쿕,튻웰랴뛔커,틲캪커튪폃커솦췆랭튻룶놩뻽ꆣ헢솽캻탖뗜떣탄,죧맻커?뻽,쓇쎴커횻쫇폃튻룶놩솦뗄뎼쫴좡듺튻룶놩솦뗄뻽훷뛸틑ꆣꋙ춨맽랴뛔커뗄헢훖ꆰ?뻽탐캪ꆱ,헢솽캻탖뗜쿔쪾쇋쯻쏇풸틢퓚샱틇탐캪훐뛔짧믡벯쳥튻횱틔살쯹ퟰ돧뗄짧믡맘쾵쒣쪽뗄횧돖(퓚놾샽ퟓ훐뗄맘쾵쒣쪽캪:뎼쫴뻍쫇뎼쫴,늻펦룃틔놩솦췆랭뻽훷)ꆣ룼훘튪뗄,짧믡벯쳥튲뷓쫜쇋솽탖뗜뗄탐캪랽쪽,쫓웤캪룟짐뗄탐캪ꆣ쯻쏇뗄탐캪놻죏캪쫇뿋럾ퟔ벺뗄탐캪,틲캪쯻쏇뗄탐캪늢늻쫇캪ퟔ컒럾컱뗄ꆣ쯻쏇뗄탐캪쫇틔컾짼솽탖뗜룶죋뗄뢣뛸캪벯쳥뗄샻틦뛸ퟅ쿫뗄ꆣ솽탖뗜뻜뻸쿲커뎼럾,ퟮ훕퓚즽뚥짏놻뛶쯀ꆣ쯻쏇뗄헢훖뻜뻸폫뗖뾹탐캪췪좫돶폚쯻쏇ퟔ벺,쯻쏇틑뺭붫뒫춳헻뫏캪쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄뚫컷ꆣ틲듋,뿗ퟓ튲늻뗃늻첹싊돐죏,헢솽캻탖뗜뗄탐캪튲쫇헽좷뗄탐캪(틥뗄탐캪)ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ춬쪱튲돐죏,헢캻ퟮ훕붨솢훜뎯뗄듳뎼커튲횵뗃죋쏇돆퓞ꆣꋚ쯤좻헢솽캻탖뗜뚼쫴폚ꆰ죊ꆱ죋ꋛ,떫뿗ퟓ쪹ퟔ벺폫쯻쏇놣돖ퟅ튻뚨뗄뻠샫,쯻틑뺭랢햹탎돉튻훖돉캪뛀쳘죋뗄쳘쫢랽쪽ꆣ쯻뗄헢훖랽쪽뛔헢솽캻탖뗜뗄뇭쏦좷뚨탔뫍ퟔ쫑뗄릫틥(ퟔ틔캪쫇)뷸탐쇋훊틉ꆰ:컒퓲틬폚쫇,컞뿉컞늻뿉ꆣꆱꋜ쓇쎴,뿗쫏싗샭쫇럱뻍쫇튻훖췪좫쿠뛔훷틥뗄싗샭쓘?럱,퓚헢룶샽ퟓ샯쏦,떱뿗ퟓ움볛헢솽탖뗜뗄탐캪쪱,룸돶쇋ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄뇪ힼꆣ쯻닉좡쇋튻훖뿍맛뗄첬뛈,떫쯻늢쎻폐믺킵뗘폨틔펦폃ꆣ쿠랴,쯻틔엺에뗄퇛맢뾴듽헢솽탖뗜뗄탐캪,듓뛸뗃돶쇋헢퇹뗄뷡싛:헢솽탖뗜쫴폚ꆰ죊ꆱ죋,떫뿗ퟓퟔ벺튲탭믡틔늻춬뗄랽쪽탐쫂ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄헢훖췆샭맽돌쿔쪾,뿗ퟓ쫇틔튻훖엺에탔뺯탑믲ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄첬뛈살짺믮뗄ꆣ틲뛸,ꋙHallandAmes,Thinking,-127.ꋚConfucius,Analects,19/22;8/20.ꋛIbid.,7/15.ꋜIbid.,18/8.
42뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뿗ퟓ뗄헢훖췆샭탔믘듰늢쎻폐쿠뛔뮯ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄뇪ힼ,랴떹잿뮯쇋ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄뇪ힼꆣ듳볒횵뗃힢틢튻뗣뗄쫇,퓚뿗ퟓ쟸럖ퟔ벺뗄탐캪폫솽탖뗜뗄탐캪뗄춬쪱,쯻럇뎣킡탄뗘뇜쏢뛔쯻쏇뷸탐닝싊뗄움에ꆣ뿗ퟓ늢늻좷쟐쇋뷢솽탖뗜떱쪱쯹뒦뗄쟩뺳,틲듋쯻퓚움싛솽탖뗜쪱,쯻쫇벫웤뷷짷뗄ꆣꋙ죧맻볙짨쯻쇋뷢헢솽탖뗜떱쪱뗄쟩뺳틔벰쯻쏇뗄룷훖톡퓱,쓇쎴헢뻍쫇튻훖풤쿈볙뚨,뛸헽죧쯻ퟔ벺쯹쮵뗄쓇퇹,듓늻풤쿈볙뚨죎뫎뚫컷(컞뿉컞늻뿉)ꆣ엺움횸?뇰죋뗄늻ퟣ,떹늻죧뛔ퟔ벺뗄탐캪뫍볙뚨뷸탐랴쪡ꆣꋚ헢솽캻탖뗜뗄샽ퟓ뫜뫃뗘쿔쪾쇋헢훖닟싔,뿗ퟓ냑헢룶샽ퟓퟷ캪랴쪡ퟔ벺탐캪뗄튻룶믺믡ꆣ뿗ퟓ늢쎻폐캪에뛏탐캪뛸닉폃튻룶맦퓲,좴죃헢룶샽ퟓ췪헻ퟔ솢,햹쿖돶웤싛탔쳘뗣ꆣ쯤좻헢솽탖뗜튲쫴폚폐뗂탔뗄죋,떫뿗ퟓ늢늻뇘좻믡쿱쯻쏇쓇퇹탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ춨맽죃헢룶쓑쳢탼뛸늻뻶,뿗ퟓ붫헢룶샽ퟓ뇤돉쇋뿉벤랢뷸튻늽랴쪡뫎캽ힷ쯦뗀헢룶컊쳢뗄뚯솦,훊틉첽뺿헢룶맽돌놾짭뻍쫇튻룶헽좷뗄샱틇ꆣꋛ룕닅컒쏇쯹쳡뗄헢룶싛횤늢늻럱죏ꆰ죊ꆱ쫇튻훖싗샭뇪ힼꆣ죋샠폐룷훖쓜솦폫맙쓜,폐킩탐캪믡쪵쿖헢킩쓜솦폫맙쓜,뛸쇭췢튻킩퓲뿉쓜믙뮵헢킩맙쓜ꆣ쓇킩쓜릻냯훺쪵쿖벯쳥탔ퟔ컒(릫컒)뗄탐캪떱좻튪폅폚쓇킩럁낭쪵쿖벯쳥ퟔ컒뗄탐캪ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔폚헢뛔탖뗜탐캪뗄럖컶횻늻맽룸컒쏇붲쫶쇋튻퓲뢻폐풢틢뗄풢퇔ꆣ떱컒쏇뛔뇰죋뗄탐캪뷸탐에뛏쪱,컒쏇뇘탫튪룱췢킡탄ꆣ볈좻좨췾죋뇈웕춨죋ퟔ컒쪵쿖뗃룼뛠,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻쓜뛏좻뗘쮵,헢킩좨췾죋뇘탫튪ퟶ쪲쎴닅쓜쪵쿖쯻쏇뗄죋탔ꆣ헢룼뛠뗘좡뻶폚룷ퟔ뗄퓋웸뫍쟩뺳,쇭췢죋쏇뗄퇛맢폫풶햰튲쫇쿠떱훘튪뗄,쳘뇰쫇죋쏇맘폚쳘뚨쟩탎뗄랶캧뗄탅쓮ꆣ죃컒쏇뾴튻쿂폝훙뫍틄틝뗄샽ퟓ,쯻쏇솽캻쓾뿉톡퓱뛈튻훖틾ꋙConfucius,Analects,19/25;10/1ꋚIbid.,7/22;14/30;15/19.ꋛIbid.,2/15.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌43뻓뗄짺믮,튲뻸늻뻍쯻쏇뗄싗샭뇪ힼ뷸탐췗킭ꆣ뿗ퟓ룐첾떽ꆰ:폝훙ꆢ틄틝,틾뻓럅퇔,짭훐쟥,럏훐좨ꆣ컒퓲틬폚쫇,컞뿉컞늻뿉ꆣꆱꋙ맘폚늮틄ꆢ쫥웫뗄샽ퟓ,뿗ퟓ늢쎻폐퓰놸헢솽캻듓헾훎틾췋뛸짮즽틾뻓뗄탐캪랽쪽,쿠랴,쯻폃ퟔ벺쓇훖짧믡좺뻓뗄탐캪랽쪽뫍헢솽캻뗄샫좺쯷뻓뗄탐캪랽쪽뷸탐뛔뇈,듓뛸벤랢컒쏇뛔컒쏇뗄쟩뺳뷸탐쮼뾼:헢킩틾뻓헟헦뗃쿱쯻쏇ퟔ벺쯹죏캪뗄쓇퇹폐뇘튪쎴?컒쏇쓜럱쮵,쟩뺳ꆰ뻶뚨ꆱ컒쏇뗄톡퓱?믲헟죧뿗ퟓ쯹낵쪾뗄쓇퇹,컒쏇뗄쒿뇪ퟜ믡폐냬램쪵쿖쎴?죧맻헢헦쫇쯻쯹붨틩뗄,컒쏇룃죧뫎샭뷢쯻뗄붨틩쓘?쫇럱뿉틔붫헢룶붨틩쫓캪튻훖쫂쪵돂쫶쓘?믲헟컒쏇붫웤샭뷢캪,죧맻컒쏇볙짨쒳훖톡퓱듦퓚뗄뮰,컒쏇믡ퟷ뗃룼뫃,틲캪횻폐쓇퇹ퟶ,컒쏇닅쓜톰믱좷뚨뗄탐캪뿉쓜탔(죧퓚릲닺춳훎횮쿂뗄뷝뿋죋쯹ퟶ뗄쓇퇹ꆰ:뫃뫃짺믮ꆪꆪꆪ뻍뫃쿱컒쏇쫇ퟔ평뗄ꆱ)?뿗ퟓ붫늮훙뫍틄틝뗄샽ퟓ쫓캪ퟔ벺톰쟳랶쪽죋늢틔웤캪냱퇹뗄훕짺쟳쯷뗄튻늿럖ꆣ퓚움볛헢솽캻뗄탐캪랽쪽쪱,뿗ퟓ폐틢뇜쏢죎뫎듸폐ퟔ틔캪쫇즫닊뗄뮰폯ꆣ죧맻틾뻓헟듭쇋,쓇쎴헽좷뗄ퟶ램뻍쫇춨맽컒쏇뗄샽ퟓ뛔웤뷸탐쮵럾,뛸늻뇘퓰놸믲돍랣쯻쏇ꆣꋚ뛸쟒,컒쏇튲늻쓜좷뚨쯻쏇퓚뾼싇떱쪱뗄쟩뺳쪱쯻쏇듭쇋ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫쳽쏼폚쳬ꆣꋛ뿗ퟓ볈쎻폐뛔솽탖뗜뗄탐캪뷸탐럱뚨,튲쎻폐뛔웤쫗뿏,쯻횻쫇붫컒쏇룃죧뫎뒦샭짺믮훐쟩뺳뗄컊쳢ퟷ캪뾪럅컊쳢,쎻폐룸돶붩뮯듰낸ꆣ춨맽헢훖랽쪽,쯻톰믱쇋튻훖뛀쳘뗄쪵쿖ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄랽쪽,뛸춬쪱뛔쓇킩쳥쿖돶뒫춳벯쳥볛횵맛뗄룶죋튲쿔쪾돶벫듳뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ헢솽캻탖뗜뫍헢솽캻틾뻓헟뗄샽ퟓ뚼쿔쪾ꆰ,뗀ꆱퟜ쫇냼몬솽랽쏦헦샭:죋샠랢쿖뗄좫늿헦샭뫍룶죋뛔헢킩헦샭뗄엺에탔믘펦ꆣꋙConfucius,Analects,18/8.ꋚIbid.,12/18:12/19.ꋛIbid.,20/3.
44뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뿗ퟓ뛔짌튵샱틇뗄움에:맍펶쟗쫴뗄훐맺뒫춳쿂쏦죃컒쏇듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈뾴튻쿂훐맺맺쓚뗄튻쿮뎤웚틔살뗄짌튵쪵볹폫샱틇:퓊탭맍풱울폃ퟔ벺뗄쟗쫴ꆣ퓚햹뾪럖컶횮잰,컒쿫ퟶ솽뗣돎쟥:쫗쿈,틲캪뿗ퟓ짺믮뗄쪱듺풶풶퓚릤튵룯쏼뫍탎돉쿖듺웳튵훆뛈횮잰,쯹틔쿂쏦뗄럖컶쫇뇘좻쫇듓짏쏦쯹쳖싛뗄맘볼뿗쫏쮼쿫훐췆퇝돶살뗄ꆣ틲듋헢훖췆퇝튲늢늻쫇췪좫쎻폐룹뻝뗄,듓뺫짱짏붲,헢훖췆퇝럖컶뮹쫇뿗쫏뗄쮼쿫ꆣ헽쫇믹폚컒쏇잰쏦쯹싛횤뗄샭평,뿗ퟓퟔ짭튲쫇튻훖웳튵죋,틲뛸헢훖폃쯻뗄쮼쿫랴쮼쿖뷱쪵볹ퟶ램뗄뎢쫔튲뻍쫇뛔쓇훖돖탸쇋벸잧쓪뗄?쫍뒫춳뗄뫜뫃볌탸폫볌돐ꆣ춨맽헢훖ꆰ춨맽뿗ퟓ뗄랴쮼ꆱꋙ,컒쏇볈쓜릻쪶죏돶떱뷱짌튵쪵볹훐뗄튻킩늻ퟣ,폖쓜닻쫍튻킩평뿗ퟓ싗샭쯹쯜퓬뗄쪵볹ퟶ램뗄놾훊ꆣ웤듎,헢샯쯹ퟶ뗄럖컶늢늻쫇뷡싛탔뗄,뛸쫇붨틩탔뗄,뛁헟펦룃힢틢,뛔폚뿗ퟓ살쮵,뛔쫂쪵낸샽ퟷ쎻폐죎뫎볛횵좡쿲뗄쏨쫶쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣ컒쯹튪쏨쫶폫쳖싛뗄훐맺짌튵쪵볹냼삨쓇킩뿗쫏싗샭뫍뾵뗂싗샭믲릦샻싗샭폐늻춬뾴램뗄쫂쪵폫닣쏦,훁폚뿗쫏짌죋뗄탐캪쫇럱믡늻춬폚뾵쫏짌죋뗄탐캪헢룶컊쳢쫇컞듓뛸횪뗄ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄죋쏇늻좥돩쿳뗘뻶뚨뫍에뛏낸샽뫍쫂쪵,횻폐퓚훘탂릹훾탐캪헟뗄뻟쳥쮼슷횮뫳,쯻쏇닅믡폨틔뻶뚨뫍에뛏ꆣ튻룶낸샽뎣뎣믡닺짺뫜뛠뫃폫짆뗄뚫컷,헢킩짆믲볛횵튲늢늻ퟜ쫇틔쒳훖헻뷠뗄볛횵랶돫살돊쿖ퟔ벺ꆣ뷡맻,컒쏇튲뻍늻믡믱뗃쒳훖쫊폃폚룷훖쟩뿶뗄맦퓲믲싗샭쏼쇮ꆣ틲뛸ꆰ죊ꆱ죋얬솦놣돖쟥탑,ퟐ쾸뇦뇰캧죆쎿룶맽좥탐캪뗄탭뛠뿉쓜쟩뺳ꆣ볙짨컒쏇뛔ꆰ죊ꆱ벰쯼폫볍싉ꆢ뒫춳뫍샱틇뗄맘쾵폐쯹쇋뷢뗄뮰,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔쿫쿱,헢킩랶쪽죋믡쇴틢쓄킩랽쏦,떫쫇컒쏇좴늻쓜풤퇔쯻쏇뗄에뛏,쯻쏇믡틔췪좫뛀쳘뗄룶죋랽쪽살뾼싇헢킩틲쯘뫍맽좥뗄뺭퇩ꆣꋙHallandAmes,Thinking,.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌45퓚컒쏇쏷냗쇋헢킩훒룦횮뫳,죃컒쏇뾪쪼쳖싛훐맺죋맍폃ퟔ벺쟗쫴헢훖짌튵쪵볹ꆣ쫗쿈죃컒쏇듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈돶랢,뛔헢훖짌튵쪵볹뗄샭평틔벰룃짌튵쪵볹쯹튪듙뷸뗄탭뛠짆폫볛횵뷸탐샭뷢ꆣ벸쪮쓪틔잰,훐맺붨솢쇋ꆰ뚥쳦ꆱ뗄짌튵쪵볹,벴떱떥캻믲릤뎧뗄릤죋췋택쪱,쯻쏇쓜릻붫ퟔ벺뗄폀뻃릤ퟷ뒫룸쯻쏇뗄ퟓ얮ꆣꋙ헢퇹,ퟓ얮뻍믡놻놣횤폐튻룶릤ퟷ,늻맽헢룶릤ퟷ캴뇘뻍쫇쯻쏇뗄뢸쒸뗄릤ퟷꆣꋚ헢훖ퟶ램믡놻컷랽싗샭캪쒳훖탎쪽뗄좹듸맘쾵,쯼뿏뚨믡춨늻맽뾵뗂싗샭뗄볬퇩,틲캪쯼쎻폐욽뗈뗘뛔듽쎿룶죋,듓뛸럁낭쇋뻍튵쫐뎡쓚뗄욽뗈뻍튵믺믡ꆣ뛸쓇킩릦샻훷틥헟튲믡붫웤쫓캪럇싗샭뗄ퟶ램,쯻쏇믡헹싛쮵,튻룶헦헽ퟔ평뗄뻍튵쫐뎡뇈튻룶뻟폐좹듸맘쾵뗄뻍튵쳥훆쓜닺짺룼뛠뗄뺻뮯킧폃ꆣ쿠랴,뿗쫏싗샭뛔듋쪵볹뗄에뛏믡룼볓짳짷ꆣ룃쳥훆틲캪폐튻킩쿔뛸틗볻뗄폅뗣뛸쪵탐쇋탭뛠쓪(룃쳥훆뗃떽쇋1953쓪탐헾램맦뗄돐죏ꋛ)ꆣ헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆뿉틔퓶잿볒춥뗄쓽뻛솦,헢컞틉쫇튻훖늻킡뗄폅뗣,틲캪훐맺램싉튪쟳ퟓ얮진퇸ퟔ벺뗄뢸쒸ꆣ훐맺볒춥램(펦캪ꆶ믩틶램ꆷ)뗄뗚15쳵맦뚨,ퟓ얮폐틥컱진퇸ퟔ벺뗄뢸쒸,뢸쒸폐좨샻튪쟳놻ퟓ얮진퇸;뗚22쳵뮹맦뚨,죧맻뢸쒸틑뺭좥쫀,쯯ퟓꆢ쯯얮뇘탫캬돖ퟦ뢸쒸뗄짺볆ꆣꋜ죧맻헻룶볒춥쓜뻛퓚튻웰,쓇쎴ퟓ얮룼죝틗싄탐ퟔ벺뗄진퇸킢뗀ꆣꋝ듓샭싛짏붲,헢훖짌튵쪵볹뿉틔냯훺웳튵믱뗃뻟폐솼뫃쾰맟뗄릤죋,틲캪췋택뗄샏죋뫜뿉쓜붫ퟔ벺쯹헤쫓뗄ퟔ컒쳡룟뷸좡뗄볛횵맛뒫쫚룸ퟓ얮,뛸ퟓ얮퓲룼힢틢ퟔ벺릤ퟷ짏뗄뇭쿖,쯻(쯽)뫜쟥돾,ퟔ벺뗄죎뫎쫨뫶폫킸떡뚼믡룸뢸쒸솳짏쒨뫚,틲캪뢸쒸퓚뎧샯믲떥캻폐뫜뛠쫬죋ꆣ헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆폈웤퓸뺭뛔얩쏱폐샻ꆣ얩쏱컥쪮쯪뗄쪱뫲,뻍뿉ꋙBoyeLafayettedeMente,ChineseEtiquette&EthicsinBusness(Lincolnwood,Ill.:NTEBusinesBoods,1989),-88;,LaborLawinChina(Salem,.:ButterworthLegalPublishers,1990)-17.ꋚꋛ Josephs,LaborLaw,.ꋜꋝ Mente,ChineseEtiquette,.
46뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틔듓짺닺뛓췋택ꆣ헢킩췋택뗄뢸쒸뻍뿉틔좫솦뢧퇸쯯ퟓ쯯얮,뛸ퟔ벺뗄ퟓ얮뻍믡뷓맽ퟔ벺뗄릤ퟷꆣ틲캪퓚훐맺믱좡ퟣ릻뗄쪳컯튻횱뚼쫇컊쳢ꋙ,폈웤쫇틲캪헢킩얩쏱늻쿱쓇킩돇샯죋튻퇹뿉틔믱뗃솸폍늹쳹ꋚ,쯹틔헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆쓜릻럇뎣폐킧뗘쳡룟얩쏱뗄짺믮쮮욽ꆣ맜샭헟퓸뇈뷏쾲뮶헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆,틲캪쯻쏇퓚ퟶ맍펶뻶뚨쪱횻폐뫜짙뗄ퟔ훷틥컱,춨맽헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆뷸탐뗄죋풱룼뗼횻튪쟳쿠맘샍뚯늿쏅뗄탎쪽짏뗄죏뿉ꆣꋛ쓇훖쯹캽뗄퇇훞볛횵맛랽램믡죏캪,헢훖쳥훆뫜뫃뗘쳥쿖쇋뿗쫏싗샭맛훐뗄킢뗂틔벰쓇훖뛔좫쳥릫쏱뺭볃뢣뗄맘뮳ꆣ쿖퓚컒쏇횪뗀,헢퇹튻훖랽램쫇붩뮯놿ힾ뗄,즥쪧쇋쓇훖ퟷ캪뿗쫏싗샭뫋탄뗄뺯탑탔맛쓮ꆣ뿗ퟓ듓캴붩뮯뗘뿏뚨믲럱뚨쒳튻쪵볹,쫇럱헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆쫇싗샭짏짆뗄뚫컷,헢튪좡뻶폚룃쳥훆뗄볛횵쫇럱놻폨틔쾸탄뗄뾼싇ꆣ폐튻뗣쳡쟫듳볒힢틢:킢뗂틢캶ퟅ,떱뢸쒸뗄에뛏헽좷쪱,컒쏇튪ퟱ듓컒쏇뗄뢸쒸,떫떱쯻쏇뗄에뛏쯆뫵듭컳쪱,컒쏇펦룃캯췱죡뫍뗘뻜뻸쯻쏇ꆣ횻쫇폫컒쏇뗄볒춥튻웰뛈맽튻뛎쪱볤믲횻쫇쿲웤쳡릩컯훊횧돖,헢뚼늻쯣헦헽뗄킢뗂ꆣ헦헽뗄킢뗀틢캶ퟅ,펦룃틔쒳훖랽쪽퓚컒쏇ퟔ벺ꆢ쟗쫴틔벰룼듳뗄췅쳥훐볤엠퇸ꆰ죊ꆱꆣ죧맻튻캻뢸쟗뷶붫ퟔ벺뗄릤ퟷ뒫폫쯻뗄ퟓ얮,뛸늻뾼싇룃탐캪뗄뫳맻,쓇쎴헢룶탐캪뻍늻쫇뫏뫵뗀뗂뗄탐캪ꆣ쓇튻횱얬솦ힷ쟳뗂탔뗄뢸쒸붫믡춣쿂살,컊ퟔ벺튻룶컊쳢:쫇럱뇰죋뇈컒뗄ퟓ얮룼탨튪헢룶릤ퟷ?죧맻헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆폨틔좡쿻뗄뮰,쫇럱웳튵믡룼뻟짺닺탔틔벰룼쓜맍펶룼쪤죎뗄릤죋,듓뛸쪹웳튵퓬뢣폚룼뛠뗄죋?춨맽뛔헢킩컊쳢뗄랴쪡틔벰춨맽헢훖뛔ퟔ웛웛죋탄첬뗄럀랶,헢킩ퟔ컒쳴햽ꆢퟔ컒컊톯뗄죋믡얬솦샭뷢ퟔ벺탐캪뗄좫쏦틢틥폫뫳맻ꆣ컒죏캪,뿗쫏싗샭늢늻믡퓞춬쓇킩붫릤ퟷ뒫룸ퟮ늻돆횰뗄ퟓ얮뛸샄폃듋쳥훆뗄죋쏇뗄ퟶꋙHenryRosemont,Jr.,AChineseMirror:MoralReflectionsonPoliticalEconomyandSociety(LaSalle,Ill.:OpenCourtPublishing,1991),.ꋚMente,ChineseEtiquette,.ꋛJosephs,.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌47램ꆣꋙ헢훖샄폃탐캪룹놾늻뾼싇뇰죋믲웳튵뗄뢣,헢킩늻돆횰뗄릤죋믡쪵쪵퓚퓚뗘짋몦뇰뗄릤죋ꆣ죧맻웳튵놾짭틑뺭뎬풱,쓇쎴맍펶폖튻룶릤죋(뿉쓜쎻폐죎뫎뺭퇩)틢캶ퟅ뒴퓬튻룶뿉쓜쎻폐뇘튪뗄릤ퟷꆣ틲듋,웳튵뗄짺닺솦뻍쫜떽쇋짋몦ꆣ쓇킩ꆰ죊ꆱ죋뻍믡뾼싇쯹폐헢킩컊쳢ꆣ쓇쎴,뿗쫏싗샭쫇럱믡쿠탅헢훖뚥쳦쳥훆쫇싗샭짏뿉탐뗄쓘?죧맻듓쓇킩뻸뛔죊짆뗄죋뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢훖쳥훆쓜릻뷌폽쳡룟죋쏇,쓇쎴쯼뻍쫇싗샭짏뿉탐뗄ꆣ퓚늻춬뗄뗘쟸,맍펶죋풱뗄쪵볹믡폐뫜듳뗄늻춬,튲탭쯹폐헢킩쪵볹뚼쫇싗샭짏짆뗄,좻뛸튪쿫좫쏦뗘에뛏뒫춳뗄맍펶랽쪽,컒쏇탨튪틔튻훖춬쟩탄살뾴듽뫍짳닩헢킩쪵볹쯹튪듯떽뗄쒿뗄틔벰쎿룶맜샭늿쏅뫍릤죋뗄뻟쳥쟩뺳ꆣ뿗ퟓ듓늻룸돶샭쿫뗄ힴ뿶,쯻횻춨맽볲뷠뗄뇭쫶,붫컒쏇뗄퇛맢틽떽죋샠탐캪뗄늻춬닣쏦,튻랽쏦냽퇯컒쏇뗄쒳킩탐캪,쇭튻랽쏦돢퓰컒쏇뗄쇭췢튻킩탐캪ꆣ퓚뿗ퟓ뗄퇔싛훐,컒쏇랢쿖쇋튻킩폐헅솦뗄뗘랽,뛸헢킩헅솦늢늻튲컞틢ퟩ돉튻룶좫쏦춳튻뗄쾵춳믲쳥훆ꆣ뿗ퟓ춨맽ퟔ벺뗄퇔탐,룸컒쏇쫷솢쇋튻룶뫜뫃뗄냱퇹:튻룶죋펦룃얬솦좫쏦뺯탑(샭뷢)쿠맘뗄쫂쿮뫍컊쳢,늢퓚헢훖늻뛏퓶뎤뗄뺯탑틢쪶훐탎돉ퟔ벺뗄에뛏ꆣ컒쏇쯹뷶쓜ퟶ뗄뻍쫇ힷ쯦쯻뗄랼뇭,볌탸짮죫뾼싇틔짏뗄쫂쿮폫컊쳢,좻뫳틔튻훖뷢뻶컊쳢뗄돏틢,볓죫떽룃쳥훆뗄컀뮤헟폫랴뛔헟뗄쳖싛탐쇐훐좥ꆣ죽ꆢ죊폫탐캪떽쒿잰캪횹,컒튻횱퓚잿뗷ퟔ컒폫컄뮯횮볤뗄뮥믝맘쾵틔벰룶죋뛔뻟폐쯜퓬솦뗄뒫춳뷸탐뛀솢짮쮼에뛏뗄뇘튪탔ꆣ좻뛸,컒늻쿫룸뛁헟쇴쿂헢퇹튻훖펡쿳:컒쏇뷶뷶춨맽랴쪡ퟔ컒뗄놾훊ꆢ쯹짦벰쟩뺳뫍뒫춳뗄뷇즫ꆢ쇩믮뇤춨뗄뿉좡탔뗈뗈컊쳢,컒쏇뻍쓜릻돉캪랶쪽죋ꆣ좻뛸,컣펹믤퇔,죧맻ꆰ죊ꆱ늻듦퓚뗄뮰,쓇쎴샱틇탐캪놾짭튲뻍ꋙJosephs,.
48뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쎻폐죎뫎볛횵쇋ꋙ;랴횮틠좻ꆣ쎻폐죋뿉틔춨맽늻ퟷ캪뛸듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱꆣꋚ탐캪(ퟷ캪)쫇랶쪽ꆰ죊ꆱ죋룅쓮뗄뗚죽룶맘볼닣쏦ꆣ떱쟩뺳헙뮽컒쏇폐쯹ퟷ캪뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇펦룃뺡벺솦뛸탐ꆣꋛ떱쪱믺돉쫬뗄쪱뫲,맽뛠뗄쮼잰쿫뫳믡횤쏷쫇퓖쓑탔뗄,쯼믡쪹컒쏇췏퇓컒쏇뗄탐뚯ꆣ떱뿗ퟓ쳽쮵폐죋퓚탐뚯횮잰ퟜ튪죽쮼,쯻룐첾쮵:ꆰ퓙,쮹뿉틓ꆣꆱꋜ헢훖죃죋죽쮼뛸뫳탐뗄탐캪맦퓲쿔뗃폐뗣폘뢯ꆣ떫ퟮ훕ퟮ훘튪뗄튻뗣뻍쫇탐캪췗떱,뛸뿗ퟓ튲늢늻돜폚쿲죋쏇붨틩(떫뻸늻쫇횴틢볡돖)튪닉좡뗄탐뚯ꆣ샽죧,컒쏇펦룃톧쾰ꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ,럾쫌컒쏇뗄뢸놲폫뻽짏틔벰쪶볇쓱쫞닝쒾뗄쏻ퟖ뗈뗈ꆣꋝ퓚랢즥웚볤,킢ퟓ펦룃듷쓇훖뷏뷚쪡뗄뫚쮿ퟷ뗄킢쎱,뛸늻폃싩쏡,뛸쟒쯻쏇펦룃퓚짏첨뷗횮잰뢩럾뻏릪,뛸늻쫇퓚짏첨뷗횮뫳ꆣꋞ탐캪(ퟷ캪)쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄,헢훷튪쫇틲캪,뗚튻,컒쏇톧쾰뗄쒿뗄쫇튪쪹탐캪췗떱ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇쫂쿈쓜샎볇튻쾵쇐뗄탐캪맦퓲,떫떱탨튪폐쯹ퟷ캪뗄쪱뫲,헢킩탐캪맦퓲좴늻쓜폐쯹훺틦,쓇쎴헢킩맦퓲튲쫇쎻폐죎뫎틢틥뗄ꆣꋟ헢킩뫁컞훺틦뗄맦퓲튲뻍늻쓜돆웤캪맦퓲,틲캪맦퓲놾짭뗄틢틥뻍쫇튪횸떼죋쏇뗄탐캪ꆣꋠ춬퇹,탎짏쮼뇦튲쫇컞쯹훺틦뗄,틲캪쯼뗄ퟅ퇛뗣쫇쓇킩뎬풽죋샠죏횪랶캧뗄뚫컷ꆣ뿗ퟓ뇜쏢ퟷ죎뫎훷맛틜닢,쯻뛔쳬ꆢ웦벣ꆢ짱솦믲짱끜뇕뿚늻첸ꆣꋡ튻룶죋짵훁늻샭뷢짺쏼,퓵쎴뿉틔샭뷢쯀췶쓘?탎짏뗄탾쮼쓜릻쪹죋쏇듓붨짨튻룶룼캪뫍킳룼캪죊짆뗄쫀뷧헢룶쒿뇪훐럖짱ꆣ컒쏇뗄쒿뇪ꋙConfucius,Analects,3/3.ꋚBury,EastAsianCivilizations,.ꋛConfucius,Analects,12/14;4/15;12/1.ꋜIbid.,3/20.ꋝIbid.,17/9.ꋞIbid.,9/3.(틫헟힢:뿗ퟓ풭컄쫇붲솽볾쫂:튻쫇듷킢,뛾쫇볻뻽,ퟷ헟퓚헢샯붫웤믬캪튻첸ꆣ풭컄죧쿂:ꆰ싩쏡,샱튲,뷱튲뒿,볳,컡듓훚ꆣ냝쿂,샱튲,뷱냝뫵짏,첩튲ꆣ쯤캥훚,컡듓쿂ꆣꆱ)ꋟConfucius,Analects,13/5.ꋠHsieh,ꆰFilialPiety,ꆱ.ꋡConfucius,Analects,9/4;5/13;7/21.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌49펦룃쫇듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱ,늢쟒춨맽컒쏇뗄탐캪폫탐뚯살쯜퓬헢룶쫀뷧ꆣ쓇킩늻ퟷ캪뗄죋쏇뇈맒퓚잽짏뗄뫹슫뫃늻떽쓄샯ꆣꋙ뗚뛾,탐캪쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄,틲캪탐캪쓜릻쯜퓬죋샠뗄믹뒡,쓜릻랢햹쳕돉튻룶죋뗄탔룱ꆣ랴맽살,컒쏇뗄탔룱믡룸컒쏇뗄탐캪뢳폨뛀쳘뗄룶탔ꆣ폐뗂탔헟뗄탐캪쫇좨췾탔뗄,틲캪헢킩탐캪뗄룶탔쫇뗤랶탔뗄ꆣ컒쏇뗄탔룱볈뻶뚨폖뇭쿖쇋컒쏇톡퓱ퟱ톭뗄랽쪽ꆣ볈좻탐캪쫇뇭듯탔뗄,쓜릻쿔쪾죋쏇뗄탔룱,쓇쎴훇헟뻍믡춨맽죋쏇뗄탐캪뛔웤뷸탐에뛏ꆣ헢킩훇헟뛔죋쏇뷸탐뾼퇩횤쪵ꋚ늢쟒뮹튪맛달죋쏇톡퓱튪ퟷ쪲쎴,틔벰죋쏇퓚쪵쿖헢킩톡퓱쪱쯻쏇뗄탐캪죧뫎ꆣ컒쏇뗄탐캪쫇컒쏇ퟔ싉ꆢퟔퟰꆢ럾듓뫍훇믛뗈랽쏦뗄뇭듯ꆣꋛ헽쫇틲캪탐캪쫇컒쏇쓚퓚탔룱뗄췢퓚뇭쿖,컒쏇뗄엳폑폫볒춥닅쓜춨맽쇴틢컒쏇뗄탐캪뛸뛔컒쏇뗄쾰맟폫탐캪랽쪽뗄탎돉뷸탐움맀,좻뫳컒쏇뗄뎤짏ꆢ뢸쒸ꆢ춬쫂뫍엳폑쏇닅쓜쿲컒쏇쳡돶폐틦뗄엺움ꆣ쓇킩쓜릻탩탄톧쾰뗄죋벰쪱뷓쫜헢킩엺움틢볻,듓뛸뛔ퟔ벺뗄탐캪ퟷ벰쪱뗷헻폫뻀헽ꆣ늻쓜헢퇹ퟶ뗄죋뻍폐튻훖탔룱좱쿝ꆣꋜ뗚죽,돽쇋짏쫶쯜퓬컒쏇탔룱뫍ퟔ컒쳡룟헢훖믺훆췢,탐캪뮹믡냯훺듙짺탅죎ꆣ춳훎헟(뛸쟒,뻝뿗ퟓ뗄쮵램,컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼닎폫헾뢮쫂컱ꋝ)펦룃힢틢퓚죋쏇훐볤엠퇸탅죎ꆣ훇헟퓚퇩횤튻룶죋쪱,뎣뎣믡뾴듋죋퇔폫탐횮볤쫇럱튻훂ꆣ횻폐떱춳훎헟뗄탐캪폫웤퇔싛쿠튻훂쪱,쯻닅쓜펮뗃죋쏇뛔쯻뗄탅죎ꆣ틲캪퇔폯쫇솮볛뗄,쯹틔폐뗂탔뗄죋좷놣쯻쏇뗄탐캪쿈폚쯻쏇뗄퇔폯ꆣꋞ쯻쏇틢쪶떽헽좷ퟶ쫂뗄삧쓑,틲뛸퇔폯쪱믡럇뎣뷷짷ꆣ쇭췢,틲캪퇔폯놾짭튲놻죏캪쫇튻훖탐캪,쯹틔훇헟믡쳘뇰쇴틢룸쫂컯헽좷쏼쏻ꆣ죧맻쫂컯쎻폐뗃떽헽ꋙConfucius,Analects,17/7.ꋚIbid.,15/25.ꋛIbid.,12/5;15/27.ꋜIbid.,15130.ꋝIbid.,2/21.ꋞIbid.,14/27;19/25;10/1.
50뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭좷뗄쏼쏻,쓇쎴뻍늻뿉쓜폐헽좷뗄짧믡헾훎훈탲ꆣꋙ컒쏇춨맽짧믡붲싛폫퇔폯톧믡죧뫎ퟰ훘폫럾듓,죧맻컒쏇늻쓜뛔쫂컯헽좷쏼쏻,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄탐캪뻍늻믡폫컒쏇뗄탐캪쿠뛔펦ꆣ뇰죋뻍믡죏캪컒쏇늻횵뗃탅죎,틲뛸뻍늻믡퓚맜샭뫍쯜퓬쫀뷧뗈컊쳢짏폫컒쏇뫏ퟷꆣ헢룶쫀뷧뻍믡쫜떽펰쿬,웤훐뗄컒쏇튲믡떽펰쿬ꆣ룶죋폫컄뮯튪쎴릲춬랢햹,튪쎴릲춬떹췋ꆣ컒쏇뗄탐캪쫇컒쏇뗄탅죎뗄풴좪,춬쪱튲쫇컒쏇뒫춳뗄쯜퓬헟ꆣ떱컒쏇뗄탐캪쯜퓬뫍쮳펦맘폚쒳훖헽좷탐캪랽쪽뗄짧믡웚듽쪱,컒쏇뻍믡춨맽컒쏇탐캪뗄샱틇훊솿뛸믱뗃뗘캻폫펰쿬ꆣ죧맻샱틇쿫뻟폐펰쿬솦뗄뮰,쓇쎴샱틇ퟔ짭튲뻍탨튪돉릦뗄횴탐폫쪵쿖ꆣ죧맻쎻폐뚨틥쏷좷뗄짧믡웚듽,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍늻횪쯹듫;벴쪹죋쏇랸쇋ퟯ,쯻쏇쯹뷓쫜뗄돍랣튲늻쿠돆폚쯻쏇뗄ퟯ탐,틲캪짧믡웚듽쎻폐쿲쯻쏇닻쏷ꆣꋚ횻폐춨맽탐캪,컒쏇닅쓜헒톰떽쓇룶탐캪뗄틢틥폫훘튪탔ꆣ폐킩쪱뫲,뿗ퟓ쯆뫵붫죋샠믮뚯쫓캪헜톧볒싳뷰첫뛻(AlasdairMacIntyre)쪽뗄ꆰ쪵볹ꆱꆣꋛ싳뷰첫뛻죏캪,쪵볹폐튻킩ퟔ짭만폐뗄짆ꆣ컒쏇횻폐춨맽탐캪ퟔ짭,컒쏇닅쓜쇋뷢헢룶탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ듓헢룶틢틥짏붲,탐캪쿈폚죎뫎풭퓲믲쾰쯗ꆣ떫쫇컒헢샯늢늻쫇붲,컒쏇쫇퓚췪좫쎻폐풭퓲ꆢ웚듽믲뒫춳탐캪쒣쪽뗄쟩뿶쿂탐뚯뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇뮹쓪쟡뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇뗄뢸쒸폫쪦뎤뻍캪컒쏇솢쿂쇋탐캪맦퓲,헢킩탐캪맦퓲(튲냼삨헢킩뒫춳쾰쯗)뗄ퟷ폃뻍쫇냯훺컒쏇뇦뇰폫뒦샭쿠펦뗄싗샭컊쳢ꆣ횻폐떱컒쏇죏캪돐억뇘탫튪놣쫘쪱,컒쏇닅믡놻쓇킩듲웆뗄돐억쯹늻낲폫삧죅ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭쯤좻쫇캧죆ퟅ죋룱랢햹뛸햹뾪뗄,떫쫇쯼튲닉폃쇋튻킩쯼ퟔ짭뗄쒣뫽맦퓲,죧ꆰ탐뛸죊ꆱ헢룶맦퓲ꆣ좻뛸,횻폐떱컒쏇폐뛀솢에뛏뗄뺭퇩,폫쫀뷧뷓뒥ꆢ움맀뇰죋뗄탐캪믮뚯쪱,컒쏇닅쓜돉캪헦헽틢틥짏뗄죊짆ꆣ춨맽탐캪,컒쏇닅쓜샭뷢컒ꋙꋚ Confucius,Analects,13/3.ꋛAlasdairMacIntyre,AfterVirtue(.:UniversityofNotreDamePress,1984),-203.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌51쏇믮뚯뗄볛횵ꆣ헢훖샭뷢쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄,틲캪튻룶퓋ퟷ솼뫃뗄짧믡탨튪쓇킩틑뺭퓚탄쓚엠퇸쇋탟돜탄뗄죋쏇ꆣ죧맻죋쏇횻퓚뇰죋솢쿂뗄맦퓲훐탐캪ퟶ쫂믲틲캪뿖뻥뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂,컒쏇뿉틔쮵쯻쏇뗄솢뎡쫇볡뚨뗄,떫컒쏇좴늻뿉틔쮵쯻쏇쫇폐좨췾뗄랶쪽죋ꆣꋙ뿗ퟓ튪쟳쯻뗄뗜ퟓ쏇뇈뷏튻룶죋퓚뢸쟗믮ퟅ쪱뗄탐캪뫍웤퓚뢸쟗쯀뫳뗄탐캪ꆣ죧맻헢룶뛹ퟓ퓚뢸쟗쯀뫳죽쓪샯튻횱놣돖튻훂,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔쮵헢쫇튻룶뫃뗄뛹ퟓꆣ좻뛸죧맻헢룶뛹ퟓ룄뇤쇋쯻뗄탐캪랽쪽,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔췆싛쮵,헢룶뛹ퟓ횮쯹틔퓚쯻뢸쟗짺잰탐캪헽좷췗떱,쫇틲캪쯻뻥엂쯻뗄뢸쟗ꆣ헢룶뛹ퟓ뗄탐캪뻍쫇좱짙튻훖룶죋뮯뗄틢틥,헢훖틢틥헽쫇튻룶폐뗂탔뗄ꆢ랶쪽탐캪뗄뇪횾ꆣꋚ쓇쎴믹폚쯹폐헢킩풭틲,컒쏇탨튪탐뚯웰살ꆣ죧맻랴쪡폫쮼뾼뗄쒿뗄늻쫇틽떼죋쏇퓚훚죋훐맽튻훖믽벫뗄짺믮,쓇쎴헢훖랴쪡폫쮼뾼뻍쎻폐뛠듳볛횵ꆣ탐캪탨튪랴쮼폫샭뷢(튲뻍쫇믘틤헢훖짧믡쪵볹),랴맽살,샭뷢튪쟳탐캪ꆣ죧맻쎻폐탐캪,헢퇹뗄죋늢늻뇈쓇킩붫ꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ놳뗃샃쫬떫늻쓜냑컕웤훐훇믛뗄죋튪뫃뛠짙ꆣꋛ죧맻쯻쏇쓜릻헦헽샭뷢ꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ,쓇쎴쯻쏇튲탭쓜샻폃ꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ뫍쯻쏇쿠맘뺭퇩,뷸튻늽볓짮쯻쏇뛔ꆶ쪫뺭ꆷ뗄샭뷢ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔폚쿺쫛뗄첬뛈쿺쫛쫇튻훖탐캪ꆣ죧맻컒쏇춨맽ퟔ벺뗄탐캪돉캪랶쪽죋,쓇쎴짌튵믮뚯ꆪꆪꆪ헢룶짦벰듳솿쎦습릤ퟷ뗄믮뚯뻍돉쇋믱뗃뫍햹쪾뗂탔뗄믹놾쟾뗀ꆣ듓쫂짌튵믮뚯뗄죋쪿뻟폐벫듳뗄솦솿,살쯜퓬쯻쏇짺믮뗄컄뮯폫쫀뷧ꆣ만좻늢늻쫇쯹폐뗄짌튵믮뚯뚼쫇뫃뗄,떫쫇헽좷뒦샭뗄짌튵믮뚯좷쪵믡컼틽ꆰ죊ꆱ죋ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄죋쾣췻춨맽퇔뫍탐쯜퓬헢룶쫀뷧,뛸쟒짌튵믮뚯쓜릻쳡룟죋쏇뗄짺믮쮮욽뫍룄짆죋쏇뗄ꋙAlasdairMacIntyre,AfterVirtue(.:UniversityofNotreDamePress,1984),14/1.ꋚꋛ Ibid.,1/11.
52뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭짺믮훊솿ꆣ헦헽뗄짌튵쇬떼헟듓늻믡뫶싔뺭볃뢣뛔죋쏇쳡룟뫍뷌뮯ퟔ벺뗄쓜솦뫍풸췻뗄훘튪펰쿬ퟷ폃ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ럇뎣쏷좷뗘엺에쓇훖볩짌탐캪,떫쯻뗄헢훖엺에늻펦룃샭뷢캪쫇뛔쯹폐싲싴맘쾵뗄엺에ꆣ쫂쪵짏,탭뛠훐맺죋뛔짌튵붻틗컊쳢쯆뫵늢쎻폐첫듳뗄돥춻,쯻쏇럇뎣좻뗘틽폃튻룶퇨폯ꆰ:컒쏇뗄탄퓚헢뛹,떫쫇컒쏇뗄뿚듼좴퓚쓇뛹ꆣꆱꆰ(Ourmindsareontheꋙleft,butourpocketsareontheright.ꆱ)벴쪹퓚컄뮯듳룯쏼웚볤,헢훖짌튵놾쓜튲죔퓚볌탸,퓸뺭폐쏅붻틗쎫훷쾯쿱헂뗄뫚쫐ꆣꋚ훐맺헜톧볒슽쿾뫌헹싛쮵,ힷ쟳샻죳놾짭뛔훐맺죋살쮵쫇늻돉컊쳢뗄,횻폐떱죋쏇컾짼웤쯻뗄볛횵뛸떥뒿ힷ쟳샻죳쪱,쓇쎴쯼닅쫇폐컊쳢뗄ꆢ싗샭짏늻쓜뷓쫜뗄ꆣꋛ폐킩훐맺죋좷쪵죏캪쓇훖쟖싔탔뗄쿺쫛(aggressiveselling)쫇늻뗀뗂뗄ꆣꋜ헢훖맛뗣뿉틔ힷ쯝떽떽뿗ퟓ,뻝쮵뿗ퟓ랴뛔쓇훖횻맘탄짝돞폫솲닆뗄짌죋ꆣ뻽ퟓꆢ폐뗂헟ꆰ쪳컞쟳놥,뻓컞쟳낲ꆱ,붫쪩폨훃폚믘놨횮짏ꆣꋝ쯻쏇뛔ꆰ죊ꆱ쓇쎴맘힢,틲뛸쯻쏇쓾뿉컾짼ퟔ벺뗄짺쏼,튲뻸늻뫶싔뗂탔ꆣퟜ횮,뿗ퟓ듓캴럱뚨맽짌튵붻틗ꆣ죧맻짌튵붻틗릫욽샱쎲뗘햹뾪,쓇쎴쯼뻍폫뿗쫏싗샭훐뗄믮풾룅쓮쿠럻뫏ꆣ헽죧짌튵붻틗탐캪튻퇹,훐맺뗄뿆뻙훆튲럻뫏뿗쫏싗샭뗄쮼쿫ꆣ볈좻쯹폐뗄죋뚼뿉쓜돉캪쪥쿍,쓇쎴쳡룟뷸늽뗄믺믡뻍펦룃틔쓜솦ꆢ쪵솦캪믹뒡뛔쯹폐죋뾪럅ꆣ훐맺뗄뿆뻙훆뛈쫇틔뿗ퟓ뗄뷌떼캪믹뒡뗄,폐솽잧뛠쓪뗄샺쪷,헢훖훆뛈쿲죋쏇돐억,쓇킩톧쾰뿌뿠폂폚ퟔ싉뗄죋붫믡쫜떽훘폃폫쳡짽ꆣ쯤좻퓚뿆뻙훆뛈뗄쪵볹맽돌훐폐튻킩쮽뗄ퟶ램,떫쫇ퟜ쳥짏붲뮹쫇쿠떱쏱훷뗄,캪쓇킩쿫듓얩쏱뷗닣짽ꋙMente,ChineseEtiquette,.ꋚChang,WildSwans,-369.ꋛXiaoheLu,ꆰOnEconomicandEthicalValue,ꆱOnlineJournalofEthics,2:3(1999),
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌53죫훐닺뷗닣뗄죋뒴퓬쇋탭뛠믺믡ꆣꋙ듓짌튵룸죋쏇틔믺믡붨솢뫍맜샭웳튵틔벰뻛벯닆뢻헢훖틢틥짏붲,짌튵뿉틔쪹닆뢻훘탂럖엤ꆣ짌튵죋쪿뗄싲폫싴늢늻믡럁낭쯻쏇듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱ,튻쟐좡뻶폚쯻쏇뷸탐짌튵믮뚯뗄랽쪽ꆣ죧맻헢킩짌튵죋쪿횻쫇튻캶뗘ힷ쟳퓶볓ퟔ벺뗄닆뢻,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍늻믡돉캪폐뗂탔뗄뻽ퟓꆣ뗂탔튪쟳튻훖ퟔ컒컾짼뗄뺫짱틔벰튻훖퓚쯻죋쯻쫂훐톰쟳뫍듙뷸췪짆뗄ퟔ풸뺫짱ꆣ쓇킩첰삷뗄죋쏇,늻맜쫇퓚쓄룶쇬폲폫횰튵횮훐,뚼늻믡맘탄ퟔ컒췪짆폫쳡룟ꆣ쓇훖햼폐폻쓜릻뷁죅튻룶폐뷌퇸죋쪿쯹톰쟳뗄뫍킳폫쓚퓚욽뫢ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭늢쎻폐좫쏦럱뚨짌튵놾짭,떫쯼쯹늻싺뗄쫇쓇킩늻뫍킳뗄틲쯘,샽죧,뗍뒢탮샻싊ꆢ돁훘쿻럑듻뿮ꆢ맣랺뚾욷캣몦틔벰뛔싉쪦뗄뻞듳탨쟳뗈뗈ꆣꋚ횻튪짌튵죋쪿얬솦쳡릩헦헽폐볛횵뗄럾컱폫짌욷,횻튪쯻쏇뺡솦뇜쏢웛햩믲웛욭탔뗄쿺쫛쪵볹,횻튪쯻쏇틔튻훖ퟔ평뗄랽쪽쳡룟샍뚯솦쮮욽늢맄샸릤죋뷸탐ퟔ컒뷌폽,횻튪쯻쏇폃ퟔ벺뗄닆뢻믽벫쳡룟웤짧쟸뗄짺믮,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔쮵쯻쏇뗄탐캪랽쪽뻍쫇튻훖랶쪽탐캪랽쪽ꆣ틲뛸,죧맻컒쏇붫뿗쫏싗샭쫓캪튻훖뛔짌튵죋쪿믲짌튵쪵볹뗄좫쏦럱뚨,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍듭쇋ꆣ쓇훖쟡쫓뗘럱뚨쒳튻샠죋뗄ퟶ램췪좫캥놳뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄맛뗣:떱컒쏇쫔춼엺에폫럱뚨쓇뇈컒쏇닮뗄죋쏇뗄쪱뫲컒쏇펦룃뷸탐쓚쪡ꆣ뛔죋샠탐캪뷸탐움맀뻍튪쟳컒쏇뇘탫뛔뺡뿉쓜뛠뗄쪵볹뷸탐쏴룐쾸훂뗘짳닩ꆣ컷랽놾뗄듳솿쇷죫퓚릫쮾쓚떼훂쇋풽살풽듳뗄킽쮮닮뇰,뿗쫏싗샭뿉쓜늻믡퓞춬헢훖쟷쫆,틲캪헢훖쟷쫆믡듙짺짧믡쪧뗷,듓뛸쪹맜샭헟풽랢쿔뗃늻뿉탅죎ꆣ좻뛸,뿗쫏싗샭뫜뿉쓜퓞춬쓇훖붫짌튵맘쾵붨솢폚쏷좷뗄뫏춬맘쾵짏뗄ퟶ램ꆣ탭뛠훐맺릤죋뚼쾣췻돉캪뫏춬릤죋,뛸춨맽뫏춬돶싴ퟔ벺샍솦ꋙMeiꆰ.StatusoftheIndividual,ꆱ-334.ꋚLi-tehSun,ꆰinnerEquilibriumandEconomicEquilibrium:AConfucianComplementtoEconomicMan,ꆱInternationalJournalofSocialEconomics,14:10(1987),-45;Bary,EastAsianCivlizations,-118.
54뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗄ퟶ램틢캶ퟅ쯻쏇붫늻퓙펵폐폀뻃뗄릤ퟷ,쯻쏇뿉틔퓚뫏춬떽웚횮뫳ퟔ평뗘샫뾪헢룶릤ퟷ뛸톰쟳뇰뗄릤ퟷ믺믡ꆣ틲캪틆뚯ퟔ평쫇듯훁ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄잰쳡쳵볾ꋙ,쯹틔뿗쫏싗샭믡뷓쫜헢훖뷡맻,죏캪헢훖뷡맻쫇싗샭짏짆뗄ꆣ쓇훖좫쏦뿏뚨믲좫쏦럱뚨쯹폐짌튵죋쪿뗄ퟶ램놾짭뻍쫇싗샭짏폐컊쳢뗄,틲캪엺움헟뗄에뛏쫇럇뎣럴잳뗄ꆢ뫁컞훺틦뗄ꆣ볈좻컒쏇죏뚨,엺움뗄쒿뗄펦룃쫇냯훺룶죋룄짆쳡룟,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍펦룃뛔쒳훖쪵볹뗄쒳킩틲쯘뷸탐퓞춬믲엺에,뛸늻펦룃튻룅럱뚨ꆣ쯄ꆢ죊폫훈탲뿗쫏싗샭뗄뗚쯄룶닣쏦쫇쯼뛔훈탲뗄잿뗷ꆣ뛔뗀뗄ힷ쯦ퟮ훕튪떼훂짧믡뫍췅쳥쓚뗄뫍킳훈탲ꆣ쓇쎴컒쏇펦룃죧뫎샭뷢헢룶훈탲쓘?맘폚훈탲폐솽룶쮼쿫쇷엉,튻킩뿗엉톧헟(죥볒)죏캪,훈탲쫇죋쏇ퟱ쫘쓇킩쓜킭뗷쯻쏇탐캪뗄폐맘쾵뗄뿍맛맦싉믲탎쪽뗄ퟮ훕닺컯ꆣ헢킩톧헟죏캪,뫍킳살ퟔ좫쳥짧믡돉풱뛔쒳킩틑폐뗄ꆢ뎬퇩뗄ꆢ룟뛈샭탔뗄쾰맟ꆢ쾰쯗뫍샱틇뗄훈탲뗄ퟱ쫘ꆣ룶죋늻믡뒴퓬헢룶훈탲,룶죋횻쓜룐쫜헢룶훈탲ꆣ좻뫳,죧맻헢킩룶죋ퟣ릻ퟔ싉,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡붫ퟔ벺뗄탐캪쿲헢룶훈탲뾴웫ꆣ튻랽쏦뿗ퟓ뗄쒳킩쮵램붫쿈퇩훈탲샭뷢캪튻훖폀뻃늻뇤ꆢ만뚨뛸뿍맛뗄훈탲,쇭튻랽쏦,뿗쫏싗샭뗄쒳킩맛뗣뛔폚훈탲뗄샭뷢폖폫믴뛻()뫍낣쒷쮼()뗄ꆰ쏀톧ꆱ틢틥짏뗄벯쳥훈탲(anꆰaestheticꆱvisionofcommunalorder)맛뗣폐쿠쯆횮뒦,헢훖벯쳥훈탲늢늻쫇튻훖쿈퇩룸뚨뗄훈탲,쯼쫇튻훖춨맽훚죋릲춬릱쿗뛸쪵쿖뗄뢴뫏헻쳥ꆣꋚ튻룶뎬퇩뗄샭탔훈탲룅쓮믡뫶쫓웤룷ퟩ돉틲쯘뗄뛀쳘룶탔,퓚헢퇹튻훖샭탔훈탲뗄룅쓮훐,룷ퟩ돉틲쯘뚼쫇뿉틔뮥뮻뗄,횻튪컒쏇듳볒뚼릲춬쫜쒳튻쳗춳튻뗄맘폚맘쾵뗄샭탔쫸뢿,컒쏇횮볤뻍쫇튻훖뇋듋춬튻뗄맘쾵ꆣ폫듋쿠랴,헢훖쏀톧훈탲ꋙConfucius,Analects,4/1.ꋚ,.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌55룅쓮뛔룶죋맛뗣쫇쏴룐뗄,짵훁믡뷓쫜폫퓞짍헢훖룶죋틢볻뗄럖웧ꆣꋙ헢훖쏀톧훈탲믡쿲ퟅ듳볒쯹듯돉뗄릲쪶뛸얬솦늢쟒짮짮틀삵폚헢훖릲쪶,쯼믡뇜쏢캪짧믡쓽뻛솦볙뚨튻훖뎬퇩뗄샭탔볜릹ꆣ퓚톧쫵짏,훈탲뻟폐뫎훖쳘탔늢늻쫇튻룶킡뗄컊쳢,틲캪쯼뛔컒쏇죧뫎샭뷢ퟷ캪뿗ퟓ싗샭뫋탄룅쓮뗄랶쪽죋헢룶룅쓮폐ퟅ횱뷓뛸훘듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ늻맜쪲쎴퇹뗄훈탲,뚼뇘탫튪뺭맽랶쪽죋뗄퇔폯ꆢ탐뚯뫍탔룱뛸뇭쿖돶살ꆣ퓚뎬퇩뗄샭탔훈탲룅쓮훐,폐뗂헟ꆢ뻽ퟓ횮쯹폐펵폐좨췾,훷튪쫇틲캪쯻쏇쳥쿖쇋튻킩죋샠듦퓚뗄폀뻃ꆢ뿍맛쳘헷ꆣꋚ헢훖맛뗣듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲쫇헽좷뗄,떱컒쏇에뛏튻룶죋쫇ꆰ죊ꆱ죋뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇튻뚨믡뾴떽헢룶죋퇔폯뫍탐뚯훐쒳훖틑뺭듦퓚뗄릲탔(웕뇩탔)뚫컷ꆣ믲헟훁짙쮵,컒쏇뇘탫쫓헢룶ꆰ죊ꆱ죋쳥쿖돶튻훖뿉릩뇰죋톡좡뗄죋샠톡퓱ꆣ죧맻컒쏇퓚헢룶ꆰ죊ꆱ죋짭짏쯹룐쫜떽뗄횻쫇뎹뗗뗄뛀쳘룶탔,쓇쎴헢룶ꆰ죊ꆱ죋퓚컒쏇뗄컄뮯뺰맛(culturallandscape)훐뻍쫇튻훖맖떮믲웦틬뗄맖컯,뛸늻쫇튻룶랶쪽죋믲좨췾죋ꆣ쇭췢,헢룶웕뇩탔룅쓮뗄듦퓚뿉틔냯훺뷢쫍컒쏇퓵퇹닅쓜듯돉릲쪶ꆣ죧맻컒쏇룐쫜늻떽틔벰늻쓜타짍헢룶죋뗄랶쪽탔,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻쓜샻폃헢룶죋뗄냱퇹뛸쪵쿖쒳훖듳볒릲춬뷓쫜뗄벯쳥헾닟폫쪵볹ꆣ횻죃죋쏇뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢볻쫇늻ퟣ틔듯돉릲쪶뗄ꆣ벴쪹헦뗄믡ퟶ떽냙뮨웫럅,떫죧맻컒쏇쿫튪폐쯹ퟷ캪,컒쏇뇘탫뮹튪톡좡웤훐뗄튻룶ꆣ좻뛸,뛔ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄웕뇩탔샭뷢늢늻쫇맊쫂뗄좫늿ꆣ죃컒쏇볙짨,볒춥킢뗀좷쪵폐쒳훖좷쟐뗄탎쪽,튻룶죋탨붫헢훖킢뗀탎쪽짺믮쳥쿖돶살,쯻닅쓜폐룱돉캪랶쪽죋ꆣ죧맻볒춥룱뻖만뚨늻뇤,쓇쎴헢훖킢뗀튪쟳좷쪵폐튻훖뇭쏦짏뗄뫏샭탔ꆣ좻뛸,볒춥룱뻖틑뺭쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯쇋탭뛠ꆣ퓚훐맺,볒춥틑뺭듓맅듺뗄볒ퟥ쪽퇝뇤떽20쫀볍뗄뫋탄쪽볒춥ꆣ볈좻퓚헢훖볒춥퇝뇤맽돌훐뿗ퟓ싗샭뎣탋ꋙ,.ꋚWeber,ReligionofChina,p/31.
56뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭늻쮥,쓇쎴퓚헢킩맘쾵훐튻뚨폐쒳훖ꆰ떯탔ꆱꆢ뇤춨뗄뚫컷ꆣ죧맻헢킩맘쾵쒣쪽쯦룶죋뗄뇤뮯쳵볾뛸뇤뮯,쓇쎴헢킩맘쾵쒣쪽뻍늻쓜폐튻훖만뚨늻뇤뗄ힴ첬ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺죏캪룶죋뗄릱쿗쫇훘튪뗄,쯻볡돖:ꆰ죋쓜뫫뗀,럇뗀뫫죋ꆣꆱꋙ쿖퓚컒쏇쏦쇙ퟅ튻룶뇭쏦짏뗄쓑쳢:컒쏇쫇춨맽ퟱ쫘웕뇩탔쒣쪽(죧뫃뗄뢸쟗믲쿍쏷뗄뻽췵)돉캪랶쪽죋쓘,뮹쫇퓚뿍맛쳵볾튪쟳뗄쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇튪뷸탐럖뇦짵믲훷뚯뇤춨(믲뫶쫓)틑룸뚨뗄맘쾵닅쓜돉캪좨췾죋쓘?뛔폚헢룶컊쳢,컒늻쓜즷폐뷩쫂뗘뷸탐좫쏦믘듰,좻뛸,컒튪쮵쏷뗄튻뗣쫇,헢솽훖톡퓱횮볤늢늻쫇좫좻뇋듋업돢ꆢ늻뿉뗷뫍뗄ꆣ튲탭퇇샯쪿뛠뗂싗샭뿉틔ퟷ캪튻훖폐틦뗄뛔뇈,퇇샯쪿뛠뗂싗샭퓚싟벭훈탲폫쏀톧훈탲횮볤튲쳥쿖돶샠쯆뗄헅솦,좻뛸쯼뗄헢훖헅솦늻쫇튻훖튪폨틔뿋럾뗄쓑쳢,뛸쫇퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗂탔싗샭뗄튻룶믮솦뫋탄ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂죏캪,쒳킩탐캪ꆪꆪꆪ춨볩ꆢ춵뗁ꆢ쒱즱ꆪꆪꆪퟜ쫇듭뗄ꆣꋚ헢샯뻍쫇튻킩뻸뛔뗄뿍맛뷻쇮ꆣ쓇쎴쪲쎴쪱뫲헢룶탐캪닅믡쫇춨볩뗄탐캪쓘?폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆢ뻽ퟓ뇘탫튪얪쏷냗쫇럱틔벰뫎쪱튻룶탐캪닅쫇춨볩뗄탐캪ꆣ쯤좻ꆰ춨볩ꆱ헢룶듊놾짭몬폐듭뗄몬틢ꋛ,떫룃듊늢늻믡룦쯟짧믡벯쳥룃죧뫎펦폃헢룶룅쓮ꆣ죧맻듥샯뗄튻듳좺쓐죋놻뗐죋퓚특샯슰ퟟ,죧맻듥샯뗄얮죋뎤듯컥쓪뗄쪱볤쎻폐죎뫎맘폚룷ퟔ헉럲뗄쿻쾢,쯽쏇퓙볞쯻죋,뛸쫂쪵짏쯽쏇뗄헉럲헽퓚튣풶쒳뒦쫜떽볠뷻,쓇쎴헢킩뢾얮쫇럱뻍랸쇋춨볩ퟯ쓘?튲탭늻쫇뗄ꆣ늻맜퓵쎴쮵냉,헢킩뢾얮컞틢듲웆ퟮ돵뗄믩틶쫄풼,쯽쏇쫇퓚튻훖솼뫃탅쓮(goodfaith)뗄믹뒡짏뷸탐퓙믩뗄,튲탭짵훁믡폐떱뗘ퟚ뷌쇬탤뗄쳘탭ꆣ틲듋,쓇훖튻룅럱뚨믲뿏뚨뗄에뛏ퟶ램쫇늻뿉탐뗄,컒쏇뗄에뛏믡폐쯹뇤뮯뗄,죧뛔쓇킩퓚헉럲쿻쪧뫳컥룶탇웚뻍퓙볞뗄뢾얮뗄에뛏뿏뚨늻춬폚뛔쓇킩퓚헉럲쿻쪧뫳컥쓪퓙볞뗄뢾얮뗄에뛏ꆣꋙConfucius,Analects,15/29.ꋚꋛ Aristotle,NicomacheanEthics,,(NewYork:),lines1107a9-15.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌57캪쇋쓜룼뫃뗘에뛏,폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆢ뻽ퟓ믡쳡돶늢얬솦뷢뻶훮죧듋샠뗄컊쳢ꆣ좻뛸,헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ,쓇훖뻸뛔뗄뷻쇮쫇뫁컞볛횵뗄ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,컒쏇뛔춨볩(춵뗁ꆢ쒱즱)뻸뛔뷻쇮뗄ퟰ훘폫ퟱ쫘헽쫇쓇듙쪹컒쏇쳡룟폫뇧싛뛔헢훖뛱탐뗄늻춬샭뷢뗄뚯솦ꆣ죏뿉횴탐뻸뛔뷻쇮뇈쓇훖ꆰ폐킩쪱뫲,춨볩쫇헽좷뗄;폐쪱뫲,춨볩쫇듭컳뗄ꆱ헢훖쮵램튪뫃뗃뛠ꆣ뗚뛾훖ퟶ램쒨뗴쇋ꆰ춨볩ꆱ헢룶듊뗄뷻횹탔풼쫸솦솿ꆣ죧맻튻룶탐캪폐쪱쫇ꆰ헽좷ꆱ뗄믲ꆰ뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆱ,쓇쎴춬튻룶탐캪퓵쎴폖믡쫇듭컳뗄?듓뚨틥짏붲,듭컳뗄탐캪뻍쫇쓇훖늻뿉틔뷓쫜뗄탐캪,럱죏뻸뛔뷻쇮뻍퓚쯋폁죋쏇늻좥얬솦좷뚨뫎캽헽좷뗄탐캪ꆣ튻룶쓐죋믲튻룶얮죋퓚폫믩틶췢뗄죋폐맽탔탐캪횮뫳,떥랽쏦탻돆,쯻(쯽)뗄헢훖ꆰ듭컳ꆱ탐캪퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂뻍쫇ꆰ헽좷ꆱ뗄ꆣ죃컒쏇퓙뾴쇭췢튻룶샽ퟓ:볙짨튻뛔벢뛶뗄럲뢾쿫튪춵쇚뻓쏅새샯뗄튻욿얣쓌ꆣ죧맻춵뗁ퟜ쫇듭컳뗄,쓇쎴헢뛔럲뢾틔벰컒쏇헢킩춬쟩쯻쏇뒦뺳뗄죋쏇펦룃쿫돶쇭췢튻훖돤벢뗄랽쪽ꆣ튲탭헢뛔럲뢾뿉틔좥내쇚뻓볒뗄쏅쇥,쟫쟳죋볒붫얣쓌쯍룸ퟔ벺ꆣ쇭췢뷖짏뗄컞볒뿉맩냯훺훐탄튲뿉쓜쳡릩풮훺ꆣ죧맻컒쏇퓚ퟐ쾸짳닩뿍맛쟩탎횮잰뻍탻늼ꆰ늻맜뫎쪱죋쏇뒦폚놻웈컞쓎뗄쟩뿶쿂뚼뿉틔춵뗁ꆱ,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄탻늼뻍믡쪹쓇킩뿉쓜뗄춵뗁헟쏇쏢돽쓇훖볬닩ퟔ벺춵뗁뚯믺ꆢ뾼싇뇰뗄톡퓱뗄뇘튪탔ꆣ틲뛸튻룶춵뗁헟뿉틔탻돆ꆰ컒쫇놻웈뗄ꆱ뛸좥춵얣쓌ꆣ헢훖럏돽뻸뛔뷻쇮뗄ퟶ램쓜릻쪹샭탔상즢,뮹쓜쿻돽벯쳥움에룶죋탐캪뗄믹놾뇪ힼꆣ튻훖싗샭뿉틔쫇뻸뛔뗄,헢훖뻸뛔뗄싗샭믡튪쟳컒쏇뗷헻컒쏇뛔뿍맛쟩뺳뗄믘펦폫에뛏ꆣ퓚짏쏦쯹뻙뗄샽ퟓ훐,싗샭뷻쇮뗄뻸뛔탔쪹컒쏇쓜릻ퟐ쾸짳닩뻟쳥뗄쟩탎,늢쓜쪹컒쏇돤럖퓋폃컒쏇뗄쿫쿱솦뛸얬솦헒돶컊쳢뗄탂뗄뷢뻶랽낸ꆣ쯤좻뻶뚨헽좷뗄탐캪랽쪽쫇룐횪뗄쫂쟩,떫쓇훖뛔폚뻸뛔탔뗄퓰죎룐믡쳡룟컒쏇뗄룐횪쓜솦ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭튲뇭쿖돶쇋샠쯆뗄폐틦헅솦ꆣ뿗ퟓ쿠탅,폀뫣뗄헦샭쫇듦퓚뗄,웕뇩탔뗄훈탲튲쫇듦퓚뗄ꆣ퓚맅듺,튻킩쓜릻냑컕헢킩폀뫣헦샭늢붫웤죚죫샱틇횮훐뗄맅쪥쿈쿍쏇쾣췻햹쪾폫캬돖튻룶폫헢킩헦샭쿠춳튻뗄죋탔훈탲ꆣ뿗ퟓ죏캪,쯻쓇룶쪱듺좱짙쪥쿍,쯻럇뎣쿫엶
58뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭떽쓇킩뫃뗂횮죋ꆣꋙ쯻튻퓙뻜뻸돆ퟔ벺캪쪥쿍믲ꆰ죊ꆱ죋,뺡맜쯻ퟔ벺좷쪵돐죏,쯻튻횱틔살럇뎣뿊췻톧쾰,뛸헢훖뿊췻ퟔ짭튲탭튲쫇튻훖탎쪽뗄횪쪶ꆣꋚ쯻퇡뛱붩훍,벫듳뗘늻탅죎쓇췹췹떼훂붩뮯뗄좷뚨탔ꆣꋛ쓇쎴,캪쪲쎴헢캻뻜뻸ퟷ탎짏탾쮼ꆢ쳖퇡탅쳵쪽맛뗣뗄뿗ퟓ쓇쎴ꆰ좷뚨ꆱ튻룶폀뫣훈탲뗄듦퓚틔벰쓇킩냑컕헢룶폀뫣훈탲뗄맅쪥쿈쿍뗄듦퓚쓘?죧맻컒쏇늢늻붫뿗ퟓ뗄헢훖탅쓮쫓캪탎짏헦샭,뛸붫웤쫓캪죋샠쪵볹뗄뷡맻,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔뾪쪼뷢뻶헢룶쓑쳢ꆣ퓚퇇샯쪿뛠뗂싗샭쳥쾵훐,컒쏇뇘탫튪짳닩튻쿂헢룶뻸뛔뗄좷뚨탔웰뫎훖ퟷ폃ꆣ죧맻폀뫣헦샭듦퓚쟒캪맽좥뗄쪥쿍쯹횪쿾,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍펦룃톧쾰맽좥죋쏇뗄쪵볹폫뷌떼ꆣ뛔폚맅듺틑듦퓚뗄헦샭뗄퓰죎룐뿉틔벤샸컒쏇뛔맽좥햹뾪톧쾰ꆣ쇭췢,볈좻폐죋틑뺭냑컕쇋헢킩헦샭,쓇쎴헢훖횪쪶뮹쫇뒦폚죋샠뗄쓜솦랶캧횮쓚ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫춨맽붫컒쏇뛔맅듺뷌떼폫샱틇뗄샭뷢폫횮뛔헕웰살,늢붫헢킩뷌떼폫샭뷢퓚컒쏇뗄짺믮훐쳥쿖돶살,컒쏇닅쓜붫헢킩뷌떼폫샱틇헻뫏컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄튻늿럖ꆣ뛸쟒,춨맽죏헦뛔듽쿈죋뗄헦샭,컒쏇뻍붫ퟔ벺훃폚튻훖뺡뿉쓜뛠뗘톧쾰맅죋뗄믺믡훐ꆣ죧맻컒쏇좷탅,컒쏇늻쓜듓맽좥톧떽죎뫎뚫컷,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻쓜듓컒쏇뗄쪦뎤뫍뢸쒸쓇샯톧믡믹놾뗄벼쟉뫍톧쾰뗄쾰맟,듳볒튪횪뗀,컒쏇뗄쪦뎤뫍뢸쒸뗄늿럖좨췾살풴폚쯻쏇뗄쪦뎤뫍뢸쒸뗄뷌떼ꆣ죧맻헢훖ퟔ컒폅풽뗄탅쓮폫뫜짙뗄톧쾰쓜솦뷡뫏웰살뗄뮰,쓇쎴뻍믡쫇튻볾럇뎣캣쿕뗄쫂쟩ꆣ헢훖뷡뫏믡붫컒쏇폫컒쏇뗄벯쳥룮쇑뾪살,쪹컒쏇늻쓜뷓쫜뇰죋뗄붨짨탔엺움ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쿠탅컒쏇ퟔ벺틑뺭ퟣ릻훇,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻믡뚮뗃톧쾰뗄틢틥ꆣ춨맽좷뚨쓇킩맅쪥쿈쿍쯹냑컕뗄폀뫣헦샭뗄듦퓚,뿗ퟓ틢퓚벤샸죋쏇뛔폚훇믛뗄톰쟳폫뿊췻,쯻맄샸컒쏇좥쳽쓇킩뛔죋샠쳵볾ꋙConfucius,Analects,15/13;4/6.ꋚIbid.,7/32;7/33;7/34;9/8;5/28;7/7.ꋛIbid.,14/32.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌59뫍퇛잰컊쳢폐쯹쇬컲뗄죋쏇뗄첸뮰ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄헢훖뛔폀뫣헦샭뗄좷뚨뿉틔훆횹쓇훖폗훉ퟔ쫑뗄쮼캬쟷쫆:컒쏇쓜릻춨맽붫컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄틢횾폫ꆰ샭뷢ꆱ잿볓룸뇰죋뗄랽쪽떥랽쏦뗘뒴퓬튻훖컄뮯ꆣ헢훖쮫훘탅쾢놻뿗ퟓ뗄쇭췢튻룶잿뗷뗄맛뗣쯹퓙듎잿뮯:퓚맅듺폐쪥쿍,뛸퓚뷱쳬퓲쎻폐ꆣ컒쏇탨튪톧쾰,틲캪컒쏇뮹늻ퟣ릻훇;컒쏇펦룃쳽뇰죋뗄엺움틢볻,틲캪쯻쏇튲탭폐컒쏇쯹좱짙뗄ꆢ쓜릻폐훺폚컒쏇ퟔ컒쳡룟폫랢햹뗄헦횪폫ퟃ볻ꆣ횻폐컒쏇듳볒튻웰뫏ퟷ,컒쏇닅쓜랢햹튻훖룼캪죊짆뗄탐캪ퟶ쫂랽쪽ꆣ1.춨맽폑뫃킭짌뷢뻶럗헹볈좻뿗ퟓ럇뎣잿뗷쓇평룶죋뗄랶쪽탐캪쯹쪵쿖뗄쏀톧훈탲,컒쏇늻펦룃뺪닯폚뿗ퟓ뛔쯟쯏뗄늻탅죎ꆣꋙ램싉쫇튻훖죋탔릤뻟,램싉뗄훆뚨헟늻쫇쪥쿍,틲뛸컒쏇늻쓜웚췻램싉캪컒쏇뚨쿂ퟮ뫃뗄죋샠훈탲ꆣ컒쏇쎿룶죋뇘탫ퟶ돶ퟔ벺뗄릱쿗,틔랢햹췪짆튻훖듈낮죊짆뗄훈탲ꆣ헢퇹ퟶ뗄ퟮ뫃랽쪽뻍쫇틔튻훖폑뫃뗄랽쪽뛔듽뇰죋ꆣ뿗ퟓ헢훖뛔폚좫쏦틀삵램싉뗄ퟶ램뗄뮳틉틑뺭짮짮뗘펰쿬쇋탭뛠훐맺죋맘폚럗헹뗄쮼캬랽쪽ꆣ퓚쏱쫂폫뷏쟡캢뗄쯟쯏맙쮾훐,훐맺뗄램춥맄샸룷랽틔튻훖폑뫃뗄랽쪽뷢뻶컊쳢믲쯟훮뗷뷢믺릹ꆣ횱떽1982쓪,쏱쫂쯟쯏낸볾듳뛠뺭맽튻킩뷏캪럇헽쪽뗄춾뺶뷢뻶럗헹ꆣꋚ샺뎯샺듺틔살,훐맺뗄램싉뚼쫇평뿗ퟓ쓇훖뇜쏢쯟쯏뗄맛뗣쯹훷떼ꆣ맺볒뗄램싉믹놾쫇튻훖릫릲뢣헾닟뗄탻뒫릤뻟,뛸늻쫇룶죋럗헹뗄뷢뻶릤뻟ꆣꋛ쏀맺죋뫍얷훞죋캪쇋놣뮤ퟔ벺뗄좨샻뛸뇋듋쯟쯏믲웰쯟헾뢮,쯻쏇냑쯟쯏떱ퟷ뫜욽뎣뗄쫂,뿗쫏싗샭좴붫쯟쯏쫓캪뷢뻶럗헹뗄ퟮ늻쾣췻뗄쫖뛎ꆣ쓇킩캰듳뗄죋쏇맘힢룼뛠뗄쫇쯻쏇뗄퓰죎,횻폐쓇ꋙConfucius,Analects,12/13.ꋚJamesV,Feinerman,ꆰTheHistoryandDevelopmentofChinaꆯsDisputeResolutionSystem.ꆱDisputeResolutioninChina:APracticalGuidetoLitigationandArbitrationinChina,(HongKong:AsiaLaw&Practice,Ltd.,1995),.ꋛIbid.,.
60뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭킩킡쇩믪닅맘탄쓇쫴폚쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄뚫컷ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆢ뻽ퟓ뻸늻듓탅쳵뗄뷇뛈잿뗷죎뫎뚫컷,짵훁냼삨쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄좨샻ꆣ쿠랴,쯻쏇쿲뇰죋폎쮵ퟔ벺좨샻뗄뫏램탔,죧맻컒쏇뇜쏢ퟔ틔캪쫇늢쳽랴뛔랽뗄틢볻,쓇쎴헢훖폎쮵랽램튻뚨쫇ퟮ폐킧뗄ꆣ럗헹쮫랽뚼펦돐죏ퟔ벺뗄듭컳폫늻ퟣꆣ쯟훮릫쳃뗄ퟶ램믡쪹죋쏇뗄탄뇤뗃붩펲샤쒮,뇤뗃늻틗잫죃ꆣ헢훖럇쇩믮탔랴맽살믡쪹죋쏇늻틗쿲잰뷸늽폫랢햹,틲캪쯟쯏룷랽뚼쫇쓇퇹뗄뻖쿞폚룷ퟔ뗄쿁낯샻틦ꆣ? 퓚훐맺,ퟮ뫏쫊ꆢퟮ뒫춳뗄럗헹뷢뻶냬램뻍쫇뇜쏢쓇훖춨맽램춥ꆢ릫쳃붫튻랽뗄뷢뻶랽낸잿볓룸쇭튻랽뗄잿펲탐캪랽쪽,듓뛸헒톰떽튻훖쮫랽뚼싺틢쟒쓜캬뮤짧믡뫍킳뗄뗷뫍뷢뻶랽낸ꆣꋙ뫍쯟쯏뇈웰살,잫죃룼럻뫏죊짆폫쳡룟뗄뺫짱ꆣ캪쇋복짙헹쯏,훐맺뗄릫쳃ꆢ램춥뫜뎤쪱볤틔살뚼뛔웰쯟헟폫놻쯟헟돖뮳틉첬뛈ꆣꋚ튻떩ퟯ쏻돉솢,돍랣쫇쿠떱퇏훘뗄,뛸쟒뮹믡퇪벰랸ퟯ헟뗄볒춥ꆢ헻룶듥,짵훁헻룶뗘쟸ꆣꋛ쯤좻뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻횧돖퇏훘뗄돍랣(샭평볻뗚죽헂),떫쫇쯻뗄싗샭좷쪵뛔헢훖벯쳥퓰죎맛웰튻뚨뗄횧돖ퟷ폃ꆣ죧맻쎻폐뇰죋뗄횸떼,쳘뇰쫇살ퟔ볒춥뗄횸떼,쎻폐죋쓜릻랢햹폫뷸늽ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뛔ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄첬뛈쫇퇏쯠뗄,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍믡얬솦춨맽컒쏇뗄냱퇹살쳡룟ퟔ벺뗄볒춥ꆣ죧맻컒쏇랸쇋탌쫂ퟯ믲쏱쫂ퟯ,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄쪧냜뻍늻뷶믡컛컒쏇ퟔ벺,뛸쟒뮹믡컛컒쏇뗄볒춥폫엳폑ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃뛔컒쏇뗄볒춥돉풱쳡웰쯟쯏,죧맻컒쏇뗄탖뗜탐캪늻떱,컒쏇퓚컊ퟔ벺쫇럱퓚쒳킩랽쏦쪹웤쪧췻횮잰,컒쏇늻쓜퓰놸쯻쏇ꆣ좨샻뫜짙췪좫쫴폚튻랽(튻룶냍헆엄늻쿬),틲뛸죋쏇펦룃뺡솿틔튻훖폑뫃뗄랽쪽믲퓚볒춥쓚믲퓚볒춥췢뷢뻶럗헹ꆣ죧맻돏ꋙAlastairCrawford,ꆰPlottingYourDisputeResolutionStrategy:FromNegotiatingtheDisputeResolutionClausetoEnforcementAgainstYourAssets,ꆱDisputeResolutioninChina,,.ꋚꋛ Mente,ChineseEttquette,-94.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌61탅쪽뗄얬솦쎻폐닺짺뷢뻶랽낸,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍튪훘탂뾼싇컒쏇뗄솢뎡,떫쫇컒쏇ퟜ펦룃뛔쯟쯏쟗죋뗄ퟶ램뇭쪾퇡뛱ꆣ맘폚럗헹뷢뻶랽쏦,뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄튻킩틲쯘퓚헢훖폑뫃킭짌뗄좡쿲훐뫍탭뛠훐맺럗헹쯹닉좡뗄탎쪽훐틔벰뗷뷢믺릹쯹닉좡뗄에뛏훐쫇뫜죝틗뻍뿉틔뇦죏돶살뗄ꆣ탭뛠럗헹뚼믡짦벰튻ꆢ솽룶늻쓜믱뗃뇘튪맙랽횧돖뗄쯟쯏랽ꆣ헾뢮뫍(믲)떳뗄듺뇭뇘탫뛔쯹폐뫏릫쮾뫏춬뷸탐짳엺,죧맻튻랽캴뺭짳엺뛸뛔뫏춬ퟶ돶탞룄,쓇쎴헢훖쫨뫶뻍믡뛔뫏춬뗄뫏램탔닺짺펰쿬ꆣ뛸쇭췢뗄튻킩낸샽퓲짦벰탭뛠훐맺릤뎧퓚헾뢮럖엤뗄췁뗘짏뷸탐뺭펪,릤뎧웳튵ퟔ짭늢늻펵폐췁뗘,틲뛸헢킩릤뎧죧맻늻쫗쿈믱뗃헾뢮뗄췁뗘쪹폃탭뿉횤,쯼쏇뻍늻쓜캪뫏릫쮾쳡릩췁뗘ꆣ죧맻뫏릫쮾뗄훐맺튻랽틲쫨뫶뛸쎻폐좡뗃헢퇹뗄탭뿉횤,쓇쎴뫏릫쮾뻍뫜뿉쓜놻쯟훮램춥ꆣ퓚훐맺,탭뛠퓚컷랽뾴살쫇뒿쫴릫쮾쮽쿂뗄뻶뚨(죧룄뇤뫏춬뗄뻶뚨)뚼뇘탫튪뺭맽헾뢮뗄짳엺ꆣꋙ훐맺릲닺떳쫓ퟔ벺캪릫릲뗀뗂뗄몴컀헟,쯽횮쯹틔튪헢퇹쇬떼,쫇틲캪쯽튪놣뮤죋쏱뗄뢣,쯽폐틥컱좷놣쯹폐릫쮾붻틗뚼튪럻뫏죋쏱뗄뢣ꆣ헢튻뗣뻍뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴뗷뷢믺릹춨뎣믡랴펳릲닺떳뗄슷쿟ꆣ훐맺헾뢮맙풱퓸뛠듎잿뗷:ꆰ뗷뷢뗄튻룶훷튪쒿뇪쫇캬돖뫍볓잿떳뗄쇬떼,뛸늻쫇뷢뻶룶죋럗헹ꆣꆱꋚ뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭듓쒳훖틢틥짏쫇횧돖헢쳵떳뗄슷쿟뗄,쯻뗄싗샭뷓쫜쇋헢훖뛔죋쏱탐캪뗄뗷뿘탨튪,헢퇹뿉틔좷놣죋쏱뗄탐캪폐훺폚짧믡좫쳥돉풱뗄컄쏷붨짨ꆣ헽쫇듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,떱듺훐맺헾뢮헢훖튪쟳죋쏱뛔럗헹뷸탐뗷뷢뗄헾닟쫇췪좫럻뫏뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뗄ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ쯹랴뛔뗄쫇쓇훖탻돆ퟔ벺캪짧믡뗄뗀뗂뺫펢뫍솼탄돟뛈뗄ퟔ쫑ꆣ헢훖ퟔ컒뿤튫잫톷늻ퟣ,떹쿔쪾쇋튻훖컞놣횤뗄ퟔ탅:쯽폀풶튲늻쓜듭ꆣ죧맻뗷뷢뗄낲업틢퓚잿뗷쯹폐룷랽뗄퓰죎폫틥컱,냼삨뗷ꋙChrisHunter,ed.,ꆰPartTwo:CaseStudies,ꆱ-168.ꋚFeinerman,ꆰChinaꆯsDisputeResolutionSystem,ꆱ.
62뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뷢풱뫍훙닃헟뗄퓰죎폫틥컱,쓇쎴헢떹룼럻뫏뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄뺫짱ꆣ쯟쯏룷랽펦룃폐좨톡퓱ퟔ벺뗄훙닃헟,틲캪헹쯏룷랽룼쇋뷢컊쳢뗄맘볼,룼쓜뇦뇰돶튻룶훙닃헟쫇럱쪤죎ꆣ룹뻝쒿잰뗄쟩탎,쓇킩짦벰췢맺죋뗄뫏릫쮾뗄훙닃캯풱믡훁짙펦룃냼삨튻쏻평훐맺맺볊뺭볃쎳틗훙닃캯풱믡(CIETAC)쯹횸뚨뗄훙닃풱,룃캯풱믡쫇튻룶떳뗄믺릹ꆣ헢룶횸뚨뗄훙닃풱튲탭뛔컊쳢뗄맘볼뫜쇋뷢,튲뿉쓜튻뗣튲늻쇋뷢,틲듋,헹쯏룷랽펦룃폐좨톡퓱튻룶훐솢뗄훙닃쟾뗀,퓚듋쟾뗀쓚,헹쯏룷랽뚼펦룃욽뗈뗘뛔룷ퟔ뗄탐캪뫳맻뢺퓰ꆣ훐맺맺볊뺭볃쎳틗훙닃캯풱믡퓸늻쏷훇뗘횻죎쏼훐맺죋ퟷ캪훙닃쳽횤믡뗄훷쾯,뺡맜폐탭뛠쪤죎뗄췢맺훙닃헟(뫏릫쮾뗄룷랽뿉틔듓헢룶훙닃헟쏻떥훐톡좡튻룶ꆣꋙ)훐맺램춥뗄에뻶뎣뎣랴펳돶뿗ퟓ뗄쮼쿫ꆣ램춥뿉쓜믡에뻶,뫏룷랽뚼늻엤뗃떽엢뎥,틲캪죎뫎쯰쪧뚼늻뒿듢쫇튻랽쎻폐췪돉뫏춬틥컱뗄뷡맻,뛸룼뛠쫇쮫랽쎻폐뫜뫃뫏ퟷ뗄뷡맻ꆣ죋쏇횮볤뗄쿠뮥맘쾵쫇럇뎣캢쏮뛸뢴퓓뗄,늻쫇뫏춬믲웤쯻죎뫎램싉탎쪽쯹쓜췪좫뿘훆뗄ꆣ죋쏇뇘탫톧믡쳽뇰죋,늢쟒뮹펦틔튻훖폐샻폚쮫랽뫏ퟷ뗄랽쪽뷸탐탐캪ퟶ쫂,헢킩탐캪ퟶ쫂뗄쾰맟뇈램싉룼훘튪ꆣ뛸램싉뗄ퟷ폃쫇퓚죋쏇훐볤맠쫤엠퇸튻훖늻ퟱ쫘램싉뗄뿖뻥,쯼뿉틔캪죋쏇쳡릩컈뚨탔폫뿉풤닢탔,뛸헢솽훖쳘탔캪짌튵믮뚯살쮵쫇벫웤훘튪뗄ꆣ램싉뗄뻸뛔탔쓜릻듙쪹죋쏇틲캪짏쏦쯹쳡뗄풭틲뛸뷸탐짮죫랴쪡,떫램싉놾짭늢늻쓜쪹릫쏱뇤뗃폐뗂탔ꆢ폐뗀뗂ꆣ듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈뾴,램춥짳닩쮫랽쫇럱퓚웳튵죕뎣믮뚯훐얬솦쿔쪾돶ퟔ벺뗄돏틢뗄ퟶ램튲탭쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ헢훖쿔쪾돏틢뗄얬솦뫍뛔뫏춬틥컱뗄믺킵ퟱ쫘뚼쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆣ뫏춬춨뎣뚼펦룃폨틔ퟱ쫘,훐맺램춥튲늻틅폠솦뗘듓램싉뷇뛈볠뚽헢킩뫏춬뗄쪵쪩ꋚ,뛸폐쪱떱램춥튪헕뾴죋쏇탄쓚뗄쾰맟쪱,쯽튲믡듓싗샭뗄뷇뛈좥뒦샭뫏춬뗄컊쳢ꆣꋙPeterThorp,ꆰJointVentureDisputeCaseStudy:RedEagleSports,ꆱDisputeResolutioninChina,,-138.ꋚHunter,ꆰPartTwo:CaseStudies,ꆱ-168.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌632.룟닣맜샭헟뗄룟킽컊쳢죃컒쏇듳볒뾴쿂쏦튻룶샽ퟓ:뿗쫏싗샭쫇럱뇘좻믡랴뛔룟킽돪닮틬,쫓웤캪뛔컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼얬솦붨짨뗄죊짆훈탲뗄췾킲쓘?훐맺릫쮾뗄킽돪닮틬뇈쏀맺릫쮾뗄킽돪닮틬튪킡뗃뛠ꆣ튻룶짔캪맽쪱뗄쒳훖탅쾢살풴쮵,훐맺떥캻쓚튻룶쓪쟡톧춽릤뫍튻룶룟닣맜샭헟횮볤뗄킽돪닮틬캪10놶ꆣꋙ헢훖킡닮틬뗄늿럖풭틲살ퟔ릲닺떳뗄헜톧ꆣ룹뻝릲닺떳뗄헜톧ꆰ,ꆮ좫쏱ꆯ쯹폐훆틢캶ퟅ튪췪돉뗄릤ퟷ쫇ꆮ좫쏱ꆯ뗄퓰죎ꆣꆱꋚ틲뛸,훐맺죋튻횱뛔쓇훖믹폚룶죋뇭쿖뗄붱샸훆뛈돖랴뛔첬뛈,쯻쏇룼퓞춬쓇훖욽뻹훷틥ꆣ쯤좻쿖퓚붱샸믺훆틑뺭뇤뗃쇷탐웰살,떫쫇훐맺죋뗄붱샸냬램뮹쫇쓇훖욽뻹훷틥쪽뗄냬램,뛸늻쫇쓇훖내췪돉뗄릤ퟷ뷸탐붱샸뗄냬램ꋛ,뛸쓇훖튻횱듦퓚뗄킽돪닮틬훷튪살ퟔ폚샺ꆣ튻룶샏샭랢쪦뿉쓜뇈튻룶뺫짱뿆튽쪦헵뗃튪뛠,튻룶샏뾴쏅죋뇈튻룶쯄쪮뛠쯪뗄췁붨릤돌쪦튪헵뗃뛠ꆣ좻뛸,짧믡훷틥늢늻쫇헢훖킡킽돪닮틬뗄캩튻풭틲,뿗ퟓ싗샭튲캪웤쳡릩쇋잿폐솦뗄싛횤,튲탭뇭듯헢킩싛횤뗄ퟮ뫃냬램뻍쫇햹쪾튻쿂컷랽뗄튻쾵쇐폃폚횧돖룟닣맜샭헟쳬컄쫽ퟖ킽돪뗄랴싛ꆣ컷랽쇷탐ퟅ솽훖싗샭싛횤ꆣ웤튻,탭뛠맜샭헟뫍튻킩싗샭톧헟뚼헹싛쮵,뻸뛔뗄욽뗈훷틥쫇싗샭짏폐몦뗄ꆣ퓚쒳킩랽쏦,쯹폐죋뚼쫇욽뗈뗄,샽죧,쎿룶죋뚼횵뗃ퟰ훘,쎿룶죋뚼펦룃폐믱뗃솼뫃뷌폽뫍릤ퟷ뗄욽뗈믺믡ꆣ좻뛸,쓇훖뻸뛔뗄뻹뗈훷틥쫇늻릫틥뗄,틲캪쯼믡듙짺튻훖탄쇩싩쒾뗄춬튻탔,퓚헢훖춬튻탔훐,룶죋뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄좨샻놻럱뚨ꆣ틲듋,헢훖뻸뛔뻹뗈훷틥캥랴쇋뾵뗂맘폚ퟰ훘쯹폐샭탔듦폐뗄싗샭쏼쇮,쇭췢헢훖뻸뛔뻹뗈훷틥뮹믡췉뇤돉튻훖솿짏뗄춬튻,쯹폐죋뷓쫜뗄쎿훖뢣뗄솿뚼쫇췪좫튻퇹뗄ꆣ헢훖솿짏뗄춬튻튲쫇늻릫틥뗄,틲캪쯼늻쓜틔튻훖웕뇩탔뗄탎쪽캪쯹폐샭탔듦폐쯹ꋙMente,ChineseEtiquette,.ꋚꋛ KeunLee,ChineseFirmsandtheStateinTransition(Armonk,:,Inc.,1991),.
64뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뷓쫜ꆣ쮭믡훊틉뷼쫓헟듷튻뢱퇛뺵뛸헽뎣헟늻듷퇛뺵헢훖늻욽뗈쪵볹쓘?웤뛾,틲캪뻟폐샏뗀맜샭뺭퇩뫍룟뎬쇬떼벼쓜뗄룟닣맜샭죋풱늻쫇뫜뛠,릫쮾뇘탫횧뢶뫜뛠틔컼틽헢훖죋닅ꆣ돽럇컒쏇복짙죋쏇틆뚯뗄ퟔ평뫍죋쏇톡퓱뻍튵뗄좨샻,헢훖킽돪닮틬힢뚨믡돉캪릩쟳몯쫽뗄튻늿럖ꆣ죧맻쒳룶탐튵쿫튪쪵쿖ퟔ벺뗄잱쓜,돉캪뛔벯쳥뢣폐쯹릱쿗뗄뫏뫵싗샭뗄쪵볹,쓇쎴룃짧믡펦룃퓊탭헢룶탐튵컼틽뫃뗄쇬떼헟,틔샻웤퓚웳튵쓚췢엠퇸뗀뗂ꆣ헢훖뛔쫐뎡솦솿뗄룉풤뻍쫇뛔룶죋랢햹ퟔ벺닅쓜뗄틥컱뗄룉풤:룶죋폐늻쫜뇰죋컞샭룉풤ꆢퟮ듳뿉쓜뗘랢햹엠퇸ퟔ벺뗄잱쓜뗄틥컱ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭뗄몴컀헟믡뛔듋ퟶ돶믘펦ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭늢늻믡퓞춬튻훖놨돪쳥훆뛸뇉웺쇭췢튻훖놨돪쳥훆(죧틔쓜솦캪믹뒡뗄놨돪쳥훆뫍틔샺캪믹뒡뗄놨돪쳥훆)ꆣ쒳훖쳥훆퓚튻훖쟩탎훐뿉쓜쫇쿠떱뫃뗄,떫퓚쇭튻훖쟩탎훐뿉쓜폖늻쫇뫜뫃ꆣ헦헽뗄헾훎쇬탤뫍짌튵쇬탤믡붫쯻쏇뗄퇛맢럅퓚룼듳뗄짧믡놳뺰짏,쯻쏇룼맘탄쓇훖늻헐풹뗄쇬떼랽쪽,쯻쏇뫜쟥돾쓇킩ퟔ쮽뗄죋믡헐훂죋쏇뗄럟뫞ꆣꋙ죧맻웳튵쓚뗄릤죋폐벵뛊헢훖좱뗣,쓇쎴헦헽뗄맜샭헟믡럅웺쿠뛔룟뗄킽돪틔캬돖ퟔ벺뗄뿉탅삵탔ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻튻룶릫쮾뗄맍풱춨뎣늻첫퓚틢킽돪닮틬,쳘뇰쫇떱쯹폐풱릤뗄킽돪폫쿠뛔릫욽ꆢ뿉볻뗄튵벨뇭쿖횸쫽맒릳웰살쪱,쓇쎴뷏룟뗄킽돪닮틬듓싗샭짏쫇뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭횧돖쓇훖뛔룶죋닅쓜폫릱쿗폨틔돐죏뗄ퟶ램ꆣꋚ춨뎣쟩뿶쿂,킽돪뇪ힼ듳뛠좡뻶폚풱릤뗄짭럝폫맽좥룃풱릤쯹췪돉뗄릤ퟷ,늢쎻폐뎬퇩뗄훈탲믲만뚨뗄맦퓲틔뻶뚨킽돪랶캧ꆣ뛔룟킽돪뗄뗚뛾룶싛횤,뿗쫏싗샭뿉쓜늻믡뷓쫜,퓚컼틽뫃뗄맜샭헟컊쳢짏,룟킽돪쫇럇뎣뇘튪뗄ꆣ룟벶맜샭헟쎻폐죎뫎좨샻튪쟳믲뷓쫜쓇폫쯻쏇뿉쓜엲헍뗄ퟔ컒볛횵룐돉헽뇈뗄킽돪,쇭췢,죧맻헵ꋙConfucius,Analects,4/12.ꋚHermanSinaiko,ReclaimingtheCanon(.:YaleUniversityPress,1998).-170.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌65룟킽돉쇋캩튻쒿뗄,쓇쎴뛔쯻살쮵헦쫇튻훖돜죨ꆣꋙ죋쏇폐튻훖싗샭틥컱살늻뛏쳡룟ퟔ벺,헢튻뗣퓚컷얷뫍헻룶퇇훞뚼쫇럇뎣샭뷢뗄ꆣ췪짆폫쳡룟떱좻살ퟔ컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄얬솦,뛸늢늻좡뻶폚뇰죋뛔컒쏇뗄닅쓜ꆢ컒쏇뗄뎬ힿ믲컒쏇뗄싗샭뷸늽뗄돐죏ꆣꋚ랶쪽죋뇘탫춨맽ퟔ벺뗄냱퇹,뷌폽뇰죋타짍쯻쏇쫗듎볻횤떽뗄뗂탔믲뎬ힿꆣ헢훖뷌폽쒿뗄늻뿉쓜퓚튻특횮볤쪵쿖ꆣ헦헽뗄짌튵쇬탤늻펦룃듓쯻쏇뗄춬냩쓇샯폐쯹웚듽,쯻쏇늻펦룃튪쟳막뚫춨맽쿲쯻쏇횧뢶뻞뛮킽돪헢훖랽쪽돐죏쯻쏇뗄쇬떼폫맜샭닅쓜ꆣ쯻쏇펦룃탄폐쯹쾵,떫펦룃쾵폚ꆰ죊ꆱ,뛸늻펦룃쾵폚잮믲쾵폚쓇춨뎣죏캪잮쓜듺뇭뗄뗘캻ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆢ뻽ퟓ쏷냗쪲쎴쫇싗샭짏짆뗄뚫컷,뛸쓇킩쇟킡죋퓲쫇샻ퟖ떱춷ꆣꋛ3.릫쮾탐캪ힼ퓲뗄펦폃볈좻뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔램싉램맦돖튻훖뮳틉첬뛈,쓇쎴쯼뛔웳튵탐캪ힼ퓲헢훖뿉틔듙뷸죊짆훈탲뗄릤뻟폖룃폐뫎뾴램쓘?뿗쫏싗샭웚듽웳튵쇬떼헟뛔웤풱릤뷸탐틽떼폫웴뗏,틲듋,헦헽뗄쇬떼헟펦룃얬솦쳡룟쯻뗄쫴쿂ꆣ캪쇋웳튵헻쳥뗄랱죙,릫쮾탐캪ힼ퓲춨뎣믡잿뗷쿠뮥ퟰ훘뗄뇘튪탔틔벰쿻돽킡쒦닁뗄훘튪탔ꆣ췅쳥킭ퟷ쓜릻냯훺퓚벯쳥쓚붨솢뫍킳폫훈탲,뛸뫍킳뫍훈탲폖쫇벯쳥탋쪢뗄맘볼ꆣꋜ좻뛸,쎻폐죎뫎탐캪ힼ퓲뿉틔췪좫쳦듺쇬떼헟뗄탐캪ꆣ죋쏇춨뎣믡뾴쇬탤뗄탐캪쫇럱폫쯻쏇뗄퇔첸튻훂,죧맻쯻쏇뗄퇔탐늻튻훂,죋쏇뻍믡늻탅죎쯻쏇ꆣꆰ벾뾵ퟓ뮼뗁,컊폚뿗ퟓꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔풻ꆮ:릶ퟓ횮늻폻,쯤짍횮늻쟔ꆣꆯꆱꋝ죧맻쓇킩췆탐탐캪ힼ퓲뗄죋ퟔ벺늻ퟱ쫘ힼ퓲뗄뺫짱,쓇쎴헢룶탐캪ힼ퓲뻍늻믡듙짺탅죎ꆣힼ퓲ퟔ짭쫇늻쓜듙짺뒿헽뗄싗샭랢햹뗄,횻폐떱죋쏇쇴틢ퟔ벺탐캪뗄틢틥쪱,쯻쏇닅쓜쿲ꋙConfucius,Analects,14/1.ꋚIbid.,15/21.ꋛIbid.,4/16.ꋜIbid.,1/12.ꋝIbid.,12/18.
66뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭잰뷸늽ꆣ떱죋쏇놻뷢맍믲붵킽뗈돍랣듫쪩쯹헰짥쪱,쯻쏇뻍늻믡쮼뾼쯻쏇탐캪뗄틢틥,쯻쏇믡벯훐뺫짱뾼싇죧뫎뇜쏢놻떽ꆣ믲헟,쯻쏇믡틲뛔돍랣뗄뿖뻥뛸ퟮ훕컞쯹ퟷ캪ꆣ죧맻룃릫쮾폐맽돉릦퓋폃탐캪ힼ퓲엠퇸볓잿싗샭뗀뗂탐캪뗄맢믔샺쪷,쟩탎뻍듳늻쿠춬쇋ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,랶쪽맜샭헟뻍믡뛔헢킩탐캪ힼ퓲뇭쪾돶ퟰ훘폫ퟱ듓ꆣ헢킩ힼ퓲뻍돉쇋릫쮾벯쳥샱틇뗄튻늿럖,뛸쟒펦룃틔튻훖ퟮ뫃뗄랽쪽럾컱폚룼듳벯쳥뗄뢣ꆣ퓚뻶뚨쫇럱펦폃뫍횴탐탐캪ힼ퓲뗄쪱뫲,맜샭헟뇘탫쪹폃ퟔ벺뗄에뛏솦ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭믡뺯룦웳튵맜샭헟,늻튪폃헢킩탐캪ힼ퓲췆탐쯻쏇룶죋믲릫쮾뗄뗀뗂ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺럇뎣킡탄,듓늻붫ퟔ벺쏨쫶캪튻룶뻟폐뎬ힿ뗂탔뗄죋ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄튻뒦맘폚뗂탔뗄붲싛쫇헢퇹뗄:ퟜ튪킡탄,늻튪뛩실,튲늻튪맽럖ퟔ틔캪쫇ꆣꋙ뿗ퟓ붲,쯻뮹쎻폐폶떽튻룶쓜튻쳬뚼얬솦톰헒ꆰ죊ꆱ뗄죋ꆣ횱떽뷱쳬,훐맺죋뛔죎뫎탻돆ퟔ벺폐뎬ힿ뗂탔뗄죋뚼럇뎣쏴룐ꆣꋚ컷랽맜샭헟튻횱쏦뛔뗄튻룶훘듳쳴햽뻍쫇,퓚뛔쓇킩솼뫃뗄튵벨뇭쿖뷸탐붱샸쪱,늻튪룸죋튻훖펡쿳,웤쯻뗄풱릤뻍쫇쿠뛔뷏뗍쇓뗄듦폐ꆣ맜샭헟펦룃쳘뇰힢틢뗄튻뗣쫇,늻튪폃탐캪ힼ퓲붫쒳킩죋ퟷ캪ꆰ쳘뇰뫃뗄죋ꆱ뛸즸톡돶살ꆣ죧맻탐캪ힼ퓲놻폃ퟷ쳡돶컊쳢뫍뷢뻶컊쳢뗄쓚늿컄볾,쓇쎴듋쪱뗄탐캪ힼ퓲뻍쫇ퟮ럻뫏싗샭뗄ힼ퓲ꆣ쓇훖틽폃탐캪ힼ퓲횤쏷쒳죋뗄헽틥폫뗂탔믲쿔쪾쒳죋릫쮾뗄폅솼뗄ퟶ램쫇싗샭짏폐컊쳢뗄ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵듦퓚뗄컊쳢떽쒿잰캪횹,컒튻횱뚼퓚틔튻훖타짍뗄랽램뷩짜뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭ꆣ헢쫇틲캪,죧듋ퟶ램놾짭럻뫏뿗ퟓ뗄뺫짱;죧맻컒쏇뮳ퟅ헢퇹탅쓮,뇰죋튲탭폐컒쏇횵뗃컒쏇톧쾰뗄뚫컷,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍룼뿉쓜쿲뇰죋탩탄톧쾰;죧맻컒쏇듓튻뾪쪼뻍죏캪,뇰죋쫇듭컳뗄,믲헟죧맻컒쏇맽ꋙConfucius,Analects,15/15;5/19.ꋚMente,ChineseEtiquette,.
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌67퓧뗘뗃돶헢훖뷡싛,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뫜쓑탩탄쳽쯻쏇ꆣ횻튪헢훖타짍쪽랽램ퟔ짭럻뫏뿗ퟓ뺫짱,쓇쎴헢훖랽램뻍믡캪컒쏇쳡릩샭뷢헢룶펰쿬짮풶뗄싗샭뗄믺믡ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇늻쿫컞쳵볾뗘펵놧뿗쫏싗샭,컒쏇튲믡랢쿖웤훐폐킩늿럖뮹쫇햾뗃힡뷅뗄ꆣ쓇쎴,컒쏇뻍뿉틔퓚헢킩쿠뮥뷓쫜뗄탅쓮뗄믹뒡짏볌탸릹붨,듓뛸탎돉튻훖룼캪뫏샭뗄맛뗣ꆣ폐죋횸퓰,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵냼몬튻훖늻잡떱뗄붩뮯탔폫뺫펢훷틥ꆣ헢훖엺움헟늢쎻폐죏헦뷢뛁헢캻헜톧볒뗄믹놾훸ퟷꆣ컞틉,뫳살뗄탭뛠죥볒톧헟(뿗쫏톧헟)쫔춼붫뿗ퟓ뗄샭싛쾵춳뮯,붫웤붨짨돉캪쾵춳뮯뗄맦퓲쾵춳,뷡맻탎돉쇋튻훖헽춳뛸놣쫘뗄쳥쾵,떫쫇쓇훖횸퓰뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭쳥쾵쫇붩뮯ꆢ늻쇩믮뗄엺움쫇늻릫욽뗄,틲캪쓇쎴뛠뗄뿗쫏쏅춽폐튻훖붫웤쪦뢵뗄쮼쿫헻샭돉탅쳵쳥쾵뗄쟷쫆ꆣ쇭췢,헽죧탭뛠얮좨싛싗샭톧헟폃듳샭쫂쪵쯹쿔쪾뗄쓇퇹,컷랽뗄싗샭쫇쿠떱붩뮯늻뇤뗄,쳘뇰쫇뾵뗂싗샭뫍릦폃훷틥싗샭,틲뛸쿱뿗ퟓ싗샭헢샠뒫춳싗샭뻟폐튻뚨뗄붩뮯늻뇤탔튲쯣늻뗃쪲쎴ꆣ쇭췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭튲늻쫇럇뎣뗄뺫펢훷틥ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ싗샭좷쪵뛔좨췾죋뫍쓇킩쿠뛔탞퇸늻릻짮뗄죋ퟶ쇋쟸럖,떫쫇쎿훖싗샭쳥쾵뚼믡뛔죋쏇뷸탐맩샠폫쟸럖,죧쓇킩훷뚯틥컱탐캪헟뫍쓇킩놻뚯틥컱탐캪헟(뾵뗂)ꆢ폐뗂헟뫍킰뛱헟(퇇샯쪿뛠뗂)ꆢ릫틥헟뫍늻릫틥헟(쏗뛻)ꆣ뿗ퟓ퓸뛠듎잿뗷,쯹폐죋뚼쓜돉캪좨췾죋,좻뛸헢훖뿉쓜탔ꆢ랢햹잱솦늢늻쫜쿞폚뺭볃뗘캻폫짧믡뗘캻ꆣ뿗ퟓ놾죋살ퟔ폚짧믡뗗닣,ퟮ돵뗄횰튵튲쫇튻룶킡릫컱풱ꆣ뛔쯻살쮵,믱뗃짽잨믲헟믱뗃튻룶뷏룟뗄헾훎횰캻뚼캪뛮췢ퟔ컒쳡룟뫍럾컱폚죋샠뗈뾪뇙쇋탂뗄웵믺ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖붫ꆰ죊ꆱ폫헾훎횰캻솪쾵웰살뗄ퟶ램늢늻틢캶ퟅ,쎿룶헾훎맙풱뚼쫇폐뗂탔뗄뻽ퟓꆣ믱뗃헾훎좨솦늢늻듺뇭믱뗃쇋뗂탔ꆣ뿗ퟓ튲틢쪶떽,헢솽헟횮볤늢늻튻뚨믡붻믣;튲헽죧컒쏇붫튪뾴떽뗄,뿗ퟓ튲쫇ퟮ돵벸캻돐죏ꆰ룯쏼좨샻ꆱ헟훐뗄튻캻ꆣ틲뛸,붫뿗ퟓ싗샭쫓캪뺫펢싗샭쫇듭컳뗄ꆣ좻뛸,룼캪퇏훘뗄컊쳢좴쫇튻룶틑뺭쳓맽훚뛠움힢헟퇛뺦뗄컊쳢ꆣ헢룶컊쳢뻍쫇,뿗ퟓ늢쎻폐뛔쾰쯗(custom)ꆢ뗀뗂(morality)폫
68뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭릫틥(justice)뷸탐쟸럖ꆣꋙ뿗ퟓ뫜짙쳡벰릫틥(헽틥)믲릫욽(farness),쯻튲듓캴첸떽맽죋좨(humanrights)뗄컊쳢ꆣ늢늻쿱쒳킩엺움헟쯹죏캪뗄쓇퇹ꋚ,뿗ퟓ싗샭쳥쾵쎻폐첸벰뷢뻶럖엤릫틥(distributivejustice)뫍돍훎릫틥(retributivejustice)뗈컊쳢뗄랽램,믲헟쎻폐첸벰랢햹죧뫎듓훆뛈짏놣뮤룶죋(institutionalprotectionsfortheindividuals)뗄랽램ꆣ좻뛸룃싗샭좷쪵쳡벰,룶죋뗄늻싺폫뾹틩쫗쿈튪춨맽뒫춳뗄맽싋뛸뫳놻뇰죋쯹횪쿾,떫헢룶뒫춳놾짭돽쇋붲싛ퟮ뫃뗄짺믮랽쪽횮췢,쎻폐뷢뻶릫욽탔컊쳢뗄뺫좷폯퇔ꆣ죧맻룶죋쿫튪믱뗃춬쟩,쯻뇘탫틔쳽헟쯹쫬쾤뗄폯퇔뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄늻싺폫뾹틩ꆣ죧맻헢킩폯퇔늻쓜돤럖뇭듯뾹틩헟뗄늻싺,쓇쎴뾹틩헟뻍뇘탫튪쎴죌쫜뛔쯻쏇컊쳢뗄쟺뷢,튪쎴뻝샭솦헹:헢룶뒫춳쫇퇏훘늻ퟣ뗄,틲캪쯼좱짙맘볼뗄뇭듯랽쪽살붲싛헽좷뗄탐캪ꆣ틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭폃뒫춳ퟔ짭살뛔뒫춳뷸탐움맀ꆢ에뛏뫍쳡룟,쯹틔헢킩뾹틩헟뻍믡랢쿖쯻쏇뫜쓑쪹폃짏쏦뗄뗚뛾훖닟싔ꆣ뛸쓇킩쳘뇰잿뗷늻뿉냾뛡뗄죋좨(냼삨랴뛔헾뢮뗄좨샻)뗄컷랽싗샭튲탭쓜쳡릩룼뫏쫊ꆢ룼폐킧뗄폯퇔,틔뷒쪾쒳룶쳘뚨뒫춳(냼삨쓇훖좨샻뒫춳)쓚뗄훘듳좱몶ꆣ떱쒳룶뒫춳냼몬쇋튻훖쳡돶탂좨샻뗄쪵볹ퟶ램쪱,쓇킩엺움헟ퟜ뿉틔쳡돶쇭췢튻쿮좨샻,틔놣뮤룶죋믲짙쫽죋좺,쪹웤쏢폚쫜헾뢮믲훷쇷죋좺뗄톹웈ꆣ뿗쫏싗샭늢쎻폐룸릫쏱쳡릩튻훖뿉틔ퟮ훕쯟훮뗄쒿뇪믲훕쿲(anend,goal),죧죋샠탒뢣,틔믱뗃쳽횤뫍붨솢웤짪쯟뗄뫏램탔ꆣ늻맽뿗ퟓ좷쪵쳡떽,ퟔ싉쫇죋샠탐캪뗄튻훖훕쿲(쒿뇪),좻뛸헢훖훕쿲ퟜ쫇튻훖틆뚯뗄쒿뇪ꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇춨맽튻룶늻뛏뇤뮯뗄샺쪷뒫춳살헒톰뫍쪵쿖헢룶훕쿲ꆣ퓚컒쏇췪짆죋탔뗄얬솦맽돌훐,헢룶뒫춳뛔컒쏇뗄얬솦뷸탐믘펦,뛸헽쫇헢훖믘펦쪹뗃뒫춳ퟔ짭늻뛏뷸뮯췪짆ꆣꋙJaspers,Socrates,.ꋚCynthiaLosureBaraban.ꆰInspiringGlobalProfessionalism:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforAmericanLawyersinChina.ꆱIndianaLawJournal,73:4,
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌69쫂쪵짏,컒쏇뇤뗃풽좨췾,컒쏇풽쓜펰쿬컄뮯룄뇤,컒쏇뗄샺쪷뫍벯쳥뗄샺쪷풽붻죚ꆣ헽쫇듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,뿗ퟓ싗샭늻춬폚퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄뗂탔싗샭ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄싗샭쎻폐뿗쫏싗샭쓇퇹뻟폐샺쪷탔,퇇쫏싗샭뗄헽좷탐캪(whatisright)살ퟔ폚쯹폐죋샠쯹웚췻뫍ힷ쟳뗄ꆰ쏀짆쫂컯ꆱ뗄싟벭쳘헷(logicalfeaturesofthegood)ꆣ샽죧,룹뻝퇇쫏뗄쮵램,탒뢣헢훖죋샠쏀짆뇘탫쫇튻훖ퟮ훕벫ꆢퟮퟔퟣ뗄쏀짆ꆣ죧맻쯼늻쫇ퟮ훕벫뗄,쓇쎴뻍펦룃쇭췢폐웤쯻뗄쏀짆살뗷뿘컒쏇뛔폚탒뢣뗄ힷ쟳ꆣ틲캪돽쇋탒뢣횮췢,죋쏇뇰컞쯹웚,쯹틔탒뢣뻍쫇튻훖ퟮ훁짏ꆢퟮ훕벫뗄쏀짆ꆣ퓚컷랽,쓇킩죏캪ퟔ벺틑뺭놻웛믥믲냾쿷뗄죋믡헹싛쮵,죋샠탒뢣튪쟳벯쳥돐죏쯻쏇쓇훖늻쫜냾쿷뗄좨샻ꆣ좨샻돖폐헟뿉틔쿲벯쳥쪩볓톹솦,튪쟳웤쿞훆쓇킩쟖몦헟뗄탐캪ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,튻룶죋뿉틔듓쒳훖돌뛈짏뎬풽ퟔ벺뗄샺쪷뗘캻ꆣ랴맽살,쓇킩뻓힡퓚뿗쫏싗샭쯹쯜퓬뗘쟸뗄죋쏇퓲늻믡쳡돶헢훖쟫쟳,틲캪탒뢣늢늻쫇룃싗샭쳥쾵훐뗄튻룶맘볼쳘헷ꆣ떱컒쏇탐캪헽좷뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇믡쳥퇩쾲샖,떫컒쏇늻쓜캪쇋붱샸폫믘놨뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂,짵훁뚼늻쓜캪쇋탐캪헽좷쪱뗄쾲샖뛸좥탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣꋙ컒쏇횻폐튻룶틥컱ꆪꆪꆪ쪵쿖컒쏇뗄죋탔,싄탐ퟔ벺뗄틥컱뿉쓜믡뺭샺훘듳컾짼짵훁쯀췶ꆣꋚ컒쏇늻펦룃뮳폐헢퇹뗄듭컳쾣췻:컒쏇뿉틔놻뫜뛠죋쯹샭뷢ꆣꋛ벴쪹컒쏇춨맽컒쏇뗄샱틇탔탐캪뫍죋룱뛔뒫춳폨틔쳡룟폫펰쿬,떫쫇뇰죋튲탨튪튻뛎쪱볤살돐죏컒쏇뗄훇믛ꆣ죧쫇뾴살,쯤좻뿗쫏싗샭캪랴뛔톹웈ꆢ늻욽뗈ꆢ탔즧죅ꆢ훖ퟥ훷틥뗈쳡릩쇋쯘닄폫랽램,떫쯼놾짭쓚늿좷쪵듦퓚튻훖쟣쿲폚쿖ힴ뗄만폐욫볻ꆣ죧맻뺭맽컷랽좨샻뒫춳뗄늹돤,뿗쫏싗샭튲탭믡룼췪짆뫏샭ꆣ랴횮틠좻,죧맻닉폃뿗쫏싗샭뗄튻킩쓚죝,컷랽좨샻뒫춳튲탭믡룼폐믮솦ꆣ쯦ퟅ컒짮죫퇐뺿뿗쫏폫뫍헜색싗샭쪱,컒믡뷸튻늽랢햹뚫ꋙConfucius,Analects,6/11;12/21.ꋚIbid.,8/7;15/9;14/12.ꋛIbid.,19/19;16/2.
70뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭컷랽싗샭뮥늹탔헢튻맛뗣ꆣ뷬쪱,컒믡ퟷ튻킩돵늽뗄뷡싛ꆣ쪵볊짏,좨샻싗샭늢늻쿱컒쏇ퟮ돵쿫쿱뗄쓇퇹폫뿗쫏싗샭쓇퇹튣풶ꆣ떱좻,좨샻싗샭틀삵폚좨샻뒫춳ꆣ쎿튻듺탂뗄릫쏱뚼뇘탫샭뷢좨샻ꆪꆪꆪ쯼쏇뗄훘튪탔ꆢ쯼쏇뗄뷇즫ꆢ쯼쏇뗄틢틥틔벰쯼쏇뗄뻖쿞,틲듋튻킩쪦뎤뫍뺭뗤뇘탫듦퓚,뢺퓰뛔듋뒫춳뷸탐뒫쫤폫?뷢,헢퇹탂튻듺쓜릻랢쿖헢킩뒫춳뗄틢틥ꆣ튻훖쎻죋캬뮤믲풸틢캪웤뇧뮤뗄좨샻룹놾뻍늻쫇튻훖좨샻ꆣ돽듋횮췢,좨샻싗샭뮹탨튪쏱쫂뒫춳뗄횧돖ꆣ좨샻싗샭볙뚨,죋쏇펦룃틔튻훖짮쮼쫬싇뫍쿠뛔뫏틋뗄랽쪽랢햹ꆢ캬뮤쯻쏇퓚짧믡뫍헾훎짏뗄튪쟳,늢쟒쯻쏇뮹펦룃ퟱ쫘쓇킩맘폚웤튪쟳뗄램싉닃뻶ꆣ죧맻릫쏱늻돐죏쯻쏇좨샻뗄뷧쿞,쓇쎴헻룶좨샻싗샭뻍믡쪧좥웤풼쫸솦,듓뛸튲뻍늻퓙쫇싗샭ꆣ틲뛸,헢훖좨샻싗샭뮹튪틀삵폚죋쏇뗄뷚훆폫ퟔ뿘ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,좨샻싗샭쫇튻훖뛔뾹탔뗄싗샭,틲캪쯼뢳폨죋쏇쒳훖돌탲탔놣뮤듫쪩,헢퇹죋쏇뿉틔퓚헾훎컨첨짏캪ퟔ벺뗄탅퇶뛸뷸탐뚷헹ꆣ횻튪헢훖뛔뾹폫뚷헹뻖쿞퓚짙쫽죋훐볤,쓇쎴헢훖싗샭쳥쾵뻍쫇뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆣ램춥뿉틔쳽좡튻룶릫쮾뗄쟫쟳,쯼뗄뫏릫쮾믯냩틲캪늻ퟱ쫘뫏춬쳵뿮뛸쟖몦쇋쯼뗄좨샻,떫죧맻쯹폐뗄릫쮾뫶좻볤뚼늻ퟱ쫘뫏춬쳵뿮쇋,쓇쎴램춥뻍믡놻췪좫퇍쎻ꆣ뮻퇔횮,헢훖뛔뾹탔싗샭틀삵폚헢퇹튻훖뒫춳ꆪꆪꆪ뻸듳뛠쫽뗄쫂컯뚼늻쫇뺺헹탔뗄ꆣ튲뻍쫇듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,좨샻싗샭튪쟳죋쏇폐ퟮ뗍뗄뗂탔ꆢퟰ퇏쮮욽,벴ꆰ죊ꆱꆣ뿗쫏싗샭튲볙짨쇋튻훖늻뿉냾뛡뗄죋좨:탎돉튻훖퓚듋쫀뷧뗄뛀쳘짺믮랽쪽ꆣ쿖뷱쫀뷧돤돢쇋첫뛠뻟폐럇죊짆뒫춳뗄벫좨헾좨,헢킩럇죊짆뒫춳늢쎻폐룸룶죋쇴쿂첫뛠뾹틩뗄뿕볤ꆣ떱릫쏱뛔쿖탐쳥훆뗄튻킩쳘헷늻싺쪱,헢킩릫쏱뻍믡놻맚틔뻟폐ꆰ듭컳솼탄ꆱ뗄ퟯ쏻ꆣ죧맻헢킩릫쏱쎻폐놻쯻쏇뗄닺뷗벶(랴뚯놣쫘헟뗈뗈)탄첬쯹쏉뇎,쯻쏇뿏뚨믡틢쪶떽,헢룶쳥훆쫇캪쯻쏇뗄샻틦벰웤쯻릫쏱뗄샻틦쯹럾컱뗄ꆣ떱춳훎헟캪쯻뗄쒳킩릫쏱맚틔ꆰ듭컳솼탄ꆱ뗄ퟯ쏻쪱,헢킩릫쏱뻍늻믡폐튻룶릫욽뗄쳽횤ꆣ죧맻죋쏇폐쓇훖늻뿉냾뛡뗄쪹ퟔ벺늻쫜늻릫틥헾뢮룉풤뗄죋좨쪱,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍훁짙폐튻룶뗘랽ꆢ튻
뗚튻헂 퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧훐ퟷ죋뫍뺭짌71룶쟾뗀살랴뛔헾뢮뗄탐캪ꆣ죧맻헢킩좨샻쎻폐뗃떽헾뢮뗄돐죏,쓇쎴릫쏱뻍믡틲탐쪹ퟔ벺뗄퇔싛ꆢ뷡짧ퟔ평좨샻뛸놻늶죫폼ꆣ헢훖좨샻폯퇔훁짙뿉틔춨맽룸폨죋쏇튻훖튪쟳쳽횤뗄쫵폯릤뻟뛸뢳폨죋쏇쒳훖탎쪽뗄놣뮤ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭튪쟳죋쏇랢쿖ퟔ벺뗄랢퇔랽쪽,떫죧맻쎻폐죋쓜릻쳽떽웤랢퇔,떫헢훖랢퇔랽쪽폖폐쪲쎴틢틥쓘?헢훖좨샻싗샭뿉틔춨맽쪹쳽횤뇤뗃룼볓뿉쓜뛸뛔뿗쫏싗샭웰튻훖뫜뫃뗄늹돤ퟷ폃ꆣ튲탭헢훖춨맽붫죋좨볓죫웤훐뗄삩듳뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄ퟮ잿폐솦뗄싛횤튪살ퟔ폚뿗ퟓퟔ벺ꆣ죧맻죋틔뫫뗀,뛸늻쫇뗀틔뫫죋,쓇쎴솽뗣뇘탫쫇헦뗄:뗚튻,ퟷ캪룶죋,컒쏇폐좨듓뿗쫏싗샭쓇샯톰헒틢틥ꆣ죧맻컒쏇죏캪죋좨뗄룅쓮폫뿗쫏싗샭쫇쿠죚뫏뗄,쓇쎴컒쏇뿉틔ퟔ평뗘뛔컒쏇쯹룐쫜떽뗄릲쏹헦샭폨틔헻뫏뫍몴컀ꆣ뗚뛾,ퟷ캪룶죋,컒쏇탨튪쒳훖놣뮤틔럀횹쓇킩뛔틑뫫맽뗄뗀뮹뫁컞쯹횪뗄죋뗄쟖몦ꆣ폐킩룶죋쪵쿖ퟔ벺죋탔뗄랽쪽뮹폐듽뇰죋죏뿉,쫂쪵짏,탭뛠죋뛔헢퇹뗄룶죋뮹컞램쏨쫶ꆰ:ퟓ풻ꆮ:듳퓕,튢횮캪뻽튲!캡캡뫵,캩쳬캪듳,캩튢퓲횮!떴떴뫵,쏱컞쓜쏻퇉!ꆯꆱꋙꆰퟓ풻ꆮ:첩늮웤뿉캽훁뗂튲틑틓,죽틔쳬쿂죃,쏱컞뗃뛸돆퇉ꆣꆯꆱꋚ죋샠듦퓚ퟜ뿉쓜뎬풽웤벯쳥뗄뒫춳,죧맻벯쳥뮹듓쎻폐볻맽헢퇹뗄ꆰ죊ꆱ죋,쓇쎴떥욾뒫춳쫇늻ퟣ틔놣뮤ꆰ죊ꆱ죋뗄,컞맖뫵뿗ퟓ룐첾ꆰ횪컒헟,웤쳬뫵!ꆱꋛ헢훖뢳폨죋쏇늻뿉냾뛡뗄죋좨뗄ퟶ램뿉틔놻샭뷢캪쫇뛔죎뫎뒫춳쓚헢훖쓚퓚뻖쿞탔뗄돐죏ꆣ헢킩죋좨늢늻횲룹폚죋뗄놾탔횮쓚,틲캪ꆰ죊ꆱ죋웈쪹컒쏇훘탂쮼뾼ꆰ죋샠ꆱ뗄헦헽틢틥틔벰훘탂짳쫓컒쏇죏캪쏀짆뗄뚫컷ꆣ퇔싛ퟔ평ꆢ뷡짧ퟔ평ꆢ틆뚯ퟔ평뗈좨샻뗄샭평믲믹뒡쪹컒쏇룐쫜떽헢퇹튻훖뿉쓜탔:컒쏇쒿잰뗄뒫춳퓚쒳킩랽쏦뿉쓜쫇늻ퟣ릻늻돤럖뗄,뇰죋튲탭쓜릻뷌컒쏇튻킩맘폚ퟮ병짺믮랽쪽뗄횪쪶ꆣꆰ죊ꆱ죋ힷ쯦뗄쫇쳬뗀,떫쳬뗀쫇짱쏘뗄,늢쟒ꋙConfucius,Analects,8/19.ꋚꆶ싛폯ꆷ첩늮뗚냋,뗚튻뷚ꆣ놻Hall뫍Ames틽폃폚Thingking,ꆣꆪꆪꆪ틫헟ꋛConfucius,Analects,14/35.
72뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭폀풶쫇짱쏘뗄ꆣ뗚죽뷚 뷡 싛뿗ퟓ싗샭쫇튻훖뺯탑뗄싗샭,뛸헢훖뺯탑튪쟳죋쏇튪폐ퟔ싉뺫짱,폐퓚춬쫂뫍엳폑훐톰헒짆ꆢ뛔ퟔ벺뗄뚯믺뷸탐짳닩뗄ퟔ풸뺫짱,폐뛔퇝뮯뗄뒫춳ퟰ훘뗄뺫짱,폐샱틇탔탐캪,틔벰폐춨맽컒쏇뗄랶쪽탐캪뫍퇔싛펰쿬뇰죋퇔탐뗄틢쪶ꆣ헢훖싗샭뛔놾훷틥늢쎻폐뗐뛔첬뛈,튻랽쏦룃싗샭뗄뺯탑탔벰웤뗂탔횧돖쓇훖죊짆뗄놾훷틥,쇭튻랽쏦폖룸엺에냾쿷탔럇죊짆쪵볹쳡릩쇋샭싛믹뒡ꆣ쯤좻룃싗샭늢쎻폐붨솢퓚죋좨룅쓮믹뒡횮짏,떫쫇쯼뫍죋좨싗샭횮볤폖뿉틔폐튻뚨뗄뮥늹맘쾵ꆣ컒쏇늻쓜춷쓔볲떥뗘뛔퇇훞볛횵뫍컷랽볛횵뷸탐떥뒿뛔뇈,컒쏇펦룃죏헦뛔듽뿗ퟓ싗샭,뾴뾴컒쏇퓚쓄킩랽쏦뿉틔쿲웤뷨본,늢붫웤죚죫컷랽싗샭뒫춳횮훐ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쓜죏헦뛔듽뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭,쓇쎴쓇킩쫜뿗ퟓ싗샭뛷퓳뗄훐맺죋뫍웤쯻죋뻍룼뿉쓜틔돏틢믘펦컒쏇뗄짆틢,듓뛸뛔컒쏇컷랽쯹쳡맘폚쳡룟쯻쏇췆샭뫍쪵볹뗄붨틩룼볓뾪럅ꆣ
뗚뛾헂 뫍헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹쯤좻폐쪱움훸헟뺭뎣쳡벰ꆰ죕놾싗샭ꆱ,웤쪵헢훖쮵램뻍쿱ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ헢훖쮵램튻퇹뻟폐컳떼탔ꆣ죕놾죋쫜떽쇋탭뛠ퟚ뷌폫싗샭쳥쾵뗄펰쿬,죧짱뗀뷌ꆢ죥볒뫍런뷌뗈ꆣ퓚듓틔짏죽훖뒫춳훐컼좡쇋튻킩틲쯘횮뫳,맣랺뛸잿쇒뗄쏱ퟥ훷틥룸죕놾죋뗄쮼캬쒣쪽짏듲쿂쇋뫜짮뗄샓펡ꆣ틲캪죕놾뒫춳훐뗄쓇훖ퟔ뻵뗄볦쫕늢탮뺫짱,쯹틔쫔춼뷧뚨튻훖뒿듢뗄죕놾싗샭쳥쾵뗄ퟶ램쫇럇뎣삧쓑뗄ꆣ컷랽컄뮯뿉쓜믡췆떹튻룶쳥쾵뛸펵뮤붨솢쇭튻룶탂쳥쾵,뛸죕놾뗄죋쏇듓훚뛠컄뮯훐늻뛏컼쫕샭쓮폫쪵볹,붫헢킩뷨살뗄뚫컷폫ퟔ벺뻉뗄뒫춳죚뫏웰살ꆣꋙ죕놾죋뗄헢훖볦쫕늢탮퓚탭뛠쾸킡뗄뗘랽뻍쓜쳥쿖돶살ꆣ죕놾뗄튻뛙뇣랹뻍뿉쓜냼삨틢듳샻뗄쏦쳵ꆢ훐맺뗄뒺뻭틔벰죕놾뗄붴쳀ꆣ죕놾죋듓솽룶쏀맺죋췾솮ꆤ뗂듷쏷(WilliamDeming뫍춨폃뗧웷뗄럑룹놫쒷()쓇샯톧믡쇋믹ힼ닢솿뫍훊솿뿘훆ꆣ죕놾죋쿖퓚죔쪮럖춶죫쿲췢쏦죋톧쾰탂뗄뚫컷ꆪꆪꆪ죕놾뗄맜샭헟죔뚨웚떽췢맺뗄냙믵짌뗪폆,죔쪱뎣퓄뛁췢맺퓓횾벳좡탂뗄룅쓮ꆣ죕놾죋뗄헢훖볦쫕늢탮뺫짱폫쏀맺죋탎돉쇋쿊쏷뛔뇈,쏀맺죋뛔뷨본췢살맛쓮뫁컞탋좤,틔훁폚죕놾죋룒폚듸ퟅ쏀맺죋떽릤뎧ퟶ럇뎣쾸훂뗄닎맛(떫쯻쏇뻜뻸쿲룼캪뫃웦뗄훐맺죋뫍몫맺죋뇭쪾돶춬퇹뗄뫃뿍뺫짱)ꆣꋚꋙRobertCarter,ꆰInterpretiveEssay,ꆱinTetsurꢭWatsuji,Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYork,1996),.ꋚRichardMeyer,ꆰPreservingtheꆮWaꆯ,ꆱFW(17September1991),.
74뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틲듋,퓚죕놾쮼쿫쯹뷨본뗄훚뛠뒫춳뫍맛뗣훐샭뷢폫뷧뚨쯹폐뗄죕놾싗샭ퟩ돉틲쯘쫇럇뎣삧쓑뗄,짵훁쫇춽샍뗄ꆣ퓚듋,컒붨틩볌탸퇘폃잰쏦쓇훖캢맛닟싔,톡좡룃컄뮯훐뻟폐펰쿬솦뗄쮼쿫볒뗄쮼쿫뷸탐짳닩폫럖컶ꆣ퓚놾헂훐,컒붫튪쳖싛뫍퇐뺿죕놾캰듳뗄헜톧볒뫍헜색뗄싗샭톧쮼쿫ꆣ쯤좻쯻늢늻쿱뿗ퟓ쓇퇹펰쿬짮풶,떫쫇탭뛠죕놾죋뚼죏캪쯻틑뺭냑컕쇋죕놾죋쮼쿫훐맘폚싗샭톧뗄맘볼캬쏦ꆣ뫍헜색퓚얷훞듓톧폚몣뗂룱뛻,늢쟒뫜쫬쾤컷랽헜톧볒벰웤싛뇧쒣쪽ꆣ틲캪쯻뺭뎣쓃ퟔ벺뗄싛뗣폫컷랽쮼쿫볒뷸탐뛔뇈(죧뾵뗂ꆢ짡샕ꆢ늼삼쯾억),쯻캪컷랽뗄죋쏇쳡릩쇋탭뛠ퟔ좻뗄ꆰ냑쫖ꆱ,헢퇹컷랽뗄죋쏇퓚샭뷢폫움맀쯻뗄싗샭쪱쿔뗃룼죝틗ꆣ쇭췢,틲캪쯻뗄싗샭쮼쿫믹놾짏뚼듓쯻뗄뎤욪듳ퟷ,ꆶퟷ캪죋샠톧뗄싗샭톧ꆷ(Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan)훐췪헻쳥쿖돶살,쯹틔컒쏇뿉틔늻춨맽뛔웤늻춬뗄훸ퟷ뷸탐럖컶폫ퟛ뫏뗈릤ퟷ뻍쓜뛔쯻뗄싗샭톧폐쿠떱좫쏦뗄샭뷢ꆣ뗚튻뷚 뫍헜색싗샭맛ퟝ샀뫍뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭쳥쾵튻퇹,뫍헜색뗄싗샭쳥쾵튲쫇캧죆ퟅ죋(ningen,죋볤)햹뾪뗄ꆰ,죋볤ꆱ틢캶ퟅꆰ쿠맘탔ꆱ,헢훖틢틥쫇럇뎣쳹쟐뗄,틲캪헢훖ꆰ훐볤ힴ첬ꆱ믲ꆰ맘쾵훐뗄듦폐(beinginrelation)ꆱ쫇죋샠뗄뇪횾ꆣꋙ쓇킩룱췢룶죋훷틥뗄컷랽죋믡컳뷢쯻뗄헢훖쮵램,죏캪쯻퓚탻돆,죋샠뇋듋횮볤쫇쿠뮥솪쾵뗄ꆣ헢훖컳뷢뗄틢쮼쫇쮵,뛀솢뗄룶죋쓜릻ퟔ평뷸죫,믲틔쒳훖랽쪽놻웈뷸죫,폫뇰죋뗄맘쾵횮훐ꆣ쫂쪵짏,죧맻컒쏇죧듋샭뷢,떹룼쳹뷼뫍헜색뗄뺫짱:죋샠듦퓚뻍쫇맘쾵놾짭ꆣ컒쏇쎿튻룶죋뚼놻뎹뗗뗘잶죫튻헅럇쟩풸뗄ꆢ힢뚨뗄맘쾵췸훐,헽쫇퓚헢헅맘쾵췸훐,컒쏇뇭듯컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄룶탔ꆢ쪵쿖컒쏇뗄쒿뇪ꆣ헢킩맘쾵듦퓚폚컒쏇뗄탐캪횮잰,튻룶볒춥늢늻쫇ꆰ헉럲ꆱ뫍ꆰ웞ퟓꆱ뻛떽튻웰닅ퟩ돉뗄,헢킩뷇즫횻폐퓚틑폐볒춥뿲볜ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹75쓚닅헦헽뻟폐틢틥,헢훖볒춥ꆰ맘쾵ꆱ뛔ꆰ헉럲ꆱ폫ꆰ웞ퟓꆱ뗄탎쪽폫쓚죝웰뻶뚨ퟷ폃ꆣ헽쫇볒춥뗄헢훖쿠뮥맘솪쳘탔닅쪹뗃튻룶죋돉캪ꆰ헉럲ꆱ믲ꆰ웞ퟓꆱꆣ컒쏇횮볤뗄맘쾵탔퓚탭뛠랽쏦뚼쫇럇뎣쏷쿔뗄ꆣ컒쏇뗄폻췻랴펳쇋룟뛈힢뚨탔뗄짧믡탎쪽:? 샽죧,쪳폻뗄뇭쿖탎쪽뻍쫇뛔쏦냼ꆢ쏗랹ꆢ죢닋믲헟몣쿊뗄폻췻ꆣ쯹폐헢킩폻췻탎쪽뚼쫇룃쪳폻쯹뒦컄뮯뛀폐뗄탎쪽ꆣ헢킩만뚨뗄엫탎쪽놾짭뻍쓜횤쏷,쪳폻늻쫇퇏룱뗄룶죋쪳폻,뛸쫇벯쳥뗄쪳폻ꆣꋙ컒쏇뗄폐틢쪶뗄쮼쿫뚼쫇춨맽퇔폯살쪵쿖뗄,헢킩퇔폯뚼쿈폚컒쏇뛸듦퓚ꆰ:쎻폐죋뿉틔탻돆ퟔ벺틑뺭뒴퓬쇋폯퇔ꆣꆱꋚ떱컒쏇뛔컒쏇뗄룶죋뺭퇩뷸탐퓙뒦샭쪱,컒쏇뛔웤쮼뾼뫍쳖싛늢뛔웤쏼쏻,쓇쎴헢킩뺭퇩뻍틑뺭듸폐쇋벯쳥뗄캬쏦ꆣ틲듋,떱뗑뾨뛹킴쯻캩튻쓜좷뚨뗄뚫컷뻍쫇쯻뗄쮼뾼뗄ퟔ컒(thinkingself)쪱,쯻뗄뮰쫇쎻폐틢틥뗄ꆣꋛ킴쫇캪뇰죋뛸킴,뛸쟒킴뗄릤뻟쫇쓇킩폃살릵춨붻쇷뗄폯퇔;쇭췢좷뚨뗄쫇,웤쯻죋튲듦퓚폚헢룶쫀뷧짏ꆣ틲캪릵춨붻쇷쫴폚죋샠듦퓚,춬쪱튲뇭듯컒쏇쓇훖ꆰ훐볤ힴ첬ꆱ탔ꆣ죎뫎쾣췻샭뷢죋샠뗄죋뚼뇘탫튪쇴틢쓇킩폃폚쏨쫶죋샠벰웤믮뚯뗄폯퇔ꆣ죕폯ꆰningenꆱ(죋볤)헢룶듊쪹폃쇋훐컄훐뇭듯ꆰ릫훚ꆢ릫릲ꆱ뗄듊폯ꆣ헢룶듊쫗쿈볻폚듓훐맺뒫죫뗄런뺭훐,ퟮ돵,헢룶듊뗄틢쮼쫇ꆰ릲훚ꆢ릫릲ꆱ,쯤좻죕놾죋튻횱틔쯻쏇뗄볦쫕늢탮훸돆,떫헢룶듊뗄틢틥좴튻횱쎻폐뇤,쯼튻횱뚼듺뇭ꆰ헻룶죋샠ꆱꆣ뛔릫훚폐킧뗄뚫컷춬퇹튲쫊폃폚쓇킩뻓폚릫훚횮훐뗄룶죋ꆣ틲뛸ꆰ죋볤ꆱ헢룶듊볈듺횸ퟷ캪헻쳥뗄죋샠,튲듺횸ퟷ캪룶죋뗄죋샠ꆣꋜ뫍헜색죏캪ꆰ죋볤ꆱ헢룶듊뗄쮫훘몬틥쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄:ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛIbid.,.ꋜIbid.,-15.
76뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭 ꆰ죋볤ꆱ헢룶듊볈늻떥뒿횸듺룶쳥뗄ꆰ죋ꆱ,튲늻떥뒿횸듺ꆰ짧믡ꆱꆣ룃듊듺뇭뗄쫇튻룶죋샠듦폐쓚만폐뗄쮫훘쳘탔뗄뇧횤춳튻ꆣ듓ퟷ캪죋뗄뷇뛈붲,ퟷ캪룶쳥뗄ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뻍믡췪좫늻춬폚짧믡ꆣ틲캪쯼늻듺횸짧믡,쯼뻍뇘탫떥뒿듺횸룶쳥ꆣ죧쫇뾴살,튻룶룶쳥(죋)ퟜ튲늻믡폫웤쯻룶쳥(죋)쫇릫릲뗄ꆣ룶죋폫웤쯻죋쫇뻸뛔럖뾪뗄ꆣ좻뛸,듓ퟷ캪릫훚뗄뷇뛈붲ꆰ,죋볤ꆱ튲듺횸릫훚ꆢ릫릲ꆣ쯼튲쫇쓇룶듦퓚폚죋폫죋횮볤뗄벯쳥,틲듋쯼튲듺뇭ꆰ짧믡ꆱ,늢늻떥뒿횸뛀솢뗄룶쳥ꆣ헽틲캪쯼늻듺횸뛀솢뗄룶쳥(죋),쯹틔쯼쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱꆣ틲듋,룶쳥폫웤쯻죋쫇뻸뛔럖뾪뛀솢뗄,떫쫇쯻쏇퓚벯쳥듦퓚훐좴돉쇋튻룶ꆣꋙ헢뛎틽쫶횵뗃컒쏇쳘뇰힢틢,헢튻랽쏦쫇틲캪ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄룅쓮쫇뫍헜색쪽죕놾싗샭톧뗄훐탄룅쓮,쇭튻랽쏦쫇틲캪컷랽죋폐튻훖붫죕놾뗄벯쳥룅쓮샋싾뮯뗄쟷쫆ꆣ컷랽뗄톧헟죏캪,짧믡뫍킳쫇뚫랽뗄튻룶훷떼볛횵ꋚ,퓚죕놾뗄웳튵훐늻듦퓚룶죋펢탛,쎿룶죋뚼쫇췅뛓훐뗄욽뗈돉풱ꋛ,룶죋놻웚췻캪쇋벯쳥뗄샻틦뛸컾짼ퟔ벺뗄샻틦ꆣ쯤좻죋뗄벯쳥ퟸ뇪늻죝뫶쫓,떫뫍헜색럇뎣뿏뚨뗘죏캪,ퟷ캪죋늢늻틢캶ퟅ,튲늻쓜틢캶ퟅ퓚벯쳥훐쎻믲캪벯쳥뛸컾짼ퟔ컒ꆣ횻폐떱벯쳥뗄쪵볹ꆢ램싉ꆢ쾰쯗폫뒫춳돐죏쯼뗄돉풱뿉쓜믡늻춬틢헢킩쪵볹쪱,헢훖죋샠벯쳥닅쓜듦퓚ꆣ벯쳥늻뇘쿲쯹폐뗄뛔솢튪쟳쟼럾,떫ퟷ캪ꆰ죋볤ꆱ,쯼늻쓜튪쟳죋쏇좫늿ퟱ쫘ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭늻믡웺뻸쓇킩늻ퟰ뺴쪦뎤ꆢ늻붫릤ퟷퟷ캪쯻쏇짺믮훐탄뗄쓪쟡죕놾죋ꆣ헢훖첬뛈짏뗄뇤뮯펦룃쫇퓚틢쇏횮훐뗄,뛸쟒펦룃ퟷ캪릤죋죋탔뗄튻룶뇪횾폨틔ퟰ훘ꆣ뫍헜색튻횱랴뛔폃쓇훖웷맙탔뗄뇈폷살쏨쫶ꆰ죋볤ꆣꆱ,쓇훖웷맙쒣쪽믡쿔쪾,짭쳥룷늿럖웷맙뫜뇘좻뗘뻍믡ퟱ듓폚헻쳥,뛸죋쏇ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-15.?ꋚMeyer,ꆰWa,ꆱ-54.ꋛFrankGibney,TheFragileSuperpower(Tokyo:,1975),-219.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹77횮볤뗄맘솪탎쪽,죧훒돏믲훒탅,늢늻믡쿔쪾헢훖뇘좻뗄ퟱ듓탔ꆣ컒쏇늻믡ꆰ돆컒쏇뗄쫖뫍뷅ꆮ훒돏ꆯ,헽쫇틲캪쯼쏇쫇퓚듳쓔뗄횸믓쿂탐뚯뗄ꆣꆱꋙ죧맻컒쏇췪좫죜뷢뷸벯쳥횮훐,죧맻벯쳥뗄쎿룶웚췻뚼쫇컒쏇뗄쏼쇮,쓇쎴훒돏뻍믡쿻쪧ꆣꆰ훒돏ꆱ쫇틔ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄랴엑쓜솦캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆰ:튻룶훷쳥폐쓜솦내ퟔ벺뗄틢풸ퟶ쫂ꆢ폐쓜솦늻ퟱ듓늢랴뛔컒쏇,떫웤풸틢ퟱ듓컒쏇,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍돆헢퇹뗄럾컱캪ꆮ훒돏ꆯ뗄럾컱ꆣꆱꋚ틲듋,쓇훖죏캪ꆰ퓚죕놾,훒돏틢캶ퟅ뛔짏컞쳵볾뗄뛸췪좫뗄ퟱ듓ꆱꋛ뗄맛뗣쫇듭컳뗄ꆣ듓뫍헜색싗샭뗄뷇뛈살뾴,죕놾쓇킩뛔샏냥뗄쎿룶쏼쇮뚼ퟱ쫘뗄ꆰ릫쮾횰풱ꆱ늻쫇헦쪵뗄죋샠듦퓚ꆣ뻶뚨쪲쎴뛔죋샠ퟮ폐틦뒦뗄캩튻랽램뻍쫇쇴틢컒쏇뇋듋맘쾵뗄훚뛠탎쪽,죧훒돏ꆢퟰ훘ꆢ탅죎ꆢ돏탅뗄탎쪽ꆣ죕컄훐ꆰ싗샭ꆱ튻듊냼삨솽룶ퟖꆰ:싗ꆱ뫍ꆰ샭ꆱ,룹뻝뫍헜색뗄쮵램ꆰ,싗ꆱ듺횸ꆰ쳘뚨죋좺퓚뒦샭뇋듋횮볤맘쾵쪱쯹돖폐뗄쒳튻맘쾵쾵춳,춬쪱쯼튲듺횸헢튻맘쾵쾵춳쯹뻶뚨뗄죋좺ꆣꆱꋜ뫍뿗ퟓ튻퇹,뫍헜색튲럇뎣잿뗷죋쏇뗄탐캪쒣쪽,컒쏇펵폐뛠훘짭럝:뢸쒸ꆢ몢ퟓꆢ뎤헟ꆢ춬쫂ꆢ맍풱ꆢ춬냻ꆢ엳폑뫍쒰짺죋,쯹폐헢킩맘쾵ꆪꆪꆪ럲웞ꆢ엳폑뚼쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄ꆰ싗ꆱꆣ횻튪컒쏇틢쪶떽쓇훖웕춨죋샠믯냩맘쾵늻듦퓚,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔붫ꆰ싗ꆱ샭뷢캪ꆰ믯냩맘쾵ꆱ(fellowship)ꆣ쫂쪵짏,횱떽쏷훎쪱듺,죕컄훐닅폐튻룶듊듺뇭컞닮틬뗄죋좺듳훚,벴ꆰ짧믡ꆱ헢룶듊ꆣꋝ헢훖믯냩맘쾵폐만뚨뗄탎쪽(kata),뛸ꆰ싗ꆱ쫇헢킩ꆰkataꆱ뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣꆰ샭ꆱ헢룶듊틢캶ퟅ쫂컯뗄샭평믲싟벭,컒쏇뗄탐캪뻟폐뿉쫓뗄탎쪽,쓇킩퇐뺿벰뻶뚨죋샠ퟮ병짺믮쒣쪽뗄싗샭톧볒쓜릻쪶죏헢킩탐캪탎쪽,춬쪱쓇킩춨맽ꆰ싗ꆱ톧쾰죧뫎탐캪ퟶ쫂뗄벯쳥돉풱튲쓜맛달떽헢킩탐캪탎쪽ꆣ싗샭ꆰ쫇튻훖쳥훆믲쒣쪽;춨맽쯼,죋샠뗄벯쳥ꋙꋚ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,-285.ꋛ-manXu,ꆰResearchNotes:RunSilent,RunDeep-CulturalInfluencesonOrganizationsintheFarEast,ꆱOrganizationStudies,11:4(1990),.ꋜWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-11.ꋝ,JapaneseCorporatePhilanthropy(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1991),.
78뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭듦퓚닅쫇뿉쓜뗄ꆣꆱꋙꆰ싗샭톧ꆱ뻍쫇죕놾죋뗄죋샠톧:쯼쫇죋뗄싟룷쮹(Logos)믲쒣쪽ꆢ퇔폯ꆣꆰRinriꆱ뗄헢훖쮫훘틢틥ꆪꆪꆪ싗샭뫍죋샠톧ꆪꆪꆪ횸쿲튻룶컊쳢:죧맻ꆰ싗샭ꆱ횻쫇쓇킩틑뺭듦퓚폚벯쳥훐뗄룷훖쪵볹뗄탎쪽믲싟벭,쓇쎴쯼퓵쎴뿉틔쫇맦랶탔뗄쓘?쎷뷲(MitsuhiroUmezu)퓸죧쫇움싛쮵:? 퓚컷랽놳뺰훐뷢쫍죕놾싗샭뗄튻룶믹놾쓑쳢퓚폚쯼뗄놾쳥싛놾훊ꆣ죕놾싗샭톧볒뗄믹놾싛뗣늢늻냑맦랶탔풭퓲ꆢ맦퓲ꆢ뗂탔짵훁탐캪ퟷ캪쯻쏇뗄돶랢뗣ꆣ쯻쏇뗄돶랢뗣쫇뛔죋샠ꆢ짧믡ꆢퟔ좻ꆢ폮훦쓜솿뗈뗈뷸탐놾쳥싛쪽뗄럖컶믲쏨쫶ꆣ죧맻죋쏇늻듓죕놾헜톧뗄뷇뛈틢쪶떽ꆰ놾쳥싛뻍쫇싗샭톧ꆱ헢튻볲떥쫂쪵,헢튻쟐쿠맘퇐뺿쫇쎻폐죎뫎틢틥뗄ꆣ쫂쪵짏,죕놾싗샭톧볒쯆뫵퓚붲ꆰ,쫂컯쿖폐랽쪽(thewaythingsare)ꆱ뗄믹놾볜릹뻍쫇ꆰ쫂컯펦폐랽쪽(thewaythingsshouldbe)ꆱ뗄믹놾볜릹ꆣꋚ떱좻,쒳킩쪵볹ퟶ램뮹쫇폐몦뗄ꆣ죧맻튻룶죋뗄탐캪ퟱ톭쓇훖폐몦쪵볹뗄탎쪽,헢룶죋퓵쎴쓜쫇짆뗄쓘?헢킩탎쪽뇤뮯쎴?뾴살,쯼쏇뇘탫뇤뮯,틲캪짧믡ퟜ퓚쯦쪱볤뗄뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻죋샠ퟜ쫇틀헕ퟔ벺쓚퓚뗄탐캪탎쪽뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂,쓇쎴쯼쏇폖룃죧뫎뇤뮯쓘?헢훖뇤뮯쫇럱틢캶ퟅ싗샭맦랶뻍쫇쫜쳘뚨쪱뿕뻖쿞뛸췪좫쿠뛔뗄쓘?뫍헜색틔싗샭뗄랽쪽뛔헢룶컊쳢뷸탐쇋쳖싛ꆣ쯻붫엳폑횮볤뗄맘쾵쫓캪튻훖쳘뚨탎쪽뗄뮥뚯맘쾵,퓚탎돉폑틪맘쾵맽돌훐,룷랽뚼믡ퟱ헕ퟷ캪튻룶엳폑쯹펦ퟱ톭뗄맦랶(룃엳폑맦랶늻춬폚맍풱뫍뿍뮧뗄맦랶)ꆣ헢훖폑틪탎쪽쫇틔탅삵캪쳘헷뗄,탅삵쫇엳폑맘쾵뗄뫋탄,뛔폚듋뫋탄탔뗄탅쓮쫇죎뫎엳폑맘쾵뗄잰쳡믹뒡ꆣ캪쇋쓜쪹헽퓚돶쿖뗄맘쾵헦헽돉캪엳폑맘쾵,죋쏇뛔탅삵뗄틀삵뇘탫쫗쿈돶쿖ꆣ틲듋,싗샭뇘탫쫇ꆰ틑뺭쫇ꆱ,뛸늻뷶뷶쫇ꆰ펦룃쫇ꆱꆣ좻뛸,튻룶ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚMitsuhiroUmezu,ꆰEthicsandtheJapaneseMiracle:CharacteristicsandEthicsofJapaneseBusinessPractice,ꆱunpublishedpaper.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹79죋볤벯쳥뗄돉풱쫇ퟔ평뗄,쯻쏇쓜릻놳엑쓇ퟷ캪엳폑펦룃ퟱ톭뗄랽쪽ꆣꋙ쎻폐죎뫎맘쾵쫇뺲횹늻뇤뗄,틲캪맘쾵쯦죋쏇탐캪뗄룄뇤뛸룄뇤,쯹틔죋쏇ퟜ쫇컞쿞뗘퓚튻룶벯쳥쓚얬솦쪵쿖ퟔ벺뗄짺믮ꆣ듓헢룶뷇뛈살붲,싗샭뇘탫ꆰ놻쫓캪튻훖탨튪컞쿞쪵쿖폫췪돉뗄뚫컷ꆣꆱꋚ뛔폚ꆰ펦룃ꆱ뗄뻶뚨컒쏇펦룃죧뫎뻶뚨쪲쎴펦룃ퟶ쓘?죧맻컒쏇뾪쪼뾼싇헢룶뻶뚨죧뫎늻펦룃ퟶ,쓇쎴뫍헜색뛔폚듋컊쳢뗄듰낸뿖엂쫇ퟮ쟥돾뗄튻룶ꆣ뛔컒쏇짺믮닺짺풼쫸솦뗄싗샭ꆰ펦룃ꆱ늻쓜듓맂솢ퟔ컒뗄틢쪶훐좥톰쟳ꆣꋛ뾵뗂붫싗샭럅퓚쇋샭탔듦폐뗄룶죋틢쪶훐,뛔폚쯻살쮵,횻튪컒쏇뗄탐캪늻붫컒쏇훃폚쓇훖싟벭쎬뛜훐,컒쏇뗄탐캪뻍쫇싗샭짏뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆣꋜퟷ캪샭탔듦폐,컒쏇늻쓜쫜떽쓇훖늻튻훂횮죨;뛸뫍헜색뫍런뷌튻퇹,늢쎻폐룸싟벭튻훂탔뢳폨죎뫎볛횵ꆣ뫍헜색죏캪죋샠쫇쮫훘뗄,쯻쫇튻룶볈ퟱ쫘폖랴엑뗄룶쳥죋샠듦퓚,튲쫇튻룶볈뿘훆폖늻뿘훆뗄벯쳥ꆣ틲듋,싗샭늻쓜튪쟳죋샠듦퓚뇜쏢ퟔ컒쎬뛜,뇜쏢ퟔ컒쎬뛜뻍틢캶ퟅ늻퓙쫇죋,튻룶튪쟳ퟔ컒튻훂뗄싗샭싉늻쓜ퟷ캪튻룶풼쫸죋뗄싗샭싉ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뾼싇튻쿂뫍헜색랴뛔뾵뗂횮ퟔ즱늻뗀뗂맛뗣뗄샭평,헢룶컊쳢뻍믡뇤뗃룼볓쟥돾ꆣ뾵뗂죏캪ퟔ즱쫇늻뗀뗂뗄,틲캪ퟔ즱뇭쿖돶뗄볈쫇튻훖싟벭짏뗄ퟔ컒쎬뛜,튲쫇튻훖쪵볹짏뗄ퟔ컒쎬뛜ꆣ쓇킩폻ퟔ즱헟쿫,죧맻쯻쏇춣횹듦퓚뗄뮰,튲탭믡룼뫃,쓇쎴뛔쮭룼뫃?뛔쯻쏇ퟔ벺룼뫃ꆣ헢킩ퟔ즱헟쿲붫살늻뫏싟벭뗘춶짤튻룶ퟔ컒,뛸헢룶ퟔ컒폖쫇쯻쏇퓚ퟔ컒쒱즱헢튻뿌뻶뚨튪춣횹듦퓚뗄ퟔ컒ꆣ쯻쏇뗄헢훖탐캪뇘탫놻쫓캪튻훖늻뗀뗂뗄탐캪,틲캪튻룶샭탔ꋙꋚ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋛIbid.,.ꋜOnoraOꆯNeill,ConstructionsofReason(Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress,1989),-104.
80뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭듦폐뻸늻믡죝죌헢훖싟벭쎬뛜ꆣ쓇킩쿫춨맽ퟔ즱뛸쪵쿖룼뫃짺믮뗄죋쏇틑뺭늻쫇튻훖싗샭듦폐,쯻쏇횻쫇ퟔ쮽뗄퓬컯냕쇋ꆣ뫍헜색죏캪뾵뗂뗄싗샭싉늢늻쫊폃쯹폐뗄죋샠,훷튪폐틔쿂쯄룶풭틲:뗚튻,뾵뗂튪쟳죋쏇뇜쏢쓇훖ퟔ컒쎬뛜뗄짺믮뗄ퟶ램쫇튻훖얷훞훐탄싛뗄싗샭ꆣ뗚뛾,뾵뗂죏캪ퟔ즱뇘탫튪ퟱ톭쒳훖풭퓲,죧ꆰퟔ즱캪컒룼뫃ꆱ,헢튻뗣쫇듭컳뗄볙짨,ퟔ즱늢늻ퟜ쫇폐풭퓲뗄ꆣ뗚죽,ퟔ즱쫇튻훖쿔쪾ꆰ훐볤ힴ첬ꆱ틲쯘뗄죋샠탐캪ꆣ뫜뛠쟩뿶쿂,ퟔ즱헟믡쇴쿂튻킩훮죧쿲볒춥엳폑뇭쪾잸틢뗄ퟖ쳵,벴쪹퓚헢룶ꆰퟔ쮽ꆱ탐캪훐,컒쏇튲쓜뾴떽죋뗄벣쿳ꆣ쓇킩ퟔ즱헟돐죏,튻랽쏦쯻쏇쓜릻캥놳뇰죋뗄웚췻,쇭튻랽쏦쯻쏇튲믹놾짏틀삵폚뇰죋ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,ퟔ즱탐캪뗄듭컳횮뒦늢늻퓚폚쯼뗄늻샭탔,뛸퓚폚쯼뛔탅삵뗄놳엑,뛸쟒컒쏇뮹늻쓜췪좫뿏뚨,ퟔ즱탐캪쫇럱짦벰놳엑뗄컊쳢ꆣ춨맽킴훂잸ퟖ쳵,ퟔ즱헟뿏뚨쇋탅삵뗄듦퓚뫍틢틥,뛸춬쪱쯻폖놳엑쇋탅삵ꆣ헢훖럱죏뇋듋솪쾵탔뗄탐캪춬쪱폖뿏뚨쇋헢훖솪쾵탔ꆣ헢훖쮫훘쳘탔틢캶ퟅ,ퟔ즱틔쒳훖룹놾뗄랽쪽쫴폚죋샠믲ꆰ죋볤ꆱꆣ[웕샯쒪ꆤ샻캬(PrimoLevi)횧돖쯻뗄맛뗣,웕샯쒪ꆤ샻캬랢쿖,죋샠쫇캩튻폐ퟔ즱탐캪뗄뚯컯ꆣꋙ]뗚쯄,컒쏇늻쓜폃튻룶풭퓲뛔쯹폐ퟔ즱탐캪뷸탐돩쿳에뛏ꆣퟔ즱늢늻ퟜ뻟폐춬퇹뗄탎쪽,ퟔ즱뗄탎쪽튪좡뻶폚쯼쏇돶쿖뗄쟩뺳놳뺰ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻뛔헢킩쟩뺳놳뺰뷸탐뾼달뗄뮰,컒쏇뻍컞램뛔ퟔ즱탐캪뷸탐헽좷움볛ꆣ볙짨컒쏇놻쯍떽튻룶쯀췶벯훐펪,죧맻컒쏇횪뗀뗈듽컒쏇뗄ퟮ훕뷡맻,쓇쎴듋훖쟩탎쿂뗄ퟔ즱볈뿉틔뇭듯폫컒쏇춬탐헟뗄췅뷡,튲뿉틔쪹컒쏇폫쓇킩늻헦돏뛔듽죋샠뗄탗쫖뮮쟥뷧쿟ꆣ듋훖쟩뿶쿂뗄ퟔ즱뫜뿉쓜뻍늻놻죏캪쫇ퟔ쮽뗄믲좱짙ퟰ퇏뗄ꆣ죧듋뾴살,쫇럱뫍헜색싗샭뷻횹컒쏇뛔ퟔ즱횮샠뗄탐캪뷸탐싗샭에뛏?쫂쪵늢늻쫇헢퇹뗄,컒쏇떱좻폐좨샻ퟷ쿠맘에뛏,떫횻폐컒쏇뛔듋샠탐캪뗄뻟쳥쟩뺳뷸탐짳닩횮뫳,컒쏇닅폐좨뛔웤에뛏ꆣꋙPrimoLevi,ꆰShame,ꆱOnSuicide,(SanFrancisco:ChronicleBooks,1992),.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹81떱컒쏇뛔헢킩쟩뺳놳뺰폫탐캪놾짭뷸탐짳닩쪱,컒쏇펦룃ퟐ쾸쮼뾼,컒쏇뗄쮼뾼튲늻펦룃쫇싾컞뇟볊ꆢ쎻폐훐탄뗄ꆣ싗샭에뛏톰헒뗄쫇탐캪훐뗄싗샭탔,벴짆뛱탔ꆣ뫍퇇샯쪿뛠뗂튻퇹,뫍헜색볡돖,쒳킩탐캪퓚쎿룶컄뮯훐뚼쫇뛱뗄,죧뗁쟔ꆢ춨볩뫍쒱즱뗈탐캪ꆣꋙ쯤좻룷컄뮯뛔폚헢킩탐캪랶돫뗄쏨쫶폐쯹늻춬,떫쎿룶컄뮯뚼믡엺에쒳킩탐캪,틲캪헢킩탐캪늢늻ퟰ훘쓇ퟷ캪죋샠웕뇩믹뒡뗄탅삵ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,떱쒳킩탐캪캥놳쇋쓇ퟷ캪죋샠뇪횾뗄탅삵쪱,쓇쎴헢킩탐캪뻍쫇싗샭짏뛱뗄탐캪ꆣ쿂튻헂붫튪쳖싛뫍헜색뗄탅삵룅쓮ꆣ떫퓚듋횮잰,컒튪잿뗷솽뗣,듓뫍헜색뗄뷇뛈돶랢,뗚튻,떱쒳훖탐캪쿔쪾돶튻룶죋늻ퟰ훘탅삵쪱,쓇쎴듋훖탐캪뻍쫇싗샭짏듭컳뗄,떱쒳훖탐캪쿔쪾튻룶죋퓚헦헽ퟰ훘죋볤뗄탅삵쪱,쓇쎴듋훖탐캪뻍쫇싗샭짏헽좷뗄ꆣ뗚뛾,컒쏇펦룃퓚죋쏇짺믮뗄좫쏦놳뺰훐뛔탐캪뷸탐에뛏ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뾴듽뻟쳥뗄탐캪,컒쏇믡랢쿖뫍헜색싗샭뫍컷랽싗샭쒳킩닣쏦뗄럖웧폫뛔뇈뾪쪼믣뫏ꆣ죃컒쏇볙짨,틲캪볒춥벱탨잮캬돖짺볆,튻룶얮맍풱첰컛릫쮾샯뗄잮뿮ꆣ뾵뗂싗샭믡붫헢룶얮맍풱ퟷ캪튻룶쟔퓴폨틔엺에,쯽뗄샺쪷탔믲웤탐캪뗄쟩탎쫇늻쫊폃뗄,쯽뗄뗁쟔탐캪쫇늻뗀뗂뗄,틲캪쯽뗄탐캪짦벰튻훖싟벭쎬뛜ꆣ룃얮맍풱뗄ힼ퓲믲풭퓲쫇헢퇹뗄:ꆰ컒폐좨샻붫맍훷뗄잮뿮뇤돉컒ퟔ벺뗄ꆣꆱ떫쫇,죧맻쎿룶죋뚼쿱헢룶얮맍풱쓇퇹탐캪ퟶ쫂,쓇쎴쯹폐좨믲닆닺좨뻍늻믡듦퓚쇋(뻍솬ꆰ컒ퟔ벺뗄ꆱ튲늻듦퓚쇋),틲뛸쯽뗄탐캪쫇늻샭탔뗄,튲뻍쫇싗샭짏늻퓊탭뗄ꆣ죧맻쯽폐튻뗣ퟰ퇏룐뗄뮰,쓇쎴쯽뻍믡뇜쏢첰컛릫뿮ꆣ쯤좻뫍헜색싗샭늢늻믡퓞춬첰컛탐캪,떫쯼믡튪쟳컒쏇퇐뺿튻쿂헢캻얮쪿뗄샺쪷,늢쟒랴쪡튻쿂뛔폚헢캻얮쪿뗄볨쓑뺳폶컒쏇폐쎻폐맽듭ꆣ쫗쿈컒쏇펦룃랴쪡컒쏇캪쪲쎴죃헢캻얮쪿쿝죫헢훖볨쓑뗄뺳뿶ꆣ떱컒쏇늻좥죏헦뾼싇캪쪲쎴쯽믡폐헢훖퇸폽볒춥뗄삧쓑쪱,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍틑뺭캥랸쇋탅삵ꆣ컒쏇떱훐쓇킩뛔헢캻얮쪿붫튪뷸탐짳에뗄죋쎻폐좨샻붫ퟔ벺듓ꆰ죋볤ꆱ췅쳥훐냾샫돶살,늻쓜횻죏캪ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-291.
82뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쯽뗄뗁쟔탐캪쫇뒿룶죋뗄탐캪,폫컒쏇뗄탐캪횮볤쎻폐죎뫎솪쾵ꆣ죋샠뗄쯹폐뗄믮뚯뚼랢짺퓚쓇듦퓚폚죋쏇횮볤뗄쪱뿕뮥솪탔뿲볜쓚ꆣ틲듋,듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,쯽뗄탐캪뻍쫇컒쏇뗄탐캪,컒쏇뛔쯽뗄짳에튲쫇뛔컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄짳에ꆣ쯽뗄탐캪폫컒쏇퓧킩쪱뫲폐럱냯훺쯽뗄탐캪쫇뷴쏜솪쾵퓚튻웰뗄ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쎻폐좨샻펦폃쓇훖ퟔ컒쎬뛜싉퓲살에뛏탐캪뗄싗샭쳘탔,쓇쎴컒쏇룃죧뫎좷뚨컒쏇펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴쓘?컒쏇펦룃춨맽횵뗃탅삵뗄탐캪랽쪽,쿱뒿헽뗄죋샠듦퓚쓇퇹탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣꋙ쓇쎴컒쏇죧뫎횪뗀컒쏇쫇럱틔횵뗃탅삵뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂쓘?컒쏇뇘탫죃컒쏇뗄솼탄살횸떼컒쏇,컒쏇뗄솼탄쓜릻룸싗샭ꆰ펦룃ꆱ뢳폨맦랶탔솦솿믲탐캪횸떼솦솿ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,솼탄헢훖횸떼풭퓲뇈웤쯻죎뫎횸떼풭퓲뚼좷뚨ꆣ헽죧싞늮쳘ꆤ뾨쳘(RobertCarter)쯹맛달떽뗄,뫍헜색뛔폚싗샭ꆰ펦룃ꆱ뗄럖컶폫웤쯻뚫랽싗샭샠쯆,쯼쏇뚼잿뗷탐캪톡퓱헟뗄룐뻵믲쳵볾,뛸컷랽뗄틥컱싛뫍릦폃싛싗샭뚼ퟅ퇛폚쯹톡퓱뗄탐캪ꆣꋚ뫍헜색볡돖,벴쪹튻룶틑톡퓱뗄탐캪뿉쓜믡캥놳쒳쳵풭퓲,떫컒쏇늻튻뚨뻍펦룃룐뻵,컒쏇늻펦룃ퟷ헢룶탐캪ꆣ쓇킩헦헽싗샭짏뛱뗄탐캪믡듌춴컒쏇뗄솼탄,듓뛸뷸튻늽닺짺튻훖ퟯ뛱룐(돜죨룐)ꆣ틲캪컒쏇쳽떽쇋솼탄뗄짹틴,쯹틔컒쏇믡룐뻵떽ퟯ뛱룐,룐뻵떽ퟯ뛱룐뻍쫇쳽떽뇰죋랴뛔컒쏇뗄탐캪뗄짹틴ꆣ쳽떽랴뛔헟뗄짹틴뻍뗈폚쳥퇩ퟔ벺쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ,쫇쓇훖듦폐:쯼볈늻쫇쓇훖뛀솢죎탔뗄ퟔ컒듦폐,튲늻쫇쓇훖뿉틔뮥뮻뗄췅쳥돉풱ꆣ캪쪲쎴쳽떽랴뛔헟뗄짹틴뻍뗈폚쳥퇩ퟔ벺쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ쓘?떱컒쏇캪쇋믱뗃쒳훖뢣뛸뫶싔컒쏇탐캪뛔뇰죋뗄펰쿬쪱,틔벰뫶싔뾼싇웤쯻뿉쓜뗄뢣쪱,랴뛔헟뻍믡럱뚨컒쏇쓇훖ퟔ죏ퟔ벺쎻폐맽듭뗄탻돆ꆣ떱룶죋뷸탐엑쓦틔럱뚨쒳훖웚췻믲쒳훖쿞훆쪱,랴뛔헟뻍믡폨틔믘펦,뛔헢훖캪룶죋탨튪톰쟳뻸뛔폅쿈좨뗄얬솦뛸뷸탐럱뚨;랴맽살,죧맻랴뛔헟붫뻸뛔폅쿈좨쫚ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-310.ꋚ,TheNothingnessBeyondGod:AnintroductiontothePhilosophyofNishidaKitaro(NewYork:ParagonHouse,1998),.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹83룸벯쳥뗄탨튪,쓇쎴솼탄뗄짹틴뻍믡퓙듎믘펦,뛔헢훖캪벯쳥탨튪톰쟳폅탐좨뗄ퟶ램뷸탐랴뛔ꆣ럱뚨뗄헢훖쮫훘퓋뚯퓙볓랴럱뚨쫇헦헽죋탔뗄퓋뚯,틲캪횻폐떱룶죋뫍벯쳥뚼늻뻟폐뻸뛔폅쿈좨쪱,죋샠닅쓜듦퓚ꆣ틲듋,솼탄짹틴뗄헢훖뒿럱뚨퓋뚯쫇럇뎣폐틢틥뗄ꆣ캪쇋쓜죃컒쏇횪뗀컒쏇쿫튪ퟶ뗄쫂쟩쫇듭컳뗄,컒쏇뗄솼탄늻탨튪룦쯟컒쏇쪲쎴쫇헽좷룃ퟶ뗄쫂쟩;쳽떽솼탄뗄짹틴ꆢ쳽떽랴뛔헟뗄짹틴뻍ퟣ틔죃컒쏇횪뗀쒳룶탐캪쫇럱쫇뛔ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄캥놳ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔쓜릻룐뻵떽ퟯ뛱,쫇틲캪컒쏇쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뛸쟒뮹쳥퇩ퟔ벺쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱꆣ솼탄뗄짹틴믡ퟔ뚯퓚컒쏇탄쓚짺돉,틔ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄탎쪽돶쿖,늢쟒뮹펵폐좨췾,틲캪컒쏇놾짭뻍쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ,컒쏇뗄짺쏼탎쪽뻍쫇럱뚨폫랴럱뚨헢훖폀뫣뗄퓋뚯ꆣ듋훖맛뗣뗄튻룶캢쏮뇤쪽쫇헢퇹뗄:솼탄뗄듌춴늢늻믡쪹룶죋뷸죫맘쾵횮훐ꆣ헢훖뇤쪽쫇튻훖뒿컷랽쪽뗄맛뗣,쯼뗄잰쳡볙짨쫇튻룶늻폫웤쯻죋폐쓚퓚뷴쏜맘쾵뗄룶죋ꆣ솼탄뗄듌춴횮쯹틔돶쿖,헽쫇틲캪컒쏇틑뺭폫웤쯻죋뷸죫튻훖맘쾵횮훐ꆣ떱솼탄뗄짹틴랴뛔튻룶맽좥믲붫살뗄탐캪쪱,컒쏇튲탭믡춨맽튻훖ퟔ컒뇧뮤믲뫏샭뮯뗄탄샭맽돌살쫔춼듲믷믲톹훆헢훖솼탄뗄짹틴,헢훖톹훆솼탄짹틴뗄ퟶ램쫇헦쪵뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇뷸탐헢훖뫏샭뮯탄샭맽돌쪱,컒쏇쯆뫵퓚탻돆,컒쏇쫇뛀솢죋,늻쫜뇰죋뗄에뛏ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇뗄뫏샭뮯탄샭맽돌놾짭좴뷒뒩쇋헢훖탻돆뗄믑퇔쳘탔:컒쏇뗄ퟔ컒뇧뮤맽돌쫇틔튻훖듓뇰죋쓇샯톧살뗄폯퇔쯹뇭듯돶살뗄,늢쟒볆뮮폃폚폫뇰죋뗄릵춨맽돌훐,틲듋컒쏇늻쓜쳓뇜컒쏇뗄쿠뮥틀삵탔ꆣ컒쏇쓇훖톹훆솼탄짹틴ꆰꆢ죋볤ꆱ짹틴뗄죎뫎웳춼뚼믡쿔쪾돶쯼쏇ퟔ짭뗄믑퇔탔,뛸늻맜컒쏇뗄뫏샭뮯맽돌폐뛠쎴쾸훂뛠쎴췪짆ꆣ쯤좻ꆰ늻펦룃ꆱ뗄솦솿쫇퓚룶죋탄쓚룐쫜떽뗄,떫쫇쯼늢늻쫇튻볾뒿룶죋뗄쫂쟩ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔쳽떽솼탄뗄짹틴,쫇틲캪컒쏇쫇ꆰ죋볤ꆱ,뻍쿱웤쯻죎뫎죋튻퇹ꆣꆰ죋볤ꆱ쫇릫릲뗄,쯹틔쓇킩쫴폚쯼늢평쯼뛸짺뗄튲쫇릫릲뗄ꆣꆰ늻펦룃ꆱ뗄싗샭풼쫸솦헽쫇놻헢퇹뗄죋샠쯹룐쫜떽ꆣ
84뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗚뛾뷚 짌튵놳뺰훐뗄뫍헜색싗샭쯤좻맘폚죕놾퓚뛾햽뫳뗄뺭볃돉릦컄쿗폫볇쫶뫜뛠,떫쫇쎻폐죋퓸쿫맽뫍헜색싗샭캪죕놾짌튵쪵볹쳡릩맽쪲쎴퇹뗄웴쪾폫쇩룐ꆣ튻킩샭싛볒퓸죏캪,죕놾뗄뚯솦풴좪살ퟔ폚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄쟚뿒ꆢퟔ싉ꆢ훒돏ꆢ볡죍뫍쪶ퟖ뗈뗂탔ꆣꋙ헢킩샭싛볒폃뿗쫏싗샭살쮵쏷뛀쳘뗄죕놾맜샭쪵볹,죧맍풱훕짭훆ꆢ뛔벯쳥퓰죎뗄잿뗷뫍뎤풶뗄볆뮮퇛맢뗈뗈ꆣ헢훖뎤풶볆뮮벰웤뷏뫃뗄쪱볤맜샭뫍릤ퟷ볍싉뻝쮵뚼랴펳쇋뿗쫏샭싛훐ퟔ컒췪짆뗄맛쓮;뛸맍풱훕짭훆쫇뿗쫏샭싛훐볒춥킢뗂뗄뇤쪽,횻늻맽붫헢훖킢뗂떼쿲쇋릫쮾ꆣꋚ뫍헜색믡죏캪헢킩럖컶뚼쫇럴잳뗄ꆣ쯻뿉쓜믡죃컒쏇ퟐ쾸짳닩쒳킩쪵볹믲탎쪽(kata)ꆣ떱컒쏇헢퇹ퟶ뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇믡랢쿖,헢훖쯟훮뿗쫏볛횵맛뗄랽램믡쪹컒쏇뫶싔탭뛠죕놾짌튵쳘헷,뛸헢킩짌튵쳘헷쫇죕놾릫쮾펵폐훒돏뿍뮧뫍훒돏럖쿺짌뗄믹뒡ꆣ샽죧,죕놾뗄닺욷룼탂쫇듓뿍뮧돶랢뗄,릫쮾췹췹믡쳡릩좫랽캻뗄닺욷,냼삨늻춬닺욷뗄뛠훖탍뫅,뿍뮧쓜릻톡퓱ퟮ쓜싺ퟣ웤탨튪뗄탍뫅폫닺욷ꆣ죕놾탐튵쓚뗄벤쇒뺺헹쪹뗃닺욷룼탂톸쯙뛸돖탸,헢훖닺욷룼탂쪹죕놾릫쮾뻟폐풽살풽잿뗄뺺헹솦ꆣ뫜뛠릫쮾튲럇뎣힢훘랢햹폫럖쿺짌뗄맘쾵,쿲웤쳡릩죋풱엠통ꆢ듙쿺닄쇏뫍붱샸볆뮮뗈뗈ꋛ;쇭췢,뫜뛠릫쮾뗄ퟝ쿲헻뫏릤ퟷ죧뷏뫃뗄릤믡맘쾵ꆢ뷏뿬뗄닺훜싊ꆢ뻟폐뛠훖벼쓜뗄샍뚯솦틔벰룟뛈뗄릤ퟷ뮥뮻탔뗈틲쯘튲믡쪹죕놾릫쮾뻟폐뫜잿뗄뺺헹솦ꆣꋜꋙMotokoIwami,ꆰWhatIsꆮJapaneseStyleꆯCorporateManagement?ꆱ,ManagementJapan,25:1(Spring1992),;,ꆰTheStrategicPersistenceoftheJapaneseFirm,ꆱTheJournalofBusinessStrategy(January-February1992),-52.ꋚ,ꆰConfucianEthicsandJapaneseManagementPractices,ꆱJournalofBusinessEthics,7(1988),-584.ꋛꋜ MasaruYoshimori,ꆰSourcesofJapaneseCompetitiveness:PartTwo,ꆱManage-mentJapan,25:2(Autumn1992),-36.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹85쯤좻벤쇒뺺헹뫍듓뿍뮧돶랢뗄닺욷룼탂떼훂맽좥죕놾짌튵짏뗄돉릦,떫쓇훖붫뿗쫏쳘헷ퟷ캪죕놾뺺헹솦뗄캩튻믲쫗튪풴좪뗄ퟶ램뮹쫇첫폗훉쇋ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇춬틢,룷훖싗샭맛좷쪵퓬뻍쇋죕놾죋뺭짌뗄쒣쪽,떫쫇헢훖쳘헷럖컶튲돤싺쇋탭뛠슩뚴ꆣ쫗쿈,헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄쓇퇹,죕놾쏱ퟥ쫇튻룶뛠훖ퟥ쏱ퟥ,뻟폐럡뢻뗄뒫춳ꆣ컞틉,뿗쫏싗샭좷쪵쫇튻훖훷튪뗄싗샭솦솿,떫컒쏇튲뿉틔뛔커쪿뗀뫍런뷌붲춬퇹뗄뮰ꆣ뫍헜색뷨본뿗쫏싗샭뛔폚짧믡탎쪽뗄잿뗷,폖뷨본ힼ런뷌뗄럱뚨횮럱뚨룅쓮(뫍헜색춨뎣붫헢훖ힴ첬돆캪뻸뛔뗄뿕),붫뛾헟뫏뛸캪튻ퟩ돉쇋ퟔ벺뗄싗샭쳥쾵ꆣ헽죧컒쿂쏦쯹쳖싛뗄,뫍헜색늢늻믡죏캪쓇훖맍풱훕짭훆쫇뗤탍뗄죕놾쪵볹,튲뻸뛔늻믡폃뿗쫏싗샭살횤쏷쯼ꆣ쇭췢,뫍헜색튲탭믡힢틢룶죋맘폚짌튵쪵볹뗄맛뗣ꆣ맘폚쓄킩쓚죝뿉틔쯣쫇뛀쳘뗄죕놾맜샭믲죕놾짌튵쪵볹헢룶컊쳢,죋쏇뗄듰낸쫇늻튻훂뗄ꆣ십뿋ꆤ뛠쇖룱(MarcDollinger)죏캪,맍풱훕짭훆(shushinkoyo)ꆢ벯쳥퓰죎훆틔벰뎤풶볆뮮뗈쫇죕놾뗄뛀쳘짌튵쳘헷ꆣ웤쯻튻킩죋퓲죏캪웳튵욽뻹훆ꆢ킽쮮짽잨샺훆(nenkojoretsu)ꆢ죎죋캨쟗훆ꆢ튪쟳럾듓뗄잿듳톹솦ꆢ쓚죋벯쳥뛔뾹췢죋벯췅뗄틢쪶탄첬틔벰웳튵릤믡훆(kigyo-naikumiai)펦룃쫇죕놾맜샭뫍짌튵뗄뗤탍쒣쪽ꆣꋙ폐킩쪱뫲,뢸좨쪽맜샭틔벰풱릤룊풸캪룼듳뗄웳튵ꋙIwami,ꆰJapanese-StyleCorporateManagement,ꆱPassim;Dollinger,ꆰConfucianEthics,ꆱPassim;,ꆰTheTransformationoftheJapaneseEmploymentSystem,ꆱWorkandOccupations,24:1(February1997),-55;,ꆰTheConceptofFairness:HowtheJapaneseandAmericansSeeIt,ꆱManagementJapan,26:1(Spring1993),-29;SandraSugawara,ꆰJapanConstructionIndustryBuiltonCronyism,ꆱWashingtonPost(31January1998),
86뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭샻틦뛸컾짼ퟔ벺뗄뺫짱튲놻죏캪쫇죕놾웳튵맜샭뗄훘튪쳘헷ꆣꋙ틲듋,룶죋뛔폚쪲쎴쫇죕놾쪵볹폐늻춬뗄뾴램ꆣ쇭췢,튻킩짌튵쇬떼죋폐틢쫔퇩탂뗄맜샭쪵볹,쯹틔폐쪱믡뻍죧뫎맜샭뗄컊쳢룄뇤ퟔ벺풭폐뗄맛뗣ꆣ퓚19쫀볍뗄쪱뫲,뷜돶뗄샍릤쇬떼죋쇥쒾쿈짺(SuzukiBunji)쫇퓧웚퓚릤ퟷ떥캻쪵탐ꆰ볒ퟥ훆ꆱ쪵볹ퟶ램뗄뎫떼헟횮튻ꆣ쯻붫놾볒뇈ퟶ튻룶뢸쟗ꆣ좻뛸,쯻뫳살틔튻훖뒿뫍헜색뗄랽쪽,뛔헢훖ퟶ램폨틔?웺ꆣ떱쯻랢쿖놾볒맍훷늻쿬펦쪱,쯻뛸잿뗷릤죋좨샻ꆣꋚ뮹폐튻뗣횵뗃컒쏇힢틢,헢킩쯹캽뗄ꆰ죕놾쪵볹ꆱ쟥떥뗄쪵폃탔튲쫇폐쿞뗄ꆣ헢킩쇐뻙뗄맜샭쪵볹벸뫵뚼돶쿖퓚쓇킩듳뗄웳튵샯ꆣ14%뗄죕놾릤죋쫇ퟔ맍헟,뛸쇭췢폐%뗄죕놾죋쫇볒춥릤죋ꆣ(쏀맺뗄볒춥릤죋횻폐%,뗂맺횻폐%ꆣꋛ)죎뫎ퟅ퇛폚쯹캽죕놾쳘헷뗄럖컶랽램뚼힢뚨믡뫶쫓쿠떱튻늿럖뗄죕놾짌죋ꆣ죧맻컒쏇볙뚨튻쳗죕놾쳘헷뗄듦퓚,쓇쎴컒쏇폖룃죧뫎샭뷢죕놾뗄룷훖닮틬쓘?죕놾뗄탭뛠듳릫쮾뚼폐튻룶릲춬쳘헷,쓇뻍쫇폐튻훖횻ힷ쟳붥뷸뗄룄짆,횻틀삵폚튻룶붩뮯뗄쏼쇮볓뿘훆쪽뗄뗈벶쳥훆,뛸듳?쫐틔웤웳튵볒뺫짱뛸훸쏻ꆣ헽죧컒퓚틽퇔늿럖쯹횸돶뗄쓇퇹,힡폑뗛맺ꆢ19쫀볍뗄럄횯릤튵뻞춷뫍20쫀볍뗄뗧ퟓ뻞춷뚼쫇퓚헢룶짌죋돇쫐냗쫖웰볒ꆣ듳?쫐뗄짌튵믹뒡쫇럇뎣뛠퇹뮯뗄,컞맖뫵룃쫐뗄짌믡폐쯄췲솽잧뛠볒웳튵ꆣꋜ죧맻컒쏇볙짨,쯹폐죕놾짌튵죋쪿뚼틔춬튻쳗쳘헷뷸탐퓋ퟷ폫뺭펪,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻뿉쓜뷢쫍ꋙJapanExternalTradeOrganization(JETRO),ꆰMajorChangesintheWorkPlace,ꆱJETRONewsletter,InternationalCommunicationsDepartment,
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹87헢훖뗘쟸뗄닮틬탔ꆣ죧맻죕놾죋폐튻쳗만뚨뗄쳘헷,쓇쎴컒쏇폖죧뫎샭뷢죕놾맜샭뫍짌튵쪵볹ퟮ뷼쯹랢짺뗄뇤뮯쓘?헢훖맍풱훕짭훆틑뺭쫜떽쇋죋쏇뗄엺움,죏캪쯼뛔죕놾죕쟷퓶볓뗄뺺헹솦쫇튻훖뫜듳뗄럁낭ꆣꋙ죧맻헢훖맍풱훕짭훆쿻쪧뗄뮰,쓇떽뗗쫇틲캪죕놾볛횵맛뗄즥쪧뮹쫇틲캪맜샭닣뗄늻뗀뗂맜샭쒣쪽쓘?믲헟쫇틲캪죕놾웤쯻튻킩럡뢻뗄싗샭뒫춳뾪쪼믮풾웰살,듓뛸떼훂맍풱뫍맍훷뷓쫜헢룶쿖쪵?쫇럱탂뗄볛횵틑뺭돶쿖?믲헟헢훖뇤뮯놾짭뻍퓧틑잱럼폚튻킩죕놾죋뾼싇싗샭뗄랽쪽횮훐?ퟮ뫳헢튻훖뿉쓜탔횵뗃컒쏇듓뾪럅뫍뢻폐믮솦뗄뫍헜색싗샭뷇뛈뷸탐죏헦뾼싇ꆣ뫍헜색뿖엂늻믡붫죕놾ퟮ뷼뗄뇤룯쫓캪싗샭쮥췋뗄벣쿳,뛸붫웤쫓캪뛔웤싗샭뗄뿏뚨폫좷죏ꆣ캪쇋쓜쇋뷢웤훐풭틲,죃컒쏇뾴튻쿂놻쫓캪뻟폐뗤탍죕놾쳘헷뗄죽훖쪵볹폫훆뛈:맍풱훕짭훆ꆢ틔샺캪믹뒡뗄킽쮮뫍짽잨훆틔벰훸쏻뗄볒ퟥ(keiretsu)훆ꆣ튻ꆢ맍풱훕짭훆틲캪뫍헜색붫죋쫓캪쪱뿕죋,쯻뿉쓜믡죃컒쏇춨맽뾼닩맍풱훕짭훆뗄샺쪷뛸뛔웤뷸탐튻훖싗샭럖컶ꆣ컒쏇십짏믡폐튻룶뫜폐틢쮼뗄랢쿖,쯤좻맍풱훕짭훆놻쫓캪죕놾죈훔폚벯쳥뢣뺫짱뗄튻룶폐솦횤뻝ꋚ,떫헢훖쪵볹뗄웰풴늻쫇뫜뻃풶,뛸쟒튲늻쫇맣캪죋횪ꆣ떱뫍헜색뾪쪼킴쯻뗄싗샭샭싛뗄쪱뫲,헢훖쿲맍풱쳡릩훕짺맍펶틔웚믱뗃웤훒돏첬뛈뫍얬솦릤ퟷ틢풸뗄맍풱훕짭훆뮹쎻폐듦퓚ꆣ헢ꋙAtsushiYamakoshi,ꆰWhite-CollarPerformanceinJapan,ꆱJapanEconomicInstituteReport(JEI)(21July1995),
88뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훖훆뛈쫇퓚뛾햽뫳닅랢햹웰살뗄,늢쟒떱쪱쫜떽쇋맍풱뗄뮶펭,틲캪헢훖훆뛈캪햽헹맽뗄뺭볃틽죫쇋튻훖컈뚨믺훆ꆣꋙ헢훖놣쇴릤죋뗄쪵볹틲릫쮾뗄맦쒣뫍횰튵샠뇰뛸폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꆣ돌싪샶(MariahMantsunCheng)뫍뾨싗놴룱()볇슼떽,듳릫쮾뛔폚냗쇬뫍삶쇬릤죋뗄놣쇴돌뛈튪듳폚쓇킩킡릫쮾ꆣ퓚쓇킩킡릫쮾쓚,삶쇬훕짺맍펶훆럇뎣짙볻ꆣꋚ뫍헜색믡쳡탑죋쏇힢틢,늻튪붫쪵볹믲훆뛈뫍룶죋뗄짺믮폫톡퓱럖샫뾪살뾴듽,뫃쿱헢킩쪵볹폐웤뛀솢뗄듦퓚탎쪽튻퇹ꆣ쓇킩듳릫쮾뗄쇬떼헟횮쯹틔뻶뚨붫맍풱훕짭훆쫚룸쒳킩톡퓱맽뗄맍풱,쫇틲캪쯻쏇풤볻떽쇋쪵퓚뗄뺭볃샻틦,뮹쫇틲캪쯻쏇뗄릫쮾뻟폐튻훖쇩믮탔틔ퟰ훘헢훖릫쮾폫릤죋횮볤듦퓚뗄틾몬짧믡뫏춬ꆣ죧맻맍풱쏇훕짺믲뻸듳뛠쫽뗄쪱볤뚼캪웤릫쮾릤ퟷ,쓇쎴릫쮾뿉틔쪡좥탭뛠엠통럑폃,쯼늻뇘캪엠통탂릤죋뗄컊쳢뛸닙탄ꆣ뷏잿뗄뻍튵컈뚨룐뫜뿉쓜믡듙뷸뷏룟뗄쪿웸,뛸뷏룟뗄쪿웸폖뿉틔닺짺룼룟뗄짺닺믽벫탔ꆣ퓚헢훖맍풱훕짭훆쿂,맍풱쎻폐뇘튪듓웤쯻뺺헹릫쮾쫖샯뷓쫜릤ퟷ,틲듋폫웳튵볤뗽쿠맘뗄럧쿕폫럑폃뻍믡놻붵뗍뫜뛠ꆣ듓맍풱뗄뷇뛈살뾴,맍풱쏇믡퓚뺭샺햽뫳믬싒쓪듺횮뫳뛔헢훖맍풱훕짭훆뗄컈뚨폨틔뷓쫜늢뮳폐룐벤횮쟩,틲뛸쯻쏇믡캪릫쮾얬솦릤ퟷꆣꋛ헢훖맍풱훕짭훆퓚듳릫쮾샯쿔뗃룼믮풾,틲캪헢킩듳릫쮾뻟폐룼듳뗄쇩믮탔,퓚낲훃릤죋짏뻟폐룼뛠뗄톡퓱ꆣ퓚뺭볃늻뺰웸쪱웚,헢킩듳릫쮾뷢맍쇋쓇킩볦횰맍풱뫍쇙쪱맍풱,틔놣듦쓇킩즸톡맽뗄폀뻃맍풱뗄릤ퟷꆣ뢾얮쏇놻ퟷ캪좨틋횮볆믲펦벱맍풱뛸쯦틢뷢맍ꆣꋜ냗쇬릤죋뎣뎣놻틆떽벯췅쓚웤쯻쿠맘릫쮾,헢뻍쫇쯹캽뗄ꋙꋛ JETRO,ꆰMajorChanges,ꆱ.ꋚ,ꆰHowPermanentWasPermanentEmployment?PatternsofOrganizationalMobilityinJapan,1916-1975,ꆱWorkandOccupations,24:1(February1997),-32.ꋜTakashiKawakita,ꆰJapaneseIn-HouseJobTrainingandDevelopment,ꆱBulletinofJapaneseInstituteofLabor,HumanResourcesManagement,35:4(1April1996),
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹89shukko믲tensekiꆣꆰshukkoꆱ쫇튻훖뛔릤죋뗄쇙쪱뗷뚯,릤죋놻엉떽쇭튻룶릫쮾,떫쯻죔쫴폚풭살뗄릫쮾ꆣꆰtensekiꆱ쫇튻훖뛔릤죋뗄폀뻃뗷뚯,릤죋쫴폚놻엉췹뗄릫쮾ꆣ샽죧,듓1994쓪떽1995쓪,죕놾룖쳺릫쮾릲뗷뚯쇋4000뛠쏻릤죋ꆣꋙ쫂쪵짏,쯹폐뗄듳릫쮾(맍풱퓚1000죋틔짏뗄릫쮾)뫍탭뛠킡릫쮾뎣뎣폃shukko믲tenseki뗄랽램살뗷뷚ퟔ벺릫쮾샍뚯솦뗄맦쒣ꆣꋚ헢훖뗷뚯맍풱뗄쳥훆쪹뗃릫쮾쓜릻ퟰ훘맍풱훕짭훆,떫헢훖맍풱훕짭훆풽살풽뛠뗘틢캶ퟅ쓇훖벯췅릫쮾쓚뗄폀뻃맍풱훆뛸늻쫇쓇훖춬튻릫쮾뗄폀뻃맍풱훆ꆣꋛ퓚맽좥뗄튻뛎쪱볤샯,튻킩듳릫쮾럗럗복짙폐뎥볓냠쪱볤ꋜ,틔놣힡ퟔ벺뗄릤죋ꆣ쇭췢,튻킩뷏듳뗄쇬뻼릫쮾튲믡닉폃럑폃틆뗄랽램ꆣ20쫀볍80쓪듺돶쿖쇋죕풪짽횵,떱죕풪짽횵,닺짺쇋쪹죕놾닺욷룼낺맳뗄캣쿕쟷쫆늢붵뗍웤퓚맺볊쫐뎡뗄뺺헹솦쪱,튻킩듳릫쮾쯹닉좡뗄뛔닟쫇잿탐튪쟳쯼쏇뗄튻킩뷏킡릩믵짌붵뗍뇟볊샻죳틔컼쫕헢훖뇡횵ꆣ헢킩듳릫쮾춨맽훮죧듋샠뗄랽램놣힡쇋쯼쏇뗄릤죋,춬쪱폖붫죧뫎붵뗍럑폃뗄냼뢤(냼삨샍릤럑폃)볞룸쇋쓇킩뒦폚놻뚯뗘캻뗄릫쮾ꆣ헢훖맍풱훕짭훆늢늻쫇살풴폚뿗쫏볛횵맛,쯼횮쯹틔돶쿖폫랢햹,쫇틲캪쓇킩퓞돉듋훖쪵볹늢폐좨톡퓱듋훖쪵볹뗄죋뗄룶죋탐캪ꆣ쿖퓚,튻킩맜샭헟뫍헾뢮맙풱틲캪뿍맛쳵볾뗄룄뇤뾪쪼뛔헢훖맍풱ꋙJapaneseInstituteofLabor,ꆰSteelmakersFarmOutWorkerstoSubsidiaries,ꆱBulletinofJapaneseInstituteofLabor,HumanResourcesManagement,33:12(1December1994),
90뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훕짭훆뗄틦뾪쪼닺짺뮳틉ꆣꋙ쯦ퟅ릤죋뗄쓪쇤샏뮯,탭뛠릫쮾믡랢쿖릫쮾쓚뗄튻킩짏쇋쓪볍뗄냗쇬릤죋뿉쓜늻죧쓇킩쓪쟡뗄삶쇬릤죋룼뻟짺닺솦ꆣ(훁폚냗쇬릤죋뗄짺닺솦쫇럱붵뗍뗄컊쳢튻횱쫇죋쏇헹싛뗄뮰쳢,틲캪뛔헢킩냗쇬릤죋짺닺솦뗄볆쯣폫뫢솿쫇럇뎣삧쓑뗄ꆣ쇭췢,뮹폐킩죋헹싛쮵,헢훖뛔폚뛠폠냗쇬릤죋뗄맘힢쪵볊짏쫇튻훖헚퇚헦헽컊쳢뗄헏퇛램:퓚엝쒭뺭볃웚볤,죕놾뗄튻킩룟닣맜샭헟ퟶ돶쇋튻킩늻솼뻶닟ꆣꋚ)쯦ퟅ헢훖맍풱훕짭훆뗄쿷죵,릫쮾랢쿖뫜쓑퓙폃shukko뗄랽쪽붫뛠폠뗄릤죋쇙쪱뗷떽웤쯻쿠맘솪릫쮾,뫜쓑퓙잿웈릩믵짌컼쫕짽룟뗄럑폃ꆣ쿖퓚죕놾돶쿖뗄탅폃뿖믅뫜뿉쓜믡퓶듳뷢맍풱릤뗄톹솦,폈웤쫇쓇킩짏쇋쓪볍뗄풱릤ꆣꋛ1994쓪쪱,%놻쇙쪱뗷뚯뗄릤죋뗄쓪쇤퓚45뫍59쯪횮볤ꆣꋜ쇭췢,컒쏇늻펦룃뫶쫓릤죋틢쪶뗄뇤뮯뛔폚헢훖맍풱훕짭훆뗄펰쿬ꆣ1947쓪쪱,뎬맽튻냫뗄죕놾죋뿚쫇얩쏱ꆣꋝ퓚뛾햽횮뫳,탭뛠얩쏱뾪쪼쿲릤뎧틆,춬쪱붫ퟔ벺쟚샍뿌뿠뗄뺫짱튲듸뷸쇋릤뎧ꆣ퓚릫쮾쓚뮨럑듳솿쪱볤틔뮻좡헢훖맍풱훕짭훆뛔쯻쏇살쮵쯆뫵쫇튻룶뫜뫃뗄훷틢ꆣ떫쫇떽1991쓪뗄쪱뫲,횻폐6%뗄죋뿚쫇얩쏱ꋞ,쓪쟡튻듺룼뾴훘ퟔ벺뗄택쿐쪱볤ꋟ,퓚샏튻듺죋뗄퇛샯,쓪쟡튻듺뗄쾰맟폫볛횵맛쫇죧듋늻춬,쯻쏇ퟣ틔놻돆캪ꆰ탂죋샠ꆱꆣꋠ퓚20쫀볍80쓪듺쒩웚뗄엝쒭뺭볃훐,틲캪뷰죚랽쏦뗄탂횰캻뗄돶쿖,탭뛠릤죋랢쿖뮻릤ퟷ쫇볾쿠떱죝틗뗄쫂쟩ꆣ퓚헢킩쓪쟡릤죋훐,폐킩죋쫇퓚맺췢뷓쫜뗄뷌폽,늢쟒틑뺭뮻쇋벸룶릤ퟶ쇋,틲뛸쯻쏇쯹뻟폐뗄뛔맍훷뗄춶죫룐뻍늻쿱쓇킩뛾햽뫳십짏뷸죫릤뎧뗄풱릤쯹뻟폐뗄뛔맍훷뗄ꋙJapaneseExternalTradeOrganization(JETRO),ꆰPeople,StructuralChangesTransformingtheWorkplace,ꆱ Yamakoshi,ꆰWhite-CollarPerformanceinJapan,ꆱ-9.ꋜSati,ꆰKeepingEmployeesEmployed,ꆱ.ꋝꋞ JETRO,ꆰMajorChanges,ꆱ.ꋟ,ꆰTheInformatizationofJapan:CreatinganInformationSociety,orJustGoodSalesmanship?ꆱ,
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹91춶죫룐쓇퇹잿쇒ꆣ튻킩쓪쟡죋붫헢훖맍풱훕짭훆쫓캪튻훖틀뢽맘쾵,헢훖틀뢽맘쾵믡쏰쯻쏇뗄뒴퓬솦,믡뚯튡쯻쏇뗄ퟔퟰꋙ,쯻쏇뻜뻸붫쯻쏇뗄짺믮췪좫춶죫룸릫쮾틔뮻좡컈뚨ꆣ퓚헢훖탂릤ퟷ첬뛈뗄엠퇸맽돌훐,헾뢮냧퇝쇋ퟔ벺뗄뷇즫ꆣ쯦ퟅ뢾얮쏇볓죫샍릤듳뻼,톰쟳릤ퟷ뗄죋쫽퓚훰붥퓶볓ꆣ믹폚뛔쪧튵싊뗄떣탄,튻킩헾뢮맙풱튻횱퓚탻뒫탋좤뫍택쿐뗈쏀뗂,뷨틔맄샸쳡잰췋택ꆣꋚ죧듋뾴살,맍풱훕짭훆쫇튻훖쿠뛔탂뗄쪵볹ꆣ1945쓪횮뫳,캪쇋쓜쪵쿖뷏듳릫쮾벰튻킩탂뷼돇쫐뮯뗄맍풱뗄쒿뇪,튻킩웳튵쇬떼헟랢쏷랢햹쇋헢룶쳥훆ꆣ듓뫍헜색싗샭뗄뷇뛈붲,헢훖맍풱훕짭훆놾짭컞쯹캽짆튲컞쯹캽뛱ꆣ퓚맽좥듦퓚ퟅ늻춬뗄폃릤랽쪽,뛸붫살뮹믡돶쿖웤쯻탂뗄랽쪽,떫훘튪뗄쫇,컞싛퓚죎뫎쪱뫲,맍훷뫍맍풱펦룃ퟜ쫇뛔뇋듋뢺퓰ꆣ횻폐듫쪩폫믘펦헦헽훒쪵폚뻟폐믮솦뗄죋샠듦퓚쪱,쯼쏇닅쫇짆뗄;싗샭짏뛱뗄듫쪩폫믘펦쫇쓇킩쪹룶죋믲룼듳벯쳥붩뮯뗄듫쪩폫믘펦ꆣ죧맻릤죋쏇늻맜릤ퟷ뮷뺳훐뗄죎뫎뇤뮯뛸튻캶잿뗷쯻쏇뛔맍풱훕짭훆폐튻훖뻸뛔뗄좨샻,쓇쎴쯻쏇뗄믘펦뻍쫇싗샭짏뛱뗄ꆣ랴맽살,죧맻듳릫쮾훷헅,쯼폐뷢맍릤죋뗄뻸뛔좨샻,뛸릤죋쏇뛔폚맍풱훕짭훆뗄웚췻틑뺭돉캪웤ퟔ짭탎쿳뗄튻늿럖,쓇쎴듋훖쟩뿶쿂뗄릫쮾탐캪뻍쫇튻훖싗샭짏뿉틔뮳틉뗄탐캪ꆣ싗샭짏뿉틔뷓쫜뗄믘펦럇떫늻믡닺짺붩뮯뗄뷡맻,랴떹믡듙랢튻훖뛔쮫랽웚췻뷸탐늻뛏듨짌뗄뷡맻ꆣ폐킩쓪쟡릤죋랴뛔죕놾릫쮾쫓캪훒돏뇪횾튻늿럖뗄뎤쪱볤릤쪱훆,ퟷ캪튻훖믘펦,릫쮾훆뚨쇋튻훖떯탔릤쪱훆,쫔ퟅ쪵탐튻훖붻듭뗄릤쪱,틔복쟡릤죋짏쿂냠춨쟚뗄싩랳ꆣꋛ튻킩릫쮾췆탐ꆰ컞볓냠ꆱ훆틔복쟡릤ퟷ죕뗄뢺떣뫍붵뗍럑폃,틲뛸쓜릻쪹릫쮾컼쫕탂뗄풱릤,늢쓜싄탐웤뛔햽뫳십짏볓죫릫쮾풱릤뗄맍풱훕짭훆뗄틥컱ꆣ랴맽살,릫쮾퓲쿲릤죋튪쟳룼듳뗄릤ퟷ떯탔ꆣ릫쮾뿉틔쇴쿂냗쇬릤죋,떫헢킩릤죋뇘탫쓜릻뇤뮻릤ퟷꆣ죕놾ꋙPatrickSmith,Japan:AReinterpretation(NewYork:PantheonBooks),.ꋚYamakoshi,ꆰWhite-CollarPerformanceinJapan,ꆱ-9.ꋛJETRO,ꆰPeople,StructuralChanges,ꆱ-7.
92뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗄NKK룖쳺릫쮾뛔냗쇬뫍삶쇬릤죋쪵탐쮫맬훆,튻킩삶쇬릤죋놻뗷떽맜샭룚캻,뛸튻킩냗쇬릤죋퓲놻뗷떽삶쇬릤죋뗄짺닺쿟짏릤ퟷꆣꋙ헢훖ꆰ랴엑죋볤(ningen)ꆱ볓ꆰ뛔닟믘펦ꆱ퓙볓ꆰ뛔닟믘펦ꆱ뗄뚯첬췹뢴퓚뷱쳬뗄죕놾쫇쿠떱웕뇩뗄ꆣ퓚튻룶럇뎣훸쏻뗄낸샽훐,죕놾잰쫗쿠쟅놾(RyutaroHashimoto)쫔춼쮵럾죕놾뚫쳺슷릫쮾(EastJapanRailwayCompany)뗄쪱죎ퟜ닃쯉쳯(MasatakeMatsuda)뫍웤쯻튻킩룟닣맜샭헟뢺떣웰튻킩떱쪱틲죕놾맺볒쳺슷쾵춳쮽폐뮯맽돌훐돶쿖뗄캴ힼ놸믹뷰뗄퇸샏뷰퓰죎ꆣ볙죧퓚맽좥뗄뮰,웳튵쇬떼헟췹췹믡룐뻵떽튻훖톹솦좥쟼듓폚헢훖붨틩ꆣ좻뛸,쯉쳯뻜뻸쇋헢훖쟫쟳,틲캪헢킩쮽폐뮯뗄쳺슷릫쮾뇘탫튪컼쫕췢맺놾,틲뛸쯼쏇뇘탫뛔막뚫좨샻뇈맽좥룼캪쏴룐ꆣ룟닣맜샭헟ꆢ헾뢮뫍릫쮾웤쯻샻틦쿠맘랽횮볤뗄맘쾵헽퓚늻뛏뇤뮯퇝뷸ꆣꋚ죃컒쏇뾴쇭췢튻룶샽ퟓ:떱튻킩릫쮾(죧쿈럦뗧웸PioneerElectric)쫔춼뷢맍튻킩릤죋쪱,튻킩릤죋,폈웤쫇쓇킩쎻폐릤믡횧돖뗄릤죋ꋛ,뛔듋뇭쪾뾹틩,샍릤늿뎤뷩죫듋쫂,뛔헢킩릫쮾뷸탐쇋통뷫,헢킩릫쮾룄뇤쇋쯼쏇ퟮ돵뗄뻶뚨ꆣ좻뛸,헢킩릫쮾좴웈쪹릤믡뻍킽돪쳥훆ퟶ돶쇋죃늽,탎쫆쯆뫵쫇헢퇹뗄:죧맻릤죋럅웺쓇훖폫샺(볻쿂튻늿럖)솪퓚튻웰뗄ퟔ뚯뗷킽훆뛈틔벰뷓쫜쒳훖탎쪽뗄튵벨킽돪,쓇쎴릫쮾뻍믡뷓쫜헢훖맍풱훕짭훆ꆣꋜ캪쇋쓜쪹ퟔ풸췋택뛔뎤웚풱릤뻟폐컼틽솦,튻킩릫쮾퓶볓쇋췋택횧돶ꆣꋝ폐킩릫쮾짮쫜탭뛠폀뻃짮맜샭헟잣샛,ퟷ캪퓧웚췋택듽폶뗄튻늿럖,뾪쪼쿲헢킩죋쳡릩튻킩풭쪼놾틔횧돖쯻쏇뾪쪼ퟔ벺뗄쫂튵;믲헟붫쓇킩뛠폠뗄릤죋ꋙJETRO,ꆰPeople,StructuralChanges,ꆱ-7.ꋚStephanieStrom,ꆰSayingNointheLandofYes,ꆱNewYorkTimes(13March1998),.ꋛStatementbyNagoyaManagersUnion, JETRO,ꆰPeople,StructuralChanges,ꆱ-7.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹93뗷떽웤쯻뢽쫴릫쮾뛸춬쪱놣횤쯻쏇뗄킽돪늻뇤ꆣꋙ헢훖뮥쿠뗷뷚뗄맽돌틑뺭닺짺쇋튻킩뻟폐뒴퓬탔뗄펦뛔듫쪩ꆣ웈폚릫쮾샻죳뗄톹솦,NEC뗄맜샭헟쏇뻶뚨틔릺컯좯뗄탎쪽쿲릤죋횧뢶붱뷰,릤죋쏇뿉틔폃헢킩릺컯좯살뮻좡릫쮾뗄닺욷ꆣꋚ헢훖헾닟뿉틔놣횤릫쮾쿲릤죋랢럅킽돪,랢럅붱뷰,춬쪱튲뿉틔복짙뿢듦닺욷ꆣ쯤좻NEC뗄릤죋뛔듋훖ퟶ램늢늻믡췪좫싺틢,떫쿱웤쯻릫쮾뗄릤죋튻퇹,쯻쏇샭뷢릫쮾쯹쏦쇙뗄닆컱톹솦,춬쪱풸틢폫릫쮾튻웰퓚뚯떴뗄뺭볃웸뫲훐릲춬럜뚷ꆣ쫂쪵짏,뫍헜색믡쳡탑컒쏇쮵,릫쮾뫍풱릤횮볤뗄뛔솢뻟폐컳떼탔,릫쮾쫇튻훖램싉탩쓢ꋛ,쪵볊짏랢쏷틔퓹좯듺쳦붱뷰뫍풭쪼놾횧돶뗄쿫램뗄쫇릫쮾뗄릤죋ퟔ벺ꆣ싗샭짆탔헽쫇살ퟔ폚헢훖뚯첬뗄쿠뮥뗷뷚뫍쿠뮥쫊펦,뛸늻쫇살ퟔ폚뒴퓬탔놾짭ꆣ폐킩펦뛔듫쪩쯤좻뻟폐뒴퓬탔,좴퓚릫쮾뫍릤죋횮볤퓬돉쇋룴뫒ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,룷랽늢쎻폐죧좨췾죋쓇퇹ퟶ쫂ꆣ릫쮾퓸튪쟳튻킩릤죋쳡잰췋택,쯤좻헢킩릤죋뗃떽맽릫쮾뗄낵쪾,떫쯻쏇뻜뻸샫뾪ꆣ볙죧퓚맽좥뗄뮰,헢킩릤죋믡놻쇙쪱뗷떽쇭튻룶뢽쫴쿠맘릫쮾,떫쯦ퟅkeiretsu훆뛈뗄복죵,헢훖톡퓱튲뻍늻퓙듦퓚쇋ꆣ틲뛸릫쮾뛔헢킩늻풸샫뾪뗄릤죋춨맽늻룸쯻쏇럖엤죎뫎릤ퟷ뛸뷸탐놨뢴,헢훖직뇜닟싔뗄쒿뗄쫇쪹헢킩릤죋쫜죨,듓뛸웈쪹쯻쏇럅웺,떫튻킩릤죋뻍쫇늻쟼럾,헢킩늻쟼럾뗄릤죋뻍돉쇋쓇킩놻직뇜뗄ꆰ맛뒰ퟥꆱꋜ,쯻쏇ퟸ퓚ퟀퟓ잰,컞쯹쫂쫂,헢훖늻뿬샖뗄쟩탎믡돖탸뫃벸쓪ꆣ틲캪릫쮾늢늻닉좡듫쪩붫헢킩랴뾹릤죋훘탂헻뫏떽벯쳥훐좥,쯼뻍쎻폐ퟰ훘릤죋춨맽랴뾹쯹햹쿖돶뗄룶죋죋룱ꆣ랴맽살,헢킩릤죋쎻폐쪹ퟔ벺룼뻟짺닺솦,뛔릫쮾룼폐폃ꆣ쯻횻쫇잿뗷쯻쇬좡킽쮮뗄탨튪,횱떽램뚨췋택쓪쇤캪횹ꆣ쯻쎻폐ퟰ훘릫쮾뛔릤죋틑뺭붵뗍뗄짺닺솦뗄떣탄ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,뫍헜색믡죏캪쮫랽뚼쫇늻뫏ꋙYamakoshi,ꆰWhite-CollarPerformanceinJapan,ꆱ.ꋚJETRO,ꆰMajorChanges,ꆱ.ꋛWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋜJETRO,ꆰPeople,StructuralChanges,ꆱ-7.
94뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뫵싗샭뗄ꆣ뛾ꆢ틔샺캪믹뒡뗄킽돪뫍짽잨훆뫍맍풱훕짭훆튻웰,헢훖샺킽돪뫍짽잨훆춨뎣놻죏캪쫇죕놾짌튵뷧뗄튻듳짱쪥램놦ꆣNenkojoretsu쫇헢훖훆뛈뗄죕놾돆캽쒣쪽ꆣ퓚헢훖훆뛈쿂,쯹폐룕룕뷸뎧뗄릤죋뚼틔튻룶뷏뗍뗄킽돪뾪쪼,틔뫳퓚릫쮾뗄쎿튻쓪,릤죋쏇믡폐ퟔ뚯뗄헇킽,횱떽쯻쏇뗄램뚨췋택쓪쇤(틔잰쫇55,쿖퓚쫇60ꋙ)ꆣ쯤좻쿱퓚훐맺튻퇹,죕놾뗄킽돪닮틬놻톹뗍쇋,떫퓚튻뛎쪱볤횮뫳,헢킩샏룱릤죋뗄킽돪믡뇈쓇킩쓪쟡릤죋뗄킽돪룟탭뛠ꆣꋚ(샽죧,퓚죕놾,릫쮾ퟜ닃뗄욽뻹킽돪쫇춬쇤쎻폐뫜룟벼쓜릤죋뗄욽뻹킽돪뗄쯄컥놶,뛸퓚쏀맺,뛾헟횮볤쫇10놶뗄뇈샽ꆣꋛ)헢훖훆뛈폫맍풱훕짭훆쿠뢨쿠돉,쪵볊짏,룕뷸뎧뗄쓪쟡릤죋춨뎣놻튪쟳붻놣횤뷰,쯻쏇쯹믱뗃뗄킽돪뗍폚쯻쏇뗄짺닺솦쪹쯻쏇쯹펦믱뗃뗄샭싛볛횵ꆣퟷ캪쯻쏇뷓쫜돵웚뗍킽뗄믘놨,퓚쯻쏇쫂튵뷡쫸쪱쯻쏇쓜릻뷓쫜뎬맽쯻쏇짺닺솦뗄킽돪ꆣ헢훖맍풱훕짭훆뻍쫇캪쇋좷놣릤죋쏇뗃떽퓧웚춶(돵웚뗍킽)뗄믘놨ꆣ떱맍풱쏇짏쇋쓪볍뗄쪱뫲,릫쮾랢쿖ퟔ벺늻뾰돐쫜낺맳짮맜샭헟헢튻훘뢺,헢훖뛮췢뗄샍릤럑폃쪹릫쮾뫜쓑퓙맍펶붫살릫쮾쯹탨튪뗄탂뗄릤ퟷ솦솿ꆣ틲캪늢늻쫇쯹폐놻쳡짽뗄죋뚼뻟폐맜샭닅쓜,쯹틔릫쮾뗄맜샭놻죏캪쫜떽쇋펰쿬ꆣ뷢뻶헢룶랱죟맜샭닣컊쳢뗄ퟮ뗤탍랽램뻍쫇쯟훮ꆰ싗샭ꆱ,쒳킩릫쮾퓚볌탸쪵탐맍풱훕짭훆벰돐죏죋쏇맽좥럾컱볛횵뗄춬쪱,폖췆돶쇋틔풱릤튵벨캪믹뒡뗄움맀폫킽듫쪩ꆣ솬쯸냙믵릫쮾Mitsukoshi닉폃쇋튻훖틔풱릤튵벨뇭쿖캪믹뒡뗄킽돪훆,퓚헢훖쳥훆훐,풱릤킽돪쫇틔샺뫍뇭쿖캪쮫훘믹뒡뗄ꆣ쯦ퟅ풱릤쓪볍뗄퓶뎤,킽돪뗄샺늿럖뾪쪼붵뗍,뛸튵벨늿럖뾪쪼퓶볓ꆣ퓚헢훖쪵볹훐,쓇킩짏쇋쓪볍뗄릤죋죔쓜헵떽뷏룟뗄킽ꋙLincolnandNakata,ꆰTransformation,ꆱ.ꋚꋛ Iwami,ꆰJapanese-StyleCorporateManagement,ꆱ.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹95돪,늻맽퓶볓뗄늿럖쫇틔튵벨캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ튻볒쏻캪Haseko뗄붨훾릫쮾닉좡쇋튻훖짔캢늻춬뗄헾닟,쯼놣횤릤죋킽돪뗄훷튪늿럖,틲뛸릤죋쏇쓜릻퓚헢훖샺훆뛈쿂믱뗃쿠뛔뿉틔풤볻뗄킽돪,떫쫇릫쮾듓풱릤뗄킽쮮훐뿛돽튻냙췲죕풪탎돉튻룶붱뷰뿢,뿢훐붱뷰내룶죋뫍늿쏅뗄튵벨뇭쿖뷸탐럖랢ꆣꋙ헢킩뇤뮯쯤좻뫜뮺싽떫좴쪵쪵퓚퓚뗘룄뇤ퟅ킽돪룱뻖ꆣ퓚맽좥뗄벸쪮쓪샯,쓪쇤폫샺퓚킽돪훐뗄뇈훘뇤뗃풽살풽킡ꆣꋚ헽죧맍풱훕짭훆쯹랢짺뗄뇤뮯튻퇹,퓚샺킽돪뫍짽잨훆쓚랢짺뗄뇤뮯튲놣쇴쇋탭뛠쒿잰뗄쳘헷ꆣ쯤좻맜샭헟쏇틑뺭닉좡쇋튵벨킽돪뗄랽램,떫쫇쾵춳뗄튵벨움뚨랽램죔룼욫훘폚풱릤뛔릫쮾뗄뎤웚춶죫폫뢺퓰뺫짱,뛸늻쫇뛌웚뗄릱쿗ꆣ샽죧,쓇훖잿뗷좫쟚뫍컾짼택볙쪱볤뗄ퟶ램퓚늹돤ퟅ샏뗄샺킽돪뫍짽잨훆춬쪱,튲퓚췆뚯쿲튵벨킽돪훆뮯ꆣꋛ좻뛸헢훖뮯쫜떽쇋쓇킩샏풱릤뗄랴뛔,틲캪쯻쏇늻쿫쫜쓇킩뇈쯻쏇쓪쟡풱릤뗄맜샭ꆣ튻킩뷏캪폐웇솦뗄릫쮾틑뺭뾪쪼쪵탐쓇폫룶죋돉뻍맒릳뗄틔풱릤튵벨캪믹뒡뗄움맀폫킽돪훆뛈ꆣ퓚1999쓪훐,럡쳯웻뎵릫쮾탻늼좡쿻뿎뎤(kacho)틔쿂냗쇬릤죋뗄샺킽돪훆뛈ꆣꋜ뺡맜쪵탐쇋헢훖탂훆뛈,떫쫇헢킩릫쮾믹놾뚼쓜룸폨풱릤쿠뛔싺틢뗄움뚨ꆣ헢훖ꆰ싗샭훆ꆱ퓚놣쇴샺킽돪뫍짽잨훆쯹뒴퓬뗄뗈벶쳥훆뗄춬쪱,튲퓚듙뷸튻훖탂뗄킽돪뫍짽잨풭퓲ꆣ헢헽죧싞늮쳘ꆤ낣컄쮹(RobertEvans)쯹맛달떽뗄ꆰ:퓚맽좥튻뛎쪱볤쪱샯좷쪵뷸탐ퟅ튻킩뇤룯,떫헢킩뇤룯쿠뛔컈붡뮺싽,쟣쿲폚볓잿튻ꋙJETRO,ꆰMajorChanges,ꆱ.ꋚKazuyoshiKoshiro,ꆰCompany-basedCollectiveWageDeterminationinJapan:ItsViabilityRevisitedAmidIntensifyingGlobalCompetition,ꆱ-11,TheCenterforInternationalTradeStudies,FacultyofEconomics,YokohamaNationalUniversity,1995.ꋛLincolnandNakata,ꆰTransformation,ꆱ.ꋜꆰToyotaAbolishesPayScale,ꆱSouthChinaMorningPost(8July81999),,.
96뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭킩믹놾뗄쒣쪽ꆣꆱꋙ캪쇋쓜룸맜샭틽뷸탂뗄톪튺,튻킩듳릫쮾틑뺭췆탐쇋벸훖뛀솢늢탐뗄짽잨맬훆ꆣ뗘캻훆뿉틔퓊탭릤죋볌탸룹뻝샺뫍춶죫풭퓲뛸늻뛏쳡룟ퟔ벺뗄벶뇰;뗚뛾훖맜샭훆횻뛔쓇킩쿔쪾룟뎬쇬떼벼쓜뗄죋폨틔짽잨,헢훖탂뗄맜샭훆룼뷚뺫볲룼욽횱ꆣ잡잡폫쒳킩톧헟쯹탻돆뗄쿠랴ꋚ,뛔폚뗈벶뗄ퟰ훘늢늻ퟜ쫇뒿죕놾쳘헷ꆣ헢훖ꆰ탂욽횱ꆱ쳥훆뗄쒿뗄쫇쯵뛌횸믓뮷뷚,듓뛸쪹릫쮾맜샭뛔폚쫐뎡쳵볾뗄뇤뮯랴펦룼쏴뷝ꆣ럡쳯ꆢ죕솢ꆢMatsuhitaꆢ죕놾뗧놨뗧뮰릫쮾(NTT)뫍죽퇳뗈릫쮾뚼닉쓉쇋헢훖ꆰ탂욽횱ꆱ쳥훆,룃쳥훆쇭췢튲폃살훘탂뚨틥풱릤쿲짏짽잨뗄웚췻ꆣ쇖뿏()뫍훐쳯쾲컄(YoshifumiNakata)럇뎣쏴죱뗘횸돶:? (훮죧쮫맬훆뗄죕놾맜샭뒴탂)캪탂뻉랽쪽횮볤쳡릩쇋튻훖뫏샭뮯뗄쟅솺(legitimatingbridge)ꆣ헢킩뒴탂쓜릻쪹릫쮾퓚놣쇴뛔풱릤뗄횰튵ꆢ뗘캻뫍늹뎥쳵볾뗈랽쏦뗄틥컱뗄춬쪱,튲쓜쪹릫쮾욽뮯뗈벶뫍뺫볲맜샭ꆣ쇭췢,룃쳥훆뮹뿉틔룄뇤릤ퟷ뎡쯹뗄릤ퟷퟷ럧,붫웳튵컄뮯훰붥듓뮺싽뗄볒뎤쪽맜샭뮯돉믽벫뷸좡뗄웳튵볒뺫짱,쿲풱릤쏇햹쪾릫쮾뗄랢햹랢짺뫍맬벣ꆣ릫쮾뿉틔퓚훘탂뚨틥맍펶맘쾵뗄튻킩쳵뿮뗄춬쪱,뛸늻믡쪵볊펰쿬헢킩맍펶맘쾵뗄쪵훊쓚죝,헢퇹릫쮾뿉틔훰붥쿻돽샭싛폫쿖쪵횮볤뗄닮틬ꆣꋛ뫍헜색싗샭뫜뿉쓜믡뷓쫜헢훖ꆰ뫏샭뮯쟅솺ꆱ뗄룅쓮,떫믡랴뛔헢솽캻톧헟뗄잱퓚쮵램:횻튪릫쮾퓚쯵뛌믲쿻돽ꆰ샭싛폫쿖쪵횮볤뗄닮틬ꆱ,쓇쎴쯼뗄ퟶ램뻍쫇싗샭짏뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆣ쯻쏇뗄헢훖쮵램쳥쿖쇋헢퇹튻훖웚췻폫볙짨:ퟜ폐튻쳬,벯쳥쿖쪵폫룶죋웚췻횮볤뗄닮ꋙRobertEvans,ꆰTheJapaneseLaborMarket:JapanꆯsEconomicChallenge,ꆱ(October1990),
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹97틬믡쿻쪧ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,헢훖닮틬ퟜ튪듦퓚뗄ꆣ헽죧컒퓚쿂튻헂샯쯹튪쳖싛뗄,탅삵늢늻췪좫좡뻶폚뛔헢훖닮틬뗄쿻돽ꆣ쿠랴,룶죋풸췻뫍벯쳥풸췻횮볤ퟜ튪듦퓚닮틬,헢쫇튻훖폀풶뗄뿉쓜탔,탅삵뻍틢캶ퟅ튪훒폚헢훖폀풶뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ컞틉,헢훖쮫맬훆믡퓚릤죋훐볤틽웰튻킩늻낲,뇘좻믡퓬돉릤ퟷ쒣쪽짏뗄뛮췢뇤뮯ꆣ샽죧,죕놾쪽맜샭맣랺펦폃킡ퟩ훆,컒쏇뿉틔쿫쿱,퓚룷킡ퟩ볤믡랢햹튻훖헅솦ꆣ횻튪쎿룶죋뗄짽잨맬뗀뚼쫇튻퇹뗄,쓇쎴샏죋뫍쓪쟡죋뚼풸틢욽뗈뗘튻웰릤ퟷ,뺡맜쯻쏇뗄킽돪횮볤듦퓚ퟅ닮틬ꆣ떫쫇헢훖탂뗄튵벨킽돪훆뫍쮫맬훆뫜뿉쓜믡뚯튡헢훖췅뛓뺫짱,늢퓚릤죋횮볤틽랢룼벤쇒뗄뺺헹ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭죏캪헢훖늻낲뫍랴엑쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄ꆣ벴쪹킽돪훆늢늻룄뇤,떫룶죋뗧쓔뗄웕벰뫜뿉쓜믡웈쪹헢훖룄뇤뗄랢짺,틲캪풽살풽뛠뗄쓪쟡릤죋뿉틔믱뗃쓇횻폐짮맜샭헟닅쓜믱뗃뗄탅쾢ꆣꋙ쎿훖뇤뮯퓚돵웚뚼믡듸살캪죋쏇쯹늻쓜풤볻뗄뫳맻ꆣ퓚맽좥,튻킩뷏킡뗄릫쮾뫜쓑컼틽쏻없듳톧뗄뇏튵짺ꆣ쯦ퟅ듳릫쮾뛔냗쇬릤죋뗄쿷복,킡릫쮾튲쓜쫔ퟅ컼틽튻킩뚥볢죋닅,짺닺솦뫍킽돪쮮욽퓚헢킩킡릫쮾뿉쓜폐쯹퓶볓;믲헟,죧맻풽살풽뛠뗄뇏튵짺ퟔ벺탋냬웳튵,쓇쎴죕놾뻍믡돶쿖웳튵볒믮뚯뗄놬햨ꆣ쯤좻탐뚯폫랴탐뚯뗄뺫좷쒣쪽늻뿉쓜풤닢,떫컒쏇쓜릻웚듽헢킩뇤뮯폫랢햹믡ퟱ톭쓇훖쮫훘럱뚨뗄퓋뚯쒣쪽ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔붫짌튵믮뚯쫓캪죋샠탐캪뗄폖튻쒣쪽,뫍헜색싗샭죏캪,쎿튻훖쒣쪽(kata)뚼폐웤ퟔ짭뗄맦랶,헢킩맦랶믡뗷뿘죋쏇뗄탐캪,떫쫇랴맽살죋쏇뗄톡퓱ꆢ랴엑뫍펦뛔믡쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄췆틆뛸뗷헻헢킩쒣쪽ꆣ짧믡췅쳥틀헕쒣쪽뗄맦랶뛔룶죋뷸탐뗷뿘뗄얬솦믡쪹룶쳥죋탔믱뗃뷢췑,룶죋뗄늻춬틢볻랴맽살믡쪹짧믡벯쳥룼쓜쟥돾뇦뇰쒣쪽뗄늻춬쳘헷ꆣ횻튪맜샭헟쏇늻뛏랢쏷탂뗄벼쟉폫닟싔,ퟷ캪탂뻉랽쪽횮볤뗄ꆰ뫏샭뮯쟅솺ꆱ,횻튪릤죋쏇쇴틢폫믘펦맜샭헟쯹맘힢뗄컊쳢,쓇쎴쮫랽뗄탐캪뚼쫇뛔ꆰ죋볤ꆱ훒쪵뗄탐캪ꆣ횻폐떱맜샭ꋙJiroKokuryo,ꆰInformationTechnologiesandtheTransformationofJapaneseIndustry,ꆱ
98뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭헟ퟔ쮽뗘볡돖쪵탐뇤룯뛸늻맜릤죋뗄룐쫜ꆢ늻맋웤탐캪뛔쓇킩뎤뻃풱릤벰웤웚췻뗄펰쿬,믲횻폐떱릤죋쏇잿펲랴뛔킽돪뫍짽잨훆뗄죎뫎뇤뮯쪱,헢뻍돶쿖쇋싗샭컊쳢ꆣ죽ꆢ볒ퟥ훆뛈짏쏦솽룶샽ퟓퟅ퇛폚맜샭쪵볹싗샭,ퟮ뫳튻룶샽ퟓ짦벰튻룶맘볼ퟩ횯탎쪽뗄싗샭ꆪꆪꆪ볒ퟥ(keiretsu)쳥훆ꆣKeiretsu평솽룶ퟖퟩ돉,kei뗄틢쮼쫇ꆰ쟾뗀ꆱ,retsu뗄틢쮼쫇ꆰ쿟ꆱ믲ꆰ뷗닣ꆱ,헢룶듊랭틫맽살뗄틢쮼뻍쫇ꆰ볒ퟥꆱ훆ꆣ쯤좻솪뻼죏캪,쯻쏇틑뺭럛쯩쇋잿듳뗄볒ퟥ쫏릤튵벯췅믲닆랧(zaibatsu)(뷰죚벯췅믲슢뛏헟),헢킩벯췅웈폚헾뢮뗄톹솦,퓚뛾햽뫳틀삵폚죕놾맺쓚틸탐틔믱좡놾,뫳살틔쳽웰살뷏훐솢뗄쏻돆(keiretsu)퓙듎돶쿖ꆣꋙ죕놾퓚뛾햽잰뫍뛾햽뫳뗄솪쾵폫볌탸쫇뷴쏜뗄,죽뺮ꆢ죽쇢ꆢ힡폑ꆢ쓡즣틔벰튰듥횤좯뗈릫쮾뗄잰짭뚼쫇듳닆랧ꆣꋚKeiretsu벯췅춨뎣뫜엓듳,쟒럇뎣폐펰쿬솦,쓜릻뷸죫벸룶쫐뎡ꆣDai-IchiKangyokeiretsu냼삨튻룶쎳틗릫쮾(Itocho)틔벰웤쯻쏅릫쮾죧쿰붺(뫡뇵쿰붺)ꆢ쪳욷(쏷죊쓌훆욷)ꆢ붨훾(Shimuzu붨훾릫쮾)ꆢ뷰쫴훆욷(뒨웩뷰쫴ꆢ)ꆢ뷰죚놣쿕(뎯죕릲춬믹뷰)ꆢ뗧ퟓ(뢻쪿춨ꆢ뢻쪿ꆢYaskawa)뫍뮯릤(AsahiDenka)ꆣKeiretsu뗄튻킩럖릫쮾놾짭폖뿉틔돆캪keiretsu,샽죧,뢻쪿춨폐쿞릫쮾쫇튻룶벯췅뗄뫋탄릫쮾,웤쿂뗄튻킩릫쮾짦ퟣ폚쎳틗(뢻쪿춨짌튵쾵춳)ꆢ뗧웸짨놸(뢻쪿뗧웸ꆢFanucLtd)ꆢ랿뗘닺(뢻쪿춨랿뗘닺)ꆢ놣쿕뫍뷰죚(뢻쪿춨ퟢ쇞릫쮾)ꆢ죭볾뾪랢(뢻쪿춨럖쿺쾵춳릤ꋙJamesMcCormack,ꆰTheJapaneseWay:TheRelationshipBetweenFinancialInstitutionsandNon-FinancialFirms,ꆱ
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹99돌)틔벰냫떼쳥벰뗧ퟓ풪볾(뢻쪿뗧웸뮯톧ꆢShinanoFujitsuꆢFujitsuMiyagiElectronics),룃릫쮾뗄ퟩ돉쏻떥뻍헢퇹뿉틔컞택횹뗘뷸탐쿂좥ꆣꋙ컷랽죋뛔죕놾죋뗄ퟩ횯킭뗷쓜솦뫍췅뛓뫏ퟷ쓜솦뫜쫇퓞짍,헢훖keiretsu훆뛈쯆뫵뿉틔쳥쿖헢훖췅뛓뺫짱ꆣKeiretsu쓚뗄튻킩듳릫쮾죏캪,헢훖ퟩ횯탎쪽쓜쪹쯻쏇폫릩펦짌럖쿭ퟔ벺뗄탅쾢,쓜쪹쯻쏇룼뫃뗘맜샭ퟔ벺뗄엌듦(샽죧,쓇훖ꆰ룕뫃뫏쫊ꆱ뗄엌듦훆뛈쫇퓚웻뎵릤튵뗄keiretsu쓚늿탎돉뗄),쓜쪹쯻쏇뛔뇰뗄벯췅돉풱쯹볓릤뗄닺욷훊솿뷸탐룼퇏룱뗄뿘훆,틔벰쓜쪹쯻쏇쿲쓇킩폐삧쓑컼틽폅탣뇏튵짺뗄킡뢽쫴릫쮾뷨돶ퟔ벺뗄릤돌벼쫵죋풱ꆣ릫쮾폫틸탐횮볤뗄뷴쏜맘쾵(튲탭뛾헟횮볤폐막뚫좨틦맘쾵)뿉틔냯훺복짙닆컱삧쓑쪱뗄럑폃ꆣKeiretsu쓚늿뗄튻룶틸탐뿉틔쳡릩살ퟔ웤쯻틸탐뗄듻뿮,퓚웆닺뗄쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,룃틸탐뿉틔컼쫕뒦폚삧뺳릫쮾뗄쯰쪧,듓뛸뿉틔뇜쏢햮좨죋횮볤쓇훖싾뎤뗄듨짌ꆣꋚ룷뢽쫴릫쮾횮볤튲뿉틔춨맽웤쯻뗄랽쪽뷸탐뮥훺,쯻쏇뿉틔춨맽퇓뎤쫕뿮웚뫍벰쪱뢶쿖뷰틔벰닮뇰듽폶볛룱뗈랽램뛔ퟔ벺뒦폚삧뺳훐뗄탖뗜릫쮾짬돶풮훺횮쫖ꆣꋛKeiretsu벯췅쓚뗄훷튪돉풱붫벯췅쫓캪평훒탅돉풱ퟩ돉뗄튻룶탒뢣듳볒춥,늻맽뫍헜색뿉쓜늻믡뷓쫜헢퇹튻훖쏔죋뗄쮵램ꆣ쟫볇힡,뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,죋샠뻍쫇죋볤믲쿠맘탔(ningenorbetweenness),헢훖쿠맘탔쫇틔솽훖쪵쳥캪잰쳡뗄,벴룶죋뫍듳벯쳥ꆣ퓚헢샯,헢룶keiretsu뻍쫇헢룶듳벯쳥,훁폚룶죋,쯻뇘탫쫇쓜뛔듳벯쳥뷸탐랴뛔뗄죋ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇펦룃쓜릻웚췻퓚keiretsu쓚뾴떽쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯,떱컒쏇ퟐ쾸맛달뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇믡랢쿖,헢헽쫇컒쏇쯹튪뾴떽뗄ꆣ쟥쮮튻ﶡ킴쇋튻늿쏻캪ꆶ볒ퟥꆷ뗄킡쮵,룃킡쮵틽죋죫쪤,쓚죝쫇퓚듳솿쾸훂뗷닩뗄믹뒡짏탎돉뗄ꆣ퓚헢늿킡쮵훐,ퟷ헟ퟅ훘쏨ꋙTamaePrindle,introductiontoKeiretsubyIkkoShimuzuinTheDarkSideofJapaneseBusiness,(London:,1996),.ꋚꋛ McCormack,ꆰJapaneseWay,ꆱ.
100뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쫶쇋솽샠릫쮾:튻벶릫쮾뫍뛾벶릫쮾,헢솽샠릫쮾뇈벯췅쓚듳탍뫋탄릫쮾뗄펰쿬솦킡뗃뛠ꆣ헢킩듳탍릫쮾춨맽뛠훖랽쪽뛔헢킩킡릫쮾뷸탐뿘훆뫍톹웈:? 1.듳탍뫋탄릫쮾춨뎣믡펵폐튻벶릫쮾뫜듳튻늿럖뗄막욱ꆣ틲캪헢늿럖막놾,튻벶릫쮾뇘탫뻍뫜뛠뻶뚨쿲듳탍뫋탄릫쮾쳖뷌,헢킩듳탍릫쮾짵훁뿉쓜뛔쒳킩맘볼뻶뚨뷸탐짳엺,죧샻죳럖엤ꆢ킽돪ꆢ놾춶ꆢ짌튵볆뮮ꆢ훷튪뫏춬ꆢ랢늼릫룦ꆢ릺늢ꆢ햮좯막욱랢탐틔벰막뚫듳믡틩돌ꆣꋙ2.듳탍뫋탄릫쮾믡붫ퟔ벺뗄튻킩맜샭죋풱뗷떽릩펦짌릫쮾쓇샯,붫웤엉죫헢킩쿂쫴릫쮾뗄뚭쫂믡샯,듓뛸볓잿뛔헢킩릫쮾뗄맜샭뻶닟뗄뿘훆ꆣ헢킩놻엉잲뗄맜샭죋풱훒돏폚룸웤랢킽쮮뗄뫋탄릫쮾ꆣ춨맽헢훖엉잲죋풱뗄랽쪽,헢킩듳탍뫋탄릫쮾쓜릻붫ퟔ벺뗄맦퓲랢늼폚헻룶keiretsu쓚늿ꆣ죧맻쒳룶맜샭헟쫔춼랴뾹,쓇쎴헢킩훒돏뗄놻엉맜샭죋풱뻍믡랢뚯ꆰ헾뇤ꆱ붫헢룶엑쓦헟룏돶뻖,틲뛸훘탂믱뗃뛔튻벶릫쮾뗄뿘훆ꆣ3.죧맻쒸릫쮾엢잮,쯼뿉쓜믡폃헢훖ꆰ헾뇤ꆱ뷓맜펮샻뗄ퟓ릫쮾,냼삨쓇킩볒ퟥ펵폐뗄릫쮾ꆣ튻킩퓶볓뗄럑폃튲뿉쓜믡볞떽ퟓ릫쮾짭짏ꆣ튻킩킡릫쮾놧풹쮵,쯼쏇뗄듳뫏ퟷ믯냩뗄첬뛈쫇쓇훖ꆰ뇰즱쯀쯻쏇,떫튲뇰죃쯻쏇믮ퟅꆱ뗄첬뛈ꆣꋚ죧맻쒳룶킡릫쮾쿫폫웤쯻킡릫쮾톰쟳뫡쿲솪뫏,쒸릫쮾믡틔좡쿻쯹폐뫏춬뗄랽쪽뛔웤뷸탐췾킲ꆣ틲캪헢킩킡릫쮾뛔쒸릫쮾뗄틀삵뫜짮,쯼쏇늻쓜쟡뾴헢훖췾킲ꆣꋛ4.퓚keiretsu쓚늿,룷돉풱횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇럇헽쪽뗄ꆣ훷떼릫쮾뗄쒳룶맜샭헟뿉쓜믡쿲뢽쫴릫쮾돐억럱뻶쒳쿮뻶뚨틔뮻좡뢽쫴릫쮾퓚웤쯻쫂쟩짏뛔쯻뗄횧돖ꆣ헢룶뢽쫴릫쮾벸뫵쎻폐톡퓱,횻쓜틀삵폚헢룶돐억ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻돐억놻듲웆믲헟ퟷ돐억헟ꋙIkkoShimizu,Keiretsu,(London:Sharpe,1996),-94.ꋚIbid.,,118,120.ꋛIbid.,.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹101놻뗷떽웤쯻릫쮾,쓇쎴뢽쫴릫쮾벸뫵뻍쎻폐쪲쎴뛔닟ꆣꋙ쯹폐헢킩틲쯘뚼믡룸벯췅쓚뗄릫쮾듸살헅솦,퓚keiretsru쓚늿폫췢늿뚼믡듦퓚ퟅ쒳훖늻뫍킳,좻뛸췢맺릫쮾좴뛔헢훖헅솦쫓뛸늻볻,쯼쏇횻뾴떽퓚짺닺짌ꆢ럖쿺짌뫍쇣쫛짌횮볤폐튻훖뷴쏜뗄맘쾵ꆣ쓇킩럇죕놾릫쮾놧풹,헢킩keiretsu쫇늻릫욽뗄,틲캪쯼쏇믡럁낭췢늿릫쮾뷸죫떽죕놾쫐뎡샯쏦ꆣꋚ웻뎵쇣볾릩펦짌뾹틩,쯻쏇늻쓜붫쇣볾싴룸웻뎵짺닺짌,틲캪헢킩웻뎵짺닺짌횻듓keiretsu쓚늿돉풱쓇샯릺싲쇣늿볾ꆣ췢맺틸탐튲놧풹늻쓜뷸죫,틲캪keiretsu쓚늿돉풱춨뎣횻폫튻볒룷돉풱뚼폫웤폐짺틢맘쾵뗄틸탐뷡돉솪쏋ꆣ쓇쎴뫍헜색쫇럱믡죏캪keiretsu쫇늻뫏뫵싗샭뗄쓘?룃컊쳢뗄듰낸폖좡뻶폚쇭췢튻룶컊쳢:뢽쫴릫쮾벰웤뫋탄릫쮾뗄탐캪랽쪽쫇럱훒돏폚ꆰ죋볤ꆱ?헢훖싗샭늻튻뚨뻍믡뛔헢훖벯췅볜릹폨틔럱뻶ꆣ볈좻keiretsu헢훖탎쪽뗄맦랶뚼쫇쫴폚쓇훖뮥믝럾컱폫퓰죎뗄맦랶,뫍헜색뿉쓜뻍늻믡죏캪헢훖쪵볹뻟폐싗샭컊쳢,틲캪쒸릫쮾쿲릩펦짌릫쮾쳡릩벼쫵횧돖,믲헟릩펦짌릫쮾랴맽살춨맽붨틩뒴탂믲퓝쪱컼쓉쒸릫쮾뛠폠릤죋(잰쳡쫇헢킩릤죋춬틢놻떽뇰뗄릫쮾)살횧돖쒸릫쮾뗈헢킩ퟶ램쿔좻쫇뮥믝뗄ꆣ헢헽죧럲ꆪꆪꆪ뢾믲맍훷ꆪꆪꆪ맍풱맘쾵짦벰쿠뮥럾컱쓇퇹,헢훖keiretsu맘쾵튲쳥쿖쇋뮥믝냯훺뗄웚췻ꆣ좻뛸,뫍헜색싗샭믡죏캪쒿잰헢훖keiretsu쓚뗄솦솿뗄늻욽뫢떹쫇싗샭짏폐컊쳢뗄ꆣ튻킩뫋탄릫쮾쫔춼붫뢽쫴릫쮾뇤캪ퟔ벺믲쒸릫쮾뗄폐믺ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ헢킩뫋탄릫쮾쯆뫵헽퓚췼볇,훒돏쫇ퟔ풸럾컱뗄튻훖탎쪽,틲뛸뻍폐뿉쓜돶쿖늻춬틢볻ꆣ떱뢽쫴릫쮾놻뫋탄릫쮾뗄맜샭헟훃폚튻훖늻쓜랴뛔쒸릫쮾뗄튪쟳뗄뺳뗘쪱,훒돏뻍놻볹첤쇋ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쒸릫쮾뗄맜샭헟뻍늻퓙틔헦헽ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄탎ꋙIkkoShimizu,Keiretsu,(London:Sharpe,1996),.ꋚPaulaStem,ꆰRe-establishingAmericaꆯsPlaceintheSun,ꆱ(June1994),
102뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂,쯻쏇뗄탐캪틲뛸쫇늻럻뫏싗샭뗄ꆣ캪쇋쓜뇤돉싗샭짏짆뗄쳥훆,keiretsu뇘탫볓틔룄뷸틔복쟡늻욽뫢뗄솦솿뛔뇈ꆣ샽죧,뿋삳쮹샕폫웤릩펦짌횮볤튲탎돉쇋튻훖keiretsuꆣ뫍죕놾릫쮾튻퇹,뿋삳쮹샕뫍쯼뗄벯췅돉풱릫쮾럖쿭ퟔ벺뗄벼쫵폫탅쾢ꆣ좻뛸폐쯹늻춬뗄쫇,뿋삳쮹샕퓊탭헢킩뢽쫴릫쮾폫웤쯻릫쮾뾪햹짺틢ꆣꋙ듓샭싛짏붲,릩펦짌뗄ퟔ평뿉틔럀횹솦솿뗄욽뫢첫맽쟣쿲폚뿋삳쮹샕ꆣ헢룶샽ퟓ쮵쏷,keiretsu쳥훆놾짭늢쎻폐만폐뗄싗샭뛱탔(intrinsicallyunethical),컊쳢뗄맘볼퓚폚keiretsu쓚뗄릫쮾죧뫎뛔듽뇋듋ꆣ뫍헜색볡돖,떱컒쏇풸틢뻍컒쏇뛔폚뇰죋뗄퓰죎뷸탐퓙릵춨쪱,떱뇰죋랴맽살늻뛏훘탂죏쪶쯻쏇잷컒쏇뗄룐벤쪱,컒쏇뗄탐캪뻍쫇뫏뫵싗샭뗄ꆣ20쫀볍90쓪듺,랢짺퓚죕놾뗄헽쫇헢훖훘탂죏쪶폫움맀뗄맽돌,릩펦짌뾪쪼쿲탂뗄짺닺짌뾪햹짺틢,짺닺짌튲뾪쪼톰헒탂뗄릩펦짌,뒫춳뗄맘쾵죔좻듦퓚,떫틑뺭뇤뗃룼캪뾪럅ꆣꋚ좻뛸,컒쏇폖룃죧뫎뾴듽쓇훖ꆰkeiretsu웆뮵뺺헹ꆢ죕놾헢훖ꆮ죎죋캨쟗쪽놾훷틥ꆯꋛ뛔췢맺웳튵살쮵쫇튻훖룹놾뗄늻릫욽ꆱ뗄횸뿘쓘?뫍헜색뛔듋뗄믘듰쫇뇈뷏캢쏮뗄ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,헢훖엺움쫇늻릫욽뗄,늢늻럻뫏ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄뺫짱ꆣ컷랽죋뗄헢훖횸퓰쫇컷랽싗샭샭뷢죋샠뗄폖튻쪧냜횮뒦ꆣ뛔폚컷랽죋살붲,튻룶릫욽뗄쫐뎡볜릹펦룃쫇튻룶ꆰ욽헻폎쾷맣뎡ꆱ,퓚헢룶맣뎡짏,룶죋뫍릫쮾뿉틔퓚욽뗈뗄쳵볾쿂뷸탐뺺헹ꆣ헢훖맘폚릫욽룅쓮뗄샭뷢뗄잰쳡쫇뛀솢풭ퟓ쪽룶죋뫍웤쯻풭ퟓ쪽룶죋횮볤뗄뮥뚯,헢솽룶죋횮볤뿉쓜퓚횻ퟷ튻듎짺틢횮뫳,뻍룷ퟔ톰헒탂뗄릩펦짌ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,헢훖벫뛋뗄룶죋훷틥쫇폐듃뗄,틲캪쯼뫶쫓쇋죋쏇횮볤뗄뎤웚맘쾵ꆣ폐킩죕놾릫쮾횮볤뗄짺틢맘쾵틑뺭캬돖쇋벸쪮쓪,떱튻룶릫쮾뻶뚨쿲ꋙ,ꆰShouldWeJoinaKeiretsu?ꆱ,BusinessForum(24June1996),
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹103쇭췢튻룶릫쮾릺싲닺욷쪱,헢룶싴랽릫쮾뿉쓜웈쟐탨튪뷸탐튻킩짺틢,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,헢룶싴랽릫쮾뻍믡뻵뗃,퓚뫏쫊뗄쪱믺,쯼펦룃믘놨싲랽뗄뫃틢,죧맻싴랽늻믘놨뗄뮰,쓇쎴쯼뗄ퟶ램뻍캥놳쇋ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뺫짱ꆣ쪵볊짏,죧맻싴랽짹돆ꆰ:컒쏇쿫퓵퇹뻍퓵퇹,컒쏇뗄돉릦폫뇰죋뗄짆틢폫탅삵쫇쎻폐맘쾵뗄,ꆱ쓇쎴헢훖쮵램뻍쫇튻훖믑퇔,틲캪싴랽뗄볌탸듦퓚튪맩릦폚뇰죋뗄풮훺ꆣ떱컷랽죋늻뛔죕놾짌튵쪵볹놳뫳뗄싗샭샭싛뷸탐짳쫓뻍뛔웤췽볓횸퓰쪱,쯻쏇뻍쎻폐헦헽ퟰ훘죋샠ꆣ죧맻컷랽죋틔튻훖엺움뗄퇛맢훘탂짳쫓ퟔ벺싗샭샭싛뗄튻킩맛뗣폫쪵볹(죧쓇훖벤뷸뗄럇샺쪷뗄룶죋훷틥맛뗣),쓇쎴쯻쏇뗄탐캪뻍믡쿔뗃룼릫욽ꆣ쇭췢,쯻쏇뮹펦룃돐죏,쏀맺릫쮾횮볤듦퓚뗄탭뛠쳘쫢맘쾵ꆣ샽죧,쏀맺뗄춶틸탐볒붫듳솿잮춶죫떽ꆰ뎤웚놾맜샭뇜쿕믹뷰ꆱ훐틔헼뻈웤췇쫆,헢훖룉풤ퟶ램뾴웰살뫜쿱쏀맺죋쯹엺움뗄퇇훞죋뗄쯹캽ꆰ죎죋캨쟗놾훷틥ꆱꆣ떫쫇헢쫇럱틢캶ퟅ죕놾죋뗄헢훖럢뇕쫐뎡ퟶ램뻍쫇릫욽뗄쓘?뫍헜색뿉쓜믡죃컒쏇얪쟥쫂쪵ꆣ쏀맺폫죕놾횮볤뗄쎳틗쓦닮춨뎣놻ퟷ캪죕놾럢뇕쫐뎡뗄튻룶횤뻝살뾴듽,떫쫇죕놾죋힢틢떽,퓚20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺짏냫튶,죕놾뛔쏀맺튻횱듦퓚ퟅ쎳틗쓦닮,뛸퓚듋뛎쪱볤쓚,죕놾쫐뎡뗄럢뇕돌뛈뇈쿖퓚튪샷몦뗃뛠ꆣ틲듋,헢훖쎳틗욽뫢뿉쓜늻믡룦쯟컒쏇튻룶맺볒쫐뎡뗄쿠뛔뾪럅돌뛈ꆣ캪쇋쳖싛뗄랽뇣,죃컒쏇볙짨죕놾뗄쫐뎡쫇쿠뛔럢뇕뗄,쓇쎴뫍헜색폖믡죧뫎뾴듽듋훖쟩뿶쓘?뫍헜색싗샭뫜뿉쓜믡횧돖쏀맺헾뢮쓇훖튪쟳죕놾룟닣맜샭헟폫쏀맺릫쮾뾪햹탂맘쾵뗄얬솦ꆣ죕놾뗄뺭볃쫇돶뿚탍뗄,죧맻쏀맺쿻럑헟늻풸돉캪죕놾닺욷릺싲헟,죧맻쏀맺늻퓊탭죕놾닺욷뷸죫헢룶맺볒,쓇쎴죕놾튲늻믡뇤뗃죧듋뢻잿ꆣ죕놾릫쮾튲탭늻쿫돐죏헢튻뗣,떫쯼쏇폫쓇킩릺싲쯷쓡쯦짭쳽뫍쓡즣웻뎵뗄췢맺쿻럑헟횮볤좷쪵붨솢쇋튻훖맘쾵ꆣ헽틲캪헢킩쿻럑헟횧돖쇋죕놾죋,죕놾죋랴맽살튲펦룃믘놨쏀맺뗄릫쮾,틲캪헽쫇헢킩쏀맺릫쮾맍펶ꆢ횧뢶쏀맺릫쏱,쪹웤폐쓜솦릺싲죕놾뗄닺욷ꆣ죋샠횮볤뗄맘쾵듓놾훊짏붲펦룃쫇뚯첬뗄,볈좻쏀맺쿻럑헟틑뺭릺싲죕놾
104뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗄닺욷,쓇쎴죕놾뗄쿻럑헟튲뻍펦룃뾪쪼릺싲쏀맺릫쮾뗄닺욷ꆣ쏀맺폐좨쳡탑죕놾힢틢헢튻샺쪷쫂쪵,좻뛸쏀맺죧뫎쪩볓톹솦좴쫇쇭췢튻믘쫂ꆣ퓚뿋쇖뛙횴헾웚볤,쏀맺헾뢮닉좡쇋튻쿮헾닟,횼퓚잿뗷죕놾뾪럅쫐뎡뗄뷸햹돌뛈뿉닢탔ꆣ룃랽램폃탭뛠솿뮯횸뇪움맀죕놾쫐뎡쫇럱틑ퟣ릻뾪럅ꆣ쏀맺죏캪헢훖랽램쫇릫욽뗄,틲캪헢훖랽램뗄쒿뗄쫇뒴퓬튻룶욽헻뗄폎쾷맣뎡,헢퇹쏀맺뗄돶뿚짌쓜릻폐믺믡폫죕놾뗄짺닺짌퓚볛룱뫍훊솿뗄믹뒡짏뷸탐뺺헹ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭믡뛔듋훖랽램뗄싗샭탔쳡돶튻킩럇뎣볢뿌뗄컊쳢ꆣ헢훖랽램늢늻떥뒿쫇튻훖퇚뇎뗄돶뿚놣뮤훷틥,쯼뗄헦헽쒿뗄쫇좷놣쏀맺릫쮾쓜릻믱뗃튻뚨뗄쫐뎡럝뛮ꆣ죧맻죕놾뛔듋뗄믘펦쫇붫뛔웤쯻맺볒뗄뷸뿚쎳틗룸쏀맺,쓇쎴,쯤좻쏀맺뛔죕놾뗄돶뿚뛮퓶볓쇋,떫좴짋몦쇋헢킩맺볒죧볓쓃듳믲쒫컷룧ꆣ죕놾뗄헢퇹튻훖탐캪캥놳쇋컒쏇틀헕웤뛸짺믮뗄ꆢퟷ캪맘쾵ퟜ뫍뗄ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄뺫짱ꆣ쏀맺폫헢킩맺볒횮볤캬돖ퟅ튻훖뷼쇚쪽뗄맘쾵,헢훖뷼쇚쪽맘쾵냼몬쇋튻킩웚췻,웤훐냼삨쓇훖룷랽뚼늻ퟷ캣몦뇰맺쫂쟩뗄웚췻튪쟳ꆣ듓뫍헜색뗄싗샭살뾴,죧맻쏀맺췆탐튻훖튪쟳퓶볓쯹폐췢맺릫쮾퓚죕놾뗄쫐뎡럝뛮뗄헾닟,쓇쎴뛔폚움맀죕놾쫐뎡뾪럅탔살쮵,헢훖랽램쫇튻훖룼캪뫏뫵싗샭뗄랽램ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭뮹믡튪쟳컒쏇짳쫓튻쿂죕놾뗄뺭볃헾닟랢햹쪷ꆣ퓚20쫀볍80쓪듺뗄쪱뫲,쏀맺죋붫죕놾쒧맭뮯캪튻룶릫쮾맺ꆪꆪꆪ죕놾막럝폐쿞릫쮾ꆣ쓇쎴쫇쮭뒴퓬쇋헢룶뺭볃잿맺?뛔폚헢룶뺭볃잿맺뗄랢햹,쏀맺냧퇝쇋튻룶럇뎣훘튪뗄뷇즫ꆣ쏀맺놧풹,쿖퓚뗄맺볊쎳틗뫍릤튵늿붫첫뛠뗄풴벯훐폚쒳킩탐튵,좻뛸헢훖쏩ힼ훷튪릤튵(죧룖쳺ꆢ웻뎵뫍뗧ퟓ)뗄헾닟풶퓚1947쓪뗄쏀맺햼쇬쪱웚뻍뾪쪼쇋ꆣ낶탅뷩(NobusukeKishi)폚1957쓪놻톡캪쫗쿠,뢺퓰죕놾뺭볃쿖듺뮯뗄좫쏦릤ퟷ,(뛸낶탅뷩퓲쫇튻룶볗벶햽랸,뫳퓚햽뫳놻떱쪱햼뻝죕놾뗄룷맺솦솿쯹쫍럅,쯻쯆뫵쫇쏀맺훐퇫쟩놨뻖믹뷰뗄훷튪뷓쫜헟ꆣꋙ)튲탭죕놾뗄뺭볃헾닟퓚쒳킩랽쏦쫇늻릫욽뗄,떫뻍평ꋙSmith,Reinterpretation,-27.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹105떱쪱죕놾뗄햼쇬헟쯹잿볓뗄헾닟뛸횸퓰죕놾뗄ퟶ램춬퇹튲쫇늻릫욽뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇릫헽뗘쳖싛쏀맺뫍죕놾뗄쎳틗헾닟쪱,컒쏇믡랢쿖헢솽맺횮볤뗄헾닟뫍뺭볃횮볤듦퓚ퟅ튻훖쿠뮥틀삵탔믲ꆰ쿠맘탔ꆱꆣ뗚죽뷚 뛔뫍헜색싗샭뗄틬틩퓚뛔뫍헜색싗샭뷸탐쿪쾸쳖싛횮뫳,컒쿫뫳췋튻늽,쳖싛헢훖싗샭쳥쾵쯹뿉쓜듦퓚뗄튻킩컊쳢ꆣ튻ꆢ틬틩횮튻:쯼쫇랴펦탔뗄뫍헜색싗샭틔튻훖쳘쫢뗄랽쪽샭뷢룶쳥탔,헢훖룶쳥탔늻쫇튻룶뛀솢룶죋만폐뗄쳘탔,쯼펦룃쫇튻훖뚯첬쪱뿌(dynamicmoment),횻폐떱룶죋랴엑믲놳샫듳벯쳥쪱,헢훖룶쳥탔닅쓜뇭쿖돶살ꆣ헢룶듳벯쳥튲쫇뚯첬쪱뿌,횻폐떱쯼럱뚨룶죋듓벯쳥럖샫뗄얬솦쪱,헢훖뚯첬쪱뿌닅쓜헃쿔돶살ꆣ헢훖쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯듙짺쇋뇤뮯,듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,헢훖싗샭쫇쿠떱뻟폐뾪럅탔뗄,쯼쎻폐캪죋샠짨뚨죎뫎쒿뇪믲훕쿲,틲뛸룶죋돉뻍쫇늻뿉웚췻뗄ꆢ늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣ횻폐떱룶죋붫ퟔ벺죚죫헢훖쮫훘럱뚨횮훐쪱,쯻뗄탐캪랽쪽닅쫇튻훖뫏뫵싗샭뗄랽쪽ꆣ틲캪룶죋헽쫇헢훖랴엑탔럱뚨쪱뿌(anegativemomentofrebellion),쯹틔헢훖싗샭뇘좻쫇튻훖랴펦탔싗샭ꆣ쿖ힴ떱좻믡뇤뮯,떫헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄쓇퇹,뇤뮯ퟜ쫇훰붥뗄,쒿뇪췹췹쫇쿖탐쪵볹뗄쒳튻랽쏦믲쒳튻쳘훊ꆣ폃짌튵뗄폯퇔붲,죋쏇쫇놻뚯랴펦탔뗄(reactive),뛸늻쫇훷뚯탔뗄(proactive),헢튻뗣엺움쫜떽쇋튻킩죕놾웳튵볒뗄횧돖ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖엺움늻펦룃놻뿤듳ꆣ죧맻죋쏇풸틢뗄뮰,죋쏇펦룃쓜릻뛔쯻쏇쫓캪랴펦탔뗄쪵볹뷸탐랴믷ꆣퟴ쳙(KenichiroSato)쫇Rolm릫쮾뗄뾪뒴헟횮튻,쯻뻍쫇헢퇹튻캻랴믷헟ꆣ쯻뗄튻킩춬쪱듺짌죋ꆰ뎣뎣ퟸ뗈캣믺돶쿖뛸뫳뷸탐랴펦ꆱ,뛸ퟴ쳙퓲퓚컊쳢돶쿖횮잰
106뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뻍폨틔뷢뻶ꆣꋙ1990쓪뗄쪱뫲,쯤좻떱쪱죕놾뗄뺭볃뮹뒦폚탋쪢뷗뛎,떫쫇ퟴ쳙떣탄,죕풪뮹튪볌탸짏헇,쿺쫛뿉쓜쿂뮬,듓뛸뷸튻늽복짙놾틑늻뛠뗄샻죳뿕볤ꆣퟴ쳙뫍쯻뗄뫏ퟷ믯냩쳙풭(Fujiwara)뾪쪼뻜뻸뿍뮧뗄쓇킩늻펮샻뚩떥,헢훖ퟶ램퓚떱쪱살쮵쫇컅쯹캴컅뗄ꆣ쇭췢,쯻쏇뮹붫늿럖짺닺틆떽쇋럆싉뇶뫍훐맺틔뷚풼샍뚯돉놾ꆣ떽1995쓪뗄쪱뫲,쯻쏇뗄헢훖닟싔뗃떽쇋믘놨,듋쪱죕풪뇤뗃잿ힳ,죕놾뺭볃뾪쪼쮥췋,뛸룃릫쮾뗄쮰뫳샻죳듯떽쇋9%(뛸퓚1990쓪쪱횻폐2%)ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,릫쮾뗄룶죋맜샭헟뛔쓇훖놻뚯랴펦탔뗄쮼캬쒣쪽뷸탐쇋랴엑,돉릦뗘닉좡쇋튻훖룼뻟잰햰틢쪶뗄랽램ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭떱좻퓊탭헢훖뿉쓜탔,틲캪헢훖ꆰ죋샠쿠맘탔ꆱ(humanbeing-in-betweenness)쫇ꆰ튻훖듓틑폐쿠맘탔떽튻훖탂뗄뿉쓜쿠맘탔뗄늻뛏퓋뚯ꆱꆣꋚ틲듋,뗚튻훖틬틩늢늻쫇쪮럖뻟폐쮵럾솦ꆣ뛾ꆢ틬틩횮뛾:뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫶싔쇋쒳킩샻틦쿠맘랽뗚뛾훖틬틩튲짦벰ꆰ룶죋쫇튻훖럱뚨쪱뿌ꆱ헢룶룅쓮ꆣ틬틩뿉쓜냼삨솽룶랽쏦:뗚튻,퓚헢훖싗샭쳥쾵쓚,횻폐쓇킩뻟폐랢퇔좨뫍쓜릻ퟶ돶랴펦뗄룷랽닅폐뗘캻;뗚뛾,룃싗샭쳥쾵횻쫊폃폚쓇킩쓜릻횱뷓랴뛔뇰죋맛뗣폫헾닟뗄죋ꆣ횻튪맍훷폫맍풱횮볤듦퓚튻훖뫏뫵뗀뗂뗄맘쾵,쓇쎴쯆뫵뻍틢캶ퟅ,맍훷폫맍풱뿉틔ퟔ평뗘웆뮵뮷뺳,틲캪뮷뺳늻쓜붲뮰,쎻폐랢퇔좨,쯹틔늻쓜랴뛔헢킩맍훷ꆢ릫쮾틔벰퓊탭뮷뺳놻웆뮵뗄헾뢮ꆣ폃컷랽뗄폯퇔살뇭듯,뮷뺳퓚헢훖싗샭훐뻍쎻폐죎뫎ꆰ뗘캻ꆱ,틲캪룃싗샭붫헢훖ꆰ룶죋떽헻쳥퓙믘떽룶죋ꆱ뗄쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯쫓캪싗샭맘쾵놾짭,헢훖ꆰ쏦뛔쏦ꆱ(face-to-face)뗄쟩뿶헽쫇죋샠믲죋볤뗄튻훖뫜뫃샽횤ꆣ룃싗샭뛔릫쮾폫맍풱(믲릩펦짌)횮볤뗄맘쾵뗄훘쫓뿉쓜믡짵폚뛔릫쮾폫뿍뮧횮볤뗄맘쾵뗄훘쫓ꆣ퓚ꋙGaleEisenstodt,ꆰConfuciusorMarx?ꆱ,Forbes,156:13(4December1995),-80.ꋚWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹107맜샭헟횱뷓폫늻싺틢뗄릩펦짌뫍맍풱뷸탐킭짌뗄춬쪱,쯻쏇뗄퇛샯뿉쓜폀풶뾴늻떽튻룶뿍뮧ꆣ죧맻헦쫇헢퇹뗄뮰ꆰ,쿠맘탔ꆱ뻍쎻폐헦헽웰ퟷ폃,듓뛸뿉쓜떼훂뛔뇰죋뗄늻욽뗈ꆢ늻릫욽듽폶ꆣ헢훖틬틩뗄튻늿럖쫇뫏샭뗄ꆣ퓚헢훖싗샭훐,뮷뺳쫇쎻폐죎뫎뗘캻뗄,돽럇컒쏇죏캪뗘쟲쫇튻룶믮뗄짺쏼쳥,쓜릻틔랴뛔죋샠믮뚯뗄탎쪽뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄늻싺ꆣ죧맻컒쏇닺짺첫뛠뗄뛾퇵뮯첼,죧맻뗘쟲틔짽룟컂뛈뫍죚뮯뇹뒨살믘펦,쓇쎴짽룟뗄쮮욽쿟뻍믡웈쪹컒쏇돐죏ퟔ벺뛔폚뗘쟲뗄틀삵ꆢ퓚붫살튪룼캪뢺퓰뗘탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ쇭췢튻훖뿉쓜탔튲쫇듦퓚뗄,벴쪹컒쏇럱죏뗘쟲뻟폐랴엑쓜솦,웤쯻룶죋튲뿉쓜믡웰뛸랴뛔뛱뮯뮷뺳뗄ퟶ램ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭쫇퓊탭헢훖뮷뺳믽벫럖ퟓ뗄,룃싗샭뗄뾪럅탔쳘훊퓊탭죋쏇랴엑죎뫎컊쳢,쫂쪵짏,퓚퓄뛁죕놾킡쮵뫍죕놾뗧펰뗄쪱뫲,죋쏇폐쪱믡믱뗃헢퇹튻훖펡쿳,쿱믴럲싼(AbbieHoffman)튻퇹,죕놾죋죏캪폃럮죴짱쏷뗄얣뿉틔ퟶퟮ뫃뗄몺놤냼ꆣ퓚뷱듥(ShoheiImamura)뗄쏻캪ꆶ쒱즱헟뚯믺ꆷ(IntentionsofMarder)뗄뗧펰훐,놻잿볩뗄훷뢾뫜쟥탑,쯽틲쫜떽탟죨뛸쓑쏢좥ퟔ즱,떫쯽좴ퟸ쿂살ퟔ벺듳돔튻뛙ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭뛔룶죋뗄맘힢돌뛈짵폚뇪ힼ샻틦쿠맘랽싗샭뛔룶죋뗄맘힢돌뛈ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛붫쓇킩쫜릫쮾탐캪횱뷓펰쿬쟒펰쿬훘듳뗄죋뚨틥캪릫쮾뗄샻틦쿠맘랽,릫쮾폐틥컱욽뗈뛔듽쯹폐헢킩샻틦쿠맘랽ꆣ룃샭싛뗄횧돖헟쏇춨뎣믡듓싗샭쿠맘탔뗄뷇뛈뛔죋쏇뷸탐럖샠,샽죧,릫쮾ퟜ늿쯹뒦뗄짧쟸췅쳥쫇튻룶샻틦쿠맘랽,뛸튻룶튣풶뗄췢맺듥뗄듥쏱춨뎣늻쯣샻틦쿠맘랽ꆣ좻뛸,뫍헜색싗샭퓲늻믡헢퇹웧쫓뛔듽,죎뫎쓜릻뛔릫쮾뗄헾닟믲볆뮮쳡돶랴뛔틢볻뗄죋뚼폫헢룶릫쮾폐튻훖싗샭맘쾵,죎뫎죋횻튪쓜릻룸돶ퟣ릻잿듳ꆢ뻟폐ퟣ릻쮵럾솦뗄샭평,쓇쎴쯻뻍뿉틔돉캪튻룶샻틦쿠맘랽ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭늻믡쫂쿈붫죎뫎췅쳥믲룶죋쫓캪싗샭짏늻쿠맘뗄믲늻뫏샭뗄ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,뫍헜색싗샭뛔폚룶쳥뗄ퟰ훘짵폚쒳킩컷랽싗샭뛔룶쳥뗄ퟰ훘,듓뛸믡쪹샻틦쿠맘랽룐뻵놻뢳폨룼듳뗄좨솦ꆣ쿠맘뇈뷏퇐뺿쿔쪾,떱룐뻵ퟔ벺뗄릤ퟷ죎컱폐늻릫욽뗄뇤뚯쪱,죕놾
108뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭릤죋풸틢랴뛔맜샭헟뗄죋쫽벸뫵쫇쏀맺릤죋뗄쯄놶ꋙ,헢훖뛔뇈뷡맻늢늻쫇얼좻뗄ꆣ좻뛸퓙튻듎뗘,헽쫇헢훖뾹틩헟폫릫쮾맜샭닣횮볤뗄쏦뛔쏦뷓뒥닅릹돉쇋헢훖훘듳뗄싗샭맘쾵ꆣ탭뛠죕놾짌튵쪵볹쳥쿖쇋헢훖뛔폚쏦뛔쏦뮥뚯맘쾵뗄잿뗷ꆣ맍풱쏇퓚ퟐ쾸헥ퟃퟔ벺뗄맛뗣횮잰틔벰폫춬쫂쏇듯돉튻훂틢볻횮잰,쯻쏇쫇늻믡훷뚯닉좡탐뚯뗄ꆣ죋쏇췹췹믡뇜쏢짹쏷탔퇔싛,뛸뿏뚨뛏퇔튲뎣뎣틔컊쳢뗄탎쪽돶쿖,듓뛸캪뛁헟믲쳽훚쳡릩튻훖믺믡,쪹웤틔쇭췢튻훖뛏퇔탔컊쳢뗄탎쪽살뛔듋컊쳢ퟶ돶믘듰ꆣ뺮짏(KrokoInoue)헢퇹킴뗀ꆰ:죕놾뗄ퟷ볒춨뎣믡뇜쏢ퟷ횱뷓뗄뛏퇔탔돂쫶;쿠랴,쯻쏇틔럱뚨믲쳡컊뗄탎쪽ퟶ돶튻킩쫔첽탔돂쫶,쪹뛁헟ퟔ벺럖컶돶쯻쏇뛔헢킩쏼쳢펦폐뗄춶죫돌뛈ꆣꆱꋚ훮죧듋샠뗄ퟶ쫂닟싔쓜릻쪹죕놾죋퓚쫂잰뻍쓜컈늽뗘듯돉튻훂틢볻ꆣ헢훖릲쪶듯돉맽돌폫쏀맺죋뗄탭뛠쪵볹탎돉쇋쿊쏷뛔뇈ꆣ쏀맺죋뾪믡횮잰,폐쪱뫲믡퓚쫂잰(쒻뫳)뷸탐릤ퟷ,춬퇹뿉쓜룸춬쫂쏇랢튻룶놸췼슼믲튻룶뗧ퟓ폊볾춨놨ퟔ벺뗄맛뗣ꆣ듳뛠쫽죕놾죋춨뎣늻믡랢헢훖놸췼슼믲뗧ퟓ폊볾,틲캪탐캪헽좷틢캶ퟅ뛔헢훖쏦뛔쏦맘쾵(죧뢸폫ퟓꆢ럲폫웞ꆢ맍훷폫맍풱)뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ죕놾뗄풱릤춨뎣믡퓚듳뛸뾪럅뗄뿕볤샯릤ퟷ,헢퇹쯻쏇쓜뇋듋횱뷓쳽떽믲뾴떽,떥볤뫜짙볻ꆣꋛ죕놾릫쮾쓚뗄뗈벶뇈웤쯻맺볒릫쮾뗄뗈벶룼캪욽뮺,헢쫇잿뗷쟗ퟔ믡쏦싗샭뗄폖튻뷡맻ꆣ틲캪짌튵죋쪿뫍릩펦짌ꆢ럖쿺짌뫍맍풱횮볤뗄횱뷓뷓뒥췹췹튪뛠폚뫍믹놾뾴늻볻뗄뿍뮧횮볤뗄횱뷓뷓뒥,쯹틔뫍헜색싗샭폐훺폚뷢쫍캪쪲쎴죕ꋙSusumuWatanabe,ꆰTheJapaneseQualityControlCircle:WhyItWorks,ꆱInternationalLabourReview,130:1(1991),.ꋚKyokoInoue,reviewofꆰTheBirthofJapanꆯsPostwarConstitutionbyShoichiKoseki,ꆱtoappearinMonumentaNipponica(Spring1998).ꋛMerylGordon,ꆰJapaneseLessons,ꆱWorkingWoman,17:3(March1992),;,HiddenDifferences:DoingBusinesswiththeJapanese(NewYork:Doubleday,1987),.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹109놾랢햹돉쇋튻룶돶뿚탍뺭볃,뛸늻쫇튻룶듓쿻럑헟돶랢뗄뺭볃ꆣ튲탭헢훖붫뫍헜색싗샭쫓캪죕놾뺭볃랢햹뗄캩튻뻶뚨틲쯘뗄ퟶ램폐뗣첫맽볲떥,떫듓샺쪷짏살뾴,퓚죕놾쯹닺짺뗄듳뛠쫽짌튵싗샭랽쏦뗄컊쳢뚼퇜짺폚짺닺헟튻쏦,죧뛔듽풱릤틔벰뛔릩펦짌뫍럖쿺짌뗄뢶뿮탔훊뗈컊쳢ꆣ퇜짺폚쿻럑헟튻쏦뗄컊쳢좴럇뎣짙ꆣ퓚죕놾,릫쮾놻쫓캪튻훖짧믡믺릹,뛸늻쫇튻훖뺭볃믺릹ꆣ쯤좻릫쮾뗄쒿뗄쫇헵잮펮샻,떫맜샭헟뫍맍풱좴붫쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄믮뚯쫓캪훚뛠짧믡믮뚯뗄튻훖ꆣ맜샭헟죏캪ퟔ벺펦룃뛔풱릤뗄뢣뢺퓰,틲캪쯻쏇튪쏦뛔뇰죋ꆣ폐킩맜샭헟짵훁뮹쿲쯻쏇뗄풱릤쳡릩훮죧쒹뗘ꆢ풼믡럾컱틔벰췅쳥듳ퟚ릺싲뗈랽쏦뗄횧돖ꆣꋙ튻킩쏀맺탐캪싛헟퓲죏캪죕놾죋쯹뷓쫜뫍췆돧뗄헢훖ퟶ램쫇튻훖컂쟩쪽볒뎤ퟶ램ꆣꋚ죕놾짌튵훐뗄헢훖짧믡쳘탔튲쳥쿖퓚죕놾죋뗄탟돜룅쓮훐ꆣ죕놾뗄맜샭헟믡틲럇뺭볃랽쏦뗄쪧냜폫쪧컳뛸듇횰,샽죧,죕놾좫죕뿕뗄튻볜량믺ힹ믙뫳,룃릫쮾뗄쫗쾯퓋펪맙릫뾪뗀잸횮뫳,틽뻌듇횰ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쫗쾯퓋펪맙뗄쪧냜놻쫓캪헻룶죕놾뗄쪧냜ꆣ폃뫍헜색싗샭뗄폯퇔살뇭듯,헢캻쫗쾯퓋펪맙퓚헻룶죕놾ꆰ쏦잰ꆱ룐떽쇋돜죨,퓚헢샯ꆰ,죕놾ꆱ놻쫓캪평쯹폐떺쏱ퟩ돉뗄헻룶짧믡맘쾵췸ꆣ쯀폚뿕쓑뗄죋쏇폐헉럲ꆢ뷌쪦ꆢ웞ퟓꆢ맍풱ꆢ탖뗜ꆢ뷣쏃,쯹틔헢룶쫗쾯퓋펪맙룐떽돜죨쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ헢뎡퓖쓑룸ꆰ죕놾ꆱ뗄탄쇴쿂쇋뻞듳뒴짋,뛸ꆰ죕놾ꆱ헢룶헻쳥쫇헢룶쫗쾯퓋펪맙벰웤쯻릫쏱뗄죋탔뗄살풴ꆣ뿉쓜폐죋믡뛔뫍헜색뷸탐횸퓰,죏캪쯻뛔쏦뛔쏦맘쾵뗄잿뗷뫶싔쇋쓇훖헫뛔쒳킩죋좺뗄쳥훆탔욫볻,듓뛸캬돖쇋럇헽틥뗄뚫컷ꆣ뛔폚듋훖횸퓰,뫍헜색뿉쓜믡춨맽듋뛎움싛폨틔늵돢ꆰ:헽틥뷶듦폚죋쏇횮볤ꆣ컒쏇튲탭쓜뛔뚯컯샤뿡,튲탭쓜뛔틕쫵욷뷸탐춿톻,떫컒쏇늻쓜뛔죎뫎죋늻틥ꆣ틲뛸죋샠쫇ퟮ쫗튪뗄싗샭룅쓮;헽틥쫇듎튪뗄싗샭룅쓮ꆣ죎뫎쟡쫓ꆮ쏦뛔쏦ꆯ뷓뒥뗄싗샭(죧뾵뗂싗샭,릦폃훷ꋙSherylWuDunn,ꆰLearningtoGoAgainstJapanꆯsCorporateGrain,ꆱNewYorkTimes(8March1998),.ꋚUmezu,ꆰEthicsandJapaneseMiracle.ꆱ
110뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틥싗샭)뚼뇈헢룼캪늻릫틥,틲캪헢훖랽램웆뮵쇋죋샠듦퓚ꆣ죧듋튻살,헢훖싗샭뻍냾뛡쇋헽틥뗄틢틥,듓뛸튲뻍뫜쓑쯣뗃짏싗샭ꆣꆱ헢훖랴늵쫇폐튻뚨틢틥뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇놻뇰죋힢쫓쪱(믲떱컒쏇쿫쿱놻죋힢쫓쪱)틔벰떱컒쏇룐뻵떽뇭쿖늻병늻ퟣ틔캪죋쪱,돜죨룐뻍믡닺짺ꆣ돜죨룐뛔죋쏇탐캪뗄펰쿬쫇럇뎣잿듳뗄,떱헢훖돜죨룐놻좥돽뫳,죋쏇뗄탐캪랽쪽믡룼캪늻뢺퓰죎ꆣ컒쏇늻탨떽뇰뒦톰헒횤뻝,횻탨떽뮥솪췸짏뾴튻쿂뻍ퟣ릻쇋ꆣ퓚쇄쳬쫒쓚,뛱뚾폯퇔뺭뎣믡퓚쇄쳬헟횮볤랢짺(헢뻍쫇쯹캽뗄ꆰ벤뚯맽믰ꆱ)ꆣ죋쏇뎣뎣쓤쏻믲틔볙쏻뷸죫쇄쳬쫒,탄샯쿫쪲쎴뻍쮵쪲쎴,뻍뫃쿱뇰뗄폐룐뻵ꆢ폐쮼쿫뗄죋쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ좻뛸,컒떣탄뫍헜색싗샭ퟔ짭뇭쿖돶튻훖폐쿞뗄쏴룐뛈ꆣ훚쯹훜횪,죕놾죋폐튻훖ꆰ쓚늿죋뫍췢늿죋ꆱ뗄쏴룐뛈ꆣꋙ뛔폚쎿쳬뮥뚯뗄죋쏇,죕놾죋쿔뗃럇뎣샱쎲폫릧뺴,쯻쏇뗄탄쒿훐쯆뫵횻폐헢킩쎿쳬볻쏦뗄죋쏇,튻킩죕놾죋퓚뗘쳺샯ힲ짏쒰짺죋뗄쪱뫲,쯻쏇룹놾뻍늻뛔웤뗀잸ꆣ퓚맽좥,죕놾뗄듈짆쫂튵횻쿲쓇킩쯼쏇뛔웤폐튻훖쳘쫢틥컱뗄죋쪩짡잮닆ꆣꆰ듈짆ꆱ헢룶듊(philanthropy)뗄틢쮼쫇ꆰ죈낮죋샠ꆱ,쫇튻훖ꆰ돩쿳룅쓮,폫죕놾뒫춳뗄ꆮ룶죋횮볤믲튻ퟩ룶죋횮볤뗄쪵퓚릦쓜탔맘쾵ꆯ뗄룅쓮믹놾쎻폐솪쾵ꆱꆣꋚ퓚뫍헜색싗샭훐쫇럱폐쪲쎴뚫컷뿉틔퓶볓죋쏇뗄쏴룐뛈쓘?헢샯쏦폐죽뗣쫇럇뎣폐틢틥뗄ꆣ뗚튻,횻폐떱컒쏇놣돖쇩믮탔뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇뗄탐캪닅믡쫇럻뫏싗샭뗄ꆣ룃싗샭뿉틔룸죋쏇맠쫤튻훖퓚훚뛠뻟쳥맘쾵훐놣돖쇷뎩ퟔ죧퓋뚯뗄ퟔ풸뺫짱폫쓜솦ꆣ쯤좻룃싗샭늢쎻폐쳡돶튻훖ퟜ뗄퓰죎폫틥컱살냯훺좫죋샠믲ퟰ훘컒쏇듓캴쒱쏦뗄죋쏇뗄샻틦,떫쫇룃싗샭뛔죋쏇랢햹탂맘쾵뗄쓜솦폨틔쇋죏춬ꆣ죧맻컒퓚믰뎵짏폶떽튻캻쒰짺헟,쓇쎴컒쏇뷸죫쇋튻훖웕춨맘쾵ꆪꆪꆪ쒰짺죋폫쒰짺죋뗄맘쾵ꆣ쓇쎴헢훖맘쾵떽뗗틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴쓘?ꋙSmith,Reinterpretation,-47;PaulAbramson,ꆰBusiness&Culture,Part1,ꆱ
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹111쒰짺죋춬쪱튲쫇잱퓚뗄엳폑ꆢ쟩죋믲엤얼,죕놾뗄튻퓲짱뮰붲쫶쇋튻룶살떽헲짏냯훺죋쏇뗄쒰짺죋ꆣ떫쫇쒰슷튲쫇잱퓚뗄뗐죋,헽죧죕놾뗄튻퓲퇨폯쯹뇭듯뗄ꆰ:떱쓣뾴떽튻룶쒰짺죋쪱,쓣펦룃볙짨쓣쏦뛔뗄쫇튻룶퓴ꆣꆱꋙ쓇훖떥튻뗄늻랢짺죎뫎뇤뮯뗄쒰짺죋맘쾵쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ틲캪뇋듋늻죏쪶뗄쒰짺죋뫜뛠,쯹틔쒰짺죋맘쾵튲뫜뛠ꆣ쿠맘퇐뺿쿔쪾,죕놾쓐죋뎣뎣뛔췢맺쓐죋뮳폐쿻벫뗄첬뛈,뛸뛔췢맺얮쪿퓲뮳폐튻훖쎬뛜첬뛈ꆣ뛔폚쯻쏇살쮵,죕놾얮쪿뫍췢맺얮쪿튻퇹,뚼죝틗놻룟듳펢뾡ꆢ뻟폐짰쪿럧뛈뗄췢맺죋쯹컼틽ꆣꋚ헢훖쒰짺죋폫쒰짺죋뗄맘쾵튻횱퓚늻뛏퇝뷸,죕놾릫쮾쓚뗄듈짆믮뚯퓸횻쿞폚쓇킩쫬횪뗄죋믲믺릹,떫릫쮾쿲럇펮샻믺릹뻨퓹틑뺭뇤뗃풽살풽뎣볻ꆣ헢훖쪵볹ퟶ램횮쯹틔퓚늻뛏뇤뮯ꆰ쫇틲캪닆뢻늻뛏믽뻛,짧믡틢쪶뫍맺볊틢쪶늻뛏쳡룟,뫍컷랽뗄뷓뒥늻뛏퓶볓ꆣꆱꋛ헢훖뇤뮯헽쫇뫍헜색싗샭쯹풤닢뗄ꆣ뗚뛾,쯤좻폐킩죋늻풸삩듳ퟔ벺뗄짧붻좦ퟓ,떫헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ뫍헜색싗샭펦룃캪듋쫜맽ꆣ쿠랴,룃싗샭럇뎣쟥돾뗘틢쪶떽,폐킩쪱뫲죋쏇늻쓜틔ꆰ헦ꆱ뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂,폚쫇룃싗샭뛔죋쏇뗄헢훖쪧냜뷸탐엺움ꆣ뗚죽,뫍헜색싗샭볙뚨쇋탭뛠샠탍뗄맘쾵,쎿튻훖맘쾵뚼폐웤ퟔ짭뗄볛횵믲ꆰ짆ꆱꆣ쓇훖살ퟔ돉릦짌튵죋쪿뗄싺ퟣ룐뫍살ퟔ훒돏엳폑믲쟗쏜낮죋뗄싺ퟣ룐늢늻쫇튻퇹뗄ꆣ춨맽탎돉탂뗄맘쾵ꆪꆪꆪ춨맽삩듳컒쏇쯹맘탄뗄죋뗄좦ퟓꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇믡틢쪶떽웤쯻뗄볛횵폫ꆰ짆ꆱꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,뫍헜색싗샭좷쪵쓜릻냯훺컒쏇삩듳폫퓶볓컒쏇뗄싗샭쏴룐뛈,퓚ퟮ뫳튻헂샯,컒믡뛔듋뗣뷸탐룼캪쾸훂짮죫뗄쳖싛ꆣꋙRobertMarch,ReadingtheJapaneseMind(NewYork:KodanshaInternational,1996),.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛLondon,JapaneseCorporatePhilanthropy,.
112뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭죽ꆢ틬틩횮죽:룶쳥놻쎻퓚헻쳥훐뗚죽뗣틬틩쫇캧죆ퟅ뫍헜색싗샭훐룶쳥폫헻쳥(벯쳥)횮볤뗄뻟쳥맘쾵햹뾪뗄ꆣ뫍헜색붫헻쳥럖캪솽샠:쿠뛔뗄헻쳥뫍뻸뛔뗄헻쳥ꆣ쿠뛔헻쳥횻틔튻훖뚯첬쪱뿌뗄랽쪽듦퓚,횻폐떱룶죋쫔춼췪좫뛀솢폚헻쳥횮췢쪱,헢훖쿠뛔헻쳥뗄룅쓮닅믡돶쿖ꆣ랴맽살,헢룶뻸뛔헻쳥퓲쫇뛔룶죋뫍쿠뛔헻쳥뗄볓잿폫캬뮤ꆣ뻸뛔헻쳥쫇컒쏇듓튻돶짺뻍뷸죫뗄ꆰ틑뺭듦퓚뗄쿠맘탔ꆱ(alreadyexistingbetweenness)ꆣ폫쿠뛔헻쳥늻춬뗄쫇,헢룶뻸뛔헻쳥늢늻랴뛔컒쏇,쯼늢늻짦벰죎뫎랴뛔,틲캪쯼쫇튻룶뒦폚ퟔ컒뫍뇰죋횮볤ꆢ럇뛾풪탔뗄뻸뛔헻쳥ꆣꋙ뫍헜색폃볒뗄튻룶럇뎣훸쏻뗄뇭듯랽쪽붫뻸뛔헻쳥쏨뮭캪ꆰ튻룶죋퓚뢸쒸돶짺잰뗄풭놾쏦쒿(originalfacebeforeoneꆯsfatherandmotherwereborn)ꆱꋚ뮻퇔횮,헢룶뻸뛔헻쳥쫇쯹폐쪵볊뫍잱퓚짧믡맘쾵뗄ퟜ뫍,쯼횮쯹틔쫇ꆰ풭놾쏦쒿ꆱ쫇틲캪죎뫎ꆰ쏦쒿ꆱ뚼살풴폚헢룶ꆰ쒸쳥ꆱꆣ쯼쿈폚ꆰ뢸ꆱ뫍ꆰ쒸ꆱ뛸듦퓚,틲캪쯻쏇횻폐춨맽짧믡ꆰ쒸쳥ꆱ뗄솦솿닅쓜듦퓚ꆣ헢룶뻸뛔헻쳥펦룃퇍쎻죎뫎룶쳥,쯼뇘탫튪헢퇹,틲캪쯼쫇룶쳥뗄믹뒡ꆰ:룶죋늢늻뻶뚨헢훖맘솪탔뗄놾훊,헻쳥춨맽헢훖맘솪탔뻶뚨쇋룶죋ꆣꆱꋛ룶죋늢늻믡뺭퇩헢룶뻸뛔헻쳥,틲캪헢룶헻쳥랴맽살쪹죋뗄뺭퇩뇤뗃뿉쓜,헢샯튲뻍듦퓚ퟅ튻훖럧쿕,컒쏇평튻룶뎬돶뺭퇩쟒늻뿉쓜뛔웤뮳틉뗄뻸뛔헻쳥믲튻룶췪좫뗄ꆰ뿕ꆱ살뻶뚨ꆣ싗샭짆탔폫놾헦탔쫇춬튻,뛸헢룶ꆰ놾헦탔ꆱ퓲틢캶ퟅ훘맩헢룶뻸뛔뗄뿕ꆣ뫍헜색벫솦뇜쏢붫웤싗샭샭싛붨믹폚룶쳥틢쪶짏,틲뛸쯻튲뻍ퟟ쿲쇋튻훖벫뛋,뻜뻸붫죎뫎싗샭틢틥뢳폨룶쳥뺭퇩ꆣ뫍헜색뛔ꆰ믮짺짺뗄훷쳥(incarnatesubject)뗄짮뫱짺믮뺭퇩ꆱ쎻폐훃럅ퟣ릻뗄힢ꋙꋚ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋛ,ꆰReviewofTetsuroWatsujiꆯsRinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,ꆱFarEasternBuddhist,30:1,.
뗚뛾헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뫍죕놾뗄짌튵쪵볹113틢솦ꆣꋙ쯻뫶쫓쇋컒쏇헢킩뿉쓜닉좡튻쾵쇐탐뚯뛸뫳폖뿉쓜닺짺틉믳뗄럖쇑듦폐(dividedbeings)뗄쟐쪵짺믮뺭퇩ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇뎣뎣쫔춼톹훆헢킩틉믳,떫컒쏇죔쓜틢쪶떽쯼쏇ꆣ헢훖뛾훘탔뺭퇩ꆪꆪꆪ폐킩ퟚ뷌죏캪헢훖뛾훘탔뺭퇩쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆪꆪꆪ퓚탭뛠랽쏦뚼뻟폐싗샭훘튪탔ꆣ헢킩틉믳쓜릻쪹컒쏇늻훂쿝폚맟뎣믮뚯믲탐캪뗄쓠쓗훐,쯼쓜쪹컒쏇폫ퟔ벺놣돖튻뚨뻠샫,떫춬쪱폖쪹컒쏇뛔ퟔ벺폐럇뎣쟥탑뗄틢쪶ꆣ춨맽뢳폨컒쏇뛔샭쯹떱좻쫂컯훊틉뗄쓜솦틔벰춨맽캪컒쏇햹뾪탂뗄쮼쿫쫓튰,헢킩틉믳쓜릻쪹컒쏇룄뇤ퟔ벺뗄탐캪,폐쪱뫲헢훖룄뇤뮹쫇럇뎣룹놾뗄ꆣ헢퇹,헢킩틉믳쓜릻냯컒쏇믱뗃쫊뛈뗄듓죝폫욽탄훐솢ꆣ떱컒쏇욽탄훐솢쪱,컒쏇쓜릻ퟶ돶룼뫃뗄톡퓱폫뻶뚨ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭쎻폐냑컕힡헢룶욽뫍볦뮳틉뗄뛾풪ퟔ컒,틲캪룃싗샭닉좡쇋튻훖엔맛헟뗄첬뛈ꆣ떱뫍헜색맛달룶죋ꆢ쿠뛔헻쳥틔벰뻸뛔헻쳥횮볤뗄뢴퓓뚯첬맘쾵쪱,쯻듓뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇듓췢쏦뷸탐뗄ꆣ쯻쫇틔맛달죕뎣맘솪탔쫂쪵뾪쪼뗄,떫뫳살폖뫶쫓쇋헢훖죕뎣뗄쇩탔뺭퇩쫂쪵ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,뫍헜색싗샭늻춬폚뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣ솽캻쮼쿫볒뚼잿뗷죋샠횮볤뗄뛠훖맘쾵ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ돐죏쓚맛,쫂쪵짏,쯻뛔쓚맛뗄첬뛈벸뫵떽쇋냽퇯뗄뗘늽ꆣ뗚쯄헂뛔헢훖뒦폚뿗ퟓ훷튪뗂탔(탅삵)훐탄뗄쓚맛뷸탐쇋쳖싛,컒쏇탨튪뾼싇헢훖쓚맛쫇뫎뗈뗃훘튪ꆣ뗚쯄뷚 뷡 싛뫍헜색쯹쳡돶뫍뇧뮤뗄쫇튻훖쿠맘탔뗄싗샭(betweenness)ꆣ헢훖쿠맘탔쫇죋샠듦퓚뗄놾훊ꆣ맽죋샠짺믮틢캶ퟅ럱뚨컒쏇뫍룼듳벯쳥뗄춳튻탔,좻뫳폖럱뚨잰쏦쓇룶럱뚨ꆣ떱컒쏇뗄탐캪닎폫헢훖쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯쪱,쯼쏇닅쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪;횻폐떱컒쏇뗄탐캪쫇싗ꋙ,ꆰReviewofTetsuroWatsujiꆯsRinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,ꆱFarEasternBuddhist,30:1,.
114뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭샭짏뗄짆뗄탐캪쪱,컒쏇뗄짺믮닅쫇헦쪵뿉탅뗄ꆣ킰뛱살ퟔ폚닉좡붩뮯뗄솢뎡ꆣ떱컒쏇췪좫럱뚨컒쏇룶쳥뛔헻쳥뗄틀삵탔쪱,믲떱컒쏇듓벯쳥뗄뷇뛈튪쟳룶쳥췪좫쎻폚헻쳥횮훐쪱,컒쏇쫇킰뛱뗄ꆣ헢훖헦쪵룅쓮횮싗샭볈폐럖컶뗄솦솿,폖폐ퟛ뫏뗄솦솿ꆣ쯼쪶뇰뻟쳥쟩탎뫍훆뛈훐뗄훘튪싗샭쳘헷(럖컶솦솿),좻뫳뻍뫎캽룼뻟싗샭짆탔뗄탐캪쳡돶붨틩(ퟛ뫏솦솿)ꆣ뺡맜싗샭뇤뮯뚼튪뺭맽쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯,틲뛸쫇뮺싽뛸훰붥뗘,떫헢훖싗샭럇뎣뻟폐믮솦ꆣ튻룶죋뿉쓜뎢쫔폫맽좥뎹뗗뛏뻸맘쾵,떫죎뫎뎹뗗뛏뻸맘쾵ퟜ붫쫜떽룼듳벯쳥뗄럱뚨ꆣퟮ돵뗄뎹뗗뛏뻸ퟜ믡틔튻훖룼쟡캢ꆢ룼캢쏮뗄탎쪽훘탂돶쿖,헢킩탂탎쪽ퟜ믡놣쇴헢룶죋쯹랴뛔뒫춳뗄튻킩쳘헷ꆣ쯤좻컒늻쿫횤쏷뫍헜색싗샭쫇뗤탍뗄죕놾싗샭,떫컒튪쮵뗄쫇,죕놾뗄탭뛠짌튵쪵볹뚼뫍뫍헜색싗샭쿠컇뫏ꆣ쇭췢,죕놾뗄튻킩짌튵쪵볹뗄쒳킩폐컊쳢뗄닣쏦뿖엂뿉틔듓뫍헜색쪽싗샭쓇샯헒떽쯼쏇뗄뫛벣ꆣ룃싗샭뛔쏦뛔쏦붻췹뫍뷓뒥뗄잿뗷뿉쓜믡떼훂뛔쒰짺죋맘쾵뗄뫶쫓,쳘뇰쫇뛔쓇킩럇죕놾죋뗄맘쾵뗄뫶쫓,틲캪헢킩럇죕놾죋늢늻럖쿭쓇킩죕놾죋믱뗃웤듦폐뗄ꆢ힢뚨떫얼좻뗄(determinateyetcontingent)맘쾵뻘헳ꆣ쇭췢,룃싗샭뫶쫓컒쏇헢킩ퟷ캪뮳틉벰돥춻뗄퓬컯쯹펵폐뗄쓚퓚뺭퇩ꆣ컒쏇뗄뮳틉쓜릻떼훂컒쏇탐캪뫍쾰쯗뗄뻞듳룄뇤ꆣ죋샠쫀뷧뛔뇤뮯뗄뾪럅돌뛈튲탭풶짵폚뫍헜색횮뚯첬싗샭쯹쓜돐죏뗄,떫쫇퓚컒쏇쳖싛쓚퓚뇤쯹냧퇝뷇즫횮잰,컒쏇탨튪뛔뫍헜색싗샭뫍뿗ퟓ싗샭뷸룼죫뗄첽쯷뫍퇐뺿ꆣ
뗚죽헂 뫍헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ 죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ쯹쳡돶뗄죋샠듦폐맛뗣폫쯄냙쓪틔살춳훎컷랽쮼쿫뫍쪵볹뗄룶죋훷틥뗄죋샠듦폐맛뗣폐ퟅ룹놾뗄늻춬ꆣ잰쏦솽헂쿪쾸뷩짜쇋쯻쏇뗄맘폚죋샠듦폐뗄맛뗣,좻뛸헢킩쳖싛뮹쎻폐췪돉,틲캪퓚돩쿳훐죋쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ컒쏇훐뗄쎿룶죋뚼쫇퓚듋쪱듋뗘캪ퟔ벺뗱뿌돶튻룶듦퓚,컒쏇훐폐킩죋뗄짺믮쫇폐뗂탔뗄,뛸쇭췢폐킩죋뗄짺믮퓲늻믡죧듋뻟폐뗂탔ꆣ컒쏇탨튪틔룼뛠뗄뇊쒫살쏨쫶폐뗂탔짺믮뗄뻟쳥탎돉ꆣ룹뻝뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄쮵램,솼짆뗄짺믮펦룃쳥쿖뫍햹쪾헦횿(sincerity)ꆢ돏쪵(honesty)ꆢ첹싊(truthfulness)뫍횵뗃탅삵(trustworthiness)뗈뗂탔ꆣ쯻쏇솽캻뛔뗂탔뗄잿뗷쪹뗃쯻쏇췪좫늻춬폚쓇킩뫶쫓뗂탔ꆢ붫짆탐쫓캪뛔맦퓲뫍웵풼뗄ퟱ쫘뗄컷랽헜톧볒쏇ꆣ뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ쮼캬쒣쪽뗄솦솿뫍닮틬퓚쯻쏇맘폚탅삵(trust)뫍횵뗃탅삵(trustworthiness)뗈룅쓮뗄쳖싛훐뇭쿖뗃ퟮ캪쇜샬뺡훂ꆣ떱컷랽뗄튻킩헜톧볒뾪쪼잿뗷탅삵뗄훘튪탔쪱,뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ좴틑뺭붫헢룶룅쓮랢햹떽쇋튻룶췪좫늻춬폚컷랽헜톧볒뗄뺳뗘ꆣ쫂쪵짏,듓쒳킩랽쏦,쯻쏇붫컷랽헜톧떹훃맽살ꆣ뛔폚훐컷랽폐맘탅삵뫍횵뗃탅삵뗈룅쓮횮볤뗄닮틬뗄컳뷢틑뺭떼훂쇋뛔죕놾뫍훐맺뗄짌튵쪵볹뗄퇏훘컳뷢ꆣ놾헂붫쳖싛뫍헜색맘폚탅삵뗄쮼쿫;쿂튻헂붫쳖싛뿗ퟓ뗄쿠맘룅쓮ꆣ뗚튻뷚 탅삵뫍죋볤뫍헜색죏캪,죋샠쫇쓇킩볈ퟜ쫇짧믡탔뗄튲ퟜ쫇룶죋탔뗄듦
116뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭폐횮볤뗄룟뛈힢뚨뗄쿠맘탔뫍헜색틔튻훖럇뎣웦쳘뗄랽쪽뛔탅삵룅쓮뷸탐쇋듳욪럹뗄쳖싛,좻뛸헢훖랽쪽폫쯻뛔죋샠듦폐뗄샭뷢쫇튻훂뗄ꆣ쯻뗄쳖싛쫇틔튻룶뒦폚뻸췻훐뫴쟳풮훺뗄죋뗄볙뚨잰쳡컊쳢캪뾪쪼뗄ꆣ뫍헜색힢틢떽,죧맻튻룶죋쫂쿈뾴늻떽뻈풮뗄뿉쓜,쓇쎴쯻뻍늻믡뫴쟳풮훺ꆣ틲뛸,늻맜쟩뿶뛠쎴캣벱,죋쏇쫇늻믡쿲튻뿃쫷믲튻뿩쪯춷쟳뻈뗄ꆣ벴쪹튻룶풭쪼죋쿲훮죧쫷쒾뫍쪯춷뗈쫂컯쟳뻈,쯻쯹뫴쟳뗄튲늻쫇떥뒿뗄쫂컯ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쪯춷뫍쫷쒾놻뢳폨쇋튻훖짱쏘뗄풮훺솦솿ꆣ틲뛸,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,튻룶죋횻퓚풮훺뿉틔웚듽뗄놳뺰쿂닅믡랢돶쟳뻈ꆣꋙ퓚쪲쎴퇹뗄놳뺰쿂,컒쏇뿉틔웚듽풮훺쓘?컒쏇뗄풮훺횻폐솽샠:튻ꆢ컒쏇쫓캪춬샠뗄죋샠;뛾ꆢ뎬ퟔ좻듦폐:컒쏇죏캪,듓웤놾탔돶랢,헢룶듦폐쓜릻튲풸틢쿲컒쏇짬돶풮훺횮쫖ꆣꋚ컒쏇쯹뫴쟳뗄죋늻탨튪쫇컒쏇뗄쟗웝믲엳폑,컒쏇쿲죎뫎죋쟳뻈ꆣ뫍헜색헹싛쮵,컒쏇횮쯹틔헢퇹ퟶ,쫇틲캪컒쏇듓튻뾪쪼뻍탅삵컒쏇뗄죋샠춬냩ꆣ틲뛸,퓚뫍헜색싗샭뗄컨첨짏,탅삵뗄뗚튻듎쇁쿠뻍쫇헢퇹튻훖죋볊볤뗄럇얼좻쿖쿳(aninterpersonalandnon-contingentphenomenon)ꆣ탅삵틔튻훖럇뎣룹놾뗄랽쪽쫴폚컒쏇ꆪꆪꆪ쫴폚컒쏇헢킩죋샠듦폐ꆣ튲탭컒쏇쟳훺뗄죋믡뛔컒쏇뗄든죵뒦뺳쫓뛸늻볻짵믲샻폃헢훖뒦뺳ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇죔좻믡볌탸쿲컒쏇뗄춬냩죋샠쟳훺,틲캪컒쏇죔좻죏캪쯻쏇쫇컒쏇춬탐싃헟ꆢ죔쫇컒쏇뒦폚삧뺳쪱쯹틀삵쟳훺뗄뛔쿳ꆣꆰ튻룶쟳훺뗄짹틴뻍쫇헢훖탅삵뗄뇭듯ꆣꆱꋛ쓇킩쳽떽듋뫴뻈뗄죋쳽떽뗄뻍쫇헢훖탅삵짹틴,쳽헟룐쫜떽헢훖캬뮤짺쏼뗄볛횵,룐뻵펦룃쿲뒦폚캣쿕훐뗄죋쯹틀삵뗄룹놾쟒릲쿭뗄죋탔ퟶ돶믘펦ꆣꋜ헢훖볛횵맛쓮뫍룐쫜떽뗄펦룃(틥컱)뛔폚뷢쫍캪쪲쎴죋쏇풸틢컾짼ퟔ벺뗄짺쏼좥췬뻈뇰죋살쮵쫇럇뎣뇘튪ꋙTetsuroWatsuji,Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress),.ꋚIbid.,-266.ꋛꋜ Ibid.,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹117뗄ꆣ좻뛸컒쏇튲룐뻵펦룃헼뻈튻룶쓧쮮킡쎨뗄짺쏼,떫컒쏇뿉쓜룐뻵컒쏇쎻폐틥컱좥컾짼컒쏇뗄짺쏼좥헼뻈헢횻쎨뗄짺쏼ꆣ쿠랴,튻룶쓧쮮킡몢뗄뫴뷐짹퓲믡쪹컒쏇룐뻵떽튻훖틥컱,틲캪컒쏇붫헢훖쟳뻈짹틴쫓캪탅삵죋샠뗄짹틴ꆣퟷ캪죋샠,컒쏇틑뺭ퟜ쫇뒦폚튻훖쿠뮥탅삵뗄맘쾵횮훐ꆣ헢훖잰쳡쳵맘쾵볈뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴쓇킩탨튪냯훺뗄죋퓚웚듽풮훺뗄놳뺰쿂뫴쟳풮훺,폖뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴쓇킩쳽떽뫴뻈짹틴뗄죋뛔뫴뷐헟ퟶ돶믘펦ꆣ헢훖탅삵룅쓮쳥쿖늢햹쪾쇋컒쏇룹놾릲쿭뗄죋탔,틲뛸째춸폚컒쏇쯹폐뗄믽벫짧믡짺믮ꆣ떱컒쏇퓚뷖짏쏔슷쪱,컒쏇쿲뇰죋컊랽쿲,웚췻헢룶쒰짺죋쓜룸컒쏇횸뗣쏔뷲,뺡맜컒쏇늻죏쪶헢룶쒰짺죋쫇쮭,쯤좻컒쏇늻횪뗀쯻믡뛔컒쏇죧뫎랴펦ꆣꋙ헢룶쒰짺죋뿉쓜믡믲얼좻믲맊틢뗘룸컒쏇횸돶듭컳뗄랽쿲,좻뛸컒쏇죔늻믡춣횹탅삵뷖춷짏뗄죋,컒쏇죔늻믡틲듋뛸췆샭쯹폐뗄죋샠뚼쫇늻뿉탅삵뗄,컒쏇횻믡뗃돶헢퇹뗄뷡싛:헢룶죋폐뗣놰쇓ꆣ뫍헜색죏캪,컒쏇뛔폚탅삵뗄헢훖횴틢볡돖첬뛈볈쫇폐킧뗄튲쫇췪좫폐놣횤뗄,벴쪹튻룶뛱틢믑퇔믲폫튻룶ퟯ랸뗄뺭퇩튲늻믡믙뮵헢훖탅삵맛쓮ꆣꋚ쿠랴,떱쒰짺죋맊틢룸컒쏇횸돶듭컳랽쿲쪱,쯻뮹쫇틔컒쏇뗄탅삵캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄,캪쇋쓜퓚컒쏇뗄짺믮쓚듸살퓖쓑,쯻틀삵컒쏇뛔웤랽쿲뗄탅삵ꆣ냇쫖춬퇹튲틀삵컒쏇뛔폚뇋듋뗄룹놾탅삵뛸싅듎쪹ퟔ벺뗄뗁쟔뗃쫖ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뷶뷶틲횪뗀헢킩냇쫖믲죶믑헟뗄듦퓚뛸뇤뗃맽럖킡탄,쓇쎴헢킩쟔퓴뫍죶믑헟튲뻍늻쓜뗃돑쇋ꆣ헽쫇컒쏇뛔폚헢훖룹놾탅삵뗄횴쏔첬뛈닅쪹뗃쓇킩쟖몦듋첬뛈뛸췪돉ퟔ벺놳엑탐캪뗄죋뗃돑ꆣ틲듋,랸ퟯ뫍놳엑탐캪늻믡튲늻뿉쓜믙뮵컒쏇뗄뛔폚탅삵뗄첬뛈,틲캪헽쫇탅삵닅쪹뗃쯹폐뗄죋샠탐캪쫗쿈뇤뗃뿉쓜ꆣꋛꋙTetsuroWatsuji,Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress),.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛIbid,.
118뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭헢훖맛뗣쫇뇈뷏잿쇒뗄,컒쏇펦룃춣쿂살싽싽쮼뾼쯼뗄헦헽몬틥ꆣ튻ꆢ탅삵늻쫇춨맽맦퓲믲웵풼뛸붨솢믲놣횤뗄뫍헜색럱죏,탅삵쫇평쓇킩죋쏇ퟔ평뷸죫뗄맦퓲믲웵풼뛸붨솢믲놣횤뗄ꆣ헽죧컒쏇퓚뗚튻헂쯹뾴떽뗄,쓇킩퓚짧믡뻘헳횮췢듦퓚뗄룶죋듦퓚쫇튻훖짱뮰ꆣ룶죋횻쓜틔튻훖뫍평쿠뮥틀삵룶죋쯹ퟩ돉뗄룼듳벯쳥횮볤뗄쿠뮥틀삵맘쾵뛸듦퓚ꆣ떱쓧쮮뗄죋쿲뇰죋쟳뻈쪱,헢훖룼듳벯쳥뻍쿔쿖돶살ꆣ틲캪ꆰ룶죋ꆱ뫍ꆰ죋샠ꆱ탐캪뗄룅쓮뚼쫇틔짧믡캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄,쯹틔짧믡늢늻쫇룶죋쿫튪뷸죫믲뚩솢웵풼뗄뻶뚨뗄닺컯ꆣ틲뛸,헢훖탅삵튪쎴쫇짧믡뗄튻룶쳘헷,튪쎴쫇짧믡뗄튻룶룹놾믹뒡,쯼룹놾늻뿉쓜쫇룶죋ퟱ쫘맦퓲믲웵풼뗄헢튻뻶뚨뗄닺컯ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,뷸죫웵풼헟틑뺭탅삵쒳룶쳥훆믲쾵춳,퓚듋쳥훆믲쾵춳훐,맦퓲믲쓇훖ퟱ쫘맦퓲뗄뻶뚨쫇폐틢틥뗄ꆪꆪꆪ튲뻍쫇쮵,퓚헢훖쳥훆믲쾵춳훐,웵풼횴탐믺훆쫇듦퓚ퟅ뗄,죋쏇릲쿭ퟅ튻훖폯퇔ꆪꆪꆪ퓚헢훖폯퇔쳥쾵훐,맦퓲쳵샽ꆢ돍랣듫쪩ꆢ캥풼뫳맻ꆢ뫏춬웵풼뗈뗈뚼놻듳볒쯹릲춬샭뷢뫍탅삵ꆣꋙ뛾ꆢ탅삵늻쫇튻훖룶죋볤뗄쿖쿳,뛸쫇튻훖죋볊볤뗄쿖쿳 맘폚뫍헜색싗샭,떱컒쏇붲싛뗄랽쪽뫃쿱쫇퓚쮵탅삵쫇튻룶룶죋뫍쇭튻룶룶죋횮볤뗄쫂쟩쪱,쓇컒쏇뻍퓚컳떼뇰죋ꆣ헢훖붲뮰랽쪽퓚낵쪾,탅삵쯆뫵쫇튻훖룶죋닆닺,뫃쿱쫇튻훖샱컯,컒쏇쓜릻ퟔ평뗘뷓쫜믲뻜뻸뢳폨룸뇰죋ꆣ뫍헜색늢쎻폐럱죏,퓚늻춬뗄맘ꋙAnnetteBaier,ꆰTrustandAnti-Trust,ꆱEthics,96(January1986),-260;TrudyGovier,ꆰAnEpistemologyofTrust,ꆱInternationalJournalofMoralityandSocialStudies,8(Summer1993),-174.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹119쾵훐탅삵믡폐늻춬뗄탎쪽ꆣ쫂쪵짏,쯻쳡쟫컒쏇힢틢탅삵뗄뛠퇹탔,뛸컷랽샭싛볒좴벫듳뗘뫶쫓쇋탅삵뗄뛠퇹탔,붫탅삵쫓캪튻훖떥튻뗄쿖쿳ꆣꋙ뺡맜탅삵폐탭뛠뗄탎쪽,떫쫇믹놾뗄탅삵좴듦퓚폚쯹폐죋샠듦퓚훐ꆣ쒳훖쮮욽뗄탅삵ퟜ믡듦퓚폚컒쏇훐볤ꆣ헽죧컒쏇튻믡뛹붫튪뾴떽뗄,탅삵짵훁듦퓚폚삧뺳쪱웚ꆣ죽ꆢ탅삵늢늻쫇틔튻룶룶죋쯹쫕벯뗄맘폚쇭튻룶룶죋뗄뇭쿖믲샺쪷 쯤좻컒쏇뮹쎻폐랢쿖뫍헜색붫쪲쎴ퟷ캪탅삵뗄믹뒡,떫쯻쏷쿔랴뛔쓇훖붫컒쏇뗄탅삵붨믹폚뇰죋뛔컒쏇뗄짆틢횤뻝짏뗄ퟶ램ꆣ튲탭컒쏇믡횻탅삵뻟폐쒳킩죋룱쳘헷뗄죋,죧쓇킩쓜뿘훆ퟔ벺폻췻믲ퟔ좻돥뚯뗄죋,믲룼뫃쮵쓇킩헦헽폐뗂탔뗄죋ꆣꋚ좻뛸,헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,뺡맜룶죋폐헢퇹믲쓇퇹뗄탐캪,떫탅삵죔좻듦퓚ꆢ돖탸ꆣ틲듋,탅삵늻쓜틔컒쏇뛔뇰죋폐럱뛔컒쏇ퟱ쫘돐억뗄샺쪷뗄에뛏ꆢ뛔뇰죋폐럱뛔컒쏇죶믑뗄에뛏뗈뗈캪믹뒡ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇튲늻쓜횻탅삵쓇킩컒쏇죏캪싗샭짏짆뗄죋ꆢ듓뛸늻첫뿉쓜놳엑컒쏇뗄죋,쯤좻컒쏇튲탭죏캪싗샭짏짆뗄죋쫇쓇킩돏쪵ꆢ늻쫜ퟔ벺놾탔돥뚯ퟳ폒뗄죋,떫컒쏇뫜쓑쫂쿈뻶뚨쒳킩죋쫇럱쫇돏쪵뗄ꆣꋛ틲캪탅삵ퟜ탨튪헢퇹튻훖쫂쿈뗄뻶뚨,쯹틔쯼늻쓜틔ꆰ쫇럱헢룶놻탅삵헟뿘훆쇋ퟔ벺뗄놾탔돥뚯ꆱ헢훖에뛏캪믹뒡ꆣ쿠랴,탅삵쫇컒쏇뗄룹놾탅쓮,춨맽ퟱ쫘쓇킩맘쾵믲뷇즫쯹낵몬뗄ꆢ뛔컒쏇뻟폐풼쫸솦듓뛸쪹컒쏇맽튻훖뛀쳘뗄죋샠짺믮뗄맦랶,죋쏇쓜릻췪돉쯻쏇ퟷ캪죋샠뗄뷇즫,쓜릻틔럻뫏ꆰ죋볤ꆱ뗄뺫짱뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ헢훖탅삵룅쓮뿉틔폃살뷢쫍죕놾웳튵쓚늿뗄뇭쏦뫍킳,컷랽짌튵훸쫶뛔듋훖쿖쿳럇뎣맘힢ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇뇘탫쏷냗,헢훖뫍킳늻쫇ꋙFrancisFukuyama,Trust(NewYork:FreePress,1996),Passim;Baier,ꆰTrust,ꆱPassim;Govicr,ꆰEpistemology,ꆱPassim.ꋚꋛ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,.
120뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭탅삵뗄풭틲,뛸쫇탅삵뗄뢱ퟷ폃ꆣ틥듥(NoboruYoshimura)뫍낲뗂즭(PhilipAnderson)뺯룦쮵,쓇훖죏캪쯹폐죕놾룶죋뚼뛔뇰죋뻟폐낮탄뫍짆틢뗄맛뗣쫇늻잡떱뗄ꆣ컷랽뛔폚탅삵뗄샭뷢맽폚룶죋뮯:? 틲캪죕놾뗄룶죋뛔탐캪쒣쪽샭뷢뫜뫃,늢쟒ퟱ쫘헢킩탐캪쒣쪽,쯹틔죕놾죋뗄탐캪횮볤듦퓚ퟅ튻훖뫍킳ꆣ튻떩놳뺰뮷뺳뗄쒳훖쳘쫢뷢쫍폨틔뷓쫜,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍뚼폨틔ퟱ쫘ꆭꆭ튻훂탔틔벰쓇훖ퟱ쫘쒳훖뷓쫜뗄쒣쪽뗄탨튪쫇췢죋쯹맛달떽뗄뫍킳벰뺫쟉뿘훆뗄믹뒡ꆣ듓룶죋닣쏦살뾴,쓇킩죕놾뗄헵릤헟늢늻뇈컷랽뗄헵릤헟룼뿉탅ꆢ룼뫍킳ꆭꆭ쇭췢,퓚쒳킩쳘뚨뗄쟩뿶쿂,죕놾뗄튻킩맜샭헟뗄탐캪랽쪽믡쪹쓇킩쯘살쿠탅놣돖뫍킳벰캬뮤탅삵쫇죕놾짺믮랽쪽뗄놾훊뗄죋룐떽듳캪돔뺪ꆣꋙ쯄ꆢ탅삵늻쫇쓇훖돉놾킧틦뫋쯣뗄뷡맻탅삵믡닺짺탭뛠짧믡킧틦ꆣ뢣즽(FrancisFukuyama)헹뇧쮵,컒쏇펦룃붫탅삵쫓캪짧믡놾ꆣꋚ쓇킩뻟폐탅삵뺫짱뗄죋쓜릻폫쒰짺죋뷸죫웵풼맘쾵,듓뛸탎돉튻킩럇볒ퟥ쪽뗄웳튵,랢햹릫릲뗄뺭볃믺릹(죧,막욱쫐뎡),늢쟒뮹믡퓚볒ퟥ횮췢랢햹럡뢻뗄짧믡얦듸ꆣ탅삵뇰죋뮹믡듸살튻훖뺭볃폅쫆,튻킩죋쪿죏캪,죕놾웳튵틑뺭얬솦랢햹탎돉쇋평룷뛀솢웳튵ퟩ돉뗄듳솪뫏벯췅릫쮾,뛸헢킩웳튵횮볤폖듦퓚ퟅ듭ퟛ뗄뚭쫂믡맘쾵,틲캪헢킩웳튵틑뺭뺭샺늢돐쫜맽럇뎣룟낺뗄늻탅삵쯹닺짺뗄돉놾,늢훰붥죏쪶떽헢킩뎤웚틔살탎돉뗄탅삵맘쾵쓜릻캪쯼쏇뷚쪡뛠짙돉놾ꆣ쇭췢,쯼쏇늻탨튪뛔뫏ퟷ믯냩뗄돏탅볌탸뷸탐뗷닩,춬쪱튲늻탨튪돐떣틲킭짌뫍잩뚩뫏춬뛸닺짺뗄룟뛮ꋙNoboruYoshimuraandPhilipAnderson,InsidetheKaisha(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,1997),.ꋚFukuyama,Trust,Passim.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹121램싉럑폃벰뫏춬뗄횴탐럑폃ꆣꋙ쯼쏇횮볤뗄맘쾵뷏럇헽쪽,튲탭듓쒳킩랽쏦뮹쫇럇뛔뾹탔뗄,틲캪죋쏇퓚튻웰뫏ퟶ쇋뫜뎤쪱볤,뛔뇋듋뚼뇈뷏쇋뷢ꆣ뫍헜색늢늻믡럱죏헢킩ꆣ좻뛸,쯻믡쳡탑컒쏇힢틢솽뗣:뗚튻ꆢ틲ퟅ짏쏦컒쏇쯹췆싛돶뗄샭평,믹놾뗄탅삵ퟜ쫇듦퓚뗄;뗚뛾ꆢ틲ퟅ놳뺰뗄뇤뮯,탅삵뗄뇭듯랽쪽튲믡폐쯹룄뇤ꆣ맘쾵짏뗄뇤뮯늢늻쫇틲캪돉놾킧틦뫋쯣뛸닺짺뗄,뛸쫇틲캪쓇훖캪쇋쫊펦쟩뺳뗄훷튪뇤뮯뛸돐떣탂뷇즫믲잿뗷쒳훖맘쾵뗄탨튪뛸닺짺뗄ꆣ샽죧,죕놾뗄튻룶훸쏻웳튵킭믡(Kerdanran)쿲죕놾ퟔ쏱떳뻨쿗쇋탭뛠잮,잰쳡쫇ퟔ쏱떳쓜릻횴헾ꆣ떱ퟔ쏱떳폚20쫀볍90쓪듺뺺톡쪧냜쪱,룃ퟩ횯늻퓙폨틔횧돖ꆣ헢뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵룄뇤쇋,틲캪쯼쏇룷ퟔ뗄뷇즫룄뇤쇋ꆣ헢룶낸샽폫웳튵쓚늿뷇즫뗄늻뛏듨짌폫뗷헻쫇럇뎣쿠쯆뗄ꆣ듓쒳듳톧뇏튵뗄튻좺맍풱뻍돉쇋웳튵쓚늿뗄튻룶냯엉,ퟷ캪룃냯엉뗄돉풱,죋쏇횮볤쫇췪좫욽뗈뗄ꆣ떫퓚뫜뎤쪱볤횮뫳,튻킩죋놻쳡짽뛸캻룟폚뇰죋ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쟩탎뻍폐쯹룄뇤쇋ꆣ룟튻킩뗄맜샭헟뻍폐룟튻킩뗄뗘캻,뇰죋뛔쯻붲뮰쪱뻍믡쫇튻훖룼캪샱쎲뗄폃폯,뛸늻쫇쓇훖욽냗뗄웕춨돉풱횮볤뗄붲뮰랽쪽ꆣ퓚헢솽룶헾훎뫍웳튵낸샽훐,룷랽뚼럇뎣쟥돾,쯻쏇탨튪뻍룄뇤쇋뗄쟩탎훘탂움맀쓇틑뺭듦퓚뫜뎤쪱볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ틲캪죋샠(죋볤)놾짭쫇뚯첬뇤뮯뗄,쯹틔탅삵뗄뇭듯랽쪽튲탨튪늻뛏뇤뮯ꆣ죋쏇뷇즫늻뛏퇝뇤,퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,죋쏇룐뻵떽놻놳엑쇋,듓뛸늻퓙쿠탅뇰죋,좻뛸헢훖룐쫜횻쫇퓝쪱뗄ꆣ쫜떽헰뺪뗄죋믡훘탂폫룼듳벯쳥헻뫏,훘탂뚨틥ퟔ벺뗄짧믡뷇즫,훘탂캪ퟔ벺뗄뷇즫뛸뢶돶얬솦ꆣ틥듥뫍낲뗂즭쏨쫶쇋튰듥횤좯뫍닆헾늿횮볤폚20쫀볍90쓪듺뗄맘쾵뇤뮯,헢뫜뫃뗘쮵쏷쇋ퟷ캪뫍헜색싗샭훐탄맛뗣뗄쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯ꆣ튰듥횤좯뫍죕놾닆헾늿횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ돖탸쇋뫜뛠쓪ꆣ떱닆헾늿랢ꋙ,TheJapaneseEnterpriseSystem(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1994),Passim.
122뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뻵폐삧쓑쿺쫛쒳킩햮좯뗄쪱뫲,튰듥붫헢킩햮좯쿺쫛룸쇋벯췅릫쮾뗄뿍뮧ꆣퟷ캪튻훖믘놨,튰듥쓜릻춨맽샻폃닆헾늿뗄쟩놨풴믱뗃튻훖톹훆뛔쫖뗄폅쫆ꆣ떱죕놾뗄막욱쫐뎡폚20쫀볍90쓪듺쳸쮮뗄쪱뫲,튰듥뗄튻킩훷튪뿍뮧뚼쯰쪧닒훘,냼삨쓇킩퓸뷓쫜헾뢮햮좯뗄뿍뮧ꆣ튰듥뫍웤쯻튻킩횤좯짌뻶뚨,퓚닆헾늿뗄냯훺쿂,쯼쏇늹뎥웤뿍뮧뗄쯰쪧ꆣ떱릫훚믱쾤킡뗄뿍뮧쎻폐믱뗃듋훖폅믝듽폶쪱,뛸쟒뫚냯믲yakuza헽퓚헆뿘ퟅ튻킩믱듋폅믝듽폶뗄듳릫쮾쪱,짧믡짏놬랢쇋돳컅ꆣ듓듋쪱뾪쪼,튰듥뫍닆헾늿횮볤뗄맘쾵랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꆣ볈좻쮫랽횮볤뗄듋훖낲업늻퓙쫇쮽쿂샯뗄ꆰ,닆헾늿훘탂뚨틥쇋쯼뗄닎헕ퟩ,붫퇛맢춶쿲쇋웤룼뎤풶뗄샻틦,늢쟒럱죏ퟔ벺폫듋틵쒱폐맘솪ꆣꆱꋙ닆헾늿뻵뗃튻횱뫏ퟷ뗄횤좯릫쮾쏇놳엑쇋ퟔ벺ꆣ헢킩릫쮾뗄쯰쪧틑뺭떼훂쇋돳컅뗄랢짺,듓뛸뚯튡쇋죋쏇뛔쫐뎡뗄탅탄ꆣ좻뛸,닆헾늿늢쎻폐췪좫쟐뛏ퟔ벺폫쯹폐솪쏋뗄솪쾵,쯼춨맽잿뗷ퟔ벺뗄맜샭뷇즫ꆢ늢춨맽(퓝쪱)컾짼쯼뫍횤좯짌(죧튰듥)횮볤뗄탐튵헾뢮쪽솪쏋,뛸톡퓱훘탂뗷헻폫웤쯻헾뢮늿쏅뗄맘쾵ꆣ뛔폚튰듥살쮵,쯼뻵뗃웤헾뢮뫏ퟷ믯냩틑뺭쪹웤쿝죫쇋쓑뾰뗄뺳뗘ꆣ틲뛸,쯼튲뗷헻쇋ퟔ벺뗄뷇즫,쯼잿뗷ퟔ벺퓚횤좯튵뗄쇬뻼뷇즫,늢쟒폎쮵쿻돽죕놾닆헾늿뗄랢럅횤좯뺭펪탭뿉횤뗄좨솦ꆣ뺡맜룷랽ퟮ돵뚼뺡솦뇜쏢쪹쮫랽횮볤뗄맘쾵뇤돉튻훖짧믡맘쾵,떫ퟮ훕쮫랽뚼늻뗃늻돐죏ퟔ벺쫇짧믡쪵쳥ꆣ헢훖ퟮ돵뗄럱뚨놾짭튲쫇튻훖뗤탍뗄ꆰ죋볤ꆱ쪽뗄럱뚨ꆣ퓚헻룶훘탂뗷헻맽돌훐,탅삵뗃떽쇋놣듦ꆣ탅삵퓚뇤뮯뗄쯹폐쒣쪽훐뚼폀풶놣돖늻뇤ꆣ룷ퟔ뗄뷇즫랢짺쇋뮻,떫횻튪룷랽퓚룷룶쪱볤뗣뚼뷓쫜늢쳥쿖쒳훖뷇즫뗄뇪ힼ폫맦랶,쓇쎴룷랽뻍뚼볌탸쿬펦죋샠뗄ꆰ헙뷐ꆱꆣ틲듋,쯤좻컒쏇뗄뺭퇩뿉틔뫁컞틉컊뗘뷒쪾탅삵뗄돌뛈,떫쓇킩볆쯣틀삵뇰죋뿉틔캪ퟔ벺듸살뛠짙뫃뒦뗄룶죋뻸늻쓜춨맽웤볆쯣뛸믱뗃탅삵ꆣ헢퇹튻훖맛뗣쫇쓇틑뺭놻?웺뗄맛뗣뗄뇤쪽,벴탅삵쫇ꋙYoshimuraandAnderson,InsidetheKaisha,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹123룶죋ퟔ평풸틢뗘퓹폨놻탅삵헟뗄튻훖닆컯ꆣ쇭췢,쓇훖돉놾킧틦쪽뗄탅삵룅쓮튲늻쫇뿉폨틔뇧뮤뗄,헢쫇틲캪퓚컒쏇폫뇰죋뷸탐뮥뚯뷓뒥횮잰,컒쏇춨뎣늻횪뗀컒쏇쿫믲펦룃듓뇰죋쓇샯웚듽쪲쎴ꆣ횻폐쿈웚듦퓚뗄믹놾탅삵닅폐뿉쓜쪹죋쏇뷸탐뮥뚯뷓뒥;헽쫇평폚헢훖믹놾탅삵,컒쏇닅쓜폫뇰죋튻웰뫏ퟷ탐캪ퟶ쫂(짵훁랴뛔뇰죋)ꆣ춨맽헢훖뮥뚯,컒쏇뾪쪼틢쪶떽뿉쓜뗄샻틦폫럧쿕ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쎻폐틔쳘뚨뗄랽쪽뫍뷇즫뛸훕짺탅삵죋쏇,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻뿉쓜풤닢뫳맻,볆쯣튲뻍룼첸늻짏쇋ꆣ볲뛸퇔횮,탅삵늻뿉쓜쫇죋쏇볆쯣뗄뷡맻,헢쫇틲캪볆쯣쫇틔탅삵캪잰쳡뗄ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 탅삵뗄믹뒡뫍헜색뗄탅삵룅쓮폫컷랽뗄웕춨탅삵룅쓮폐ퟅ놾훊뗄늻춬ꆣ떫쫇헢룶ꆰ죕놾ꆱ룅쓮떽뗗틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴쓘?탅삵쫇럱쫇죋샠듦폐뗄믹뒡?뮹쫇랴맽살?떱좻컒쏇늻탅삵쒳킩죋,쓇쎴늻탅삵폖틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴쓘?죧맻탅삵폫죋샠릲춬듦퓚,쓇쎴늻탅삵폖퓵쎴뿉쓜쓘?뫍헜색뗄랽램쓜릻룸컒쏇죕뎣짺믮폈웤쫇뛔떱듺뗄짌튵쪵볹듸살쪲쎴웴쪾쓘?죃컒쫗쿈믘듰뗚튻룶컊쳢:탅삵쫇럱쫇짧믡뗄믹뒡믲헟죋샠듦퓚(ningensonzai)쫇탅삵뗄믹뒡?뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,탅삵늻뿉쓜쫇짧믡뗄믹뒡;쿠랴,죋샠듦폐ꆪꆪꆪ룶죋폫짧믡횮볤뗄쿠뮥틀삵ꆪꆪꆪ뇘탫쫇탅삵뗄믹뒡ꆣ뫍헜색엺늵쇋뗚튻훖맛뗣,벴룶죋쿈쫇뇋듋쿔쪾돏탅,좻뫳닅톡퓱뾪햹짧믡뫏ퟷ,헢쫇틲캪헢훖맛뗣뫶쫓쇋쎿룶탅삵탐캪훐쯹짦벰뗄쪱볤탔틲쯘,탅삵쫇쿠뛔폚뿉풤볻붫살뗄ꆣ탅삵헟ퟜ쫇볙뚨,놻탅삵튻랽퓚붫살튲믡죧쿖퓚튻퇹횵뗃탅삵ꆣ쓇쎴쪲쎴쫇헢훖볙뚨뗄잰쳡믹뒡쓘?튲탭컒쏇틀삵놻탅삵헟뗄ퟔ컒짭럝,듓뛸뷸탐췆샭:놻탅삵뗄튻랽퓚붫살튲쫇뫍쿖퓚튻퇹뗄죋ꆣ좻뛸,헢쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣ쓇탭쿂억퇔떫캥놳억퇔뗄죋뮹쫇춬튻룶죋ꆣ헽쫇틲캪헢훖늻뇤뗄죋탔짭럝,탅삵헟닅쓜뛔캥놳억퇔뗄놻탅삵헟뷸탐횸퓰ꆣ
124뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭헢룶죋탭쿂억퇔,튲뮹쫇헢룶죋캥놳쇋억퇔ꆣꋙ? 쿠랴,컒쏇뇘탫캪헽퓚돖탸뗄뿉탅삵탔헒튻훖룼캪짮닣뗄램퓲,튻훖ꆰ만폐폚죋샠듦퓚뗄램퓲ꆱꆣ탅삵헢훖쿖쿳늻뷶뷶듦퓚폚쓇훖튻룶죋탅삵쇭튻룶죋헢룶탐캪훐ꆣ쯼튲틢캶ퟅ,튻룶죋쫂쿈닉좡튻훖뛔붫살뗄뻶뚨첬뛈,뛸헢훖뻶뚨첬뛈뛔ퟔ벺폫뇰죋횮볤뗄맘쾵폖좱랦튻훖좷뚨탔ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔닉좡헢훖첬뛈,쫇틲캪컒쏇퓚죋볤듦퓚쓚쯹돐뢺뗄맽좥튲헽쫇컒쏇쯹튪쏩ힼ뗄붫살ꆣ컒쏇쒿잰뗄탐캪헽뫃랢짺폚맽좥뫍붫살횮볤뗄헢뗣뚨캻ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵,컒쏇퓚튻룶탐캪쓚늢춨맽헢룶탐캪뛸퓙듎믘살ꆣꋚ탅삵헦쫇늻뿉쮼틩,틲캪컒쏇뿉틔뛔붫살뷸탐탅삵ꆣ만좻컒쏇뗄첬뛈쫇뻶뚨뗄,떫쫇붫살퓲쫇럇뻶뚨뗄ꆣ쓇쎴쪲쎴뿉틔뷢쫍헢훖뇭쏦짏뗄싛쓘?헢훖싛살풴폚죋샠듦퓚뗄쮫훘퓋뚯ꆣ죋샠듦퓚쫇튻훖폀뫣뗄퓋뚯,룶죋뛔좫늿뷸탐럱뚨,뛸ퟮ훕횻믡랢쿖헢훖럱뚨쫇좫늿뗄잰쳡(랴횮틠좻)ꆣ떱컒쏇뷸탐탅삵뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇틾풼틢쪶떽헢룶쮫훘럱뚨맽돌폀풶돖탸쿂좥ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇늻쓜풤닢헢룶맽돌뗄쎿훖탎쪽뗄쎿룶닣쏦,떫쫇컒쏇쓜릻횪뗀헢퇹튻훖쫂쪵,죋샠듦퓚뗄믹놾볜릹(벴쮫훘럱뚨)ퟜ쫇쇙퓚뗄:? 쓇훖맡뒩쯹폐탐캪뗄뚫컷늻쫇뇰뗄,헽쫇춨맽럱뚨뛸믘맩헦쪵뗄퓋뚯ꆣퟷ캪듋훖퓋뚯뗄튻룶뮷뷚,쒿잰탐캪뻟폐믘맩뗄뚯솦볜릹ꆣ틲듋,쓇샫뾪헦쪵뫍믘맩헦쪵뗄룹놾랽쿲늢쎻폐쏔쪧,벴쪹쯹짦벰뗄쫇폐쿞뗄죋샠듦퓚ꆣ컒쏇쯹듓횮뛸짺뗄췁뗘(놳뺰)튲쫇컒쏇얬솦ퟟ쿲뗄튻룶훕뗣햾ꆣꋛ벴쪹퓚컒쏇쫜떽뇰뗄죋샠듦퓚놳엑횮뫳,컒쏇튲늻믡럅웺탅삵뇰죋,헢헽쫇틲캪놳엑헟튲쫇튻룶뫍컒쏇튻퇹뗄죋샠듦퓚,벴튻룶틔쒳훖랽쪽ꆢ퓚쒳훖쮮욽짏튲탅삵뇰죋뗄죋ꆣ놳엑폀풶틔탅삵캪잰쳡;ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚꋛ Ibid.,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹125랴맽살,탅삵ퟜ믡짦벰튻훖놳엑뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ룶죋춨맽놳엑탐캪뛸쪹ퟔ벺쫨샫뇰죋뗄웳춼횻늻맽쫇쮫훘럱뚨맽돌뗄뗚튻룶럱뚨ꆰ:쓄엂벫캪뷆햩뗄욭ퟓ튲믡폐웤헦돏뗄뗘랽ꆣꆱꋙ헢훖쮫훘럱뚨쫇죋샠듦퓚뗄튻훖뇪횾ꆰ,쓄샯죋샠맘쾵쪢탐,쓄샯뻍붨솢웰쇋탅삵ꆣꆱꋚ뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭뗄돉릦펦폃낸샽듓샺쪷퇘쾮살뾴,죕놾죋퓚폫뇰죋ퟶ짺틢쪱늢늻쾰맟폚잩뚩뫏춬ꆣ뺡맜쯦ퟅ죕놾뿧맺릫쮾폫럇죕놾벯췅릫쮾횮볤쯹잩뚩킭틩뗄퓶뛠뛸룄뇤쇋헢훖쪵볹,떫퓚짌튵쳖싛훐틽죫뫃뚷뗄싉쪦믲퓚늻뫏쫊쪱믺틽죫싉쪦죔믡짋몦웤죕놾믯냩ꆣꋛ죕놾죋룼쾲뮶뮨럑늻맜뛠뎤뗄쪱볤살쇋뷢짺틢믯냩뗄탔룱ꆢ쮼쿫벰웚췻ꆣ횻폐떱쯻쏇뻵뗃쯻쏇틑뺭ퟣ릻쇋뷢뛔랽ꆢ늢쟒얪쟥쪲쎴퇹뗄뷇즫웚췻쫊폃폚듋훖맘쾵쪱,쯻쏇닅믡뾼싇폫뛔랽탎돉튻훖짌튵맘쾵ꆣ튲탭컒쏇믡쮵,죕놾죋쫇뻍맘쾵뷸탐첸에,뛸늻쫇뻍뫏춬뷸탐첸에ꆣ뗤탍죕놾뫏춬쫇튻룶쇐쏷룷랽좨샻폫틥컱뗄볲뛌돂쫶,춬쪱냼삨튻룶캴뺡쫂틋쳵뿮:룃쳵뿮맦뚨룷랽춬틢틔돏탅뗄뺫짱뛔붫살컊쳢뷸탐킭짌ꆣꋜ뫍헜색뿉쓜믡내쿂쏦뗄쿟쯷뷢쫍헢훖쪵볹:짌튵맘쾵뻍쫇죋샠뗄탅삵맘쾵ꆣ돐억뫍뫏춬늻뿉쓜돉캪헢훖탅삵맘쾵뗄믹뒡ꆣ쎻폐죋쓜릻풤닢쎿룶짌튵틢췢쫂볾;틲뛸,룷랽ퟮ훕붫믡늻뿉뇜쏢뗘틀삵쿠뮥뗄돏탅틔뷢뻶헢킩뫍쓇킩삧쓑폫틢췢ꆣ쇭췢,돐억튲늻뿉쓜돉캪탅삵뗄믹뒡,헢쫇틲캪돐억놾짭쫇틔탅삵횮볜릹캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣ튻훖탭억믲튻룶뫏춬쫇헢퇹튻훖탎쪽,쯼쓜퓊탭튻룶죋뗄쒿잰듦퓚쫜훆폚웹뷱죔늻좷뚨뗄붫살맘쾵ꆣ튻훖탭억ퟜ믡쫇튻훖믹폚탅삵뗄ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛDianaRowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette(NewYork:WarnerBooks,1993),-93.ꋜ,JapaneseBusinessLawandtheLegalSystem(Westport,Conn.:QuorumBooks,1984),.
126뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭탐캪,헢쫇틲캪탅삵쫇탅삵헟뛔죋샠헦쪵퓋뚯뗄튻훖탅쓮ꆰ:탅쫘억퇔뻍쫇쪵쿖헢훖탅삵,늢쟒튲쫇퓊탭죋샠듦퓚뗄헦헽붫살뗃틔랢짺ꆣꆱꋙ뺡맜컷랽럖컶볒춨뎣죏캪,튻룶죕놾릫쮾퓚폫쇭튻룶릫쮾탎돉믯냩맘쾵횮잰뗄헢뛎뎤쪱볤뗄쪾낮붻췹맽돌쫇뛔뇋듋욷룱뗄튻훖볬퇩쪱웚,떫뫍헜색싗샭좴쳡돶쇋튻훖탂뗄뷢쫍ꆣ죕놾릫쮾틑뺭폫붫살뗄믯냩탎돉쇋튻훖쪵퓚뻟쳥뗄맘쾵ꆣ횻튪죋샠맘쾵듦퓚,쓇쎴탅삵뻍틑뺭돤싺늢쏖싾폚헢훖맘쾵횮훐ꆣ틲듋,헢훖쪾낮웚늢늻쫇쮫랽릫쮾캪쇋탅삵뇋듋뛸뇘탫튪춨맽뗄뾼퇩ꆣ룼뷸튻늽뗘,헢훖쪾낮맽돌늻쫇튻훖릲춬뾪햹짺틢횮잰뗄믮뚯ꆣ쓇킩ퟮ돵뷸탐뗄뛔뮰ꆢ닍믡벰싃탐놾짭뚼쫇릲춬뗄믮뚯,틲뛸쯼쏇튲쫇뾪햹짺틢뗄탎쪽(katas)ꆣ듓맣틥짏붲,짺틢(믲튵컱)춨뎣쫇튻훖평릫쮾돉풱믲뫏믯죋쯹닎폫뗄죋샠믮뚯ꆣ떱솽룶잱퓚뗄뫏ퟷ믯냩쿠폶쪱,쓇쎴쮫랽죋풱뻍틔짺틢죋(짌죋)뗄짭럝쿠폶ꆣ쎿튻랽뚼횪뗀,쯻쏇늢늻쫇틔뫃엳폑뗄짭럝쿠폶ꆣ쯻쏇쮫랽횮볤뗄맘쾵튲늻쫇튻훖튵죋쪿뫍뿍뮧뗄맘쾵,쎿튻랽뚼틑뺭탅삵뛔랽믡틔튻훖럻뫏짌튵뷧뗄랽쪽뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ헢샯쯹캽뗄ꆰ뎤웚쪾낮맽돌ꆱ늢늻쯣뎤,헢쫇틲캪쯼늢늻쫇튻훖헦헽틢틥짏뗄ꆰ쪾낮ꆱꆣ죕놾죋듓뾪쪼폶떽쓣뗄쓇튻뿌뻍뾪쪼쇋짺틢ꆣ컒쏇펦룃틔튻훖퓊탭탅삵헃쿔ퟔ벺뗄랽쪽뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ튻킩톯죋쪿춨뎣룦뷫쓇킩헽폫죕놾믯냩뷸탐첸에뗄컷랽죋,늻튪붫ퟔ벺쯹폐뗄없좫늿첯퓚첸에ퟀ짏,퓚죕놾죋뾴살,쓇킩붫ퟔ벺뗄쳵볾튻듎쳡돶뗄죋믲헟쓇킩뫜뿬ퟶ돶죃늽뗄죋좱짙튻훖췪헻탔ꆣꋚ헢훖뾴램튲탭살ퟔ죕놾죋뛔ꆰ죋샠듦퓚ꆱ(ningensonzai)뗄샭뷢ꆣ죋쏇쫗쿈춨맽돖탸늻뛏뗄럱뚨퓋뚯뛸뷒쪾ퟔ벺,좻뫳춨맽럱뚨횮럱뚨살뷸튻늽뷒쪾ퟔ벺ꆣ쓇킩쫔춼닝싊볓쯙첸에뷸돌뗄죋쪵볊짏뷘뛌쇋헢룶퓋뚯맽돌ꆣ듓뫍헜색뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢킩죋헽퓚ퟨ낭탅삵틔죋샠듦퓚뗄ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚRowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹127탎쪽뛸쪵쿖ퟔ벺ꆣ웤쯻튻킩죕놾맜샭쪵볹뷒쪾탔뗘좷죏쇋뫍헜색뛔탅삵뗄샭뷢ꆣ컷랽죋춨뎣듓췢쏦쳮돤쓇킩룟닣맜샭횰캻,믲헟웚듽쿖죎횴탐ퟜ닃엠퇸튻쏻볌죎헟;뛸죕놾릫쮾췹췹틀뾿쓚늿뗚죽랽살톡좡튻룶쇬떼헟ꆣꋙ헢훖ힼ놸쿂튻듺룟맜닣뗄퓰죎뻍놻캯췐룸훐벶맜샭헟,헢킩훐벶맜샭헟춨뎣쫜죋ퟰ뺴,틔훁폚죋쏇붫쯻쏇췆볶룸ퟜ릫쮾ퟷ캪룟닣뗄뫲톡헟ꆣ(좻뛸,쯻쏇튲탭뿉틔놻죎쏼캪Keiretsu훐뗄맘솪릫쮾뗄맜샭헟ꆣꋚ)쓇킩뺭샭뗄맋컊믲떼쪦뛔쫜엠통헟튲탭쎻폐헽쪽뗄좨솦,떫헢킩맋컊믡킭훺뫍횧돖헢캻쓪쟡뗄뺭샭듯쪮쓪횮뻃,횱떽헢캻맋컊듯떽췋택뗄쓪쇤ꆣ맋컊믲떼쪦뗄뷇즫늻뷶튪엠퇸쓪쟡뺭샭뗄벼쟉,뛸쟒뮹튪쾸탄맛달헢캻뺭샭뗄첬뛈폫쓜솦ꆣ떱룟벶맜샭헟쾣췻쳡냎튻룶탂횰캻뫲톡죋쪱,쯻쏇춨뎣믡쿲좫벯췅뗄폐뺭퇩뗄뿉탅삵뗄맋컊뷸탐톯ꆣ헢훖톯쪵볹늢늻뷶뷶쫇튻훖붨솢릲쪶뗄얬솦ꆣ릲쪶뗄붨솢뿉틔ퟔ짏뛸쿂,튲뿉틔ퟔ쿂뛸짏ꆣ죧맻릲쪶헦뗃쓇쎴훘튪,벴붫샫죎뗄CEO뿉틔쿈톡퓱튻룶볌죎헟,좻뫳퓚쒻뫳캪쯻뗄톡퓱뷸탐폎쮵ꆣ죧맻컒쏇폃뫍헜색뗄싗샭맛뗣뛸뷢쫍헢훖쪵볹,쓇쎴컒쏇믡뷢쫍뗃룼뫃ꆣ볈좻튻볒릫쮾,죧쯹폐죋샠믺릹,탨튪탅삵뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂,쓇쎴샻폃뗚죽랽뗄ퟶ램(뇋뗃ꆤ뗂뿋,PeterDrucker붫뗚죽랽돆캪ꆰ뷌뢸ꆱ)뻍췪좫폐틢틥ꆣ탅삵늻쫇룶죋뗄닆닺,탅삵쫴폚컒쏇뗄탐캪,헢쫇틲캪컒쏇쫇죋ꆣ뮻퇔횮,컒쏇뗄탅삵쫇룶죋폫룼듳짧믡벯쳥횮볤뗄뮥쿠틀삵맘쾵뗄튻룶뇪횾ꆣ튻룶폐킧뗄ퟜ닃붫폫벯췅쯹폐뺭샭뾪햹뫏ퟷ,뛸늻뷶뷶폫뚭쫂믡믲쳘뚨짙쫽룟닣뷸탐뫏ퟷꆣ죃튻룶쓪쟡폐캪뗄뺭샭폫뷌뢸튻웰릤ퟷ헢훖ퟶ램볈쓜랢쿖헢쏻뫲톡헟쫇럱쓜폫웤쯻뺭샭릲춬릤ퟷ,튲쓜뇭듯헢퇹튻훖탅쓮:에뛏튻룶죋죋탔뗄쓜솦늢늻쫇룟벶맜샭닣쯹뛀폐뗄튻훖벼쟉ꆣ틲캪컒쏇뚼럖쿭죋샠듦퓚,쯹틔ꋙBoyeLafayettedeMente,HowtoDoBusinesswiththeJapanese(:NTCPublishingGroup,1993),.ꋚMente,BusinesswiththeJapanese,.
128뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭컒쏇쎿튻룶죋튲뚼펵폐헢훖벼쟉ꆣ퓚죕놾짧믡훐맣랺쇷탐ퟅ튻훖틽볻뷩짜뗄ퟶ램,뛸컷랽죋뛔듋듦퓚컳뷢,늻맽뫍헜색싗샭튲뿉틔캪헢훖쪵볹쳡릩튻룶늻춬뗄샭뷢ꆣ훚쯹훜횪,튻룶쾣췻뷓뷼죕놾릫쮾맘볼뻶닟헟뗄펪쿺죋풱펦룃쿈평헢킩뻶닟헟쯹쫬횪뫍ퟰ훘뗄죋폨틔틽볻뫍뷩짜ꆣ캪쪲쎴헢훖틽볻죧듋훘튪쓘?뫍헜색싗샭붫듸쇬컒쏇럖컶솽룶닣쏦:톰쟳틽볻뫍돊쿗뷩짜ꆣ떱펪쿺죋풱쿲튻룶춬쫂믲쫬죋톰쟳췆뷩뫍틽볻쪱,쯻쫇퓚쟫쟳헢룶죋뛔ퟔ벺뷸탐짳닩ꆣ쪵볊짏쯻퓚톰쟳튻훖짳엺폫춨맽ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏쮵,췆볶틽볻헟쮵쪲쎴늢늻쪮럖훘튪,훘튪뗄쫇펪쿺죋풱춬틢뺭맽튻룶움맀돌탲,듓뛸쿔쪾쯻샭뷢ꆰ죋샠듦퓚ꆱꆣ쎻폐죎뫎룶죋뿉틔믲쓜릻폫헻쳥럖샫ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔횵뗃탅삵,늢늻쫇틲캪뗚죽랽쳡릩쇋맘폚컒쏇뻟폐솼뫃죋룱뗄횤뻝,헢훖샭뷢랽램랴펳쇋컷랽죋뛔폚탅삵뗄횤뻝쪽샭뷢쮼슷ꆣ쿠랴,컒쏇횮쯹틔횵뗃탅삵,쫇틲캪컒쏇쿔쪾,컒쏇틑뺭냑컕쇋컒쏇뛔짧믡뗄틀삵ꆣ랴맽살붲,헢룶짧믡튲틀삵폚룶죋ꆣ벯췅뗄뻶닟헟쏇춬퇹튲틀삵펪쿺죋풱,펪쿺죋풱탨닉좡훷뚯뛸톰쟳틽볻,좻뫳붫틽볻폫뷩짜폫웤럖쿭ꆣ떱헢킩뻶닟훆뚨헟뷓떽늢뷓쫜헢훖틽볻폫뷩짜,쯻쏇튲믡붫ퟔ벺훃폚죋샠듦퓚뗄헢룶램퓲횮훐ꆣ뗚죽뷚 붲쪵뮰ꆢ돏쪵폫웛햩컷랽짺틢죋뎣뎣놨풹죕놾죋뗄웛햩놾탔ꋙ,컷랽죋튲탭퇏훘컳뷢쇋죕놾죋뗄탐캪ꆣ룹뻝뫍헜색뗄쮵램,죕놾죋돖쫘튻훖퇏룱돏쪵횮맛뗣ꆣ좻뛸,쯻쏇늢늻죏캪헦샭쫇쫂쪵폫퇔폯횮볤뗄컇뫏,믲헟쫂쪵폫탐캪횮볤뗄뛔펦ꆣ쯻쏇튲늻믡붫ퟔ벺뗄탅삵붨솢퓚뇰죋뗄ꆢ놻샭뷢캪듋샠뛔펦뗄돏쪵믹뒡횮짏ꆣ쿠랴,퇏룱살붲,헦샭쫇탅삵뗄튻훖릦쓜,뛸늻쫇랴맽살:탅삵쫇헦샭뗄튻훖릦쓜ꆣ캪쇋샭뷢헢놳뫳ꋙMente,BusinesswiththeJapanese,;Rowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹129뗄풭틲,컒쏇탨튪뷸튻늽퇐뺿뫍헜색뗄싛횤ꆣ헦샭늻뿉쓜뷶뷶쫇쫂쪵폫퇔폯횮볤뗄컇뫏뛔펦맘쾵ꆣ죧맻헦샭쫇평헢훖뛔펦맘쾵ퟩ돉,쓇쎴벴쪹폐죋죶믑폐쪱튲믡놻죏캪쫇붲헦뮰ꆣ샽죧,죧맻컒맊틢룦쯟쓣떽듯쒳뗘뗄듭컳슷쿟,떫평폚컒뛔슷짏뗄죆탐쟩뿶튻컞쯹횪,뷡맻컒맊틢룦쯟뗄듭컳슷쿟좴뇤돉쇋ퟮ병슷쿟,쓇쎴죧듋뾴살컒뗄퇔폯폫쫂쪵쿠컇뫏ꆣ컞싛죧뫎,컒쏇튲늻풸탻돆컒붲뗄쫇헦뮰ꆣ컒쮵맽뗄뮰웤쪵뻍쫇튻룶믑퇔ꆣꋙ퓚뻶뚨붲뮰헟쫇럱붲헦뮰쪱,웤탄쓚첬뛈웰ퟅ뻶뚨ퟷ폃ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫튪뾼싇붲뮰헟퓚붲뮰쪱쫇럱뮳ퟅ웛욭죋뗄쒿뗄ꆣ틲뛸ꆰ,죋샠듦퓚횮볤뗄맘쾵뻶뚨헦샭믲믑퇔뗄컊쳢,뛸늻쫇쫂쪵폫퇔폯횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣꆱꋚ듓헢룶뷇뛈뾴,뫍헜색뗄싗샭럖컶뇈뗑뾨뛹뗄ꆶ돁쮼벯ꆷ룼캪헦쪵ꆣ뫍헜색듓쪼훁훕뚼쯟훮폚죋샠듦퓚뗄맘쾵탔,쯻틢쪶떽쇋쯻폫뛁헟횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ폫듋탎돉쿊쏷뛔뇈뗄쫇,뗑뾨뛹죏캪,쯻뇘탫쿻돽헢훖뿉쓜탔,벴쯻쫇쫀뷧짏캩튻튻캻죋샠듦퓚ꆣ좻뛸,쯻죔뻉쪹폃폯퇔살뷸탐쯻뗄럖컶ꆣ폯퇔쫇퓚짧믡췅쳥쓚톧믡늢뷸튻늽폫뇰죋릵춨뗄릤뻟ꆣꋛ퓚뗑뾨뛹볇쫶훐,컒쏇쪱뎣믡랢쿖죋샠듦퓚뗄쇙퓚,뺡맜뗑뾨뛹늢늻돐죏헢훖쇙퓚ꆣ쯻ퟸ퓚믰엔,떫쯻쎻폐랢쿖믰;쯻뗄ퟦ쿈쏇랢쿖쇋믰ꆣ뗑뾨뛹ퟸ퓚평뇰뗄죋샠듦퓚쯹짨볆뗄틎ퟓ짏,쓃ퟅ뇰죋짺닺뗄뇊뫍횽킴ퟷꆣ뗑뾨뛹뗄럖컶쫇듭컳뗄,뫜듳돌뛈짏늢늻쫇틲캪쯻뗄붲뮰폫쫂쪵늻쿠럻뫏,떫룼뛠쫇틲캪쯻뗄럖컶늢쎻폐컼좡죋샠듦퓚횮볤뗄맘쾵뗄틢틥,퓚헢룶죋샠듦퓚맘쾵뻘헳쓚,컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼믱뗃컒쏇뗄듦폐ꆣ컷랽죋튲횪뗀,헦샭늢늻쫇퇔폯폫쫂쪵쿠럻뫏뗄컊쳢ꆣ죃컒쏇볙짨쒳룶풱릤뗄릤ퟷ뇭쿖퓚쒳킩랽쏦늻병ꆣ튻룶뺭샭볈뿉틔쮵ꆰ쓣뗄뇭쿖첫닮쇋ꆱ,튲뿉틔쮵ꆰ컒쏇탨튪릲춬릤ퟷ쳡룟쓣뗄릤ퟷ벼쟉ꆣꆱ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,죋샠뗄붲뮰ퟜ쫇솦쟳죊짆,뗚뛾훖붲뮰랽쪽룼캪헦쪵(믲룼캪럻뫏죋샠,헢쫇춬퇹뗄틢쮼,틲캪붲뮰폫폯퇔쫴폚컒쏇ꋙꋚ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋛIbid.,-59;78.
130뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭헢킩죋샠듦퓚)ꆣ뗚튻훖움볛붲뮰랽쪽룮쇑쇋헢캻풱릤폫뺭샭뫍릫쮾뗄솪쾵,쯼쯆뫵퓚붨틩,헢룶풱릤폐킩룶죋뗄컊쳢,탨튪쯻믲쯽ퟔ벺살뷢뻶ꆣ헢캻풱릤튲탭헦뗄좱짙벼쓜,좻뛸컒쏇탨튪볇힡,룶죋늢늻믡퓚헻쳥횮췢뛸듦퓚ꆪꆪꆪ횻폐폫헢룶헻쳥랢짺솪쾵,룶쳥닅쓜랢쿖쯼뗄틢틥;튲횻폐퓚헢룶헻쳥쓚,룶쳥닅쓜톧믡룷훖벼쟉ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뗄랴펦볈펦룃돐죏쯻뗄늻ퟣ,튲튪틢쪶떽쯻뛔헻쳥뗄맩쫴ꆣ뗚뛾훖랴펦랽쪽뻍쓜싺ퟣ헢솽룶튪쟳ꆣ벴쪹컷랽죋튲틢쪶떽,헦헽뗄뺭샭뚼믡톡퓱룼캪죊짆뗄뗚뛾훖붲뮰랽쪽ꆣ헢훖죊짆붲뮰랽쪽뗄샭쓮뷒쪾쇋죕놾죋쳡돶뫍뷓쫜엺움뗄랽쪽ꆣ떱풱릤놻뺭샭믲웤춬쫂엺움뗄쪱뫲,쯻쏇췹췹늻톰쟳ퟔ컒뇧뮤ꆣ쯻쏇늻탨튪횤쏷쯻쏇뗄틢풸쫇솼뫃뗄ꆣ퓚죕놾ꆰ,쓣뗄춬쫂쏇믡췆뚨쓣뗄틢풸쫇헽좷뗄,쓄엂쓣랸쇋듭컳ꆣ쓣횻탨튪뗀잸늢뷓쫜엺움ꆣꆱꋙ죋쏇뗄틢풸놻췆뚨캪솼뫃뗄,틲캪횻튪쯻쏇쫇죋샠듦퓚,쯻쏇뻍뻸늻믡쾣췻웆뮵믲뚯튡쓇캪쯻쏇듦퓚럇뎣뇘튪뗄헻쳥ꆣ틲듋,췆뚨뇰죋뗄솼뫃틢풸쫇돏쪵엺움뗄캩튻랽쪽ꆣ뷓쫜엺움춬퇹튲쫇튻훖헦쪵뗄탐캪,헢쫇틲캪:뗚튻ꆢ풱릤뛔릫쮾맦랶믲웚췻뗄놳샫뗃떽쇋돐죏(뗚튻훘럱뚨);뗚뛾ꆢ풱릤춨맽뷓쫜엺움뇭쪾풸틢퓙듎믘맩헻쳥(뗚뛾훘럱뚨뫍믘맩퓋뚯)ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇튲튪힢틢,뫍헜색럖컶쫇죧뫎뷢뻶죕놾뺭샭뛔췅쳥뫍킳횮훘쫓뫍쯻쏇붲뮰싊횱횮ퟶ램뛾헟횮볤뗄늻춳튻탔뗄ꆣ횻튪싊횱붲뮰쫇뫍헜색틢틥짏뗄헦쪵,쯼뻍돐죏뫍킳뗄훘튪탔,춬쪱튲믡볰돶룶죋뷸탐엺움ꆣ퓚탭뛠쟩뿶쿂,놻엺움뗄풱릤튲탭늻춬틢뇰죋뗄엺움ꆣ헢훖틬틩캪붫살뗄룶죋럱뚨뫍믘맩헢튻컞쿞톭뮷(벴죋샠듦퓚)듮쿂쇋컨첨ꆣ틲듋,쒳킩움싛헟듭컳뗘죏캪,풱릤뷓쫜엺움쫇죕놾죋뛔벯쳥맽럖춶죫뗄튻룶뇪횾,튲쫇죕놾죋붫ퟔ벺룶쳥췪좫죚죫벯쳥뗄풸틢뺫짱뗄튻훖쳥쿖ꆣꋚ쎿룶춬틢믲럾듓뗄탐캪ퟜ믡낵몬ퟅ틬틩뫍랴엑ꆣꋛꋙRowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette,.ꋚMente,BusinesswiththeJapanese,.ꋛWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-135.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹131놳샫릫쮾맦퓲뗄풱릤뫍뷸탐엺움뗄뺭샭뛔헢뗣폐좫쏦뗄쇋뷢,늢쟒뷓쫜헢퇹뗄쫂쪵:벯췅쓚뗄짺믮ퟜ믡쫇튻훖첸에탔뗄틬틩맽돌ꆣ헦쪵ꆰ폫쮼뇦/쮼뾼탔헦샭쎻폐맘쾵ꆣꆭꆭ헦샭폫쏽컳뚼뿉맩캪죋샠듦퓚횮탅삵맘쾵뗄쫴탔ꆣꆱꋙ떱컒쏇붲ꆰ헦헽뗄ꆱ엳폑쪱,컒쏇쫇횸쓇ퟜ쫇쏩ힼ캪컒쏇뢣럾컱뗄죋ꆣꆰ헦헽뗄ꆱ쒸쟗믡뺫탄헕쇏ퟔ벺뗄몢ퟓꆣ컞싛퓚뫎쪱쟩뿶쿂,쓇킩헦쪵뗄죋쏇뚼믡톰쟳믘펦웤맘쾵쓚낵몬뗄탅삵,듓뛸쪹쯻쏇ퟔ벺돉캪횵뗃탅삵횮죋ꆣ듋샠죋뗄붲뮰췹췹믡폫쫂쪵쿠럻뫏ꆣ떫틲캪붲쪵뮰쫇탅삵뗄튻훖릦쓜,쯹틔컒쏇뻍믡퓊탭쓇킩헦쪵뗄죋쏇,퓚뿍맛쳵볾튪쟳퇔폯폫쫂쪵횮볤폐늻튻훂뗄쟩뿶쿂,뛸룄뇤ퟔ벺뗄붲뮰퇔폯뛸맊틢떼훂헢훖늻튻훂뗄쿖쿳ꆣꋚ튻룶늻쿫놣컀ퟔ벺맺볒뗄붫뻼늻쫇튻룶헦헽뗄붫뻼,틲뛸붫뻼뿉틔맊틢짙놨뗐죋뗄쫽ퟖ틔뇜쏢뻚즥ퟔ벺뗄쪿뇸벰듲믷쯻쏇뗄햽뚷쪿웸ꆣ횻튪헢캻붫뻼뗄탐캪쫇횵뗃탅삵뗄,떱컒쏇횸퓰쯻죶믑늢뷶듓듋돶랢쪱,컒쏇뻍늻쓜ퟶ돶뫏샭뗄싗샭에뛏ꆣ쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃돆쯌쓇킩죧헦헽붫뻼쓇퇹붲죋샠헦샭(humantruth)뗄죋ꆣ듋샠럖컶튲뿉펦폃폚짌튵놳뺰쿂뗄퇔폯뫍탐캪ꆣ헽죧컒쏇뗚튻헂쯹잿뗷횸돶뗄,죋샠쫇틔탭뛠룟뛈힢뚨벰뻟쳥뗄맘쾵뗄탎쪽뛸듦퓚뗄ꆣ헦헽뗄퇔폯붲뮰믡ퟰ훘쯹짦벰맘쾵훐뗄탅삵쒣쪽ꆣ틲뛸짺틢죋뗄헦헽탐캪폫퇔폯쫇뛔뿍뮧폫릫쮾맘쾵믲풱릤폫뺭샭맘쾵훐쯹낵몬뗄탅삵뗄믘펦ꆣ헢훖탅삵늻춬폚뢸쒸뫍몢ퟓꆢ헉럲뫍웞ퟓ횮볤뗄탅삵ꆣꋛ헉럲뫍웞ퟓ횮볤럖쿭틾쮽,떫죕놾릫쮾늻믡퓚맘쾵뾪쪼횮돵뻍뇘좻뗘붫쯹폐닟싔뚼뷒쪾룸쏀맺믲뗂맺믯냩ꆣ죕놾믯냩뗄헢훖놣쇴탅쾢뗄탐캪늢늻뇘좻쫇맮쏘믲웛햩탐캪ꆣ헢훖탐캪뗄믹놾맘힢뗣늢늻쫇뷒쪾쯹폐쫂쪵,뛸쫇틔튻훖ퟰ훘믹놾탅삵뗄랽쪽붲뮰ꆣ헢훖맘힢붫살뗄붲뮰랽쪽틢퓚돐죏,쿖폐믯냩맘쾵죔뫜쓪쟡,믯냩룷랽볈늻횪뗀튲늻쇋뷢뇋듋ꆣ퓚헢퇹튻훖맘쾵뗄퓧웚,폐쯹놣쇴뫍뷷짷볈ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-275.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛIbid.,-276.
132뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쫇헦쪵뗄붲뮰랽쪽,튲쫇횵뗃탅삵뗄붲뮰랽쪽ꆣ샠쯆뗄럖컶튲뿉펦폃폚릫쮾죧뫎뛔듽탂풱릤헢룶컊쳢ꆣ쓇킩캪죕놾릫쮾릤ퟷ뗄쏀맺풱릤놧풹,쯻쏇컞쫂뿉ퟶꆣ듓뫍헜색뗄뷇뛈살뾴,죕놾죋틑뺭룸헢킩쏀맺죋ퟣ릻뗄쫂쟩좥ퟶꆣ탂풱릤펦룃ퟐ쾸맛달쯻뗄춬쫂쏇늢쟒죚죫쯻쏇횮훐틔쇋뷢쯻쏇ꆣ죧맻탂풱릤폐컊쳢,쯻쏇펦룃틔튻훖잫톷뗄첬뛈쟫뷌쯻뗄춬쫂쏇ꆣ볲퇔횮,헢킩탂풱릤펦룃맛달뫍뒧쒦릫쮾쓚틑폐뗄맘쾵ꆢ톧믡틔튻훖뫏쫊뗄랽쪽쿲ퟔ벺뗄춬쫂벰쓇킩뇈ퟔ벺믲뛠믲짙짮뗄죋쪿붲뮰ꆣ쯻쏇늻펦룃웚듽뫜뿬뗄뷸햹ꆣ춨뎣쟩뿶쿂,탂풱릤랢쿖,쯻쏇탨튪3쓪믲룼뛠뗄쪱볤닅쓜뷓뒥떽쏴룐뗄탅쾢ꆣꋙ춬쪱,쯻쏇펦룃붫ퟔ벺뗄뺫솦폃폚퓄뛁쯹폐쓚늿놸췼슼,틔쇋뷢헻룶릫쮾뗄쟩뿶ꆣ맘폚쏀맺풱릤,죕놾뺭샭뺭뎣놧풹,뛔폚쓇킩뛔쯻쏇릤ퟷ늻닺짺횱뷓믲쏷쿔펰쿬뗄놸췼슼,쏀맺죋늻킼퓄뛁ꆣꋚ듓틔짏헢킩뾼싇살뾴,쓇훖죏캪죕놾죋쪱뎣캪쇋벯쳥뫍킳(wa)뛸컾짼헦샭뗄뾴램,죧튻킩컷랽뗄짌튵샭싛헟쯹훷헅뗄쓇퇹,쫇죧뫎뗃뻟폐컳떼ퟷ폃ꆣ헦샭폫벯쳥뫍킳횮볤늢늻쎬뛜ꆣ헦헽뗄붲뮰폫퇔폯ퟜ믡ퟰ훘틾폚뻟쳥맘쾵훐뗄탅삵ꆣ헢훖헦샭쫇죊짆뗄,튲ퟰ훘쓇쿠뮥틀삵뗄벯쳥뫍룶죋ꆣ헢늢늻쫇쮵,죋쏇횮볤듓늻틔웛햩뗄랽쪽뛔듽뇰죋ꆣ쯼횻쫇쮵,릹돉웛햩뗄탐캪뇘탫쫇ퟐ쾸쒱뮮뗄ꆣ틲캪웛햩뇰죋쫇뛔탅삵뗄놳엑,쯹틔퓚쎻폐탅삵듦퓚뗄잰쳡쿂쫇컞쯹캽웛햩뗄ꆣꋛ떱탅삵쇙퓚ꆢ떫쒳죋뗄탐캪랽쪽뻍뫃쿱탅삵늻듦퓚뛸쟒뫃쿱쎻폐폫듋탅삵쿠뛔펦뗄헦샭쪱,헦헽틢틥짏뗄웛햩뻍랢짺쇋ꆣ죧맻탅삵폀풶쇙퓚,쓇쎴웛햩믲늻헦쪵뻸늻믡떥뛀듦퓚ꆣ웛햩폀풶별짺폚탅삵폫헦샭ꆣꋜ죧맻죋쏇탭쿂억퇔,좻뫳폖뇭쪾쓇훖늻탅쫘억퇔뗄틢쿲,쓇쎴쯻쏇쎻폐죶믑ꆣ횻폐떱죋쏇탭쿂억퇔,늢쟒탻돆ퟱ쫘억퇔ꋙRowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette,.ꋚYoshimuraandAnderson,InsidetheKaisha,-170.ꋛWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋜIbid.,.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹133쪱,벴볙ힰ돏쪵믲헦쪵쪱,헢닅쫇웛햩ꆣ웛햩ퟜ쫇튻훖ꆰ캱ힰ뗄돏쪵ꆱ,뛸쯼튲쫇튻훖탎쪽뗄헦샭(벴뛔탅삵폫헦샭횮쇙퓚뫍탨튪뗄튻훖볤뷓돐죏ꆪꆪꆪ짵훁떱웛햩헟헽퓚붲싛믲쪵탐쒳룶쏽컳폫늻쪵뗄쪱뿌,튲쫇죧듋)ꆣꋙ늻싛뫎쪱,죋쏇쫔춼돉캪튻룶ꆰ뒿듢룶죋ꆱ쪱,벴죋쏇탐캪ퟶ쫂쪱뫃쿱쯻쏇늻폫벯쳥쓚웤쯻죋횮볤뻟폐튻훖룹놾뗄솪쾵쪱,웛햩뻍탎돉쇋ꆣ떱헢킩죋탐캪ퟶ쫂쪱뫃쿱쯻쏇폐좨샻쯁틢뛸캪쪱,쯻쏇믡늻뿉뇜쏢뗘랢쿖쯻쏇늻뿉쓜퓚죎뫎쟩뿶쿂뚼폫뇰죋룮쇑솪쾵ꆣ죋쏇쯆뫵횻퓚웤짺믮훐뗄튻룶믲뫜짙벸룶닣쏦ퟶ늻떽돏쪵믲헦쪵ꆣ샽죧,튻룶죋뿉쓜쫇튻룶헦돏뗄엳폑뫍튻룶돏쪵뗄뢸쟗,떫쫇튻룶늻돏쪵뗄헾뿍ꆣꋚ헽죧컒쏇쯹웚듽뗄쓇퇹,뫍헦샭튻퇹,웛햩ퟜ믡돶쿖퓚쒳킩힢뚨뛸뻟쳥뗄맘쾵훐ꆣ본폚웛햩별짺폚쓇쫴폚죋샠듦퓚뗄탅삵폫헦샭,컒쏇쎻폐샭평탻돆죋샠듦퓚뻟폐웛햩놾탔ꆣ쇭췢,떱컒쏇듓늻헦쪵쟒뻸늻내헦샭짺믮헢룶뷇뛈뾼싇쪱,컒쏇쎻폐샭평탻돆,쒳룶죋쫇웛햩횮춽,틲캪ퟮ뷆햩뗄죋튲믡퓚쒳룶랽쏦ꆢ쒳룶뗘뗣벰쒳룶쪱볤내헦샭짺믮ꆣ튻룶짧믡췅쳥믲믺릹뇘탫힢틢럀랶쓇훖듓ퟮ뮵뗄돌뛈췆뚨룶죋뗄ퟶ램ꆣ떱컒쏇췆뚨ퟔ쮽믲틔ퟔ컒캪훐탄뗄죋믡틔쒳훖랽쪽믘맩떽헻쳥쪱,컒쏇뗄탐캪닅믡룼캪죊짆뫍헦쪵ꆣ컞틉헢훖샭뷢듓쒳훖틢틥짏뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴죕놾죋늻뛔훘ퟯ랸죋뻐뷻뫜뎤쪱볤헢훖ퟶ램ꆣ톹훆솦솿뿉틔놻폃폚쿞훆룶죋,떫벫듳뗄잿훆솦솿횻춻돶쿔쪾룶죋뗄랴엑쓜솿폫솦솿ꆣꋛ짧믡믲췅쳥쓇훖췪좫쿻돽웛햩ꆢ랸ퟯ뗈뗄쎿훖얬솦쿔쪾쇋헢훖ퟶ램뗄늻뿉쓜탔ꆣ짧믡폀풶쫇룶죋뗄짧믡ꆣ죧맻룶죋쿻쪧,쓇쎴짧믡튲붫쯦횮쿻쪧ꆣ틲뛸헦헽믲죊짆뗄믘펦,냼삨쿞훆탐캪,붫믡돐죏ퟔ벺뗄폐쿞ꆣꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,ꋚꋛ Ibid.,.
134뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗚쯄뷚 뫍헜색횮탅삵룅쓮뗄잱퓚캣쿕떱좻뫍헜색뗄ꆰ죕놾ꆱ탅삵룅쓮튲늻쫇쎻폐컊쳢ꆣ튲탭컒쏇뿉틔헢퇹죏캪,헢훖탅삵룅쓮쫇틔튻훖쿠뛔떥튻뗄컄뮯(homogeneousculture)캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣ죧맻탅삵쫇룟뛈힢뚨뗄맘쾵뗄튻훖릦쓜,쓇쎴떱죕놾뺭샭놻엉떽췢맺,맜샭쓇킩늻럖쿭헢훖뛔죋샠듦퓚뗄ힼ런뷌쪽뗄샭뷢뗄죋쏇쪱믡랢짺쪲쎴퇹뗄쟩뿶쓘?튻킩엺움헟횸돶,헢킩췢맺맜샭헟붫뻜뻸뢳폨뗘랽뺭샭첫뛠퓰죎,헢쫇틲캪죕놾죋랢뻵늻뿉쓜탅삵쓇킩늻쇋뷢죕놾죋ퟶ쫂랽쪽뗄죋ꆣ헢훖쟩탎퓚뛌웚쓚튲늻믡돶쿖첫듳룄맛,틲캪죕놾죋놻죏캪쎻폐탋좤내헕탂컄뮯뗷헻웤맜샭랽쪽ꋙ,뻜뻸죚죫뫍쇋뷢쯻쏇쯹맜샭뗄놾뗘죋ꋚ,벫뛋탟즬뫍쓚쿲ꋛ,뻥엂퓚붲췢맺폯퇔쪱랸듭컳ꆣꋜ쓇쎴뷡맻뻍쫇,놾뗘풱릤룟뛈뻚즥,죕놾죋벫웤맂뛀ꆪꆪꆪ맂뛀뗃쿫튪ퟔ즱ꆣꋝ컒쏇뇘탫킡탄뗘붫듋훖랴뛔틢볻럖샫캪벸룶랽쏦ꆣ쫇뗄,뫍쏀맺죋믲얷훞죋쿠뇈,죕놾죋룼뿉쓜쪹폃쒸릫쮾뗄맺벮죋살떣뢺뗘랽맜샭횰캻ꆣꋞ컞틉,퓚죕놾맜샭헟뫍뗘랽풱릤횮볤뎣뎣듦퓚ퟅ뷴헅뗄맘쾵ꆣ좻뛸,뺡맜퓚쏀맺틑뺭랢짺쇋튻킩펰쿬뷏듳뗄쏀맺죋뿘룦퓚쏀맺퓋탐뗄죕놾릫쮾뗄쯟쯏낸볾,떫컒쏇뿉틔풤닢헫뛔죕놾죋뗄쯟쯏낸볾붫믡뎬맽헫뛔죎뫎웤쯻췢맺죋뗄쯟쯏낸볾,틲캪죕놾퓚쏀맺ꋙ,HonoringtheCustomer:MarketingandSellingtotheJapanese(NewYork:JohnWileyandSons,1991),.ꋚ,WorkingforaJapaneseCompany:InsightsintotheMulticulturalWorkplace(Tokyo:KodanshaInternational,1996),.ꋛMarch,HonoringtheCustomer,.ꋜ,SocialSolidarityAmongtheJapaneseinSeattle(Seattle,Wash,:UniversityofWashingtonPress,1984),quotedinMarch,Working,-200.ꋝMarch,Working,-205.ꋞRyuichiYamakawa,ꆰTheRealityofꆯRotatingJapaneseStaff,ꆱBulletinofJapaneseLabor,SpecialTopic,32:12(1December1993),
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹135뗄춶쮮욽틑뺭뎬맽쇋탭뛠웤쯻맺볒퓚쏀맺뗄춶ꆣ쇭췢,컒뮳틉죕놾죋쫇럱뻟폐튻쳗듙쪹죕놾죋룱췢쳖퇡탅삵뇰죋뗄쳘훊,웤쯻튻킩맺볒뗄돉풱튲럖쿭튻킩뻝쮵쫇죕놾죋뗄쳘훊ꆣ룹뻝쏀튮쮹벰늼샯룱(Myers-Briggs)죋룱뗷닩쫽뻝쿔쪾,탭뛠컷랽죋(듳풼50%)튲쫇쓚쿲탍뗄ꆣ폐킩맺볒뗄ퟔ즱싊룟돶죕놾ꆣ퓚튻룶췢맺컄뮯훐짺믮릤ퟷ쪹벸뫵쎿룶죋뚼랸ꆣ틲듋,떱죕놾죋놻엉췹맺췢ꆢ쾲뮶죚죫춬탐죕놾죋쪱,컒쏇늻펦룃뻵뗃듳뺪킡맖ꆣ톧쾰튻훖탂뗄폯퇔튲쫇쿠떱삧쓑뗄ꆣ뇏뺹떱쏀맺죋틔퓚맺췢싃탐믲릤ퟷ쪱뻜뻸톧쾰뫍쪹폃돽펢폯횮췢뗄죎뫎웤쯻폯퇔뛸훸돆ꆣ헽죧얲췾(뫉삼ꆢ죰뗤ꆢ컷냠퇀뗈)킦뮰쯹럭듌뗄쓇퇹ꆰ:죧뫎돆뫴붲죽훖폯퇔뗄죋?죽폯죋ꆣ붲솽훖폯퇔뗄죋쓘?쮫폯죋ꆣ붲튻훖폯퇔뗄죋쓘?쏀맺죋ꆣꆱ쇭췢,죕놾죋펵놧ퟔ벺쒿잰뗄맜샭쒣쪽뫍춶쪵볹틔벰쾣췻쫤돶쯼쏇,쯻쏇헢퇹ퟶ펵폐튻킩뫃뗄샭평ꆣꋙ샽죧,죕놾죋엺움쏀맺춶헟늻뻟뎤풶볡돖뺫짱ꆣ헢훖엺움뮹쫇폐튻뚨볻뗘뗄ꆣ뛭싞쮹죋튲ퟶ돶쇋춬퇹뗄엺움:쏗뛻(Mir)뿕볤햾룕룕돶쿖쇋튻킩컊쳢,쏀맺죋뻍뫶좻뾪쪼뾼싇듓헢룶뫏쿮쒿뎷돶뗄컊쳢ꆣ쓇퓸뺭햼뻝죕놾쓐탔릤죋죽럖횮튻뗄훕짺맍폃훆ꋚ,쓜냯훺뒴퓬튻훖뻍튵놣헏뗄럕캧ꆢ듙짺튻훖훒돏뗄뺫짱ꆢ복짙엠통뗄럑폃벰붵뗍킹슶짌튵쏘쏜뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ췅뛓뗄쪹폃쓜릻냯훺붨솢쪿웸,튲뿉틔ퟷ캪튻훖퓚벯췅쓚럖쿭죏횪뗄믺훆ꆣ본폚죕놾맜샭쪵볹뗄헢킩헦쪵폅뗣ꆪꆪꆪ튻킩쪵볹틑뺭놻웤뺺헹뛔쫖쯹쒣럂,컒쏇펦룃킡탄훮죧듋샠뗄쮵램:죕놾짺틢죋늻횵뗃탅삵,쯻쏇횻횪뗀붫ퟔ벺뗄쒣쪽잿볓룸뇰뗄맺볒ꆣ쇭췢,쓇훖틀삵죕놾맺벮죋쪿떣죎뗘랽횰캻뗄ퟶ램튲탭횻쫇죕놾횱뷓뛔췢춶횮볲뛌샺쪷뗄닺컯ꆣ퓚20쫀볍90쓪듺돵웚,죕놾뿧맺릫쮾쯹맍폃뗄놾뗘풱릤쫽쒿폐쯹퓶볓,튲탭헢뿉틔랴펳돶죕놾죋퓚맺췢짺틢쿮쒿짏믽샛쇋룼뛠뗄뺭퇩ꆣꋛꋙRowland,JapaneseBusinessEtiquette,.ꋚYamakawa,ꆰRotatingJapaneseStaff,ꆱp,1.ꋛMente,BusinesswiththeJapanese,.
136뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭좻뛸헢샯뮹폐튻룶맘폚뫍헜색쯹쏨쫶뗄죕놾싗샭놾짭쫇럱만폐쒳훖탎쪽뗄돰뫞췢맺죋뗄쟩탷ꆣ컒뗄믘듰쫇럱뚨뗄ꆣ뺡맜퓚죕놾,벯쳥뫍킳럇뎣훘튪,떫뫍헜색럇뎣쏷좷뗘엺늵쇋컷랽죋쯹ퟷ맘폚죕놾죋뗄폐믺뇈폷ꆪꆪꆪ샽죧,죕놾쫇튻룶ꆰ럤쿤쪽ꆱ믲ꆰ벯좺쪽ꆱ짧믡ꋙ,쯼튪쟳웤쯹폐돉풱뚼ퟱ쫘죕놾죋뗄랽쪽,캪릫릲뢣뛸컾짼룶죋뗄샻틦ꆣ횻폐떱룶쳥돽쇋쓜ퟶ쫂횮췢뮹뻟폐맜쫸ퟔ벺뗄쓜솦쪱,헢훖ꆰ컾짼ꆱ뗄룅쓮닅뻟폐틢틥,떫쫇쏛럤좴쎻폐헢훖톡퓱ꆣ죕놾풱릤쓜릻튲뿉틔뇭쪾틬틩ꆣ죕놾뗄폯퇔놾짭냼몬튻훖쒣뫽탔,헢훖쒣뫽탔쓜릻퓊탭죋쏇퓚캴뇘춬틢춬쫂맛뗣뗄쟩뿶쿂뛸폫횮릲춬릤ퟷꆣ샽죧,죕놾폯훐뗄ꆰ쫇ꆱ뿉쓜틢캶ퟅꆰ컒춬틢ꆱ,믲횻듺뇭ꆰ컒쏷냗쓺쯹쮵뗄ꆣꆱ헢훖쒣뫽탔폫쓇훖붫죋샠듦퓚쫓캪쮫훘럱뚨뗄맛뗣쫇튻훂뗄,벴붫ퟔ벺훃폚헻쳥뗄뛔솢쏦(튲뻍쫇쮵ꆰ,컒쏷냗떫컒늻춬틢ꆱ),떫춬쪱폖돐죏죚죫헻쳥뗄훘튪탔(튲뻍쫇쮵ꆰ,컒쏷냗쓺쯹쮵뗄,튲늢늻췪좫랴뛔,틲캪컒쾣췻컒쏇쓜릻튻웰뫏ퟷ듯돉튻훖쇮쮫랽싺틢뗄맛뗣ꆱ)ꆣ죕놾죋뎣뎣쪹폃헢훖쮫훘럱뚨,샽죧ꆰ,컒늢늻쫇늻춬틢쓺쯹붲뗄ꆣꆱ헢훖쮫훘럱뚨헽쫇컒쏇듓ꆰ죋볤ꆱ쓇샯쯹웚듽뗄ꆣ헢훖붲뮰랽쪽쓜뮺뫍돥춻ꆣ듓듳쳥짏붲,헢훖폯퇔폐샻폚쿻돽쒰짺헟횮볤뗄닮틬ꆣ놾뗘풱릤늢쎻폐놻잿훆럅웺쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄맛쓮뛸뷓쫜죕놾죋뗄맛쓮,듓뛸믱뗃죕놾맍훷뗄탅삵ꆣ헢훖쒣뫽뗄붲뮰랽쪽쓜릻폐샻폚퇻쟫쯹폐룷랽뚼럖쿭ퟔ벺뗄맛뗣,쳽뇋듋,틔벰얬솦놣돖뾪럅뗄탄첬,죧듋튻살,튻훖맣랺뷓쫜뗄릲쪶뻍쓜릻탎돉ꆣ돽듋횮췢,죕놾뗄릫쮾춨뎣뚼믡뚨솢쒣뫽뗄쒿뇪ꆣ릫쮾뎣뎣뚨솢훮죧ꆰ캪쏀쏮죋짺뛸얬솦ꆱꆰꆢ붵뗍돉놾ꆱꆢ믲ꆰ얬솦뒴탂ꆱꆣ헢훖맊틢좱짙쟥컺뛈뗄쒿뇪쓜릻듙쪹릤죋쏇룱췢얬솦ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖쒣뫽탔튲믡웴뚯튻훖랴쪡돌탲:헢킩뿚뫅떽뗗쫇쪲쎴틢쮼쓘?ꆪꆪꆪꆰ틔쳖싛헦샭뫍쏀짆뗄쏻틥,튻룶풱릤쓜릻볤뷓붫ퟔ벺뗄맛뗣쳡붻룸벯쳥뾼ꋙMarch,Working,,217.
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹137싇ꆣꆱꋙ맣룦튲뎣뎣믡쪹폃튻킩틢퓚뎫떼쮼슷뗄맣룦폯,뛸늻쫇탻뒫닺욷믲릫쮾ꆣ샽죧,튻쳵럇뎣훸쏻뗄맣룦폯뻍쫇ꆰ얮몢펦룃탛탄늪늪!ꆱ쇭튻쳵맣룦폯좰뷫죋쏇ꆰ늻튪뚢ퟅ싣헟뾴:쓣ퟔ벺튲살튻냑!ꆱꋚ틲캪헢킩맣룦폯쫇맊틢쒣뫽,쯹틔풱릤쏇뿉틔쳡돶ퟔ벺뗄맛뗣,떫헢킩맛뗣튲탭폫죋쏇뗄맛뗣쫇쎬뛜뗄ꆣ쇭췢,풱릤쏇폐믺믡럱뚨헢훖럱뚨,틲캪죧맻쯻쏇뗄뷢쫍쫜떽?웺,쯻쏇쓜릻붲쯻쏇횻쫇뛔맣룦폯쳡돶튻훖뷢쫍ꆣ뫍헜색뗄헢훖닻쫍쯆뫵뇈늼췟퇇ꆤ?쳘(BoyedeMente)뗄맛뗣룼폐틢틥,싺뗂죏캪,죕놾죋벫웤쟩탷뮯,뎣뎣믡쳡돶튻킩믄떮뗄맣룦폯,헢킩맣룦폯쫇쓇퇹뗃ꆰ쾲얭컞뎣ꆱ믲헟ꆰ룐쟩폃쫂ꆱꆣꋛ죕놾컄뮯뗄룟뛈죚뫏탔뿉틔캪쳴햽쓇훖ꆰ죕놾죋돰뫞췢맺죋ꆱ뗄뿘룦쳡릩뗚뛾룶틀뻝ꆣ죧맻헦죧튻킩엺움헟벫솦죃컒쏇쿠탅뗄쓇퇹,죕놾죋뫜ퟔ뢺,늻탅삵죋,쓇쎴컒쏇붫늻뗃늻뷢쫍죕놾죋쫇죧뫎짃뎤쿲뇰뗄컄뮯뷨본쮼쿫헢훖틕쫵뗄ꆣ떱좻,죕놾죋뿉쓜믡죏캪헢킩쮼쿫쫇ꆰ뇰죋ꆱ뗄쮼쿫,붫웤돢횮캪ꆰ늻헦쪵뗄ꆱ쮼쿫,늢쟒ퟮ훕믡?웺헢킩쮼쿫ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻죋샠듦퓚쫇튻훖쮫훘럱뚨,쓇쎴죕놾죋뗄헢훖볦쫕늢탮ퟶ램뻍뇤뗃췪좫뿉틔샭뷢ꆣ쯹폐죋샠듦퓚쪱뎣뒦폚튻훖볈춬틢폖틬틩뗄맽돌횮훐ꆣ뫍헜색늻뛏퓚쓇킩쯻쯹랴뛔뗄컷랽쮼쿫볒쓇샯랢쿖헦쪵뗄뚫컷ꆣퟮ뫳,쓄샯폐죋샠맘쾵듦퓚,쓄샯뻍믡폐쒳훖탎쪽ꆢ쒳훖돌뛈뗄탅삵듦퓚ꆣ떱죋쏇붲싛ꆰ췢죋ꆱ믲ꆰ췢맺죋ꆱ(gaijin)쪱,죋쏇뻍퓚볙뚨튻훖맘쾵,벴튻훖쓚죋벰췢죋뗄맘쾵,헢훖맘쾵춬퇹튲쫇쿠뮥틀삵뗄ꆣ췢죋듳뿉늻뇘캪쇋쓜쪹탅삵듦퓚폚쯻쏇뛾헟횮볤,뛸돉캪튻쏻쓚죋ꆣ튪쟳죋쏇뷸탐듋훖뮻쫇쎻폐죎뫎틢틥뗄,헢쫇틲캪,죧맻쎿룶죋뚼돉캪튻룶컄뮯ꆰ쓚죋ꆱ(헢쫇튻룶탨튪ꆰ췢죋ꆱퟷ뛔헕닅쓜폐틢틥뗄듊),쓇쎴튲뻍컞쯹캽쓚죋쇋ꆣ뫍헜색쯹뇧뮤뗄탅삵좷쪵튪쟳ꋙYoshimuraandAnderson,InsidetheKaisha,-161.ꋚMente,BusinesswiththeJapanese,.ꋛIbid.,.
138뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭죋쏇럅웺쓇훖쳬헦뗄탅쓮,벴튻떩컒쏇뿧맽쇋폯퇔헏낭,쯹폐죋붫뇤뗃췪좫튻퇹ꆣ횻튪컒쏇뚼뮹쫇죋,헢훖ꆰ컒쏇뚼쿠춬ꆱ뗄탅쓮뻍쫇헦쪵뗄ꆣ좻뛸,횻튪컒쏇뚼뮹쫇죋,헢훖탅쓮뇘좻쫇듭컳뗄,뇘좻쫇탅삵뗄튻훖헏낭ꆣ횻튪쫇죋뻍튪듦퓚폚힢뚨뗄맘쾵횮훐,헢킩맘쾵뗄쳘탔펦룃뗃떽첽쯷폫ퟰ훘ꆣ뛔뫍헜색살붲,쓇훖뇭쏦짏뾴웰살룼뻟낮탄뗄ꆰ췲쏱뷔쿠춬ꆱ뗄탅쓮뇈쯻뗄죕놾죋탅쓮룼캪돰뫞췢맺죋ꆣ헢훖ꆰ룼뻟낮탄ꆱ탅쓮틾몬뗘튪쟳놻탅삵헟ퟱ쫘탅삵헟뗄쳥쏦ꆢ릫욽뫍낮탄뗈룅쓮뇪ힼꆣ죧맻놻탅삵헟?웺헢룶탅쓮(튲탭캪쇋솼뫃샭평),쓇쎴쯻믲쯽퓚탅삵헟퇛샯뻍뇤뗃늻횵뗃탅삵ꆣ떱컒쏇돐죏컒쏇횮볤뿉쓜뗄닮틬쪱,냼삨뛔컒쏇횮볤닮틬횮뺫좷쳘탔뗄늻춬맛뗣,컒쏇뻍믡룼훒쪵죋샠듦퓚ꆣ뗚뛾훖랽쪽쓜릻뇜쏢룸룷랽잿볓튻훖솮볛뗄릲쪶,튲캪첽쯷퇐뺿닮틬ꆢ훘쿖뫶싔뗄쿠쯆뗣뗈듲쿂쇋믹뒡ꆣ쇭췢,헢훖랽램튲쓜냯훺룷랽쪶뇰뫍쳖싛죎뫎헹뛋훐쯹틾몬뗄탭뛠뫃뗄쓚죝ꆣ본폚죕놾죋뫍냄듳샻퇇죋횮볤뗄틬틩뿉쓜퓚튻랽믲쮫랽컄뮯훐뚼폐훘뢴쿖쿳,헢훖랽램뮹뿉틔뇜쏢룸죎뫎튻랽쳗짏붩뮯뗄쏱ퟥ뚨캻ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭뮹튪쏦뛔뗚뛾룶쏷쿔뗄랴뛔틢볻ꆣ죧맻탅삵튪쟳컒쏇ퟰ훘룷훖볈뚨힢뚨맘쾵,쓇쎴컒쏇쫇럱ퟮ훕믡볓잿틑폐쿖ힴ,뛸틑폐쿖ힴ믡뇡뗍쒳킩췅쳥,쳘뇰쫇떱헢킩췅쳥놻짧믡뮯뛸뷓쫜쒳킩웧쫓탔듽폶쪱ꋙ?퓚맽좥,죕놾쓐맜샭헟붫뢾얮뗄뷇즫뷶쿞뚨폚냬릫쫒뗄쟚퓓릤,쯽쏇뛋뾧럈ꆢퟷ컄쏘벰쳡릩맘볼뻶닟훆뚨헟쯹탨튪뗄쒻뫳횧돖릤ퟷꆣ쯽쏇쎻폐놻캯틔죎뫎룼캪폐좤뗄퓰죎ꆣꋚ퓚춨맽ꆶ욽뗈뻍튵믺믡램ꆷ횮잰,듳뛠쫽듳릫쮾뻜뻸뷓쫜얮듳톧짺뗄릤ퟷ짪쟫,웤샭평쫇헢킩얮몢ퟓ늻뻃뻍믡듇횰믲뷡믩ꆣꋛ폐킩쫽뻝쿔쪾,벴쪹퓚춨ꋙMarcusCornelius,ꆰDiscrimination,ꆱreprintedwiththepermissionofISSHOat
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹139맽ꆶ욽뗈뻍튵믺믡램ꆷ횮뫳,튻킩릫쮾죔뻉붫뢾얮낲훃퓚쓇킩횰풱캻훃짏,뛸늻쫇튵횰캻짏ꆣꋙNisei(벴쓇킩맩살뗄쏀벮죕놾죋)튲놻좦폚쓇킩훘튪퓰죎횰캻횮췢ꆣ퓚ퟮ뷼벸쓪,튻킩놻엉췹몣췢뗄죕놾죋믘살횮뫳튲랢쿖뫜쓑훘탂죚죫죕놾짧믡ꆣꋚ쯻쏇놻죏캪틑뺭햴좾짏쇋컷랽뗄룶죋훷틥맛쓮,틲뛸늻첫뿉쓜돉캪뫃뗄췅뛓쇬떼ꆣ쓇킩퓚뛾햽웚볤놻죕놾뻼뛓듸믘죕놾ꆢ쳡릩솮볛샍뚯솦뗄뎯쿊죋뫍훐맺죋늻믡ퟔ뚯돉캪죕놾릫쏱,쓄엂쯻쏇뗄볒춥틑뺭퓚죕놾짺믮쇋벸듺쇋ꆣ퓚믺뎡,뎯쿊뻓쏱뇘탫듓ꆰ췢맺죋ꆱ춨뗀훘탂뷸죫죕놾ꆣꋛ퓚쯹폐헢킩낸샽훐,룶죋뗃늻떽첫뛠뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ뷡맻,룷훖맘쾵(죧뺭샭폫냬릫쫒쟚퓓얮릤횮볤뗄맘쾵)내헕컷랽싗샭뇪ힼ(죧뾵뗂싗샭믲믹뚽ퟚ뷌싗샭)에뛏뗄뮰,뻍뇤돉싗샭짏쇮죋뿉틉뗄맘쾵ꆣ쓇쎴떱컒쏇ퟰ훘헢킩웧쫓탔맘쾵쪱,컒쏇퓵쎴뿉쓜돉캪싗샭짏짆뗄쓘?퓚믘듰헢훖랴뛔틢볻쪱탨튪컒쏇좷뚨쪲쎴뷐ꆰ훒쪵뫍ퟰ훘ꆱ룷훖맘쾵ꆣ쯼늻뿉쓜틢캶ퟅ횻ퟱ쫘뺲횹뗄맘쾵ꆣ룷훖맘쾵퓚ퟷ캪죋샠듦퓚쳘탔뗄쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯훐뒦폚튻훖늻뛏뇤뮯뗄ힴ첬ꆣ늻죏쪶뗄쓐얮횮볤뻸늻믡죧럲웞횮볤튻퇹,좻뛸쒰짺죋쟐쪵믡돉캪쟗쏜뗄믯냩ꆣ쎿훖맘쾵뚼믡폫웤쯻룷훖맘쾵횮볤놣돖튻훖뚯첬맘쾵ꆣ헢킩맘쾵춨맽쯼쏇횮볤뗄쿠뮥틀삵탔뛸뮥쿠펰쿬ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,떱폐죋붲ꆰ믰뎵짏뗄쒰짺죋늻쫇쟗쏜믯냩ꆱ쪱,헢뻤뮰늻뷶듺횸닮틬,뛸쟒튲횸돶쇋쯻쏇퓚붫살돉캪쟗쏜엳폑뗄헢훖뿉쓜탔ꆣ컒쏇뷸죫탂뗄맘쾵,뛸쎻폐웆뮵맘쾵훐뗄닮틬ꆣꆰ쟗쏜엳폑ꆱ뫍ꆰ쒰짺죋ꆱퟜ쫇튻뛔뛀쳘뗄맘쾵ꆣ헢솽룶벰쯹폐웤쯻맘쾵뇘탫쫇뛀쳘뛸늻춬뗄,헢퇹컒쏇닅쓜틔뢴쫽뗄탎쪽횸듺쯹폐맘쾵ꆣ컒쏇펦룃뾼싇죋샠듦퓚쫇평퓚좫늿죋샠훐탎돉뗄쯹폐쪵볊뫍뿉쓜뗄맘쾵ퟩ돉뗄ꆣ틲캪죋샠듦퓚쫇쯹폐헦쪵맘쾵뗄믹뒡,죎뫎ퟰ훘ퟱ쫘튻훖맘쾵뗄죋뚼뇘좻믡뷸죫짦벰ꋙSachikoImada,ꆰFemaleEmploymentandAbilityDevelopment,ꆱJapaneseInstituteofLaborBulletin,33:9(1September1996),
140뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쿠춬룷랽믲늻춬룷랽뗄쇭튻훖맘쾵ꆣ틲듋,뺡맜죕놾쒿잰뗄튻킩맘쾵늢늻쓜쪹쎿룶죋샠듦퓚뚼싺틢,떫뫍헜색횮죕놾싗샭늢늻ퟨ횹죋쏇좥쪵쿖뷸죫탂뗄맘쾵ꆣ잡잡쿠랴ꆰ,늻뛏뇤뮯ꆱ(헢튻뗣쫇폀풶늻뇤뗄)쫇죋볤듦퓚(ningensonzai)뗄싟벭볜릹ꆣ캪쇋춨맽맍폃ퟮ병풱릤뛸쳡룟짺닺솦,튻킩죕놾릫쮾틑뺭쪹쯼쏇뗄맍폃쪵볹뛠퇹뮯,죧듓늻춬뗄듳톧맍폃쓐짺ꆢ얮짺ꆢ짵훁췢맺톧짺,뛸늻퓙듓튻킩쳘뚨뗄죕놾듳톧헐쫕톧짺ꆣꋙ풽살풽뛠뗄죕놾뢾얮햾돶살첸싛탔즧죅컊쳢,뛸튻킩릫쮾튲늻뛏랢쿖,릫훚쏇헽퓚죃쯼쏇뛔웤폐맘탔즧죅헾닟(믲좱짙쿠맘탔즧죅헾닟)뛸ퟶ돶뷢쫍벰뢺웰퓰죎ꆣꋚ뛸쟒,뢾얮쏇쿲룷릫쮾늻뛏쳡돶쳴햽,튪쟳웤쿲쯽쏇쳡릩룼뛠믺믡,룷릫쮾헽뮺싽뗘쫊펦헢킩쳴햽ꆣ뇤뮯헽퓚욽뮺랢짺,뛸쟒튲쎻폐뺭맽쏀맺캪뇤뮯쯹탨뗄쯟쯏폫맙쮾ꆣ튻떩뇤뮯돶쿖,죕놾죋쯆뫵뻍믡타좻뷓쫜헢킩탂뗄쫂첬폫쟩탎ꆣꋛ죕놾죋쯹뷓쫜뗄튻킩벤뷸뇤룯퓚컷랽엺움헟퇛샯쿔뗃쓇쎴늻뿉쮼틩,뛸헢킩뇤룯튲췪좫럻뫏죋샠듦퓚뗄볜릹ꆣ쯦ퟅ탂맘쾵뗄돶쿖,쓇킩헦돏뗄죋뻍믡ퟰ훘ퟱ쫘헢뒦폚쳘뚨뗘뗣뫍쳘뚨쪱볤뗄랢햹훐뗄맘쾵ꆣ튲탭ퟮ쇮죋떣탄뗄엺움틢볻살ퟔ뛔뫍헜색횮죕놾싗샭훐뗄떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒뷇즫뗄맘힢ꆣ룹뻝쯻뗄맛뗣,캪쇋ퟔ벺뗄쪵쿖,죋샠듦퓚탨튪떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒,헢쫇틲캪컒쏇ퟜ믡폫쒳룶헾뢮뫍헾좨닺짺맘쾵ꆣ죧맻헦쫇헢퇹뗄뮰,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍폐삧쓑뷢쫍죕놾죋뫍쓇킩늻쫴폚죕놾떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒(벴죕놾죋췅쳥)뗄죋쏇횮볤죧뫎믡듦퓚헦헽뗄탅삵맘쾵ꆣ퓚죕놾죋퇛샯,쫇럱쓇킩럇죕놾죋힢뚨믡쿔뗃쎻폐쯻쏇룼뻟ꋙJapaneseInstituteofLabor,ꆰTrendsinDiversifyingRecruitment,ꆱJapaneseInstituteofLaborBulletin,34:10(I995),
뗚죽헂 뫍ﶡ헜색쪽뗄탅삵ꆢ죋샠듦폐뫍짌튵쪵볹141폐췪짆뗄죋탔쓘ꋙ?늻맽,뇭쏦쿖쿳뿉쓜뻟폐컳떼탔ꆣ쯤좻뫍헜색뛔듋뗄뷢쫍뿉틔놻샭뷢캪벫뛋쏱ퟥ훷틥ꋚ,컒쏇뿉틔뾴튻쿂쯻뗄웤쯻훸ퟷꆣ뫍헜색붫죋샠(죋샠듦퓚)뚨틥캪룶쳥폫룼듳헻쳥횮볤뗄퇝뮯뗄쿠뮥틀삵탔ꆣ듓풭퓲짏붲,쯻뗄헢룶뚨틥튲뿉틔삩듳떽쓇킩뇈쒳룶쳘뚨맺볒듳뗄헻쳥,죧뿉틔삩듳떽맺볊벯쳥ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,뫍헜색횮붨솢뛀쳘죕놾싗샭뗄얬솦쫇룟뛈죋놾훷틥뗄ꆣꋛ쇭췢,튲헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄쓇퇹,쯻쯹쳡맘폚죋샠맘쾵뗄탭뛠맛뗣퓚쫊폃폚죕놾죋뗄춬쪱,튲뿉틔뫏쫊뗘펦폃폚컷랽죋뺭퇩ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇뇘탫ퟰ훘죋샠듦퓚ꆣ죋샠쿖쪵쫇헢퇹뗄,죋쏇틔뫜뛠랽쪽뎬풽떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒ꆣ펢맺쓐죋폫죕놾얮죋뷡믩;죕놾톧짺퓚뗂맺듳톧톧쾰ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭퓚볡돖쎻폐죋쓜췪좫쳓뇜떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒헢훖맛뗣뗄춬쪱,튲믡돐죏헢훖죋샠쿖쪵ꆣ떱튻룶펢맺죋뚨뻓퓚죕놾쪱,쯻뻍폫죕놾쏱ퟥ벰펢맺쏱ퟥ뒦폚튻훖맘쾵횮훐ꆣ샠쯆뗄췆샭튲뿉틔펦폃폚퓚뗂맺듳뗘짏뻓힡뗄죕놾톧짺쏇ꆣ헢훖떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒붫믡폀풶듦퓚ꆣ쓇킩샫뾪ퟔ벺ퟦ맺뗄죋쏇퓚쳘뚨쪱볤뗣뷸죫쇭튻룶떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒,듓뛸폫웤탎돉쇋쇭튻훖룟뛈힢뚨뗄맘쾵ꆣ쯻쏇뇘탫ퟰ훘벰ퟱ쫘헢훖탂맘쾵ꆣ떱컒쏇뾼싇뿧컄뮯탅삵쪱,컒쏇탨튪룱췢뷷짷ꆣ죧맻룹뻝쯹짦벰맘쾵뗄훊솿늻춬,뛸탅삵튲폐늻춬뗄뇭쿖탎쪽,쓇쎴컒쏇퓚쏨쫶헢훖맘쾵쪱뇘탫튪룱췢킡탄ꆣ떱컒쏇붫탭뛠쿻벫뗄쳘훊맩폚쒳룶쏱ퟥ쪱,컒쏇믡뷻늻힡뗃돶헢퇹뗄뷡싛ꆰ:헢킩죋ꆱ쫇늻뿉쓜횵뗃탅삵뗄ꆣ헢훖닝싊뗄뷡싛놾짭뻍낵쪾쇋쒳훖늻탅삵뫍ퟔ컒뇪냱쪽뗄뮳틉ퟶ램ꆣ죧듋에뛏헟뎣뎣쪹폃튻킩틝컅쪽횤뻝,좻뫳뗃돶튻훖뷡싛:헢킩ꋙKenichiTakemura,ꆰHowDotheJapaneseViewForeigners?ꆱ,PHP(October1981),-51.ꋚYasuoYuasa,ꆰAppendix:CorrespondencewithYasuoYuasa,ꆱinWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-315.ꋛ,ꆰInterpretiveEssayꆱinTetsuroWatsuji,Rinrigaku,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress),.
142뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쳘훊쫴폚쒳튻ퟩ죋뗄놾훊,듓뛸쪹죋쏇뫜쓑믲늻뿉쓜탅삵헢ퟩ죋ꆣ헢퇹튻훖ꆰ싟벭ꆱ뫜쓑늵떹,튻떩뷡싛틑뺭탎돉,쓇킩ퟶ돶죧듋에뛏뗄죋뻍쎻폐죎뫎뚯솦퓙ꆰ탞뚩ꆱ헢킩에뛏ꆣ틲캪쯻쏇틑뺭췆뚨,쯻쏇틑뺭쇋뷢헢ퟩ죋뗄놾훊,죎뫎쿠랴샽ퟓ뚼붫놻쫓캪볈뚨풭퓲뗄샽췢쟩뿶,뛸늻폨샭닇ꆣퟮ뫳,컒쏇탨튪샎볇,룶쳥폫떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒횮볤뗄맘쾵늢늻쫇튻훖만뚨뗄맘쾵ꆣ뫍헜색뗄킴ퟷ쪱볤쫇퓚뛾햽잰벰쏀맺햼쇬죕놾횮잰뗄헢뛎쪱볤샯ꆣퟮ뷼뗄엺움헟훷헅,춨맽믘틤헾뢮샄폃쮽폐믲룶죋좨샻뗄ퟶ램,쿖듺죕놾죋뾪쪼뛔쟖싔탔믲맽럖뿘훆뗄헾뢮(춨맽틽짪,뮹냼삨떥튻쏱ퟥ맺볒,틲캪헾뢮뗄좨솦살ퟔ폚쓇훖듺뇭쏱ퟥ뗄ퟔ컒탻돆)뇭쪾돶룟뛈뗄뮳틉ꆣ헢훖뮳틉뗄럱뚨뿉틔뗖훆죎뫎훖샠뗄뛀닃틢쪶탎첬ꆣꋙ뗚컥뷚 뷡 싛뫍헜색붫탅삵쫓캪죋샠듦퓚믹놾볜릹뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ틲뛸쯻웈쪹컒쏇틔럇캨틢횾싛쪽ꆢ럇뫏춬탔폯퇔살뾼싇탅삵ꆣ뫍헜색뗄럖컶볤뷓첽쳖쇋짌튵쇬폲쓚뗄탭뛠쇷탐룅쓮,샽죧릫쮾뿉틔펪쿺탅삵뗄맛뗣ꆣ컒쏇쯹쓜ퟶ뗄뻍쫇ퟰ훘쓇틑뺭돤쏖폚컒쏇쯹폐맘쾵뫍컒쏇죕뎣뮥뚯탐캪훐뗄탅삵ꆣ뷸튻늽뗘,컒쏇펦룃샎볇,헢킩맘쾵뚼늻쫇뺲횹늻뇤뗄ꆣ쯼쏇붫쯦ퟅ컒쏇쯹ퟶ뗄톡퓱벰뇰죋뗄랴펦뛸늻뛏퇝뇤ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,탅삵쫇뚯첬뗄ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄뇤뮯뛸뗷헻컒쏇뗄솢뎡,컒쏇뻍늻쫇웛햩탔뗄ꆣ본폚ꆰ횵뗃탅삵ꆱ틢캶ퟅퟰ훘ퟱ쫘컒쏇뗄맘쾵,튲본폚헢킩맘쾵늻뛏뇤뮯,쓇쎴헢훖뇤뮯튲뻍퓚틢쇏횮쓚ꆣ횻폐컒쏇럱죏컒쏇뗄죋탔ꆪꆪꆪ횻폐컒쏇볙ힰ컒쏇쫇쓇킩듦퓚폚벯쳥횮췢뗄룶죋,믲횻폐컒쏇탻돆벯쳥폐좨뿘훆쯹폐룶죋탐캪,컒쏇닅쫇웛햩탔뗄ꆣꋙRyuichiroMatsubara,ꆰLivinginFearinJapan,ꆱ(1995),
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛뒫춳짏,톧헟쏇붫뿗ퟓ뗄뷌떼럖캪쯄늿럖ꆰ:컄뮯ꆢ싗샭탐캪ꆢ룶죋얬솦벰퇔폯돏탅ꆱꆣꋙ뿗쫏싗샭붫뿉탅삵쫓캪튻룶뫋탄볛횵ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻쫗쿈돉캪폐뷌퇸ꆢ횵뗃탅삵뗄죋,컒쏇뻍늻뿉쓜돉캪랶쪽룶쳥벰쯜퓬쯻죋탐캪:? 뻽ퟓ탅뛸뫳샍웤쏱;캴탅,퓲틔캪샷벺튲ꆣ탅뛸뫳?;캴탅,퓲틔캪냹벺튲ꆣꋚ놾헂붫쿪쾸쳖싛뿗쫏싗샭쫇죧뫎샭뷢탅삵뗄,좻뫳뾼달탅삵얬솦쫇죧뫎쳥쿖퓚릫훚짺믮훐뗄,쳘뇰쫇퓚짌튵쇬폲ꆣ뗚튻뷚 뿗쫏싗샭훐뗄뿉탅삵맛햧뾴웰살,뿗ퟓ맘폚탅삵뗄맛뗣쯆뫵폐뇰폚컷랽샭싛볒뗄탅삵맛뗣ꆣ뛔폚컷랽죋살붲,탅삵쫇탅삵헟웚듽놻탅삵헟뇭쿖돶짆틢ꆣꋛ뫍뫍헜색늻춬뗄쫇,뿗ퟓ늢늻붫탅삵쫓캪죋샠듦퓚믹놾볜릹뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ뫍헜색럱죏,컒쏇쓜릻뢳폨ꆢ뻜뻸믲믙뮵탅삵;뛸뿗ퟓ뛸죏캪컒쏇쓜릻헢퇹ퟶꆣ헽죧튻킩컷랽헜톧볒쯹볡돖뗄,뿗ퟓ죏캪탅삵뇘탫쫇믱뗃뗄ꆣ죧맻탅삵쎻폐폨틔킡탄놣맜,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍믡뻵뗃쯻쏇ퟔ벺쫜떽쇋샄폃뫍놳엑ꆣ죧맻ퟐ쾸뾴살,뿗ퟓ횮맛뗣폫컷랽횮ꋙConfucius,Analects,(London:PenguinBooks,1979),7/25.ꋚIbid.,19/10.ꋛDarylKoehn,RethinkingFeministEthics:Care,Trust,Empathy(London:Routledge,1998),.
144뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭맛뗣횮볤뗄쿠쯆탔뻍믡폐쯹복췋ꆣ뿗ퟓ폫탭뛠컷랽샭싛볒뚼늻춬,쯻죏캪뿉탅삵횮뗂뇈탅삵놾짭룼훘튪ꆣ떱컒쏇뾼싇탅삵헟죧뫎뻶뚨놻탅삵헟쫇럱헦헽쿲탅삵헟햹쪾웤짆틢쪱,뿗ퟓ뫍컷랽샭싛볒횮볤뗄닮틬뗄돌뛈뫍틢틥튲뻍쿔쿖돶살쇋ꆣ캪쇋횵뗃컒쏇탅삵,튻룶죋듳뿉늻뇘펪뫏싺ퟣ컒쏇뗄탨튪ꆣ쯤좻뫃뗄쇬떼헟믡얬솦좷놣웤릫쏱쓜릻ퟣ틂ퟣ쪳,떫컯훊뢣듓살늻쫇쯻뗄훷튪맘힢쯹퓚ꆣ벴쪹퓚삧쓑쪱웚,죋쏇튲믡ퟰ훘쯻쏇뗄쇬떼헟,틲캪ꆰퟔ맅뷔폐쯀,쏱컞탅늻솢ꆣꆱꋙ횻튪놻탅삵헟쏷쿔뇭듯짆틢,쓇쎴탅삵뻍믡듦퓚,뛸늻맜헢캻놻탅삵헟쫇럱쳡짽컒쏇뗄컯훊뢣ꆣ컒쏇탅삵쓇킩엗뾪튻벺쮽샻ꆢ캪웤릫쏱뺫짱(벰컯훊)뢣뛸얬솦뗄죊헟ꆣ쓇킩폐뗂룶죋뻸늻믡쟡쫓웕춨쏱훚,뛸쫇퓞퇯맄샸짆솼횮죋뛸춬쟩쓇킩컞쓜횮죋ꆣꋚ맽럖퓷뫞쓇킩듖뇉횮죋횻믡훂쪹쯻쏇돶쿖룼캪듖쯗탐캪,뛸쓇킩횵뗃탅삵횮죋퓲믡톰쟳뇜쏢햽헹폫돥춻ꆣꋛ탅쫘뗀횮죋믡듓죎뫎붲싛뺫쏮헟쓇샯쳽좡뷌통,폐뗂뻽ퟓ뫜풸틢톧쾰,뛸늻틲붲뮰헟뗄짭럝뛸뻶뚨쫇럱쳽웤붲뮰쓚죝ꆣꋜ쯻쏇놧뚨뻶탄튪냯훺뇰죋돉좫웤뫃쫂ꆣꋝ쯻쏇볈늻톰쟳ퟷ뛱,튲늻돢퓰뇰죋캪뛱춽ꆣ쯻쏇퓷뫞뛱쫂,떫늻퓷뫞뛱죋틲캪ꆰ릥웤뛱,뛸컞릥죋횮뛱,럇탞폫?ꆱꋞ죧맻컒쏇횻ퟅ퇛폚쓇킩킰뛱룶죋,컒쏇붫늻쓜랢쿖믺믡틔쪵쿖쯻쏇횮쓚뗄솼짆ꆣ컒쏇붫늻믡뗃떽쯻쏇뗄탅삵,틲캪컒쏇늻믡쿫랽짨램랢햹뫍엠횲쯻쏇ꆣ쿠랴,컒쏇뛔쯻쏇뗄에뛏횻믡퓐폽퓷뫞폫늻뫍ꆣ탭뛠컷랽뗄맘폚탅삵뗄싗샭맛뚼탻돆,컒쏇폐샭평뛔쓇킩놳엑ꆢ쎻폐듯떽컒쏇웚췻뗄죋볓틔횸퓰ꆣ뿗ퟓ퓲랴뛔헢훖맛뗣ꆪꆪꆪ쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃랴쪡튻쿂쫇럱컒쏇뛔쓇킩놻컒쏇탅삵횮죋뗄튪쟳맽룟ꆣ컒ꋙConfucius,Analects,12/7.ꋚIbid.,19/3.ꋛIbid.,7/13;8/10.ꋜIbid.,15/23.ꋝIbid.,12/ꋞIbid.,12/21.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛145쏇쪵퓚펦룃뿭틔듽죋ꋙ,늢쟒샎볇늻춬뗄죋뻟폐늻춬뗄쓜솦ꆣ헽죧컒퓚뗚뛾헂쯹횸돶뗄,뿗쫏샭싛훐뗄뗂탔쫇튻룶솬탸늻뛏뗄춳튻쳥ꆣ죊헟횮쯹틔폫웤쯻죋폐솼뫃뗄맘쾵,헽쫇틲캪헢킩죊헟늢늻웚듽쎿룶죋뚼폐췪짆뗄뗂탔:? 뿉폫릲톧,캴뿉폫쫊뗀;뿉폫쫊뗀,캴뿉폫솢;뿉폫솢,캴뿉폫좨ꆣꋚퟓ슷컊돉죋ꆣퟓ풻ꆰ:죴커훙횮횪,릫듂횮늻폻,뇥ퟓ횮폂,좽쟳횮틕,컄횮틔샱샖,틠뿉틔캪돉죋틓!ꆱ풻ꆰ:뷱횮돉죋헟,뫎뇘좻?볻샻쮼틥,볻캣쫚쏼,뻃튪늻췼욽짺횮퇔,틠뿉틔캪돉죋틓!ꆱꋛ컒쏇폐틥컱뚨솢뫏쫊뗄웚췻벰ퟐ쾸톡퓱컒쏇뗄믯냩폫엳폑ꆣ짺믮훐폐탭뛠쪥짆폫샻틦,떱컒쏇ힷ쟳튻훖쪥짆폫샻틦쪱,쒳킩죋쫊뫏헢룶쒿뗄;떱컒쏇쿲쇭췢튻훖쪥짆폫샻틦쪱,쇭췢튻킩죋쓜냯훺컒쏇ꆣ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇뗄짺틢믯냩ꆢ엳폑벰볒춥돉풱튲탭늻쓜탅쫘쯻쏇쿲컒쏇쯹ퟷ뗄탭억,믲늻쓜쿲컒쏇뇭쪾컒쏇죏캪펦뗃뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇늻펦룃샋럑뺫솦횸퓰쯻쏇늻횵뗃탅삵ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃떣폇뇰죋늻횪뗀컒쏇뗄쓜솦,컒쏇횻펦룃떣폇ퟔ벺쎻폐헦쪵뗄닅쓜ꆣꋜ쯤좻뿗ퟓ횮싗샭돐죏탅삵뗄볛횵,떫쯼ퟜ믡붫컒쏇뗄힢틢솦틽믘컒쏇뗄뇭쿖폫첬뛈ꆣ떱삧쓑폫컊쳢돶쿖뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇펦룃쿲쓚탄ퟔ컒랴쪡ꋝ,늢쟒뷸탐ퟔ퓰,뛸늻펦룃캪벺맽뛸퓰놸쯻죋ꆣꋞ뿗ퟓ싗샭붫컒쏇틲쫜뇰죋킡뾴뛸닺짺뗄럟얭훐뗄쓜솿룴샫돶살,늢쟒붫듋쓜솿훘탂떼틽믘ퟔ쪡떱훐좥ꆣ헢훖떼틽쫇뫏쫊뗄,웤훐ꋙConfucius,Analects,15/15.ꋚIbid.,9/30.ꋛIbid.,14/12.ꋜIbid.,14/30.ꋝIbid.,4/17.ꋞIbid.,5/27.
146뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭폐쫽룶샭평ꆣ랢얭폚쫂컞틦ꆣ죧맻뇰죋틲캪컞횪뛸짋몦쇋컒쏇,쓇쎴헽좷뗄랴펦펦룃쫇쫔춼뷌떼통뷫쯻쏇,뛸늻쫇랴맽살짋몦쯻쏇ꆣ웤듎,벴쪹뇰죋볡돖짋몦컒쏇,컒쏇튲늻펦룃죃쯻쏇뗄탐캪럖즢컒쏇뗄힢틢솦ꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇펦룃ힿ뻸얬솦돉캪튻룶좨췾죋ꆣ틲캪뷌퇸믲죊쫇퓚컒쏇뗄뿘훆랶캧횮쓚,쯹틔컒쏇펦룃횻힢틢컒쏇뗄탐캪,늻펦룃맽럖떣폇뇰죋헽퓚(믲늻퓚)뛔컒쏇ퟶ쪲쎴ꆣ퓚쳽떽뮸튪낵즱쯻뗄쪱뫲,뿗ퟓ믘듰쮵ꆰ:쳬짺뗂폚폨,뮸웤죧폨뫎?ꆱꋙ폐뗂횮죋늻쫜붹싇쯹죅ꋚ,틲캪쯻쏇뻸늻믡췼볇ퟮ쫗튪뗄뚫컷ꆣꆰ쓚쪡늻뻎,럲뫎폇뫎뻥!ꆱꋛ뿗ퟓ틔쏦뛔뇰죋컪죨뛸놣돖첩좻짱첬뛸훸돆ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇쫜떽뇰죋뗄쟖랸,컒쏇튲늻펦룃볆뷏ꆣꋜ컒쏇펦룃룱췢힢틢뗄쫇컒쏇뗄횵뗃탅삵횮뗂,뛸늻쫇뇰죋뗄맮볆믲뛱뚾ꆣ듭컳에뛏뇰죋쫇튻훖폀풶뗄캣쿕ꆣ컒쏇튲탭믡죏캪쒳룶죋쫇튻룶ힾ쇓뗄쇬떼,틲캪쯻믲쯽쯹뢺퓰뗄췅쳥믲릫쮾튻쯺뫽춿ꆣ좻뛸,ꆰ죧폐췵헟,뇘쫀뫳뛸죊ꆣꆱꋝ믲헟,떱놻탅삵헟놳샫쇋튻룶볈뚨볆뮮쪱,컒쏇믡뗃돶뷡싛쮵,컒쏇틑뺭쫜떽쇋놳엑ꆣ폐쪱뫲,룄뇤컒쏇뗄뻶뚨쫇헽좷뗄ꆣꆰ퇔뇘탅,탐뇘맻;睊睊좻킡죋퓕!ꆱꋞ죧맻컒쏇늻퓚춬쪱잿쟳ퟔ벺뺡뿉쓜뗃쇴탄폫쟥탑,컒쏇뻍늻쓜쾣췻뺫좷뗘움볛뇰죋뗄탐뚯,틲뛸튲뻍룼늻쓜쾣췻에뛏쯻쏇뗄ꆰ놳엑ꆱꆣꋟ틲듋,쓇킩ힷ쯦쇬떼뗄죋폐퓰죎쿱쯻쏇뗄쇬떼쓇퇹짮쮼쫬싇ꆣ죧맻쇬떼뗄ힷ쯦헟쏇늻릻쇴탄폫쟥탑,쓇쎴쯻쏇뿉쓜뻍늻믡뇦뇰돶쇬떼뷌떼뮰폯훐뗄훇믛,틲뛸튲탭믡ퟮ훕엗웺뻜뻸쇬떼ꆣ죋샠듦퓚뫜죝틗뻍믡쿝죫ퟔ웛횮훐ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻쿫랸듭컳뗄뮰,컒쏇뻍탨튪뛔ퟔ벺ퟷ뷷짷ퟔ쪡ꆣ컒쏇뫜죝틗뻍죏캪쓪쟡릤죋컞ꋙConfucius,Analects,7/23.ꋚIbid.,7/37.ꋛIbid.,12/4.ꋜIbid.,8/5.ꋝIbid.,13/12.ꋞIbid.,13/20.ꋟIbid.,15/8.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛147볍싉,늻횵뗃컒쏇뗄탅삵뫍ퟰ훘,떫컒쏇ퟔ벺튲뻸늻쫇쎻폐죎뫎듭컳ꆣꆰ퇉횪살헟횮늻죧뷱튲?ꆱꋙ퓚웤쯻튻킩쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇뗄에뛏튲탭살ퟔ컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄뛱틢믲늻쫘탅폃뗄뚯믺ꆣ퓚쿲뻽췵믲춳훎헟?퇔횮잰,컒쏇뇘탫좷놣ퟔ벺쫇돏쪵뗄ꆣꋚ죧맻컒쏇쎿룶죋뎣뎣뷸탐뚨웚뗄ퟔ컒짳닩,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍믡룼볓횵뗃탅삵,쓇쎴컒쏇믡룼볓좫쏦뗘탅삵뇋듋ꆣ쯦ퟅ탅삵뗄퓶볓,컒쏇쓜릻룼뫃뗘뷌떼엠퇸뇋듋,듓뛸랴맽살뷸튻늽쳡룟뿉탅삵쮮욽,듙짺룼뛠뗄탅삵ꆣ죧맻죋쏇쎻쓜랢믓ퟔ벺뗄잱솦,짺믮폚믬싒횮훐,쓇쎴컒쏇튲탭쎻폐틔ퟔ벺뗄냱퇹좥쇬떼쯻쏇ꆣꋛ떱뿗ퟓ붨틩퓚ꆰ뻅틄ꆱ뚨뻓쪱,쯻뗄튻룶뗜ퟓ컊쯻ꆰ:슪,죧횮뫎?ꆱ뿗ퟓ십짏볢죱뗘엺늵쯻쮵ꆰ:뻽ퟓ뻓횮,뫎슪횮폐?ꆱꋜ퓚쎻폐뛔컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄뇪ힼꆢ탐캪뫍뿉탅삵탔뷸탐엺에탔짳닩횮잰뻍튪쟳뇰죋뗄탅삵ꆢ뻍뛔뇰죋뗄짆틢뷸탐에뛏헢훖ퟶ램횻믡듸살퓖쓑ꆣ떱좻,뿗ퟓ늢쎻폐쮵컒쏇펦룃죝죌쯹폐뗄늻릫뛔듽ꆣ폐뗂횮죋늻틲죎뫎늻릫뛔듽뛸럟얭,떫쯻튲늻믡훷뚯톰쟳놻얰듽ꆣ쯻믡ퟐ쾸톡퓱엳폑,뻜뻸뷓쫜죎뫎늻죧쯻튻퇹솼짆뗄죋ퟶ엳폑ꆣꋝ떫헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ,쯻횻톡퓱쓇킩뻟폐췪짆횮뗂뗄죋ퟶ엳폑ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅ,쯻믡톡퓱쓇킩뫍쯻튻퇹쇴탄뫍쟥탑뗄죋ퟶ엳폑ꆣ쯻뗄엳폑펦룃뿊췻톧쾰;쯻믡좰뷫엳폑,떫죧맻쯻뗄엳폑늻쳽ꆢ늻닉폃쯻뗄붨틩,쯻믡쫊뿉뛸횹;쯻늻ퟔ쳖쎻좤ꆢퟔ톰컪죨ꋞ,뻸늻퓚쓇킩늻쓜쳡룟룄뷸ퟔ벺뗄죋짭짏샋럑뿚짠ꆣꋟ쿍죋늻믡훷뚯톰헒킰뛱,떫쫇쯻쏇쓜뫜죝틗뇦뇰킰뛱,틲캪쯻쏇쫇뺯탑뗄ꆣ틲뛸ꆰ,늻쓦햩,늻틜늻탅,틖틠쿈뻵헟,쫇쿍뫵!ꆱꋠ쯻뛔뇰죋탐캪뗄랴펦튲믡폐쯹늻춬ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇늻펦룃첫퓚ꋙConfucius,Analects,9/23.ꋚIbid.,14/22.ꋛIbid.,13/6.ꋜIbid.,9/14.ꋝIbid.,9/25;16/4.ꋞIbid.,12/23.ꋟIbid.,15/8.ꋠIbid.,14/31.
148뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틢뇰죋뗄짋몦,떫컒쏇튲늻훁폚뛔웤뷸탐믘놨ꆣ튻룶뗜ퟓ쿲뿗ퟓ붨틩,죋펦룃틔뗂(뛷믝)놨풹,뿗ퟓ폨틔늵돢ꆣ죧맻죋틔뗂놨풹ꆰ,뫎틔놨뗂?틔횱놨풹,틔뗂놨뗂ꆣꆱꋙ춨맽룟뛈뷷짷뗘에뛏뇰죋뫍믘펦뇰죋,컒쏇뿉틔쿔쪾컒쏇ퟔ벺쫇횵뗃탅삵뗄ꆣ튲탭쫀볤뻍쎻폐쪲쎴췪쏀뗄엳폑믲춬쫂ꆣꋚ좻뛸,죧맻컒쏇짆폃에뛏ꆢ쪱뎣ퟔ쪡ꆢ늻뛔춬쫂엳폑웚췻첫룟,죧맻컒쏇뗄엳폑튲짆폃에뛏ꆢ늻뢺맽럖뛠뗄퓰죎,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍믡폫컒쏇뗄엳폑뫍춬쫂놣돖튻훖볡죍ꆢ컈뚨벰탅삵뗄맘쾵ꆣ죧듋뾴살,뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색퓚튻룶훘튪닣쏦폐릲춬횮뒦:탅삵늻쫇튲뻸늻쓜틔ퟱ쫘붩뮯맦퓲캪믹뒡,죧ꆰퟜ튪쫘탅ꆱꆢꆰ뇜쏢샻틦돥춻ꆱꆢꆰ뻸늻뿉죶믑ꆱ뗈뗈ꆣ죧맻엳폑횮볤듲웆쒳듎억퇔,튲탭믡쪹쯻쏇횮볤룼캪탅삵ꆣ샽죧,컒듰펦냯컒솽룶ퟮ튪뫃뗄엳폑폍웡쯻쏇뗄랿ퟓ,떱컒튪잰췹쯻쏇볒뗄쪱뫲,컒뗄몢ퟓ돶쇋붻춨쫂맊ꆣ컒붫몢ퟓ쯍췹튽풺,뷡맻튲뻍쎻폐죧탭억뗄쓇퇹냯쯻쏇폍웡랿ퟓꆣ뺡맜컒쎻폐탅쫘컒뗄억퇔,떫컒뗄엳폑쏇튲탭믡뗃돶뷡싛쮵,컒믡룼횵뗃쯻쏇탅삵,틲캪컒ퟶ돶쇋뫜뫃뗄에뛏ꆣ떫잰쳡쫇컒쏇쮫랽뚼춬틢,뻈훎몢ퟓ뇈폍웡랿ퟓ룼훘튪ꆣ죃컒쏇뾴튻룶짌튵랽쏦뗄샽ퟓ:캪쇋쓜헼뻈폌첫죋,탁뗂샕(OscarSchindler)뻍쯻쏇뗄붡뾵ힴ뿶뫍짺닺쓜솦죶쇋믑ꆣ튲헽쫇헢훖풸틢퓚쓉듢쏦잰죶믑뗄뺫짱,닅쪹쯻뗄풱릤낮듷쯻,퓚풱릤퇛샯,쯻닅쫇횵뗃탅삵뗄ꆣ듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈뾴,퓚움맀뇰죋뗄탅삵쪱쫇쎻폐죎뫎볆쯣램퓲ꆢ볆쯣릫쪽뗄ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫ퟜ튪에뛏룶쳥탐캪,짳쫓탐캪랢돶헟랢돶듋탐캪쪱뗄뻟쳥뮷뺳벰웤쯻쿠맘틲쯘ꆣ뺡맜듦퓚튻킩움볛뇰죋에뛏뗄ퟜ쳥풭퓲(죧ꆰ쓣에뛏뗄ퟅ퇛뗣펦룃쫇킰뛱탐캪,뛸늻펦룃쫇ퟷ뛱횮죋ꆱ),떫헢킩풭퓲늻펦룃놻믺킵퓋폃ꆣ헢킩ퟜ쳥풭퓲폐쪱늻쫊폃,틲캪죊헟뗄탐캪랽쪽뎣뎣믡쇮컒쏇훘탂쮼뾼컒쏇뗄틑폐맛쓮ꆣ헽죧컒쏇퓚뗚뛾헂쯹횸돶뗄,뿗쫏싗샭붫싗샭랶돫쫓캪쿈퇩뗄ꆢ쏀톧뗄ꆣ튲ꋙConfucius,Analects,14/34.ꋚIbid.,18/10.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛149뻍쫇쮵,싗샭랶돫쫇붨솢퓚튻킩늻뇤뗄통쇮짏,죧ꆰ뻽ퟓ돜웤퇔뛸맽웤탐ꆣꆱꋙꆰ룕ꆢ틣ꆢ쒾ꆢ?,뷼죊!ꆱꋚ믲헟ꆰퟱ쫘풭퓲,떫튪쇩믮ꆣꆱ늻맽,룶죋뇘탫뻶뚨헢킩통쇮퓚늻춬뮷뺳쳵볾쿂틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴,쯻뮹튪뻶뚨쒿잰쟩탎훐쓄훖짆믲샻틦ퟮ뫏쫊ꆣ폃퇇샯쪿뛠뗂헜톧뗄폯퇔살뇭듯,뻶뚨쫇평룐횪(믲aisthesis)ퟶ돶뗄ꆣ죊헟쓜릻믱뗃좨췾,틲캪쯻쏇쓜릻춨맽ퟔ벺뗄퇔탐쿲짭뇟뗄죋뷒쪾탂뗄ꆢ쿠맘뗄뿉쓜탔벰짆(믲샻틦)ꆣ샽죧,뿗ퟓ뗄뷌떼쪹컒쏇뾼싇퇔탐튻훂뗄틢틥ꆣ쯻짪돢쇋쓇킩붩뮯탅쫘억퇔뗄죋,틲캪쯻쏇볻쪶뛌잳ꆢ탄샭췧만ꆣ틲듋,쯻늻퓞돉탅쫘맽좥뗄쎿튻룶억퇔ꆣ쓇쎴떱컒쏇붲늻튪ꆰ퇔맽웤탐ꆱ쪱,쯼떽뗗틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴쓘?뺡맜컒쎻폐탅쫘억퇔폍웡컒엳폑뗄랿ퟓ,컒뗄퇔폯튲쎻폐뎬맽컒뗄퇔탐ꆣ퓚ퟔ풸냯쎦뗄헢볾쫂짏,쿱튻룶엳폑춨뎣쯹ퟷ뗄,컒듰펦냯쎦,틲캪엳폑톰쟳뮥쿠냯훺ꆢ뮥샻뮥믝ꆣ퓚냯훺컒뗄몢ퟓ헢볾쫂짏,쿱튻룶죊헟춨뎣쯹ퟷ뗄,컒뻈훎컒뗄몢ퟓꆣ퓚헢솽훖쟩뿶쿂,컒뗄퇔뫍탐뚼랴펳쇋컒뛔죊뗄춶죫폫ퟱ쫘ꆣ횻폐킡죋닅믡횸퓰컒놳엑쇋컒뗄엳폑쏇ꆣ쓇킩벫웤쟥탑ꆢ쇴탄뗄죋붫믡쫓컒뗄탐캪쫇튻훖랶쪽탐캪,틲캪컒뗄퇔폯뫍탐뚯뷒쪾쇋퇔탐튻훂뗄헦헽몬틥ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭퓚짌튵쪵볹훐뗄샽ퟓ튻ꆢ뛔뫏춬뗄뮳틉뫍죕놾죋튻퇹,훐맺죋뒫춳짏튻횱쳖퇡틀삵뫏춬폫웵풼ꆣ폐킩죋늻풸틢퓄뛁뎤뗄뫏춬,볡돖즾복뫏춬컄놾뎤뛈ꆣ뫏춬횻쫇튻훖짌튵킭틩,뛸늻펦붫웤ퟷ캪뫬놦쫩ꆣꆰ쓣튲탭뿉틔헢퇹죏캪,훐맺죋횮잩뚩죟뎤뢴퓓뫏춬횻쫇튻훖헽쪽뗄좷죏:쯻쏇쿫폫쓣뾪햹짺틢,뛸늢ꋙConfucius,Analects,14/27.ꋚIbid.,13/27.
150뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭늻쿔쪾쯻쏇쫇죧뫎뾪햹짺틢뗄ꆣꆱꋙ뫏춬뗄잩뚩쿲죋쏇랢돶튻훖탅뫅ꆰ,쮫랽횮볤틑뺭붨솢쇋튻훖ꆮ맘쾵ꆯ,헢훖맘쾵퓊탭튻랽좥튪쟳쇭튻랽뿭죝ꆢ쇩믮,틔벰튪쟳쇭튻랽뗄냯훺폫뫃뒦ꆣꆱꋚ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,헢훖쏣잿탔살풴폚뿗ퟓ뛔ꆰ램훎ꆱ뗄놣쇴첬뛈,컒쏇붫퓚뫳쏦뗄헂뷚샯쳖싛헢룶룅쓮ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖늻풸틀삵램훎뗄ퟶ램늢늻쫇뿗ퟓ쮼쿫뛔듋컊쳢뗄좫늿뾴램ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔횵뗃탅삵뗄잿뗷쪹뗃뫏춬늻뻟폐첫뛠뗄컼틽솦,헢샯쏦짦벰벸룶샭평ꆣ쫗쿈,쾸훂뫏춬뗄펦폃폐폕떼룷랽죏캪뫏춬쫇탅삵믹뒡횮쿓ꆣ컞싛뫎쪱,튻랽놻죏캪틑뺭놳샫쇋뫏춬쳵뿮쪱,쇭튻랽뻍믡룐뻵폐좨횸퓰뛔랽뗄놳엑폫캥놳ꆣ틲뛸,뫏춬폐냯훺탎돉늻탅삵럕캧횮쿓ꆣ쿠랴,죧맻죋쏇뮳ퟅ헢퇹튻훖릲쪶,벴쯻쏇탨튪얬솦싺ퟣ웤뫏ퟷ믯냩뗄샻틦늢뿋럾ퟔ벺뗄욫볻뫍ퟔ?뗄헽횱,뛸뷸죫룷훖맘쾵늢퓚듋믹뒡짏뷸탐붻틗,쓇쎴쯻쏇횮볤뗄맘쾵뻍펵폐룼캪볡쪵뗄믹뒡ꆣ쯻쏇튲탭죔믡쪹폃쒳훖탎쪽뗄볲떥뫏춬컄놾쇐돶훷튪쳵뿮,믲붫웤ퟷ캪뫏ퟷ믹뒡ꆣ떫쫇쯻쏇늻믡붫ퟱ쫘뫏춬ퟷ캪쮫랽좫늿맘쾵뗄믹뒡ꆣ룼뷸튻늽뗘,떱훐맺죋퓚뇠킴뫏춬믲램싉폯퇔쪱,쯻쏇뎣뎣잿뗷ퟜ퓲쪽뗄쮵램뫍볛횵,죧ꆰ죃뗄벼쫵볈튪쿈뷸,튲튪럻뫏훐맺뗄탨튪ꆣꆱꋛ믲헟ꆰ,쮫랽춬틢쿠뮥뫏ퟷꆢ뮥샻뮥믝뗄풭퓲ꆣꆱꋜ헢킩뿭랺뗄ퟜ쳥풭퓲릹돉쇋첸에뗄ퟜ쳥뿲볜ꆣ헢훖랽램늻춬폚뗤탍뗄컷랽랽램ꆪꆪꆪꆰ퓚퇏룱뗄램싉뿲볜쓚,ퟅ퇛쾸뷚늢쟒컱쟳쿪뺡ꆣꆱꋝ웤듎,뛔뫏춬뗄틀삵쓜럁낭죋쏇ퟅ퇛폚듳뻖벰럁낭죋쏇탎돉펦ꋙBoyeLafayettedeMente,ChineseEtiquette&EthicsinBusiness(Lincolnwood,I11.:NTCBusinessBooks,1989),.ꋚ,ꆰAnIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePRC,ꆱInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina,(London:KluwerLawInternational,1997),.ꋛ,BusinessLawandPracticeinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina(HongKong:Longman,1987),.ꋜꋝ LaurenceBrahmandRanLiDao,TheBusinessGuidetoChina(Singapore:Butterworth-Heinemann,1996),-104.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛151폐뗄쇴탄폫뺯탑ꆣ훐맺죋뫍웤뫏ퟷ믯냩횮볤죝틗돶쿖뗄튻킩헹뛋췹췹짦벰벼쫵죃컊쳢ꆣ췢랽춨뎣믡횸퓰훐랽캴쓜내뫏춬뗄튪쟳쳡릩췁뗘믲놾,뛸훐랽췹췹탻돆,췢랽늢쎻폐내쮫랽쫂쿈풼뚨쳡릩벼쫵엠통ꆣ췢랽죏캪훐랽뗄헢훖횸퓰뒿쾵쓳퓬,췢랽좷쪵틑뺭쳡릩쇋엠통,뛸훐랽횻쫇틔듋캪쯻쏇뗄캥랴뫏춬탐캪톰헒뷨뿚ꆣ뺡맜쒳킩쟩뿶쿂헢쫇헦쪵뗄,떫죊헟붫믡냑퇛맢틆뾪뫏춬뻀럗,뛸ퟅ퇛폚룼듳뗄컄뮯뫍뺭볃컊쳢ꆣ훐맺죋폐돤럖샭평뛔벼쫵엠통컊쳢돖폐튻훖쏴룐뗄첬뛈ꆣꋙ훐맺헾뢮틑뺭쏷좷뻶뚨,춨맽틽뷸벼쫵벰붫웤룄퓬쫊펦훐맺뗄탨튪뫍랢햹쮮욽뛸쿖듺뮯헢룶맺볒ꆣ죧맻훐맺죋쿫튪쳡룟ퟔ벺뗄닺욷훊솿ꆢ짽벶ퟔ벺뗄웳튵ꆢ쳡룟뾪랢닺욷뫍릤틕뗄쓜솦틔벰룄뷸웤웳튵맜샭,쓇쎴벼쫵웰ퟅ럇뎣맘볼뗄ퟷ폃ꆣꋚ떱돵퓚쎫퓳뚫뗄쇬떼쿂,훐맺뷸뿚쇋튻킩돉쳗짨놸ꆣ훐맺쒿잰뗄헾닟쫇춨맽뷸뿚틽뷸뛸쿖듺뮯웤짺닺짨놸ꆣ캪쇋쓜릻뺡뿉쓜뇣틋뗄믱뗃벼쫵,훐맺죋튻횱틔살풸틢듓뛾쫖쫐뎡릺싲튻킩짔뻉뗄펲볾뫍죭볾ꆣ죧맻훐맺죋늻쓜톧믡쪹폃헢킩뷸뿚뗄벼쫵,쯻쏇뗄쿖듺뮯닟싔뻍늻뿉쓜돉릦ꆣ틲듋,훐맺죋쳘뇰잿뗷벼쫵붻쇷믲쓇킩뒫듯벼쫵탅쾢뗄햹쪾믲퇝붲ꆣ쯻쏇늻뛏엉죋뷸살,쎿엺죋뚼믡컊잰쏦튻엺죋쯹컊맽뗄탭뛠춬퇹컊쳢ꆣ훐맺죋샻폃헢훖랽쪽늻뷶뿉틔쿲웤췅뛓돉풱춨놨쿮쒿뗄뷸햹쟩뿶,뛸쟒튲뿉틔듓벼쫵랽쏦엠통쯻쏇뗄죋풱ꆣꋛ쯻쏇늢늻죏캪쯻쏇헽퓚샻폃헢킩퇝붲헟듯떽쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄쒿뗄,믲랸ꆰ탅쾢쟀뛡ퟯꆱ(informationrape)ꆣꋜ쯻쏇죏캪ퟔ벺헽퓚믱좡뷌폽,죎뫎뻟폐헦쪵짆틢뗄죋뚼믡냯훺쯻쏇믱좡헢훖뷌폽ꆣ본폚훐맺뗄냫횳쏱뗘샺쪷,훐맺죋뻟폐튻훖뿉틔샭뷢뗄뛔놻냾ꋙGoossen,BusinessLaw,-203.ꋚFolsomandFolsom,ꆰAnIntroduction,ꆱ.ꋛMente,ChineseEtiquette,.ꋜChristopherEngholm,ꆰAsianBargainingTactics:CounterstrategiesforSurvival,ꆱInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina,,.
152뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쿷뗄뿖뻥ꆣ쯻쏇뛔듋폐싾뎤뗄볇틤,튲쎻폐췼볇,벴쪹퓚뛾햽뾪쪼쪱,짏몣뗄펢ퟢ뷧죔맒ퟅꆰ뮪죋폫릷늻뗃죫쓚ꆱ뗄없ퟓꆣꋙ쯻쏇튲쎻폐췼볇,횱떽20쫀볍70쓪듺쒩웚,쿣룛뗄펢맺죋뮹뻜뻸훐맺죋떣죎릫컱횰풱뗄뷏룟횰캻ꆣ훐맺죋늻쿫틔펲춨믵뫍췁뗘벰웤쯻풴쿲틔잰뗄횳쏱헟뮻좡쯻쏇늻쓜쪹폃뗄벼쫵ꆣ쯻쏇튲늻쿫훐맺돉캪맽쪱믲컞폃죭볾뗄사미쳮싱뎡ꆣ죧맻헢킩죭볾늻쓜폃,쯻쏇ퟔ좻믡뮳틉쯻쏇쫜떽쇋웛욭ꆣ퓚컷랽죋퇛샯,쒳킩뫏춬헹뛋뻍쫇웕춨뗄뫏춬헹뛋ꆪꆪꆪ훐맺죋쫇럱ퟱ쫘헢킩붻틗쳵뿮?늻맽헢킩뫏춬헹뛋퓚훐맺죋퇛샯좴쫇튻룶뫜듳뗄컄뮯헹뛋ꆣ퓚쎿붻틗훐,짺쯀?맘뗄쫇훐맺뗄잰춾ꆢ훐맺죋뗄ퟔퟰ뫍ퟔ훘ꆣ돽럇룷랽튻맡뗘맘힢뺭볃ꆢ탄샭뫍컄뮯뗈헢킩웰ퟷ폃뗄뫏춬틔췢뗄틲쯘,뫏춬닅쓜듙짺탅삵ꆣ죧맻룷랽쳡탑ퟔ벺,쯻쏇뛔폚쟩탎뗄쇋뷢쎻폐쯻쏇쿫쿱뗃쓇쎴춸뎹,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍룼죝틗닉좡헢훖룼캪뿭랺뫍뾶뾮뗄솢뎡ꆣ쯻쏇펦룃쿫뗃떽,쯻쏇튲탭틑뺭컳뷢쇋뛔랽뗄맘힢붹뗣,믲헟뫶쫓쇋뛔랽쯹톰쟳쪵쿖쒿뇪훐냼몬뗄짆폫틦뒦ꆣ죧맻룷랽붫ퟔ벺뗄힢틢솦듓뛔랽뗄쯹캽놳엑쓇샯틆뾪,쿲쮼뾼ퟔ벺쫇럱헽퓚틔튻훖탅삵뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂,쓇쎴뫏춬헹뛋뻍믡룼틗뷢뻶ꆣ죧듋뾴살,훐맺첸에헟룼짙붲ꆰ늻ꆱ,룼짙샻폃췾킲뫍탭억,룼뛠뗘컊돎쟥탔컊쳢ꆣ쏀맺뫍얷훞릫쮾뗄횴탐맙튲탭펦룃쿲쯻쏇톧쾰ꆣꋚ컷랽죋뗄잿펲닟싔쯆뫵폐튻훖잿웈맽퓧뷡쫸첸에붻틗뗄쟷쫆,뛸훐맺죋퓲붫퇛맢럅퓚퇛잰뗄컊쳢짏,뎢쫔붫뛔뮰볌탸쿂좥ꆣ쯻쏇풸틢ퟶ돶죃늽,틔쪹쮫랽뚼쓜헒떽릫욽뗄뗃쪧ퟩ뫏ꆣꋛ쮫랽횻폐춨맽ꋙChin-NingChu,TheAsianMindGame(NewYork:RawsonAssociates,1991),.ꋚ,RichardBrahm,,ꆰStrategyImplementation:AComparisonofFace-to-FaceNegotiationsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStates,ꆱInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina,,-43.ꋛ,ꆰAConfucianPerspectiveonConflictResolution,ꆱInternationalJournalofHumanResourceManagement,6:1(February1995),-158.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛153첽쳖쮫랽닮틬닅쓜듯돉릫욽뗄릲쪶폫킭틩ꆣ헢퇹,헢훖탂뗄첸에닟싔쯆뫵뻍룼쓜엠퇸탅삵ꆣ퇓뎤뛔뮰쓜쳡릩룼뛠뗄쿔쪾짆틢뫍붨솢탅삵뗄믺믡ꆣ뛾ꆢ맘쾵뗄훘튪틢틥훐맺죋뛔폚맘쾵뗄틀삵폫엠퇸쫇훐맺짌튵쪵볹뗄폖튻쳘헷ꆣ맘쾵춨뎣놻쫓캪뿗ퟓ잿뗷죋볊볤솪쾵횮뫳뗄닺컯ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥붲,헢훖맛뗣쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ뿗ퟓ죏캪,횻폐떱죋쏇췪돉ퟔ벺뷇즫횮틥컱쪱,쓇쎴솼뫃훈탲닅쓜붨솢웰살ꆣ춳훎헟펦룃쿱춳훎헟,뢸쟗펦룃쿱뢸쟗ꆣꋙ죋쏇펦룃틢쪶떽웤퓚짧믡뷗닣훐뗄뷇즫ꆣ샺쪷짏,헢킩뷇즫튻횱쫇평쾰쯗쯹쿠뛔만뚨뗄ꆣ죧맻춳훎헟샄폃ퟔ벺뗄좨솦,쓇쎴죋쏇뻍벸뫵쎻폐릫릲램싉뿉틔쯟훮ꆣ뷸튻늽뗘ꆰ,룹뻝죥볒(뿗ퟓ)뒫춳,춳훎헟놻웚췻ꆮ뗂훎ꆯꆣ쿱뢸쒸튻퇹맜샭ퟔ벺뗄ퟓ쏱ꆭꆭ맙쇅늿쏅벸뫵늻쫜죎뫎쿞훆폫욽뫢ꆣ릫훚벸뫵쎻폐틢쪶,헾뢮좨솦뿉틔쫜떽램싉뗄풼쫸;릫훚튲쎻폐틢쪶,룶죋좨샻뿉틔룟폚맺볒믲짧믡뷗닣훐웤쯻헾뢮늿쏅ꆣꆱꋚ퓚헢훖쳥훆훐,룶죋믡얬솦폫맙풱붨솢맘쾵,틔럀붫살쯻쏇탨튪맙풱뗄냯훺ꆣꋛ볒춥맘쾵뫍룶죋맘쾵폈웤훘튪ꆣ횱훁뷱죕,훐맺짌튵죋쪿죔뎣뎣퓚맍펶믲웤쯻짌튵뻶닟맽돌훐쳘뇰뾼싇볒춥돉풱뫍샏춬톧ꆣꋜퟰ훘맘쾵뇤뗃죧듋훘튪,틔훁폚훐맺뗄튻킩몽뿕릫쮾뎣뎣늻뚩싺몽냠,풤쇴튻킩ퟹ캻틔럀튻킩폐맘쾵뗄죋퓚ퟮ뫳튻ꋙConfucius,Analects,12/11.ꋚDingLuandZhiminTang,StateInterventionandBusinessinChina(Cheltenham:EdwardElgar,1997),-kaiLauandHsin-ChiKuan,ꆰChineseBureaucratsinaModernColony:TheCaseofHongKong,ꆱWorkingPaperSeries(HongKong:CentreforHongKongStudiesatChineseUniversity,1986),.ꋛ,TheSpiritofChinesePolitics:APsychoculturalStudyoftheAuthorityCrisesinPoliticalDevelopment(Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,1968),.ꋜMente,ChineseEtiquette,;,LaborLawinChina(Salem,.:ButterworthLegalPublishers,1990),-17.
154뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭럖훓돶쿖늢튪쟳튻룶ퟹ캻ꆣꋙ훐맺뗄헾뢮좨췾,쳘뇰쫇쓇킩뗘랽좨췾,죔탐쪹ퟅ뫜듳뗄좨솦ꆣ쯦ퟅ훐맺뗄램훆붨짨뗄췆뷸,쯦ퟅ뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄랢햹(ퟮ훕쯼튲믡냼삨헾훎좨샻),쯦ퟅ훐맺죋뛔컷랽룶죋훷틥볛횵맛뗄훰늽컼쫕,쯻쏇뗄헢훖좨솦붫쫜떽쿞훆폫볠뚽ꆣꋚ춬쪱,짌죋튲놻붨틩얬솦랢햹맘쾵ꆣ뢣즽죏캪,훐맺쫇튻룶탅삵뗍ꆢ틔볒춥캪훐탄뗄짧믡,웤돉풱벸뫵쎻폐뺭퇩믲탋좤퓚욽뗈뗄믹뒡짏폫췢죋듲붻뗀믲폫죋캪컩ꆣꋛ헢훖뷡싛쫇듭컳뗄ꆣ죧맻훐맺죋돰뫞췢맺죋,쓇쎴ퟔ듓뗋킡욽뻶뚨붨솢룼캪쫐뎡뮯뗄뺭볃틔살,쯻쏇튲늻믡죧듋돉릦ꆣ훐맺뗄쎺첿ꆢ쮮쓠ꆢ마컯ꆢ폣샠ꆢ죢샠뫍쏞뮨뗄짺닺뻓쫀뷧뗚튻캻;룖닺솿뻓쫀뷧뗚죽캻;풭폍닺솿뻓쫀뷧뗚컥캻;ퟔ1978쓪틔살,훐맺뗄쓪뻹퓶뎤싊뎬맽9%ꆣꋜ죧맻훐맺죋쎻폐뷸탐첸에붻틗ꆢ뷸뿚벼쫵ꆢퟩ돉훐췢뫏릫쮾,훐맺뗄헢훖뺭볃웦벣튲늻믡쪵쿖ꆣ훐맺릤튵ퟜ닺솿뗄뷼10%살ퟔ췢뫍쮽폐뺭볃ꆣꋝ쇭췢,컒쏇뮹펦샎볇,퓚맽좥쪮쓪샯뺭볃랢햹ퟮ뿬뗄맺볒뫍뗘쟸냼삨죕놾ꆢ몫맺ꆢ탂볓웂ꆢ첨췥뫍쿣룛,헢킩맺볒뫍뗘쟸튪쎴펵폐쿠떱듳뗄뮪죋죋뿚쫽솿,튪쎴쫜떽쇋훐맺컄뮯뗄짮풶펰쿬ꆣ뮪죋헢룶죋훖튲탭쫇쫀뷧짏뺭볃ퟮ돉릦뗄죋훖ꆣ퓚럆싉뇶,쯤좻뮪죋횻햼ퟜ죋뿚뗄%,떫쯻쏇퓚놾맺릫쮾쿺쫛ퟜ뛮훐좴햼쇋35%ꆣ퓚펡뛈쓡ꋙ,DealingwiththeChinese(NewYork:WarnerBooks,1989),.ꋚ-LihLarryFarh,ꆰWhereGuanxiMatters:RelationalDemographyandGuanxiintheChineseContext,ꆱWorkandOccupations,24:1(February1997),-79.ꋛFrancisFukuyama,Trust(NewYork:FreePress,1995),Passim;Mente,ChineseEtiquette,.ꋜ,ChinaWakes:TheStrugglefortheSoulofaRisingPower(NewYork:VintageBooks,1995),.ꋝIbid.,.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛155컷퇇,2%뗄뮪죋좴펵폐좫맺70%뗄쮽폐놾ꆣꋙ죧맻헢킩ퟷ캪짙쫽쏱ퟥ뗄뮪죋죋뿚뻜뻸폫럇볒춥돉풱뾪햹붻틗뗄뮰,쓇쎴쯻쏇튲늻믡죧듋돉릦폫랱죙ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ싗샭잿뗷ퟰ훘볒춥,떫쯻듓캴쮵맽ꆰ횻탅삵쓣뗄쟗죋ꆱꆣ뿗ퟓ뛠듎쿔쪾,쯻풸틢폫죎뫎죈췻톧쾰뗄죋뷓뷼,튲퓸짪돢튻킩톧짺,틲캪쯻쏇킡뾴쓇킩살ퟔ뗍뗈뷗닣뫍퓚맽좥랸맽ퟯ뗄톧짺ꆣꋚ쇭췢,럢뇕업쯻쪽뗄킢뗂늻쫇뿉좡뗄ꆣ킢뗂펦룃냯훺뒴퓬튻훖탅삵ꆢ짆틢ꆢퟰ훘뇰죋벰헦헽춳훎헟뗄럕캧ꆣ죊헟펦룃뇜쏢뷡붻엳떳ꋛ,늢쫓쎿룶죋캪잱퓚뗄탖뗜쏃ꆣꋜ뿗ퟓ싗샭쯹맄샸뗄쫇튻훖뾪럅뗄맘쾵,뛸늻쫇튻훖럢뇕뗄맘쾵ꆣ룃싗샭횧돖죋쏇폫쎿룶죋붨솢맘쾵,싗샭짏풽쫇돉쫬뗄죋풽믡붫춬뗈뛔듽쒰짺죋뫍볒춥돉풱ꆣꋝ뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔폚믯냩맘쾵뗄첬뛈폐샻폚엠퇸쓇훖럇럢뇕쪽뗄맘쾵,쯹폐뗄죋샠맘쾵뚼쫇뿉쓜뗄ꆣ쓇훖죏캪맘쾵ퟜ쫇ꆰ뗀뗂ꆱ믲ꆰ늻뗀뗂ꆱ뗄맛뗣맽폚춷쓔볲떥ꆣ뺡맜폐킩죋늻쫊뫏ퟷ컒쏇뗄헾훎믯냩,떫튲탭쯻쏇뿉틔돉캪컒쏇뗶폣뗄뫃믯냩ꆣ뺡맜컒쏇늻펦룃싾컞뇟볊뗘뷡붻엳폑,떫컒쏇튲늻펦룃ퟜ쫇ힷ쟳뗀뗂췪짆횮죋ꆣ컒쏇펦룃풸틢쎰쿕폫쓇킩릤ퟷ얬솦ꆢ뛔쿮쒿춶죫ꆢ쓜릻쳡릩뷰뫍샍솦뗄죋ퟩ돉뫏릫쮾ꆣ탭뛠훐맺죋쿠떱뻟폐쎰쿕뺫짱,뛸웤훐쒳킩뺫짱뿉틔맩틲폚뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃죏캪헢훖뛔맘쾵뗄뿊췻쫇쯹폐맘쾵뗄놳뫳뚯믺;쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃뾼싇맘쾵퓚훐맺랱죙폫쇷탐뗄뿉쓜탔,떱좻헢쫇틲캪훐맺죋뫜짃뎤붨솢뫍캬돖룷훖룷퇹뗄맘쾵,뛸늢늻쫇틲캪훐맺죋늻탅삵쒰짺죋ꆣꋙ,ChinaWakes:TheStrugglefortheSoulofaRisingPower(NewYork:VintageBooks,1995),.ꋚConfucius,Analects,7/7;7/29.ꋛIbid.,2/14.ꋜIbid.,12/5.ꋝKam-honLee,ꆰBusinessEthicsinChina:Confucianism,SocialistMarketEconomy,andtheMultinationalEnterprises,ꆱEthicsinInternationalManagement,(Berlin:WalterdeGruyter,1998),.
156뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭퓚믘펦컷랽펪쿺쪱,훐맺죋뛔탂맘쾵뗄뾪럅첬뛈ꆢ뛔맘쾵뗄틀삵벰쯻쏇뛔탅삵뗄훘쫓뚼튻쿔컞틅ꆣ훐맺죋풸틢듓췢맺죋쫖샯릺싲짌욷,헢훖풸틢뺫짱펦룃쳡탑컒쏇,맘쾵늢늻듺뇭튻쟐ꆪꆪꆪ펪쿺헟쫖샯뇘탫폐쯻쏇쿫튪뗄닺욷ꆣꋙ쫂쪵횤쏷,떱컷랽펪쿺ퟅ퇛폚릫쮾놾짭벰웤탎쿳쳘헷뛸늻ퟅ퇛폚닺욷쪱,쯼믡뇤뗃룼볓폐킧ꆣꋚ쿻럑헟쿫횪뗀폫쯻쏇듲붻뗀뗄쫇쪲쎴죋,헢훖좡짡쟣쿲튲탭뿉틔놻샭뷢캪쓇훘쫓릲춬랢햹뫍쳡룟뗄뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄ퟔ좻닺컯ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻잿뗷폻췻뗄싺ퟣꆣ죎뫎릫쮾뚼쿺쫛닺욷,틲뛸탻뒫췆뷩닺욷늢늻쓜쪹헢룶릫쮾횵뗃탅삵ꆣ쿠랴,탻뒫릫쮾뗄탎쿳쳘헷뿉쓜믡엠퇸탅삵ꆣ퓚쿻럑헟쏇뾴살,릫쮾쫇폐ퟔ컒틢쪶뗄,펦룃쓜릻틢쪶떽웤탐캪뛔쿻럑헟뫍샻틦쿠맘랽뗄펰쿬ꆣ본폚헢훖탻뒫폫맣룦뿉쓜ퟮ훕횤쏷쫇탩볙뗄,쯹틔컒쏇늻펦룃탻돆듋훖탻뒫쫇룹놾짏뫏뫵싗샭뗄ꆣ좻뛸,듓뿗ퟓ싗샭뷇뛈돶랢,릫쮾탎쿳뗄탻뒫뇈떥뒿뗄닺욷탻돆룼캪뫏뫵싗샭,틲캪ퟮ훕쿻럑헟폫웤쯻샻틦쿠맘랽뫍릫쮾탎돉맘쾵,뛸늻쫇폫릫쮾닺욷탎돉맘쾵ꆣ퓚훐맺죋뛔듽췢맺춶헟뗄랽쪽짏,헢훖뛔맘쾵뗄잿뗷튲쿔슶컞틅ꆣ훐맺룸폨쓇킩횱뷓춶헟폅믝듽폶,틲캪쯻쏇뗄춶죫폫얬솦놻죏캪뇈뫏릫쮾뗄췢맺춶헟룼캪쿔훸ꆣ샽죧,퓚1994쓪뗄쮰컱룄룯웚볤,맺볒쮰컱맙풱쿲쓇킩췢맺뗄횱뷓춶헟놣횤,죧맻탂뗄쮰램떼훂췢맺횱뷓춶헟쯹횧뢶뗄쮰뛮짽룟,쓇쎴헢킩췢맺횱뷓춶헟붫쿭쫜쮰뛮복쏢듽폶ꆣꋛꋙ,ꆰNegotiationinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina:ResultsofaSurveyofSmallBusinessesinHongKong,ꆱInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina,(London:KluwerLawInternational,1997),-49.ꋚꆰP&GWantstoBeonTipofTonguesin,LetꆯsSay,Tianjin,ꆱWallStreetJournal(24August1998),.ꋛChoosinTseng,PaulaKwan,andFannyCheung,ꆰTheImpactofCurrentEconomicDevelopmentinChinaontheMarketEntryStrategiesofForeignConsumerGoodsManufacturers,ꆱBusinessTransformationinChina,-ClaudedeBettignies(London:InternationalThomsonBusinessPress,1996),.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛157횻폐떱룷랽룐떽뛔랽폑짆쪱,솼뫃맘쾵닅쓜붨솢랢햹ꆣ짏몣웻뎵릤튵릫쮾떱쪱헽퓚톰헒튻룶뫏ퟷ믯냩,뻝쮵죕놾럡쳯릫쮾떱쪱뫜늻폑뫃ꆣ럡쳯릫쮾늻풸죃죎뫎벼쫵,늢쟒뛔훐랽퓚맜샭췢믣랽쏦뗄삧쓑튲뫜샤쒮ꆣ짏몣웻뎵릤튵릫쮾뾪쪼폫춨폃웻뎵릫쮾뫍뢣쳘웻뎵릫쮾햹뾪믯냩탔뛔뮰,뺡맜럡쳯펵폐룼캪폅풽뗄짺닺벼쫵ꆣ쓇킩뻟폐폫훐맺죋릲춬뿋럾삧쓑횮뺭퇩폫샺쪷뗄릫쮾틔벰쓇킩뇜쏢뛔웤훐랽뫏ퟷ믯냩ퟷ맽럖ퟔ틔캪쫇뗄에뛏뗄릫쮾쯆뫵쓜탋췺돉릦ꆣ쒦췐싞삭쿈폚웤쯻뺺헹헟뷸죫훐맺,늢뇭쪾쯼붫뎤쪱웚듴퓚훐맺ꆣ벴쪹퓚1989쓪뗄ꆰ쇹ꆤ쯄ꆱ횮뫳,쯼튲쎻폐듓훐맺뎷돶ꆣ뷡맻,쒦췐싞삭뗃틔훷떼훐맺죕틦퓶뎤뗄뗧ퟓ쫐뎡ꆣꋙ죽ꆢ뛔뗀뗂쇬탤뗄잿뗷훐맺죋횮뇜쏢뫏춬뫍펵놧맘쾵뗄ퟶ램쿔쪾,뿗ퟓ뗄뿉탅삵볛횵맛헽퓚웰ퟷ폃ꆣ뿗ퟓ볛횵맛늻뷶뷶쓜릻쪹컒쏇샭뷢뛸쟒튲쓜릻쪹컒쏇엺에탔움맀훐맺죋훐춨탐뗄쪵볹ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇쮭쫇뫃뗄짌뷧쇬탤헢룶컊쳢ꆣ듓튻랽쏦살붲,뿗ퟓ횮쇬떼룅쓮폐뗣쿱쯹캽뗄ꆰ릫웍쪽쇬떼ꆱꆣ죧맻뇰죋늻룺쯦ퟱ톭튻룶죋쪱,쓇쎴헢룶죋뻍늻쓜쇬떼헢킩죋ꆣ떱맜샭헟듓놻맜샭헟뗄샻틦돶랢좥맜샭쪱,쯻뻍쓜쇬떼뗃뫜뫃ꆣ횻폐떱춳훎헟맽튻훖춬쟩웤죋쏱맘힢폫컊쳢뗄짺믮쪱,쯻닅쓜뺫좷뗘냑컕놻춳훎헟뗄샻틦폫탋좤ꆣ틲캪퓚훐맺뗄샺쪷짏폐탭뛠쟮죋,쯹틔뿗ퟓ싗샭붨틩,짌튵쇬떼헟펦룃맽튻훖뷚볳ꆢ늻워헅뗄짺믮ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻튻뚨쟣쿲폚쓇훖뻸뛔뗄욽뗈훷틥(볻쿂튻헂),쯼튲늻쳡뎫쓇훖뿠탐즮짺믮ꆣ떱놻춳훎헟뗄짺믮쮮욽뗃떽쳡룟쪱,쇬떼헟닅쓜톡퓱룼쫦쫊뗄짺믮ꆪꆪꆪ늻맽뗀뗂펦룃폀풶쫇쯻쏇뗄룹놾맘힢,뛸늻쫇컯훊샻틦ꆣ뗋킡욽1992쓪쓏톲횮뫳,튪쟳죋쏇틔룼뿬뗄쯙뛈펵놧쫐뎡뺭ꋙKam-honLee,ꆰMoralConsiderationandStrategicManagementMoves:TheChineseCase,ꆱManagementDecision,34:9(I996),-70.
158뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭볃,헻룶맺볒뒦폚튻훖훂뢻뗄샋뎱훐,틲뛸튲뻍돶쿖쇋냝뷰훷틥ꆣꋙ늿뎤벶뗄맙풱틔벰탭뛠룟닣맙풱뗄ퟓ얮쏇뾪쪼쟗ퟔ쿂몣뺭짌ꆣ뻼뛓뾪냬쇋훆퓬훓뇭뫍뇹쿤뗄릤뎧,뻼뛓튻늿쏅돉쇋튻볒뫀뮪뻆뗪뗄튵훷횮튻ꆣ뺡맜맙랽뫳살뷻횹뻼뛓춶뺭짌,떫뻼뛓죔쫇뮥솪췸튵뗄훷튪뺭펪헟ꆣ튻킩헾뢮맙풱튲쪹ퟔ벺뢻풣웰살,틲캪쯻쏇뿉틔샻폃ퟔ벺뗄맘쾵벰뛔췁뗘뗄뿘훆좨뛸믱뗃뫏춬믲믱좡뫏릫쮾막럝ꆣ쒳킩룟벶맙풱뗄쟗쫴돉쇋훐맺ퟮ뢻풣뗄죋ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭붫잴퓰쓇킩춨맽돶싴맺볒닺틔돤쳮룶죋퇼냼뗄맙풱,늢쟒믡훊틉헢퇹뗄쇬떼벰맜샭헟쫇럱쫇헦헽뗄믲뫏램뗄쇬떼벰맜샭헟ꆣ쯦ퟅ훐맺쿲쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뷸튻늽랢햹,훐맺죋뾪쪼퓙듎힢틢뿗ퟓ뗀뗂뇪ힼ,틔폃웤튪쟳짌뷧쇬탤뫍헾뷧쇬떼죋ꆣ1998쓪,잰쫐캯쫩볇돂쾣춬틲웤뢯냜탐캪뛸놻에탌16쓪ꆣ쯻뗄뛹ퟓ벰웤쯻튻킩맙풱튲쫜떽쇋짳에ꆣꋚ헢듎짳에횮잰,잰놱뺩헾킭뢱훷쾯믆볍돉(틫틴,JichengHuang)벰잰놱뺩죋듳뢱훷죎쳺틲믟슸ퟯ뛸놻에탌ꆣꋛ돽듋횮췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭뮹믡죃컒쏇짳쫓쇬떼헟뗄컯훊돉릦틔췢뗄뚫컷ꆣ폐쪱,죋쏇돆퓞쿖듺훐맺쇬떼죋득믙럢붨쳥훆ꆢ붵뗍탂짺뛹쯀췶싊ꆢ퇓뎤돉죋쫙쏼ꆢ쳡룟쪶ퟖ싊벰뢾얮뗘캻ꆣ죧맻돉릦쫇쫀볤헽좷폫듭컳뗄캩튻에뛏뇪ힼ,쓇쎴쎫퓳뚫ꆢ훜뛷살ꆢ뗋킡욽붫틲쯻쏇뗄돉뻍뛸펮뗃죋쏇뗄컞쿞퓞퇯ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ늢늻럱죏돉릦,떫쯻튪쟳컒쏇쮼뾼:쪲쎴퇹뗄돉릦?튻룶쇬떼죋펦룃짃뎤쇬떼죋샠듦퓚ꆣ좷놣죋쏱폐튻훖ꆰ쯀릤ꆱ믲ꆰ쳺랹췫ꆱ늢늻쫇뷜돶쇬떼닅쓜뗄횤쏷ꆣ쯤좻벢뛶뗄죋쏇뫜쓑맘힢뗂탔컊쳢,떫쳮놥쯻쏇뗄뛇ퟓ헢훖탐캪놾짭늢늻쓜냯훺쯻쏇쪵쿖ퟔ벺뗄죋샠쏀뗂ꆣ뻍솬뚯컯뚼캹퇸ퟔ벺뗄폗ퟐ,쯹ꋙKristofandWuDunn,ChinaWakes,;XiaoheLu,ꆰOnEthicalandEconomicValue,ꆱOnlineJournalofEthics,1:2(1997),
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛159틔릩퇸컒쏇뗄뢸쒸튲늻쯣룱췢죊낮ꋙ,틲뛸뻽ퟓힷ쟳뗄뛔쿳쫇헦샭,뛸늻쫇쪳컯ꆣꋚ헽죧컒퓚놾헂뾪춷늿럖쯹횸돶뗄,뿗ퟓ볡돖,횻튪춳훎헟뗄짆틢쫇쏷쿔뗄,춳훎헟뻍뿉틔튪쟳죋쏇럅웺ퟔ벺뗄쪳컯뛸늻믡즥쪧탅삵ꆣ횵뗃탅삵뗄춳훎헟뻸늻믡췼볇죋샠뷸탐톡퓱횮뛀쳘쓜솦ꆣ횻튪죋쏇쎻폐쫜떽웛톹,쯻쏇뻍쓜죌쫜죎뫎탎쪽뗄볨쓑폫삧뿠ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄튻뛎컅뫜뫃뗘쮵쏷쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ뻝ꆶ샱볇ꆷ뗄볇퓘,폐튻듎,뿗ퟓ뫍뗜ퟓ쏇ퟟ맽튻욬쫷쇖,뾴떽튻룶뢾죋ퟸ퓚튻룶짐캴퇚싱뗄럘쒹엔뇟,헢룶뢾죋뿞뗃뫜짋탄ꆣ떱뿗ퟓ뗄뗜ퟓퟓ슷컊쯽캪쪲쎴뿞쪱,쯽뿞쯟떽:? ꆰ컴헟컡뻋쯀폚뮢,컡럲폖쯀퇉ꆣ뷱컡ퟓ폖쯀퇉ꆣꆱ럲ퟓ풻:ꆰ뫎캪늻좥튲?ꆱ풻ꆰ:컞뿁헾ꆣꆱ럲ퟓ풻ꆰ:킡ퟓ쪶횮,뿁헾쏍폚뮢튲ꆱ헢룶맊쫂횵뗃컒쏇뫃뫃럖컶튻쿂ꆣ헢캻뢾죋틀삵쓇킩쓐죋쏇쳡릩짺볆,떫샏뮢쪹쯽뇤뗃쟮삧쇊떹늢쟒췾킲ퟅ쯽뗄짺쏼ꆣ좻뛸,쯽쓾뿉쏦뛔헢훖컯훊짏뗄퓖쓑,뛸늻풸쪧좥쯽뗄ퟔ평ꆣ죧맻헦헽뗄춳훎헟캪웤쯹춳훎뗄죋샠듦퓚뗄샻틦럾컱,죧맻헽죧헢룶맊쫂쯹붨틩뗄,ퟔ평쫇죋샠듦퓚뗄룹놾짆폫뢣,쓇쎴헦헽횵뗃탅삵뗄춳훎헟뻍쫇쓇킩ퟜ쫇쇴탄ퟰ훘뫍듙뷸ퟔ평뗄춳훎헟쏇ꆣ퓚뿗ퟓ뗄볛횵맛샯,ퟔ평폫뺭볃뢣쫇쿠뢨쿠돉뗄ꆣ헢훖싗샭튲탭믡춬틢쓇훖잿웈뗄췁뗘훘탂럖엤ퟶ램,떫쯼뻸늻믡퓊탭뛔릫쏱뗄즱슾ꆣퟔ평뗄볛횵퓚폚,쯼쓜쪹컒쏇ퟶ돶톡퓱,춨맽헢킩톡퓱,컒쏇쓜릻쪵쿖죊ꆣ쯀좥뗄죋쎻폐ퟔ평,튲늻쓜뷸탐톡퓱,쯹틔뿗ퟓ싗샭뻸늻퓊탭캪쇋쒳킩죋뗄컯훊뢣뛸즱슾쇭튻킩죋뗄ퟶ램ꆣ(뿗ퟓ좷쪵붲맽,쯻늻에뛏쪲쎴쫇퓊탭뗄,쪲쎴쫇늻퓊탭뗄,떫쫇쯻쫇퓚믘듰쇭튻룶죋뗄싗샭뒿뷠뗄짹쏷횮ꋙConfucius,Analects,2/7.ꋚConfuciusquotedinGangjianDuandGangSong,ꆰRelatingHumanRightstoChineseCulture:TheFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalectsandtheFourPrinciplesofaNewTheoryofBenevolence,ꆱHumanRightsandChineseValues,(HongKong:OxfordUniversityPress,1995),.
160뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뫳뛸붲듋랬뮰뗄ꆣ뿗ퟓ튲좷쪵에뛏맽튻킩ퟜ쳥짏늻뫃뗄춳훎탎쪽,샽죧,톹훆뫍뿖뻥쪽춳훎ꆢ퇏탌쪽뗄춳훎ꆢ쟡쫓뎼쏱뗄춳훎,뗈뗈ꆣ)틲듋,뿗ퟓ뻸늻믡틲캪쒳룶죋룄짆쇋죋쏱뗄컯훊짺믮쮮욽뻍에뛏웤캪캰듳뗄쇬떼헟ꆣ쇭췢쯻튲늻믡뛔떱듺훐맺뗄튻킩놻폾캪쒣랶짌뷧쇬탤뗄죋뇭쪾첫뛠뫃룐ꆣ죃컒쏇틔헅맻쾲ꆰ(헅샏냥ꆱ)캪샽ꆣ헅샏냥뿉쓜쫇훐맺ퟮ뢻폐뗄죋,쯻쫇죧듋뗃쫜죋ퟰ훘,틔훁폚붭컷쳬컄첨붫맛닢떽뗄튻뿅킡탐탇틔쯻뗄쏻ퟖ쏼쏻ꆣ캪쪲쎴쯻믡죧듋쫜죋ퟰ뺴쓘?퓚컄뮯듳룯쏼웚볤,쯻붫ퟔ볒뗄랿ퟓ싴뗴,좻뫳폃뗃살뗄잮ퟷ캪놾뾪쪼쇋뗱뿌쒾쾻뗄짺틢ꆣ헢킩쒾쾻퓚죕놾듲뾪쇋쫐뎡,뫳살헅샏냥삩듳짺닺,뾪쪼뗱뿌뛆뷰런ꆣ쿖퓚맻쾲벯췅틑뺭랢햹돉쇋튻볒뫜듳뗄맺볊쎳틗릫쮾,퓚죕놾ꆢ쿣룛뫍뗂맺뚼짨솢쇋럖늿ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫믡돐죏헅샏냥뗄뒴튵뺫짱ꆢ냑컕믺폶뗄쓜솦틔벰쯻뗄쇩믮폫쫊펦쓜솦,떫뿗ퟓ늻믡퓚튻룶죋짭짏톰쟳좫쏦뗄돉좫횮뗂ꆣ뿗ퟓퟜ쫇퓚뇰죋횵뗃퓞퇯뗄쪱뫲닅퓞퇯뇰죋ꆣ쯻뿉쓜믡돐죏,헅샏냥틑뺭돉캪훐맺웳튵볒뗄쒣탍폫뗤랶ꆣ좻뛸,컒죔늻쿠탅,뿗ퟓ믡쫓헅샏냥캪캰듳뗄짌뷧쇬탤ꆣ헅샏냥쯆뫵늻첫맘탄헾훎,횻튪헾뢮늻룉풤쯻쪵쿖쯻뗄짌튵쫂튵,쯻뻍싺ퟣ쇋ꆣ쯻늻킼뾼싇쫇럱쿖퓚헾뢮헽퓚냯훺뺡뿉쓜뛠뗄죋쏇쪵쿖쯻쏇뗄죋탔,쯻뛔죎뫎탎쪽뗄릫릲럾컱뚼늻룐탋좤ꆣ뷡맻,쯻캴쓜쪵쿖ퟔ벺뛸돉캪튻룶췪짆뗄죋샠듦퓚ꆣ헢샯컒쿫튪뇭듯뗄맛뗣쫇,쎿룶헾뷧믲짌뷧쇬탤뇘탫쫇싗샭짏뒿뷠뗄ꆣퟜ쳥살붲,뿗ퟓ뛔뒿뷠뗄컊쳢뫜뷷짷ꆣꋙ떱뿗ퟓ뗄튻룶뗜ퟓ엺움튻룶듳뎼붫뛔놻?뗄뻽훷뗄훒돏뛸춶쿲쓇?뻽헟쪱,뿗ퟓ쏴죱뗘횸돶,헽쫇헢캻듳뎼뗄붨틩닅헼뻈쇋헢룶탂뗄췵맺ꆣ죧맻쎻폐헢룶듳뎼,쯻쏇뿖엂퓧뻍놻웈뒩짏싹틄뗄럾쫎쇋ꆣꋚ헢캻듳뎼횵뗃퓞퇯,틲캪쯻듓쎻폐췼볇쓇훖놣돖ퟔ벺죋쏱ퟔ평뗄탨튪ꆣ뻉뗄뻽훷틑뺭쯀좥,맺볒쏦쇙뗐죋뗄췾킲,헢캻듳뎼ퟶ쇋떱쪱쟩탎튪쟳쯻펦룃ퟶ뗄쫂,쿲탂뗄뻽훷쳡릩쇋솼뫃붨틩ꆣ폫듋샠쯆,뿗ퟓ뺯룦늻튪춨맽늻ꋙConfucius,Analects,5/19.ꋚIbid.,14/17.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛161뗀뗂뗄쫖뛎믱좡맙뷗ꋙ,늢튪쟳쯻뗄뗜ퟓ쏇쳬쿂폐뗀쪱퓲쿖짭럾컱,쳬쿂컞뗀쪱퓲췋뛸틾횮ꋚ,떫쫇뿗ퟓ믡뫁늻폌풥뗘돶쏦냯훺틢폻엑싒뗄런륧ꆣ떱뿗ퟓ뗄뗜ퟓퟓ슷훊컊뿗ퟓ쪱,뿗ퟓ룸돶쇋죧쿂뺫닊뗄믘듰:? 런륧헙,ퟓ폻췹ꆣퟓ슷풻ꆰ:컴헟평튲컅훮럲ퟓ풻ꆮ:쟗폚웤짭캪늻짆헟,뻽ퟓ늻죫튲ꆣꆯ런륧틔훐쒲엏,ퟓ횮췹튲,죧횮뫎?ꆱퟓ풻ꆰ:좻,폐쫇퇔튲ꆣ늻풻볡뫵,쒥뛸늻쇗?늻풻냗뫵,쓹뛸늻?컡웱?맏튲퓕?퇉쓜쾵뛸늻쪳?ꆱꋛ쓇쎴뿗ퟓ쫇럱퓚듋탻퇯뒿듢뗄좨틋뇤춨횮볆쓘?뇭쏦뾴살,떱?짽뗄믺폶돶쿖쪱,뿗ퟓ웈늻벰듽뗘컾짼ퟔ벺뗄싗샭뗀뗂뇪ힼꆣ쓇쎴ꆰ뗀뗂쇬떼ꆱ뗄맛쓮폖엜떽쓄샯좥쇋?쯤좻뿗ퟓ좷쪵잿뗷뗀뗂쇬떼뗄맛쓮ꋜ,떫ꆰ뗀뗂ꆱ횮룅쓮늢늻뗈폚ꆰ붩쫘풭퓲ꆱꆣ뿗ퟓ튲죧헅샏냥튻퇹,튲쫇튻룶췪좫뗄쫀쯗횮죋ꆣ쯻짮횪,컒쏇뇘탫뎣뎣퓚늻췪짆ꆢ늻죧틢뗄쟩탎쿂탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ컒쏇늻쓜톡퓱컒쏇뗄ퟶ쫂뗘뗣ꆣ뷶뷶틲캪컒쏇늻쿫죃ퟔ벺뗄죋욷늻쫜떽컛좾뛸뻜뻸탐뚯,컒쏇뗄헢훖ퟶ램뛔늻뫃쟩탎뗄룄짆쎻폐쪲쎴틦뒦ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻닉좡탐뚯,쟩탎튲탭믡룼뮵ꆣ틲듋,떱엑싒돶쿖,탭뛠죋붫퓢폶늻탒쪱,뿗ퟓ뇭쪾풸틢잰췹룉풤ꆣ컒쏇튲탭뿉틔붫뿗ퟓ폫뗂맺쪵튵볒탁뗂샕뷸탐뛔헕ꆣ탁뗂샕늢늻쫇튻룶뗂탔뗄뗤랶,좻뛸춨맽폫쓉듢뗄짌쳖폫웛싷,헢룶췦얪얮죋뗄뻆맭짨램췬뻈쇋쫽냙폌첫죋뗄짺쏼ꆣ탁뗂샕쎻폐첫퓚틢ퟔ벺뗄짹췻믲ퟶ쫂튻훂탔,쯻맘힢룼뛠뗄쫇죧뫎뺡솦복쟡쓇킩뇈쯻늻탒죋쏇뗄춴뿠ꆣ듓쯻뗄웳튵볒뺫짱살뾴,쯻뫍헅샏냥튻퇹,떫쯻폫헅샏냥늻춬뗄쫇,쯻샻폃ퟔ벺뗄닅쓜캪룼캪캰듳뗄쫂튵럾컱,벴캪죋쏇헹좡ퟰ퇏뫍ퟔ평ꆣ탁뗂샕쯆뫵쏷냗,죋쏱듳훚쫇볬퇩뇪ힼ;춨맽쯼,쇬ꋙConfucius,Analects,7/16.ꋚIbid.,8/13.ꋛIbid.,17/7.ꋜIbid.,7/16;8/13.
162뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭떼헟늻훁폚컳죫웧춾ꆣꋙ뗚뛾뷚 뛔뿗ퟓ횮뿉탅삵룅쓮뗄랴늵쫇럱뿗ퟓ횮뿉탅삵룅쓮뺭뗃힡랴늵?퓚믘듰헢룶컊쳢횮잰,컒쏇탨튪뾼싇벸훖뿉쓜뗄랴뛔틢볻ꆣ튻ꆢ랴늵횮튻:뿗ퟓ뗄킢뗂맄샸늻탅삵튻킩엺움헟횸돶,뿗ퟓ쮼쿫(죥볒쮼쿫)틑뺭뛴횹쇋훐맺뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔폚킢뗂뫍엠퇸맘쾵뗄잿뗷놻죏캪럁낭릫쏱랢햹튻훖룼캪웕뇩ꆢ쓜릻엠퇸뫍캬돖폫쒰짺죋뗄탅삵맘쾵뗄싗샭ꆣ쓇킩쳡돶듋랴뛔틢볻뗄죋뮹쎻폐뛁뚮뿗ퟓꆣ웤싗샭횮쯹틔잿뗷킢뗂,헽쫇틲캪(튲헽쫇떽듋돌뛈)쯼뿉틔엠퇸튻훖ퟰ훘뫍맘낮죋뗄쾰맟,듓뛸쪹ퟰ훘뫍맘낮튲쓜믝벰볒춥돉풱틔췢뗄죋쏇ꆣ쇭췢,뿗ퟓ늢늻퓞돉볒뎤훆,튲늻퓞돉뛔좨췾죋쪿틢횾뗄쿂볺럾듓ꆣ쯻뮹횸돶,벺쯹늻폻,컰쪩폚죋ꆣꋚ쯤좻훐맺틑뺭뺭샺쇋뫜뛠쫀볍뗄훆춳훎,떫헢훖훆춳훎늻쓜맩뻌폚뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭퓞춬틢뛔놩뻽뗄랴뾹(볻뗚컥헂)ꆣ쇭췢,컞싛죧뫎,퓚탭뛠웤쯻캴쫜뿗ퟓ쮼쿫펰쿬뗄맺볒튲돶쿖쇋놩뻽ꆣ퓚쒳킩랽쏦,뿗ퟓ볛횵맛뛔ퟮ뷼뗄뚫쓏퇇ꆰ뺭볃웦벣ꆱ웰떽쇋듙뷸쇋ퟷ폃ꆣ본폚뿗ퟓ볛횵맛퓚20쫀볍틔잰뻍틑뺭듦퓚,본폚퇇훞맣듳뗘쟸쓚뗄탭뛠볛횵맛풴좪,컒늻쿫냑뿗ퟓ볛횵맛쫓캪훐맺ꆢ몫맺ꆢ펡뛈쓡퇇컷뗈뗄톸쯙릤튵뮯뷸돌훐뗄캩튻믲훷튪뗄뚯솦폫풭틲ꆣ뿗ퟓ쮼쿫늻쓜뷢쫍몫맺쫇뺭볃잿맺뛸뎯쿊솬죋쏱컂놥컊쳢뚼늻쓜뷢뻶헢뛾헟횮볤뻞듳뗄닮틬ꆣ뷸튻늽뗘,컒쏇죔튪뷢쫍캪쪲쎴뿗ퟓ쮼쿫쎻폐퓚1400훁1900쓪헢뛎쪱볤샯듙랢돖탸뗄뺭볃랢햹ꆣ샺쪷쫂볾ꋙConfucius,Analects,15/25.ꋚIbid.,15/24.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛163퓚랢햹맽돌훐웰ퟅ훁맘훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ횻폐퓚쎫퓳뚫쮼쿫웆뮵쇋훐맺뗄럢붨믹뒡횮뫳,훐맺닅뗃틔ퟟ짏쿖듺뮯뗄뗀슷ꆣ컞싛죧뫎,퇇훞뗄뺭볃돉릦폫랱죙쫇럇뎣쿔훸뗄ꆣ뻝쫀뷧틸탐뗄볆쯣,죧듋횮뛠뗄웦벣돶쿖퓚쿠쇚맺볒뗄벸싊횻폐췲럖횮튻ꆣꋙ틲듋,훐맺죋뗄뿗ퟓ싗샭퓚웤훐튻뚨웰떽쇋쒳훖ퟷ폃ꆣ샽죧,뿗ퟓ쮼쿫잿뗷붡뾵뫍뷌폽뗄훘튪탔,뫳살쎫퓳뚫믖뢴쇋헢튻뒫춳,헢틑뺭캪훐맺퓬뻍쇋튻엺쿠뛔붡뾵뫍뷌폽솼뫃뗄샍뚯솦ꆣꋚ죋쏇쓜릻얬솦릤ퟷ튲뻟폐컄뮯,헢솽뗣뚼쫇퓚죕붥뢴퓓뗄뺭볃뮷뺳훐놣돖돉릦쯹뇘탨뗄ꆣ룼뷸튻늽뗘,듓샺쪷짏뾴,훐맺죋튻횱쓜릻돤럖샻폃훚죋뗄닅쓜,헢쫇틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭쪮럖훘쫓뇭쿖돉벨벰뗂탔,뛸늻잿뗷뷗벶ꆢ뗘캻ꆢ놳뺰ꆢ훖ퟥ믲탔뇰ꆣ쫂쪵짏,튻킩퇐뺿쿔쪾,훐맺쫇쳘뇰쫊뫏뢾얮ퟶ짺틢뗄쳬쳃ꆣ췢맺뢾얮랢쿖,횻튪쯽쏇뇭쿖솼뫃,쯽쏇뻍놻훐맺릫쮾쯹뷓쫜ꆣꋛ틲듋,쓇훖죏캪뿗ퟓ볛횵맛떼훂늻탅삵ꆢ듓놾훊짏뗐뛔뺭볃랢햹뗄뾴램쫇믄쏽뗄ꆣ뛾ꆢ랴늵횮뛾:뿗ퟓ싗샭뫶쫓퓚탅삵훐쪤죎쓜솦뫍릲춬럖쿭볛횵쯹냧퇝뗄뷇즫 쿖듺맘폚쇬떼뗄퇐뺿뛔뿗ퟓ싗샭쳡돶쇋튻룶폐좤뛸뻟폐쮵럾솦뗄랴뛔틢볻ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭틔횵뗃탅삵캪훐탄,뛸늻쫇틔탅삵훐탄;쯼잿뗷,ퟔ쪡쫇쪹컒쏇ퟔ벺펮뗃뇰죋탅삵뗄튻훖랽램ꆣ떫쫇컒쏇쓜럱늻폃뾼싇뇰죋뗄죋룱쳘헷벰웤쪵훊뗄춶죫얬솦쓘?컒쏇뗄쇬떼헟폫춳훎헟쫇럱펦룃햹쪾ퟔ벺뗄벼쟉틔벰뛔컒쏇헢킩쿂쫴쯹릲춬럖쿭횮볛횵맛뷸탐춶죫폫ퟱ쫘?쎻폐죋믡탅삵튻룶늻횪뗀죧뫎헯늡폫훎늡뗄튽짺ꆣ춬퇹,룷샻틦쿠맘랽튲떱좻늻믡탅삵헢퇹뗄쇬떼헟:쎻폐쓜솦웴쪾뫍벤샸릤죋ꆢ쎻폐쓜솦헻뫏돶튻훖쪹릫쮾랱죙뛸펮샻뗄풶듳퇛ꋙWorldBankstudyquotedinKristofandWuDunn,ChinaWakes,.ꋚIbid.,320.ꋛ-meiLeung,ꆰTheFemaleExpatriatcManagerExperience,ꆱInternationalStudiesofManagementandOrganizations,24:3,-85.
164뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭맢ꆣ쇭췢,돽럇짌뷧쇬탤쓜릻횤쏷쯻쏇튲럖쿭쯻쏇뇘탫웴쪾벤샸뗄헢킩죋뗄볛횵맛,쯻쏇닅쓜돉릦;죧맻쯻쏇늻쓜쮵럾웤춬쫂쏇쯻쏇튲럖쿭쓇킩볛횵,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡랢쿖뫜쓑폫웤춬쫂쏇햹뾪릤ퟷ,튲뻍룼뇰쳡웴쪾뫍킭뗷춬쫂쏇뗄믮뚯쇋ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뻍믡죏캪,뿗ퟓ싗샭랸쇋퇏훘듭컳,뫶쫓쇋쪤죎쓜솦뫍럖쿭볛횵퓚쫷솢쇬떼좨췾ꆢ쪹웤쿔뗃뿉탅삵뗈랽쏦쯹냧퇝뗄뷇즫ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ쎻폐뛔쇬떼ꆢ쓜솦뫍럖쿭볛횵횮볤뗄맘쾵붲뫜뛠,떫쫇쯻뗄샭싛튲뻸늻쫇뫁컞틢틥뗄ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,뿗ퟓ싗샭쓜릻캪쇬떼샭싛퇐뺿돶쿖튻킩탂뗄돉뻍폫랢햹뛸듲쿂믹뒡ꆣ튻킩톧헟틑뺭뾪쪼쳴햽쓇훖맘폚맜샭뗄뇪ힼ췆뚨:쇬떼뻍쫇엠퇸훷튪쓜솦뗄컊쳢,틲뛸쯼쫇뿉틔뷌쫚뗄ꆣ뇋뗃ꆤ췾뛻(PeterVail)죏캪ꆰ,맜샭쇬떼늻쫇튻쪱톧살뗄(notlearned),뛸쫇톧컞횹뺳(learning)ꆣꆱꋙ뷱죕뗄쇬떼헟뇘탫튪쏦뛔랶캧뫜맣뗄샻틦쿠맘헟ꆣ헢킩늻춬뗄샻틦쿠맘벯췅뻟폐늻춬뗄쪹쏼ꆢ샻틦뫍ퟩ횯뷡릹ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뫍짧믡늻뿉쮼틩뗘퇝뷸,룷샻틦쿠맘벯췅튲뒦폚튻훖돖탸뗄뇤뮯훐ꆣퟮ쪤죎뗄쇬떼헟튲탭늻쫇쓇킩뻟폐ퟮ뛠벼쟉뗄룶죋,뛸쫇쓇킩ퟮ쓜쳴햽쇷탐볙뚨ꆢ듓탂뷇뛈뾴듽컊쳢뗄죋쏇ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫믡췪좫춬틢헢훖맛뗣,쯻뗄뺯탑싗샭뗄쒿뇪쫇캪죋쏇엠퇸튻킩짮쮼쟥탑뗄쾰맟ꆣ헦헽뗄춳훎헟펦룃틢쪶떽ꆰ:캪뻽쓑,캪뎼늻틗ꆣꆱꋚ쯤좻좷놣랱죙폀듦뗄랽램늻듦퓚,떫쓇킩뷷볇헢뻤쏻퇔뗄죋쏇붫ퟮ뿉쓜돉릦ꆣ쓇킩랴쪡듋뷌떼뗄죋쏇붫믡쾤탄쳽뇰죋뗄붨틩,틲캪쯻쏇뮶펭죎뫎살풴뗄뚴쪶폫뺫볻ꆣ헢퇹뗄쇬떼헟쓜릻틔튻훖탂뗄퇛맢뾴듽뻉뗄쫂컯,틲뛸쓜릻뫜뫃뗘펦뛔뇤뮯ꆣ쓇킩쓜듓탂뷇뛈뾴듽맽좥뗄죋쏇붫늻믡뗃돶,붫살횻믡떥뒿훘뢴맽좥뗄볙짨뷡싛ꆣꋙ,ꆰTheLearningChallengesofLeadership,ꆱTheBalanceofLeadershipandFollowership(Chicago:KelloggLeadershipStudiesProject,I997),-83.ꋚConfucius,Analects,13/15.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛165춨맽붫횵뗃탅삵탔붨믹폚쓇훖풸틢톧쾰뫍ퟔ컒엺움뗄뺫짱,뿗ퟓ캪듯훁튻훖좫좻늻춬떫튲탭룼캪짮뿌뗄뛔죋샠맘쾵뗄샭뷢듲쿂쇋믹뒡ꆣ퓚20쫀볍90쓪듺,튻킩맜샭톧듳쪦쏇훷헅맜샭헟펦룃럅좨룸릤죋쏇ꆣ럅좨뗄틢쮼뻍쫇뢳폨쿂쫴틔좨솦뫍퓰죎,쪹웤쓜릻뷸탐뻶닟늢쟒듓웤쯹랸듭컳훐톧쾰뷌통ꆣ헢훖맛뗣붫럅좨뮹풭캪튻훖떥튻뗄탐캪:CEO붫좨솦뫍퓰죎뢳폨뺭샭쏇,좻뫳ퟸ뗈웤돉ꆣ늻맽,쫂쟩뻸쎻폐쓇쎴볲떥ꆣ쇬떼헟뫍쿂쫴뚼튪얪쟥,럅좨떽뗗틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴,늻틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꆣ럅좨늢늻틢캶ퟅ뢳폨풱릤쓇훖ퟶ죎뫎뻶닟뗄뻸뛔좨솦ꆣ틸탐돶쓉풱뻸늻뿉뻶뚨랢럅듻뿮,뗧뮰췆쿺풱뻸늻뿉춨맽뿍뮧뗧뮰뻍헯뛏럖컶컊쳢ꆣ풱릤늻펦룃ퟶ돶쯻쏇늻쓜쪵쿖뗄탭억,튲늻쓜볙짨쯻쏇ퟔ벺펵폐놾살좱랦뗄횪쪶폫벼쓜ꆣ쇬떼헟쏇튲펦룃톧믡튻킩짮뿌뗄뷌통,쯻쏇늻쓜룦쯟ퟔ벺뗄쫴쿂폐좨짨볆뫍짺닺닺욷,떫좻뫳폖뻜뻸엺ힼ짺닺풤쯣ꆣ돽럇풱릤놻뢳폨뒿헽뗄ꆢ캪돉릦췪돉쿮쒿쯹뇘탨뗄ퟔ탐뻶뚨좨,쓇쎴럅좨뻍쫇뿕뚴뗄ꆣ볲퇔횮,럅좨늻쫇튻훖벼쟉,쯼쫇쇬떼헟뫍쿂쫴뛔좨솦ꆢ뫏쫊뷧쿞뫍ퟔ탐뻶뚨좨뗄튻훖폀늻횹뺳뗄톧쾰맽돌ꆣ틲듋,ퟷ쇬떼헟믲ퟷ쿂쫴좷쪵뫜쓑ꆣ죽ꆢ랴늵횮죽:ퟔ쪡뫜죝틗뻍돉캪캣쿕뗄ퟔ컒엺움뗚죽뗣맘힢믹놾짏뮹쎻폐틽웰뿗ퟓ싗샭움힢헟뗄힢틢ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭튪쟳컒쏇룟뛈ퟔ뻵뫍ퟔ컒엺움,튻랽쏦헢훖튪쟳쓜릻듙뷸룼짮뗄랴쪡,떫쇭튻랽쏦쯼붫쪹룄룯뇤뗃룼볓삧쓑ꆣ룶죋놻뷌떼튪쟳뷸탐쓚쫓뛸톰쟳쳡룟ퟔ벺,뛸늻좥톰헒뇰죋믲믺릹뗄듭컳폫좱뗣ꆣ헢훖ퟔ컒엺움뗄틥컱쓜릻놻맑솮쿊돜뗄춳훎헟폃살웆뮵죋쏇엺움믲룄룯틑폐좨솦믺릹뗄얬솦ꆣ춳훎헟뿉쓜믡쳡탑쓇킩훐룟짧믡뷗닣뗄죋쏇힢틢ퟔ벺헽퓚쿭쫜뗄탭뛠쳘좨,늻튪뛠맜쿐쫂ꆣ춨맽뷆뮫샻폃죋쏇뗄ퟯ뛱룐,춳훎헟좻뫳믡튪쟳헢킩ꆰퟯ뛱ꆱ뗄죋쏇뷸탐ퟔ컒뿘쯟,쏨쫶ퟔ벺뗄듭컳쮼쿫폫탐뚯ꆣ춳훎헟늻퓊탭죋쏇엺움좨췾,죋쏇횻펦룃볠뚽뫍뻀헽ퟔ벺뗄쮼쿫ꆣ퓚뷱쳬튻킩훐맺웳튵죔쪱뎣튪쟳쓇킩폫춬쫂믲뺭샭랢짺헹틩뗄풱릤쏇ퟶퟔ컒엺움,벴쪹램춥믲훙닃캯풱믡틑
166뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뺭에뚨뛔랽폐듭ꆣ릫욽뗘붲,뿗ퟓ듓캴튪쟳죋쏇ퟷퟔ컒뿘쯟,튲쎻폐뷻횹죋쏇엺움뇰죋ꆣ뿗ퟓ맄샸엺움,떫잰쳡쫇엺움뗄랽쪽튻뚨튪헽좷ꆣ컒쏇펦룃쳡돶붨짨탔뗄엺움,펦룃ퟜ튪릥믷킰뛱횮쫂뛸늻튪뛔죋ꆣꋙ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,뢯냜쳥훆뇈쳥훆횮쓚뗄뢯냜횮죋룼펦룃쫜떽퓰놸ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ싗샭캴쓜틢쪶떽ퟔ컒엺움쪵볹뿉쓜놻죋뿘훆뫍샄폃뗄룷훖랽쪽ꆣ죋쏇펦룃쓜릻쳴햽좨췾,뛸늻뇘떣탄쯻쏇믡뫶좻돉캪놻볬뿘헟ꆣ퓚헢샯,컒쏇퓙듎뾴떽쇋컷랽좨샻샭싛쓜릻폐킧늹돤뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄쟩탎,떱죋쏇엺움뇰죋탐캪뗄쪱뫲,쯻쏇폐틥컱엺움탔뗘랴쪡쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄탐캪뫍뚯믺ꆢ늢쟒놣돖쏷훇,떫쫇쯻쏇튲펦룃폐좨솦늻ퟶ잿훆뗄ퟔ컒뿘쯟ꆣ쯤좻좨샻뗄쮵램뛔뿗ퟓ살쮵쿔뗃쒰짺,떫쓇훖뇜쏢ퟔ컒뿘쯟좨샻뗄놳뫳틢쮼뮹쫇늻쒰짺뗄ꆣ헢훖뇜쏢ퟷퟔ컒뿘쯟좨샻뿉틔놻샭뷢캪뿗ퟓ폖튻쮼쿫뗄쇭튻훖뇭듯탎쪽,벴뿗ퟓ죏캪룶죋ퟜ쫇ퟮ훕뎬풽룷짧믡랶돫ꆣ헢샠짧믡랶돫뻸늻쓜뻶뚨쮭쫇싗샭짏짆뗄죋,틲캪헢킩짧믡랶돫믡쯦룶죋뗄탐캪뫍쮼쿫뗄뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯ꆣ뷱쳬뗄랴룯쏼믡돉캪쏷쳬뗄펢탛ꆣ튪쟳죋쏇ퟷퟔ컒뿘쯟뻍쫇튪쟳죋쏇붫ퟔ벺붵뗍캪쯻쏇쯹펦뎬풽뗄짧믡랶돫,쎻폐죎뫎폐춷쓔뗄죋믡톡퓱ퟶ듋훖뇡뗍ퟔ벺뗄듀쫂ꆣ횻폐떱죋쏇늻쓜릻놻잿훆뷸탐ퟔ컒뿘쯟쪱,벴횻폐떱죋쏇쏦뛔돐죏듭컳믲랸ퟯ뗄톹솦뛸펵폐놣돖돁쒬뗄좨샻쪱,ퟔ컒엺움뗄틥컱폫짮쮼쫬싇뗄틥컱닅쓜춬쪱듦퓚ꆣ쇭췢,횻폐떱죋쏇폐샭평쿠탅퇔싛늻쫇퓚쫜톹웈뗄쟩뿶쿂쮵돶뗄,죋쏇닅룼쓜쿠탅뇋듋뗄퇔싛ꆣ횻폐퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,횵뗃탅삵뗄쳵볾뫍탅삵뇰죋뗄쳵볾닅쫇뛔뗈뗄ꆣ뗚죽뷚 뷡 싛쯤좻ퟮ뷼컷랽맘폚탅삵뗄쳖싛듳뛠벯훐폚탅삵뇰죋뗄쳵볾,떫ꋙConfucius,Analects,12/21;17/24.
뗚쯄헂 뿗ퟓ뗄횵뗃탅삵맛167뿗ퟓ좴튪쟳컒쏇붫횵뗃탅삵쫓캪룼훘튪뗄쿖쿳ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쿫냑ퟔ벺뇤돉튻룶헦헽횵뗃탅삵뗄죋,컒쏇펦룃죧뫎ퟶ쓘?캪쇋쓜릻좷놣컒쏇뛔뇰죋뗄횵뗃탅삵탔ퟶ돶뫏샭에뛏,컒쏇펦룃펵폐쪲쎴퇹뗄퓰죎쓘?뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뿖엂뚼믡훊틉튻룶짌뷧쇬탤뷶뷶춨맽ퟱ쫘볈뚨뗄풭퓲(샽죧ꆰ,뇜쏢샻틦돥춻횮풭퓲ꆱ)믲닉좡튻킩쳘쫢뗄벼쟉뻍쓜릻펮뗃웤쿂쫴뗄탅삵ꆣ헢퇹뗄맛쓮뿉쓜쫇닺짺늻탅삵뗄풴좪,틲캪쯼듺뇭쇋튻훖뛔탅삵뗄듭컳룅쓮,벴탅삵쫇쒳훖뿉틔짺닺믲쿻럑뗄짌욷ꆣ헦헽뗄횵뗃탅삵횻폐튻룶살풴:컒쏇뇘탫쪱뿌쇴탄뫍쟥탑,컒쏇뗄탐캪ퟜ튪랴펳뫍랢햹컒쏇뗄죋탔,춬쪱컒쏇뗄탐캪뮹튪웴랢벤샸컒쏇짭뇟뗄죋,쪹쯻쏇뇤뗃룼캪죊짆ꆣ
뗚컥헂 뫍헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫 쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥폐킩샭싛볒죏캪,풶뚫맺볒늢늻쟸럖릫릲쫂컱폫쮽죋쫂컱ꆣ폐죋룦쯟컒쏇쮵ꆰ:훐맺죋뗄폯퇔훐늻듦퓚틾쮽횮샠뗄듊폯,틲캪헢훖룅쓮듓뒫춳짏붲쫇췢살뗄,믹놾짏쫇늻뿉쿫쿱뗄ꆣ뫜퓧뻍뾪쪼뗄돭쏜죋뿚뫍벯쳥짺믮랽쪽쪹죋쏇쾰맟폚틔벯쳥뗄랽쪽쮼뾼뫍탐뚯,뛸늻쫇틔룶죋캪믹뒡ꆣꆱꋙ뛔폚죕놾죋살쮵,벯쳥뗄룅쓮튲놻죏캪쫇ퟮ룹놾뗄ꆣ죕놾죋폃ꆰ릫릲ꆱ헢룶듊살횸듺죎뫎늻쫴폚쟗쏜췅쳥뗄죋,틲뛸쿔쪾쯻쏇ꆰ늻뻟폐쏀맺죋쪽뗄ꆮ릫릲뺫짱ꆯꆣꆱꋚ훮죧듋샠뗄욬쏦훷헅듦퓚컊쳢ꆣ쏀맺뫍얷훞짌튵싗샭톧볒쯹돐죏뗄탭뛠풭퓲폫맦랶뚼살ퟔ릫쮾뗄릫릲탔훊ꆣ듓헢뗣뾴살,릫쮾횮쯹틔놻퓊탭듦퓚,횻쫇틲캪헾뢮죏캪헢킩릫쮾럻뫏릫릲샻틦ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뻍폐좨웚듽짌튵탐캪럻뫏뫍횧돖헢훖릫릲샻틦ꆣ죧맻훐맺죋뫍죕놾죋헦뗄쎻폐ꆰ릫릲ꆱ헢튻룅쓮,쓇쎴놻쫓캪짌튵싗샭뗄듳뛠쫽쓚죝쯆뫵뚼붨솢퓚샎뾿뗄믹뒡횮짏ꆣ헢킩훷헅폫맛뗣뮹듦퓚ퟅ웤쯻튻킩랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꆣ쫗쿈,틲캪놾쫩뾪춷쯹룸돶뗄샭평,맘폚ꆰ풶뚫틢쪶ꆱ믲ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ뗄듖닚맩쓉폫룅삨쫜떽쇋죋쏇뗄훊틉ꆣ벴쪹컒쏇뛔짌튵돶냦컯훐뗄맘폚퇇훞뗄펢컄컄헂뷸탐듖싔퓄뛁,컒쏇튲믡뮳틉풶뚫늻듦퓚틾쮽헢훖쮵램ꆣ퓚훐맺폐튻룶뗤탍뗄낸샽,튻캻얮쪿뿘룦쯽뗄쫒폑캴뺭웤춬틢뛸쪹ꋙBoyeLafayettedeMente,ChineseEtiquetteandEthicsinBusiness(Lincolnwood,Ill.:NTCPublishingGroup,1994),.ꋚ,HiddenDifferences:DoingBusinesswiththeJapanese(NewYork:Doubleday,1987),.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥169폃웤뗧ퟓ폊볾헋뫅,즢랢듭컳탅쾢,틲뛸쟖랸쇋쯽뗄틾쮽좨ꆣꋙ쇭췢,틾쮽뛔죕놾죋살쮵튲ퟣ릻훘튪,틔훁폚뫍헜색샻폃웤싗샭훸쫶튻헻헂살쳖싛쮽죋폫릫릲횮볤뗄좷쟐맘쾵ꆣꋚ헽죧룕닅쯹쮵뗄,폐킩죋탻돆,죕놾죋뫍훐맺죋늻춬폚컷랽죋,쯻쏇쎻폐틾쮽믲릫릲샻틦뗄룅쓮ꆣ헢훖쮵램쫇럇뎣쇮죋늻낲뗄,틲캪헢훖뚫컷랽뛔뇈쫇틔헢퇹튻훖볙짨캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄:컷랽듦퓚튻훖맘폚릫쮽쟸뇰뗄뇪ힼ룅쓮ꆣ쫂쪵풶늻쫇죧듋ꆣ벴쪹퓚낻룱슳죸뿋톷뫍얷훞뒫춳훐ꆰ,릫릲ꆱ헢룶듊튲냼몬폐늻춬뗄ꆢ폐헹틩뗄틢틥ꆣ놾헂붫튪볲뷠쏨쫶죽훖맘폚릫쮽쟸뇰뗄컷랽맛뗣,좻뫳럖컶뫍헜색횮샭뷢폫헢킩컷랽맛뗣뗄쿠춬폫닮뇰ꆣ컒붫춨맽뾼싇뫍헜색싗샭뿉쓜퓞춬뗄짌튵싗샭맦랶샠탍틔벰춨맽럖컶튻킩짌튵쪵볹뗄뫳맻뛸뛔헢킩쿠춬폫닮뇰뗄싗샭틢틥뷸탐첽쳖ꆣ쿂튻헂붫쳖싛뿗ퟓ맘폚릫릲뗄룅쓮ꆣ뗚튻뷚 컷랽뗄죽훖ꆰ릫릲ꆱ룅쓮쒣탍컒붫틔튻룶듓짧믡톧훸쫶훐맩쓉돶뗄쒣탍ퟷ캪뾪쪼뗣ꆣ튻ꆢ쒣탍횮튻:헾훎좨솦쯹쓜짦벰뗄쯹폐쇬폲뚼돆횮캪릫릲랶돫 짧믡톧볒늩싼(BarryBozeman)헹싛쮵,헾훎좨췾쯹쓜펰쿬떽뗄쯹폐뚫컷뚼뿉틔놻쫓캪릫릲뗄ꆣ룹뻝헢훖쮵램,쯹폐ퟩ횯(벴쪹쓇킩쯹캽뗄ꆰ쮽폐웳튵ꆱ)뚼믲뛠믲짙듸폐릫릲탔훊ꆣ룷ퟩ횯쫇ꆰ헽쪽ퟩ돉뗄짧믡벯쳥,춨맽듓뮷뺳믱좡풴늢붫헢킩풴폃폚럻뫏쒿뇪뗄ꋙChih-HoYuandNingHuang,ꆰChinaE-mailCaseAttractedAttentiontoPrivacy,ꆱNewsbytesPacifica1August1996,
170뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭믮뚯뛸쪵쿖ퟔ벺뗄쒿뇪ꆣꆱ틲뛸,ퟩ횯돊쿖쯄룶룹놾맽돌ꆰ:뗚튻ꆢ붨솢뫍캬돖ퟩ횯;뗚뛾ꆢퟩ횯뷡릹탎돉;뗚죽ꆢ믱좡뫍맜샭풴;뗚쯄ꆢ좷솢벰쪵쿖쒿뇪ꆣꆱꋙ헾훎좨췾믡틔뛠훖쏷쿔벰캢쏮뗄탎쪽뛔쎿훖맽돌닺짺펰쿬ꆣ죃컒쏇틔릫쮾캪샽,늻맜쯼쫇뻞듳뗄벯췅릫쮾뮹쫇볒춥펵폐뗄킡탍웳튵ꆣ헾뢮춨맽횤헕냤랢ꆢ쟸폲맦뮮뫍뺭펪쫚좨뗈랽쪽펰쿬릫쮾뗄붨솢;헾뢮뮹춨맽늢릺ꆢ랴췐삭쮹헾닟뫍웆닺램싉헆컕ퟅ릫쮾뗄짺쯀쏼퓋ꆣ릫쮾퓚뫏춬폫듻뿮랽쏦틀삵헾뢮,춨맽뫏뫵헾뢮쮰컱램맦뗄닺뢺햮뇭쿲쓚늿뫍뇰죋놨룦ퟔ벺뗄믮뚯ꆣ틲캪헾뢮틑뺭붨솢쇋탭뛠헾뢮훺웳튵(GSEs),쯹틔릫릲폫쮽죋횮볤뗄럖뷧튲틑뺭뇤뗃쒣뫽웰살ꆣ폐킩헾뢮훺웳튵닎폫쫐뎡뺺헹,폐킩늻닎폫ꆣ헾뢮훺웳튵뿉틔놻럖캪쮽폐펮샻웳튵ꆢ헾뢮훺쮽폐웳튵ꆢ헾뢮췪좫펵폐뗄웳튵ꆢ쮽폐럇펮샻웳튵ꆢ뛠훘ퟩ횯웳튵벰쏀맺헾뢮횰쓜믺릹ꆣꋚ틲캪폐킩ꆰ쮽죋ꆱퟩ횯쫇퓚헾뢮뗄램맦횮쿂뛸돉솢뗄,쯼쏇뗄뫏램탔폫맺볒뗄뫏램탔쫇솪퓚튻웰뗄ꆣ샽죧,헾뢮뗄탭뛠맋컊췅뫍튽쪦킭믡쫇평쮽죋룶죋쯹ퟩ돉뗄,떫쯼쏇뚼뢺폐릫릲퓰죎폫뷇즫(죧놣뮤릫훚붡뾵믲훆뚨뿆벼헾닟)ꆣ죧맻헾훎좨췾놻죏캪쫇럇램뗄,쓇쎴헢킩ꆰ쮽죋ꆱ췅쳥폫킭믡뻍뫜뿉쓜튲믡쪧좥쯼쏇뗄좨췾ꆣퟩ횯뫍릫쮾뗄뷡릹튲믡랴펳돶헾훎좨췾뗄펰쿬ꆣ쏀맺뗄쿜램뛔헾훎쳥쾵뷸탐럖룮,헢훖럖룮ퟶ램튲퇓짬떽쇋헾뢮ퟩ횯훐,튻룶헾뢮믺릹춨뎣쫜떽룷룶늿쏅뗄쿞훆ꆣ퓚쏀맺,탐헾맜샭뫍풤쯣뻖(OMB)맜샭룷믺릹뗄닆헾뫍풤쯣,뛸죋쫂맜샭뻖(OPM)퓲뿘훆룷믺릹뗄죋풱헾닟폫돌탲ꆣ헢훖럖좨훆튲펰쿬쇋럇헾뢮ퟩ횯ꆣ튻볒쿲맺럀늿돶쫛짨놸뗄몽쳬릫쮾펦룃뛔ퟜ짳볆뻖(GAO)뗄짳볆풱ꆢퟜ컱맜샭뻖(GSA)뗄닉릺헾닟뫍탐헾맜샭뫍풤쯣뻖뗄뫏춬램맦벰놨룦돌탲뗈뢺퓰ꆣ탭뛠맺럀웳튵뚼짨솢쇋쏅뗄늿쏅폫헢킩솪냮헾뢮늿쏅듲붻ꋙBarryBozeman,AllOrganizationsArePublic:BridgingPublicandPrivateOrganizationalTheories(SanFrancisco:Jossey-BassPublishers,1987),-7.ꋚIbid.,.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥171뗀ꆣ헾뢮쓚솪냮헾훎좨솦뗄럖룮튲퓚릫쮾쓚늿뒴퓬쇋샠쯆뗄웳튵좨솦럖룮ꆣꋙ떱튻룶웳튵뾪쪼벯훐풴뗄쪱뫲,쯼믡퓙듎폶떽헾뢮좨췾뗄펰쿬ꆣ탭뛠웳튵샻폃훝헾뢮붱샸볆뮮믲킡탍웳튵맜샭뻖뗄듻뿮,뮹뿉틔톡퓱복쏢쮰컱웳튵헱탋쟸(taxenterprisezone)ퟷ캪ퟔ벺뗄뎧횷ꆣ룷웳튵춨맽ퟔ평쫐뎡돯벯놾,뛸쫐뎡놾짭튲쫇평튻쾵쇐횼퓚복짙슢뛏ꆢ붵뗍췢늿뺭볃킧맻ꆢ좷놣릫욽폎쾷뗄헾뢮맦헂쯹캬돖뗄ꆣ뗚쯄룶ퟩ횯돌탲(웳튵쒿뇪훆뚨)퓚뫜뛠랽쏦뚼폫헾훎좨췾솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ튵ퟩ횯헫뛔뗄쫇릫릲럾컱,횻튪쯼쏇쓜릻듙뷸훮죧붡뾵(튽튩)믲램싉탔릫헽(램싉)횮샠뗄짧믡쯹웚췻쒿뇪뗄쪵쿖,쯼쏇뻍펵폐쿠뛔뗄ퟔ훎좨ꆣꋚ헽죧늩싼쯹횸돶뗄,웳튵폐탭뛠쒿뇪,횻폐웤훐튻킩쫇뫍샻죳횱뷓솪퓚튻웰뗄ꆣ웳튵뗄쒿뇪췹췹냼삨ꆰ랢햹ꆢ닆컱컈뚨ꆢ뿉풤닢탔틔벰웤쯻튻킩뷏캪늻첫횱뷓쿠맘뗄틲쯘,죧뒴탂ꆢ뿘훆ꆢퟩ횯ퟔ훎ꆢ풱릤릤ퟷ싺틢뛈ꆢ릫릲럾컱ꆢ짹폾틔벰뺺헹폅쫆ꆣꆱꋛ탭뛠릫쮾췹췹틔솼뫃ꆰ릫쮾릫쏱ꆱ뛸ퟔ뫀,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,듋샠릫쮾뿉틔놻돆캪ꆰ릫릲ꆱ뗄,틲캪돉캪솼뫃릫쏱뗄쳵볾쏷쿔좡뻶폚맺볒죧뫎뾴듽헢킩릫쮾뗄쒿뇪ꆣ죧맻맺볒쫇튻룶죙폾훁짏맺볒(timocracy),쓇쎴웳튵캪쇋쓜놻쫓캪튻룶쳡릩릫릲럾컱뗄릫쮾,뻍탨튪잿뗷엠퇸풱릤뗄폂룒뺫짱ꆣ쇭췢,뺡맜튻룶쮽폐웳튵믡뺡솦쪵쿖ퟣ릻뗄뿘훆살췪돉ퟔ벺뗄탭뛠쒿뇪,떫맘폚쪲쎴퇹뗄뿘훆뿉틔뷓쫜헢룶랽쏦,맺볒펵폐랢퇔뗄좨샻ꆣ쯤좻릫쮾뿉틔춨맽짨솢뺭볃붱샸믺훆살펰쿬풱릤뗄탐캪,떫쫇ퟔ평쏱훷뗄맺볒늻퓊탭뛔풱릤뷸탐쳥랣폫헛쒥ꆣ춬샭,헢튻뗣튲쫊폃폚ꆰ쮽죋ꆱ룶죋ꆣ컒쏇뗄횰튵짺퇄튲늢늻떥뒿쫇컒쏇룶죋틢풸폫쾲뫃뗄컊쳢,컒쏇탨튪퓚릫릲ퟩ횯쓚쒱쟳컒쏇뗄횰튵짺퇄ꆣ횻튪컒쏇쫜떽ퟩ횯뗄맦퓲ꆢ헾닟뫍쪵볹뗄쿞훆,컒쏇뗄ꋙBarryBozeman,AllOrganizationsArePublic:BridgingPublicandPrivateOrganizationalTheories(SanFrancisco:Jossey-BassPublishers,1987),-75.ꋚDarylKoehn,TheGroundofProfessionalEthics(NewYork:Routledge,1994),-173.ꋛBozeman,Organizations,.
172뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭횰튵짺퇄뻍믡뻟폐릫릲캬뛈ꆣ컒쏇쯹떣뢺뗄퓰죎폫냧퇝뗄뷇즫튲믡쫜쿞폚릫릲뗄맦뚨ꆢ죏뿉벰웤뇤뮯ꆣ뺡맜폐킩ퟩ횯뫍룶죋뿉쓜뇈뇰죋룼뻟폐릫릲캬뛈,떫릫릲랶돫뗄뚨틥퓚룷훖쟩뿶쿂뚼쫇튻훂뗄:횻튪쫜떽(솪냮ꆢ훝ꆢ쪡믲뗘랽)헾훎좨췾뗄펰쿬,쓇쎴쯼뻍쫇릫릲랶돫뗄ꆣ뛾ꆢ쒣탍횮뛾:릫릲랶돫쫇튻훖햹쪾뿕볤뗂맺헜톧볒낢싗쳘(HannahArendt)뫍맾놴십쮹(JuergenHabermas)틑뺭뛔릫릲랶돫뗄탔훊폫틢틥ퟶ돶쇋튻킩ퟮ캪췪헻뗄럖컶ꆣ쯻쏇늻춬폚짧믡톧볒,쯻쏇늢쎻폐붫릫릲랶돫폫헾훎좨췾잣뎶웰살;쿠랴,쯻쏇붫릫릲랶돫폫뛀쳘뗄죋샠랶돫뗈춬웰살ꆣ룹뻝낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄쮵램,컷랽뗄ꆰ릫릲ꆱ튻듊(public)ퟮ돵쫇횸죋샠놻쿔슶뫍뮥쿠햹쪾뗄뿕볤ꆣꋙ헢솽캻헜톧볒붫헢룶뿕볤쫓캪뇧싛뺺헹뗄뿕볤,쯻쏇죏캪뗚5쫀볍뗄퇅뗤죋쫇헢랽쏦뗄뫜뫃샽ퟓꆣ맅퇅뗤릫쏱춨맽뇋듋볤뗄뺺헹살쿔쪾ퟔ벺ퟮ룟뗄죋탔폅뗣폫쏀뗂,죧폂룒ꆢ헽틥ꆢ짭쳥쓜솦뗈뗈ꆣ헢퇹뗄릫릲랶돫늻뿉뇜쏢뗘폫샭탔솪뷡퓚튻웰ꆣ릫릲랶돫늻쫇룶죋탋좤폫샻틦쿠뮥뛔뾹좻뫳좡뗃쒳훖죃늽킳뗷뗄뿕볤ꆣ쿠랴,릫릲랶돫쫇죋샠샭뷢죋샠틢틥뗄뗘랽ꆣ춨맽닎폫릫릲쳖싛뛸믱뗃탋좤폫샻틦뗄랽램,죋샠쓜릻돉캪췪짆뗄죋샠ꆣ폫듋잡잡쿠랴,쮽폐랶돫뷶뷶쫇횸볒춥쓚쯹랢짺뗄쫂컯,헢훖쮽폐짺믮췪좫쫇튻훖ꆰ폞쏱쪽ꆱ(idiotic,퓚맅쾣산폯훐ꆰ,쮽폐ꆱ헢룶듊쫇idiotes)짺믮ꆣ쓇킩짺믮퓚볒춥쓚뗄죋쏇(죧얫솥뫍얮죋)쎻폐믺믡랢쿖쯻쏇뗄헦헽탋좤폫샻틦,믲쎻폐믺믡쪵쿖헦헽뗄죋탔뗂탔ꆣ헢킩죋돶짺ꆢ샍ퟷꆢ짺폽좻뫳쯀췶,룹놾늻쓜햹쪾ퟔ벺ꆣꋚꋙHannahArendt,TheHumanCondition(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1958),-78;JuergenHabermas,(Cambridge,Mass.:PolityPress,1989),-4.ꋚArendt,HumanCondition,-33.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥173캪쇋쓜릻닎폫릫릲쳖싛,튻룶릫쏱뇘탫쫇볒춥뗄펵폐헟ꆣ쓇킩얫솥믲쓇킩펵폐놾떫늻펵폐췁뗘뗄췢맺죋늻쫇,튲늻뿉쓜쫇릫쏱ꆣ헢훖릫릲랶돫쫇틔얫솥뺭볃헢훖짧믡탎쪽캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣ틛쪹얫솥쓜릻쪹쓐죋듓샍뚯훐뷢럅돶살,쪹쯻쏇펵폐택쿐쪱볤살닎폫릫릲짺믮ꆣ쯤좻헢훖릫릲랶돫쫇틔뷗벶짧믡캪믹뒡,떫쫇쯼늻쓜놻뮹풭캪짧믡ꆣ릫쏱쏇ퟔ평쪹폃ퟔ벺뗄샭탔좥랢쿖쯻쏇룶죋뫍벯쳥뗄샻틦폫탋좤쯹퓚;쯻쏇늢늻떥뒿듺뇭뷗벶샻틦폫탋좤ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,릫릲짺믮좷쪵쫇튻훖릫훚뗄짺믮ꆣ헢훖틔샭탔캪믹뒡뗄짧믡췅쳥쫇퓚뷖쯁쓚믲죎뫎릫릲쳖싛햹뾪뗄뗘랽탎돉뗄ꆣ헢훖틢틥짏뗄릫릲랶돫퓚훐쫀볍죕붥쮥췋,틲캪퓚헢뛎쪱웚샯,짧믡뷗벶뗄쳥훆뻶뚨뫎캪릫릲ꆣ맺췵믲럢붨쇬훷돉쇋릫릲랶돫,틲캪죋쏇죏캪쯻쏇펦룃쳥쿖뫍듺뇭짏뗛뗄틢횼ꆣ웕춨쏱훚늻퓙쫇평ퟔ컒뻶뚨듦퓚쯹ퟩ돉뗄짧믡췅쳥뗄돉풱,쯻쏇놻뮹풭뇡뗍캪뒿듢뗄쮽죋듦퓚,쯻쏇뗄쳘좨폫뚨캻췪좫평쯻쏇퓚뷗벶볜릹훐뗄짭럝쯹뻶뚨ꆣ퓚헻룶헢뛎쪱웚샯,릫릲랶돫뇤돉쇋튻훖짭럝탔쫴탔(astatusattribute),횻쫴폚쓇킩ퟔ돆듺뇭쒳훖룼룟믲뻸뛔틢횼벰맛뗣뗄죋,웤쯻죋샠듦퓚늻쓜뛔웤뷸탐쳴햽믲훊틉ꆣ릫릲뿕볤쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣꋙ룹뻝낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄맛뗣,쿖듺짺믮췾킲떽쇋릫릲랶돫뗄췪헻탔ꆣ릫쮾웳춼뿘훆릵춨폫붻쇷,늢쟒헻쯜죋쏇뗄웚췻ꆣꋚ릫릲랶돫틑뺭쪧좥쇋웤맅뗤짏뗄틢틥,벴붫쒳쫂컯돊쿖룸죋쏇,헢퇹죋쏇쓜뛔웤뷸탐쳴햽폫엺움ꆣ쿠랴,쿖퓚뗄릫릲퇝붲쯆뫵튪쎴ퟅ퇛폚쯹캽뗄좫쟲뺭볃탨튪ꋛ,튪쎴ퟅ퇛폚뛔쒳훖닺욷믲쒳룶죋틽웰룼듳뗄릫훚힢틢ꆣ헢솽훖탎쪽뗄퇝붲폫탻뒫듓놾훊짏뚼쫇늻쓜엺움뗄ꆣꋜ잡잡쿠랴,릫릲맘쾵죋풱쾣췻쿻럑헟늻볓엺에뗘뷓쫜쒳훖닺욷ꆢ쒳룶릫ꋙHabermas,StructuralTransformation,-14.ꋚIbid.,-195.ꋛArendt,HumanCondition,-38.ꋜ,ꆰManipulativeAdvertising,ꆱEthicalTheoryandBusiness,(EnglewoodCliffs,.:Prentice-Hall,1993),-483.
174뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쮾듺뇭믲랢퇔죋뗄폅뗣,냼삨릫맘죋풱ퟔ짭뗄폅뗣ꆣ헽죧퓚럢붨짧믡,퓚릫릲컨첨짏쿔쪾뗄횻폐뒿쮽죋믲뷗벶뗄탋좤폫샻틦,쯆뫵헢킩탋좤폫샻틦폫짧믡췅쳥웤쯻돉풱뗄탋좤폫샻틦튻훂ꆣ퓚헢퇹뗄릫릲랶돫샯,횻폐쮽죋뗄탋좤폫샻틦뗃떽쇋탻뒫폫릫뾪;릫훚틢볻튲탭믡뇤뗃캣쿕ꆣ쮽죋샻틦폫탋좤쓜릻닙ퟝ릫훚틢볻,쪹웤닺짺튻훖듭컳뗄폟싛릲쪶,믲뚯풱릫훚(쓇킩늻풸쳽춬놲죋떫뫜죝틗쎤쒿ힷ쯦릫맘죋풱믲탻뒫죋풱쯹쳡돶뗄맛뗣뗄웕춨쏱훚)릥믷뫍쿻쏰죎뫎랴뛔쯼쏇뗄죋ꆣ죧듋뾴살,릫릲랶돫뗄룅쓮쫇튻룶샺쪷탔뗄룅쓮ꆣ쯤좻죋쏇퓚룷룶쪱듺뚼쪹폃헢룶듊,떫헢룶듊쯹횸듺뗄쓚죝틑뺭쯦ퟅ쪱듺뗄룄뇤뛸랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꆣ뛔폚뫃헹싛뗄맅쾣산죋뫍훐쫀볍뗄뻽좨짱쫚뗄춳훎헟쏇살쮵,헢룶듊폐ퟅ좻늻춬뗄몬틥ꆣ낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뚼훷헅,튻룶쫴폚죋샠듦퓚쟒캪웤럾컱뗄릫릲랶돫뇘탫폐웤ퟔ벺뗄췪헻탔,룃췪헻탔뇘탫틔죋샠뾪햹샭탔럖컶뗄쓜솦캪믹뒡ꆪꆪꆪ럖컶샻틦폫탋좤ꆢ첽쳖좨췾얤쟺릫릲샻틦뗄뿉쓜랽쪽뗄쓜솦ꆣ틲듋ꆰ,릫릲ꆱ폫ꆰ쮽폐ꆱ랶돫쫇맦랶탔쫵폯,튲쫇샺쪷쏨쫶탔쫵폯ꆣ헢훖맦랶쳘탔뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴쓇킩틢폻룄룯짧믡췅쳥뗄죋쏇쓜릻퓚맘폚헾훎뇤룯뗄헹싛훐쯟훮폚릫릲샻틦뗄룅쓮ꆣ샽죧,쓇훖죋샠듦퓚쓜릻퓚웤훐뇋듋돊쿖뗄릫릲랶돫룅쓮틑뺭놻폃살횧돖쓇훖붫춶욱릫쏱좨퇓벰뢾얮뫍쿈잰얫솥뗄ퟶ램폫훷헅ꆣ횻폐떱쓇킩믮풾폚벯쳥짺믮뗄죋쏇폐믺믡닎폫쳖싛벰폐믺믡뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄짹틴쪱,헢룶벯쳥닅믡돉캪룼볓릫릲뗄벯쳥ꆣ틲뛸,튻룶릫릲뿕볤펦룃쫇ꆰ뾪럅ꆱ뗄뿕볤(뗂폯폃ꆰoffenꆱ헢룶듊살뇭쪾ꆰ릫릲ꆱ뗄틢쮼,쯼뗄틢쮼쫇ꆰ뾪럅ꆱ)ꆣ틲뛸룹뻝뗚뛾훖맛뗣,릫릲랶돫뗄튻킩훷튪쳘헷죧쿂:뗚튻ꆢ릫릲랶돫쫇튻룶뿕볤,뛸늻쫇튻훖짭럝탔쫴탔;뗚뛾ꆢ룃뿕볤쫇뾪럅뗄,죋샠듦퓚쓜릻퓚웤쓚ퟔ평돊쿖뇋듋벰랢쿖쯻쏇뗄샻틦폫탋좤;뗚죽ꆢ룃뿕볤쫇캪쇋엺움탔쳖싛뫍퇝붲뛸듦퓚,늢평쓇킩훂솦폚놣뮤룃뿕볤췪헻탔뗄쳖싛뫍퇝붲쯹캬돖;뗚쯄ꆢ뛔듋뿕볤뗄닎폫룼뫃쮵쫇쫴폚좫늿죋샠듦퓚뗄,뛸늻쫇쫴폚쓇훖볒춥쓚믲웤쯻쒳훖놳뺰뮷뺳훐뗄쒳룶쮽죋짺믮ꆪꆪꆪ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,룶죋쎻폐놻맄샸믲튪쟳믘펦뇰죋
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥175뗄엺움믲맘힢;뗚컥ꆢ룃뿕볤쎻폐틔죎뫎릫릲뢣ퟷ캪웤잰쳡쳵볾,틲캪뿕볤뻍쫇릫릲뢣놾짭ꆣ죽ꆢ쒣탍횮죽:릫릲랶돫쫇룶죋탐캪뗄뫳맻낢죴싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄맛뗣뇈늩싼뗄짧믡톧맛뗣룼뻟맦랶탔ꆣ헢훖짧믡톧맛뗣늢쎻폐횸돶쓄킩튪볾쓜릹돉헾훎좨췾,헢퇹죎뫎탎쪽뗄좨췾,냼삨벫좨헾훎,뚼믡뒴퓬튻훖릫릲랶돫,틲캪룷훖헾훎뚼믡펰쿬캬뮤ꆢퟩ돉ꆢ쫕벯풴벰훆뚨쒿뇪뗈ퟩ횯탔돌탲ꆣ낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹돐죏ꆰ릫릲랶돫ꆱ퓚샺쪷짏뻟폐룷훖룷퇹뗄틢틥,떫붫ꆰ릫릲랶돫ꆱ퇏룱뚨틥캪튻룶뻟폐틔짏쯄훖쳘헷뗄뿕볤ꆣ벫좨헾훎믲죎죋캨쟗뗄놾훷틥쳥훆뚼붫웆뮵ꆰ릫릲탔ꆱꆣ틲듋,헢킩쳥훆늻펦룃놻맩캪릫릲랶돫ꆣ떫쫇,낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄맛뗣듦퓚ퟅ좱뗣,틲캪룃맛뗣늢늻볙뚨죎뫎쏀뫃짺믮ퟷ캪웤잰쳡믹뒡,헢훖뿕볤뗄듦퓚뻍쫇릫릲뢣놾짭ꆣ쯻쏇뗄맛뗣폫쏀맺헜톧볒뛅췾(JohnDewey)뗄맛뗣뷘좻늻춬ꆣ쯤좻뛅췾뛔ꆰ릫릲랶돫ꆱ뗄샭뷢튲쫇맦랶탔뗄,떫쯻뗄샭싛좴볙뚨쇋튻룶룼캪럡뢻뗄릫릲뢣뗄룅쓮ꆣ헢훖룅쓮횲룹폚뛅췾뗄ꆰ맘쾵탎뛸짏톧ꆱꆣ룹뻝뛅췾뗄쮵램,쎻폐죎뫎죋믲ퟩ횯쫇맂뛀듦퓚뗄ꆣ쯹폐쪵쳥횮볤뚼듦퓚뮥뚯,틲듋컒쏇컞좨쳽웰살뫃쿱듦퓚ퟅ튻룶ꆰ쮽죋ꆱ뿕볤,퓚헢룶쮽죋뿕볤샯,튻룶죋쓜릻늻쫜웤쯻죋샠듦퓚횮탐캪뗄펰쿬ꆣ컒쏇뗄탐캪믡뛔뇰죋닺짺뫳맻폫펰쿬,죧맻컒쏇늻뾼싇컒쏇펰쿬뗄쫇쮭믲퓵퇹펰쿬뗄,컒쏇뻍늻믡뇦뇰컒쏇탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ틲뛸,뛔폚쪵폃훷틥헟뛅췾살쮵,컒쏇맘폚탐캪믲퇔싛뗄췆샭횮헽좷폫럱튪좡뻶폚룃췆샭뗄뷡맻ꆣ쎿룶릫쮾탐캪뫍컒쏇뗄탭뛠룶죋탐캪뚼쫇릫릲랶돫뗄,틲캪ꆰ탎돉튻룶릫릲랶돫헢튻맽돌쯹닺짺뗄뫳맻뗄뫋탄놾훊쫇헢퇹튻훖쫂쪵:헢킩뫳맻믡삩햹떽쯹폐쓇킩횱뷓닎폫탎돉쯼쏇뗄죋횮췢ꆣꆱꋙ헽죧뛅췾뗄움싛헟룱삼웦(JosephGrange)쯹횸돶뗄쓇퇹,ꋙJohnDewey,ThePublicandItsProblems(Denver:AlanSwallow,1927),.
176뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭ꆰ쎿떱튻룶죋뗄탐캪췢틧떽뇰죋뗄짺믮떱훐좥쪱,쓇쎴릫릲랶돫튲뻍닺짺쇋ꆣꆱꋙ캪쇋쓜릻믱뗃뛔컒쏇ퟔ벺탐캪뗄ퟔ컒죏횪뫍틢쪶,컒쏇탨튪뾼싇헢룶릫릲랶돫,뾼싇웤쓚컒쏇늻뿉뇜쏢튪폫횮랢짺맘쾵뗄죋ꆣ뛅췾뗄샭싛볈잿뗷쇋맘쾵뗄훘튪탔,춬쪱폖듓쪵폃뗄뷇뛈볡돖뾼싇뫳맻,쯻붫뛾헟뷡뫏웰살ꆣ쯻뗄샭싛닺짺솽룶뫳맻:뗚튻ꆢ뛅췾믡튪쟳컒쏇뫶싔쿈잰뛔룶죋뫍벯쳥쯹ퟷ횮쟸럖ꆣ헢훖쟸럖쪵볊짏쫇죋쏇뛔ퟔ평훷틥뫍벯쳥훷틥쯹뇭쿖돶뗄튻훖틢쪶탎첬짏뗄쟠ꆣ틢쪶탎첬쫇릫릲탔뗄뗐죋,틲캪틢쪶탎첬믡럖즢컒쏇뗄힢틢솦,럁낭컒쏇쫔퇩늻춬탎쪽뗄릲춬탐캪뫍ퟩ횯,럁낭컒쏇뛔뫳맻뷸탐움맀ꆣ뗚뛾ꆢ컒쏇늻쓜폀뻃탔뗘뻶뚨릫릲뫍쮽폐랶돫뗄쿠뛔뗘캻폫맘쾵ꆣ쯼쏇뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇뢴퓓뗄,튲쫇컞쿞뇤뮯뗄ꆣ쯼쏇뗄뇭쿖탎쪽좡뻶폚컒쏇탐캪뗄랽쪽ꆣ뛅췾뗄릫릲랶돫샭싛쫇벫웤뺭퇩쪽뗄,쯻뗄ퟶ램늻춬폚낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹,쯻늢쎻폐퓚릫릲뫍쮽폐횮볤ퟷ튻룶뻸뛔뗄쟸럖,죎뫎듋샠쟸럖뚼믡듸폐틢쪶탎첬뗄캶뗀,튲뻍믡웆뮵릫릲짺믮ꆣ쯤좻뛅췾랴뛔듓쒳룶풭ퟓ듦퓚(atomisticbeing)믲듓쒳룶만뚨뗄죋샠놾훊돶랢좥믱뗃튻룶쮽폐랶돫,떫쫇쯻뗄싛쫶늢쎻폐웆뮵쮽폐랶돫,잡잡쿠랴ꆪꆪꆪ? 뛅췾뢳폨쮽폐닣쏦틔ퟮ룟뗄뗘캻ꆣ헽쫇퓚쮽폐랶돫샯,쯹폐뒿헽뗄탂쫂컯뫍랢햹닅뗃틔랢짺ꆣ뺡맜릫릲랶돫폐웤ퟔ짭뗄탭뛠믺훆폫믺쓜,떫쯼뮹쫇튻훖럇뎣놣쫘뗄솦솿ꆣ쯼톰쟳컈뚨,쪤맽뒴퓬ꆣ뛅췾붫쮽폐랶돫훘탂뚨틥:쯼쫇튻훖뛀쳘뛸늻뿉퓙럖뗄쪱뿌ꆪꆪꆪ퓚듋쪱뿌쓚,므랢뗄훇솦쓜붫죋샠뺭퇩쫀뷧틽쿲좫탂뛸뛠닺뗄랽쿲ꆰ:랢쏷쫇튻훖벫웤룶죋뗄탐캪,쓄엂랢쏷쫇평벸룶죋릲춬췪돉뗄ꆣ튻룶탂쓮춷쫗쿈튪돶쿖퓚룶죋뗄춷쓔ꋙJosephGrange,ꆰTheDisappearanceofthePublicGood:Confucius,Dewey,Rorty,ꆱPhilosophyEastandWest,46:3(July1996),.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥177샯,튻룶탂쿮쒿믲탂볆뮮뇘탫튪평룶죋ퟅ쫖뾪쪼믲랢웰ꆣꆱꋙ헢룶쮽폐랶돫뗈춬폚죋샠뛀쳘틢횾뫍훇솦ꆪꆪꆪ쯼쏇뢺퓰랢웰탐뚯,튲뢺퓰쪹컒쏇쓜릻춨맽쫔퇩뛸헻쯜컒쏇ퟔ벺ꆣ컒쏇뗄쮽죋뗄탐캪ꆢ톡퓱ꆢ랢웰뫍쫔퇩믡늻뛏탎돉릫릲랶돫ꆣ쫇럱쯹폐쮽죋뗄훷뚯얬솦뚼쫇뫃뗄쓘?듰낸쫇럱뚨뗄,훷뚯얬솦폐뫃폐뮵,뫃뗄훷뚯얬솦믡랴펳돶뛔릵춨훘튪탔뗄틢쪶ꆣ쮽폐랶돫횻폫릫릲랶돫쿠뛔듦퓚,뛸쟒솽헟뚼쫇죋샠ퟔ컒뗄쿳헷탔쳥쿖,쯼쏇쮭튲늻쓜췑샫죋샠쿳헷탎쪽뛸뛀솢듦퓚ꆣ뛔폚뛅췾살쮵,붻쇷릵춨쫇죋샠뗄뇪횾,춨맽ꆰ붻쇷릵춨훐뗄붻뮻ꆱ,컒쏇볈뇭듯컒쏇뗄죋탔,튲쪵쿖컒쏇뗄죋탔ꆣꋚ닎폫탔쏱훷쫇릫릲짺믮뗄ퟮ좫쏦뗄쪵쿖랽쪽,틲캪퓚컒쏇릲춬탐캪뫍붲뮰뗄맽돌떱훐,컒쏇믡쪵쿖컒쏇횮볤뗄맘쾵탔ꆣ떱컒쏇틔헢훖뮥뮻뗄랽쪽뷸탐릵춨붻쇷쪱,컒쏇볈뒴퓬릫릲랶돫,랴맽살헢룶릫릲랶돫튲뛔컒쏇닺짺랴ퟷ폃ꆣ뮻퇔횮,컒쏇뺭퇩뫳맻,틲뛸컒쏇튲뻍쇋뷢컒쏇탐캪뗄틢틥ꆣ튲뻍쫇퓚헢룶쪱뿌,컒쏇돉캪룼캪췪짆뗄죋샠듦퓚,컒쏇튲뻍ퟜ쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗘폫뇰죋뷸탐뮥뚯,늢쟒쯦횮늻뛏뇤뮯ꆣ죧듋뾴살,릫릲랶돫냼삨죧쿂쯄룶쳘헷:뗚튻ꆢ릫릲랶돫쫇컒쏇쓇킩뇘좻펰쿬뇰죋뫍쫂컯뗄탐캪뗄뷡맻;뗚뛾ꆢ릫릲랶돫횻폫쓇킩틽랢탐뚯뗄쮽죋틢횾뫍훇솦쿠뛔듦퓚;뗚죽ꆢ떱컒쏇쫔퇩늻춬탎쪽뗄탐캪ꆢ랴쪡웤뫳맻늢뛔웤ퟷ쿠펦뗷헻뗄쪱뫲,릫릲랶돫폫쮽죋랶돫횮볤뗄맘쾵쓜릻튲뇘붫랢짺뇤뮯;뗚쯄ꆢ릫릲랶돫늻펦룃틔튻훖맺볒틢횾믲샻틦뗄탎쪽뛸릹붨웰살,헢쫇틲캪릫릲랶돫횻쫇룶죋탐뚯뗄뷡맻;뗚컥ꆢ릫릲랶돫뗄ퟮ헦쪵탎쪽폫닎폫탔쏱훷믲폫뛅췾쯹캽뗄ꆰ듳벯쳥ꆱ(GreatCommunity)쫇뗈춬뗄ꆣ뛅췾뛔릫릲랶돫뗄샭뷢틔쒳훖랽쪽뷨훺폚닎폫탔쏱훷헢룶룅쓮,뛸잰쏦솽룶샭싛늢쎻폐듋랽쏦뗄뾼싇ꆣ늩싼죏캪,헾훎좨췾뛔ꋙJosephGrange,ꆰTheDisappearanceofthePublicGood:Confucius,Dewey,Rorty,ꆱPhilosophyEastandWest,46:3(July1996),.ꋚDewey,PublicandItsProblems,-155.
178뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭룶죋믲ퟩ횯뗄죎뫎펰쿬뚼뿉놻쫓ퟷ쫇릫릲뗄,뛸낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹쯹뾼싇뗄릫릲뿕볤쫇틔쓇킩뻸늻믡쪵쿖릫릲쇙퓚(벴죋샠듦퓚)뗄얫솥뗄샍ퟷ캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ뛔폚뛅췾살쮵,헢킩얫솥뇘좻쫇헢룶릫릲랶돫뗄튻늿럖,틲캪얫솥훷죋뫍솢램헟뗄탐캪뚼믡펰쿬떽헢킩얫솥ꆣ횻튪얫솥훷죋캴뫍얫솥뷸탐릵춨,쓇쎴쯻뻍뇘좻좱짙ퟔ컒죏횪벰룼췪짆뗄죋탔,헢쫇틲캪쯻붫늻횪뗀쯻펵폐얫솥헢룶탐캪뗄헦헽틢틥ꆣ얫솥쏇탨튪쓜릻폫웤쯻쯹폐죋뷸탐ퟔ평릵춨폫붻쇷(벴듓얫솥훆쿂뷢럅돶살),헢쫇틲캪횻폐떱쯹폐죋뚼ퟔ평쪱,컒쏇닅쓜뫏쫊뗘샭뷢컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄탐캪ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 뫍헜색뗄릫릲룅쓮벰웤뛔 짌튵쪵볹뫍맦랶뗄틢틥 뫍낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹튻퇹,뫍헜색붫릫릲랶돫쫓캪튻훖죋믲컯뷸탐햹쪾뗄쇬폲ꆣꋙ릫릲랶돫뗈춬폚ꆰ쫀뷧ꆱ,틲캪횻폐떱튻룶쏘쏜킹슶룸ꆰ쫀뷧ꆱ쪱,쯼닅쓜돉캪릫뾪뗄ꆣ좻뛸헢룶ꆰ쫀뷧뿕볤ꆱ(world-space)믲릫릲쇬폲늻쓜폫컯샭뿕볤뗈춬웰살,컯샭뿕볤쫇뛔뻹퓈맣퇓탔(uniformextension)뗄튻훖횪뻵,뛸릫릲뿕볤잡잡쿠랴,쯼늻쫇뻹퓈뗄,틲캪쯼쫇평컒쏇뗄맘쾵쯹릹돉뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇폫튻룶엳폑늻웚뛸폶,컒쏇믡쮵ꆰ헢쫀뷧헦킡ꆣꆱ쯦ퟅ컒쏇퓚늻춬쪱볤쯹톡뗄붻춨뫍릵춨랽쪽뗄늻춬,쫂컯폫컒쏇뗄뻠샫튲뻍믡랢짺ꆰ뇤뮯ꆱꆣ솽룶듥샫컒쏇뗄듥뚼쫇5릫샯,횻튪컒쏇쫇듓컒쏇뗄듥늽탐떽솽룶훐뗄죎튻룶좥,컒쏇뚼믡뻵뗃쯼쏇튻퇹뷼ꆣ좻뛸,떱쳺슷붫컒쏇폫웤훐튻룶듥솪뷡쪱,컒쏇뻍믡뻵뗃헢룶춨믰뎵뗄듥샫컒쏇ꆰ뷼ꆱ,뛸쓇룶늻춨믰뎵횻쓜늽탐뗄듥샫컒쏇ꆰ풶ꆱꆣꋚ릫릲랶돫믲쫀뷧뿕볤쫇튻룶컨첨,퓚헢룶컨첨짏,쫂컯춨맽뻟쳥뗄ꆢ쯦샺쪷늻춬뗄죋샠릵춨뫍붻춨랽쪽뛸뮥쿠햹쿖ꆣ헢룶릫릲랶돫ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚIbid.,.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥179(public)뗄쳘헷쫇웤릫뾪탔(publicity),벴튻훖붫쫂컯뷒쪾벰햹쿖뗄맽돌ꆣ뫍헜색뛔폚릫릲뗄쏨쫶늻춬폚늩싼뗄짧믡톧럖컶,틲캪릫릲랶돫늻쫇헾훎펰쿬뗄닺컯ꆣ뫍헜색뗄릫릲랶돫룅쓮뫍뛅췾뗄릫릲랶돫룅쓮ퟮ뷓뷼,틲캪릫뾪탔뻸늻쫇,튲뻸늻뿉쓜쫇뻸뛔뗄ꆣ튻룶죋샠듦퓚쫇쮭늻뿉쓜햹쪾룸쯹폐뇰죋,틲캪횻튪쫇죋,쯻뻍튪짺믮퓚튻쾵쇐뗄뻟쳥ꆢ힢뚨뗄맘쾵훐ꆣ컒쏇늻믡쿲놨뾯릫늼컒쏇폫엤얼횮볤쯹럖쿭뗄쏘쏜,컒쏇뗄웴쪾폫컒쏇뗄맘쾵쫇솪쾵퓚튻웰뗄ꆣ퓚쎿튻훖맘쾵훐,컒쏇믡뷒쪾컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄늻춬닣쏦ꆣ죎뫎뻸뛔뗄릫뾪탔횻듦퓚폚짏뗛뗄쏦잰ꆣ볈좻뻸뛔뗄뷒쪾늻뿉쓜퓚듋쫀쪵쿖,쓇쎴헢룶릫릲랶돫믲쫀뷧뿕볤뗄릫뾪탔뻍쫇늻ퟣ뗄,믲폐좱쪧뗄ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,쎿룶죋샠듦퓚뫍쯹폐죋샠탐캪뚼볈쫇릫릲뗄,춬쪱튲쫇쮽죋뗄ꆣ틔듋샠췆,릫쮾튲볈쫇릫릲뗄,춬쪱튲쫇쮽죋뗄ꆣ튻룶죕놾릫쮾믡퓚튻쾵쇐뗄맘쾵훐퓋ퟷ,샽죧,퓚튻룶ퟝ쿲ퟩ돉뗄볒ퟥ벯췅(keiretsu)쓚,쒳룶릫쮾믡폐솪쾵뷴쏜뗄믯냩릫쮾ꆣ룃릫쮾뗄뗚뛾닣맘쾵쫇평쓇킩컈뚨뗄뿍뮧믲웤쯻쫴폚쒳룶탐튵킭믡(죧죕놾웻뎵훆퓬짌킭믡믲죕놾뺭볃췅쳥솪뫏믡)뗄릫쮾ퟩ돉ꆣ쯼뗄뗚죽닣맘쾵쫇헻룶죕놾,쯼냼삨웕춨뗄횤좯돖폐헟ꆢ쿻럑헟벰놾뗘뺺헹헟ꆣ쯼뗄뗚쯄닣맘쾵쫇헻룶쫀뷧,쯼냼삨쯹폐쓇킩폫횮뺺헹뗄쫀뷧랶캧쓚뗄릫쮾ꆣꋙ룃릫쮾붫폫뗚튻닣맘쾵쓚뗄릫쮾럖쿭뫜뛠탅쾢ꆣ떱짌튵믺쏜믲뺺헹탅쾢놻쳡릩룸keiretsu쓚뗄웤쯻릫쮾쪱,룃탅쾢뻍놻ꆰ릫뾪ꆱ,떫춨뎣늻믡탻늼ꆣ룷훖뷒쪾뚼믡퓚튻훖맘쾵쓚ꆢ늢쟒틔뫏뫵헢훖맘쾵뗄랽쪽뷸탐ꆣ헽죧쎻폐룶죋쓜릻ퟶ좫쏦뷒쪾튻퇹,쎻폐릫쮾쓜릻뛔웤쯻릫쮾좫쏦춸쏷ꆣ쿫죃릫릲랶돫뫃튻킩뻍쫇뗈폚튻룶죋붫쿈잰놣쏜뗄탅쾢폫웤쯻죋뷸탐럖쿭ꆣ볈좻ퟷ캪튻룶죋뻍틢캶ퟅ짺믮퓚뻟쳥뛸힢뚨뗄맘쾵훐,쓇쎴췪좫뗄춸쏷믲좫쏦뗄뷒쪾뻸늻뿉쓜돉캪죋샠뗄튻룶쒿뇪ꆣꋙIwaoTaka,ꆰBusinessEthics:AJapaneseView,ꆱBusinessEthics:JapanandtheGlobalEconomy,(Dordrecht,TheNetherlands:KluwerAcademicPublishers,1993),-62.
180뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뫍뛅췾튻퇹,뫍헜색붫릫릲폫쮽죋솽룶랶돫쫓캪튻뛔뇧횤듊폯ꆣ뫎캪쮽죋믲릫릲튪좡뻶폚뇈뷏뗄쓚죝쫇쪲쎴ꆣ떱튻룶볒춥돉풱쿲춬볒춥훐쇭튻룶돉풱붲쫶쒳룶쏘쏜쪱,쓇쎴뷒쪾ꆢ엻슶믲릫뾪퓚볒춥쓚튲뻍랢짺쇋ꆣ좻뛸,쿠뛔폚쓇킩맣랺뒫능뗄릫뾪낸샽뛸퇔,볒춥쓚뗄뷒쪾뮹죔좻쫇튻훖쮽죋뗄뷒쪾ꆣ떱볒춥헹뎳뒫돶랿볤떽듯듳뷖짏쪱,쓇쎴쯼뻍뇤돉쇋릫뾪뗄쫂쟩ꆣ뫍웤쓚뗄볒춥쿠뇈,듥헲쫇튻룶뷏듳뗄릫릲랶돫;떫쯼뫍룼듳뗄놳뺰쿠뇈쪱,쯼뻍쫇쮽죋뗄랶돫ꆣ튻룶듥튲탭폐쯽ퟔ벺뗄쏘쏜,떫뺭볇헟놨뗀룸좫맺횪뗀뫳,풭놾쮽죋뗄튲뻍뇤돉쇋릫릲뗄ꆣ릫릲랶돫뗄릫뾪탔웤쪵뻍쫇튻훖ꆰ횸쪾,쯼듺뇭퓚쒳룶릫릲랶돫횮췢폀풶듦퓚쇭튻룶룼듳뗄췅쳥ꆣꆱꋙ뫍헜색뻸뛔믡랴뛔낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄떥룶춳튻뗄ꆢ컒쏇퓚웤쓚햹쪾믲쪵쿖컒쏇죋탔뗄릫릲랶돫뗄맛뗣ꆣퟷ캪죋뻍틢캶ퟅퟔ평뷸돶튻쾵쇐맘쾵,틢쪶떽릫뾪탔뗄횸쪾쳘헷,좻뫳탐캪ퟶ쫂뫍햹뾪쳖싛ꆣ죃컒퓙훘짪튻듎:뻸뛔뗄릫릲랶돫쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ튲탭쯦ퟅ뗧탅튵뗄랢햹(뫍헜색퓸풤볻떽헢훖뿉쓜탔),뗘쟲짏뗄쯹폐맺볒뚼뿉틔놻돆캪ퟮ뿭맣뗄릫릲랶돫ꆣ떫벴쪹퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,뫍헜색튲튪쟳죋쏇뷷짷캪쏮ꆣ탂컅놨뗀벴릫뾪탻뒫늢늻쫇뻹뫢뗄ꆣ맺볊탂컅튵횻놨뗀죋쏇맘힢뗄맺쓚훚뛠쫂볾훐뗄캪쫽뫜짙벸룶ꆣ쇭췢,놨뗀뗄쿻쾢뎣뎣횻믡틽웰듺뇭쒳룶맺볒뗄췢맺죋뗄탋좤(샽죧,쏀맺뗄쎳틗듺뇭믡맘힢살ퟔ훐맺뗄쿻쾢,틲캪쯻쏇맘힢헢킩쿻쾢믡뛔쏀맺뗄쎳틗헾닟틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴)ꆣ뫍헜색쫔춼붫릫릲랶돫놾쳥뷶뷶뻖쿞폚헢퇹튻훖뿕볤:퓚헢훖뿕볤쓚,쓇킩럖쿭럡뢻ꆢ릲춬짺믮뗄룶죋쓜뇋듋죏쪶ꆣ퓚떱듺쫀뷧,ퟮ맣틥뗄릫릲랶돫췹췹뗈춬폚맺볒ꆣ폫낢싗쳘ꆢ맾놴십쮹뫍늩싼늻춬,뫍헜색뻜뻸붫헾훎ꆢ짧믡ꆢ릫릲뫍쮽죋룷랶돫뫍쇬폲룮쇑뾪살ꆣ틲뛸컒쏇늻펵폐쳘뇰쫊폃폚ퟷ캪ꆰ릫릲ꆱ믺릹횮짌튵뗄맦랶,쪹웤폐뇰폚ퟷ캪ꆰ쮽폐ꆱ믺릹횮짌튵ꆣꆰ죋볤ꆱ믲릫릲랶돫뗄쎿룶쳘헷춬쪱쫊폃폚짺믮퓚헢룶릫릲랶돫쓚뗄ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥181쯹폐룶쳥죋샠듦퓚ꆣꋙ릫릲랶돫쫇평쯹폐룟뛈힢뚨뗄짧믡맘쾵ퟩ돉,퓚헢룶릫릲랶돫쓚룶죋쓜릻믱좡뻟쳥뗄퓰죎뫍좨샻ꆣꋚ틲듋,뫍헜색싗샭폐쪱믡쿲뒿쏨쫶탔뗄쓚죝ꆣ컒쏇랢쿖헢킩맘쾵훐뗄쎿튻룶뚼믡폐탭뛠릲춬췅뷡뗄탎쪽(탅삵ꆢ헦샭),늢쟒쎿훖탎쪽뚼볈쫇쮽죋뗄(틲캪맘쾵쫇폐쿞뗄)튲쫇릫릲뗄(틲캪짧믡맘쾵뮥쿠훘뗾,죧뷰ퟖ쯾튻퇹)ꆰ:헽쫇틲캪헢훖폐쿞탔,쎻폐죎뫎폐쿞뗄듦퓚(죋샠)췅쳥쓜릻쳓췑헢훖ꆮ틾쮽탔ꆯꆣꆱꋛ릫릲랶돫ퟜ쫇틔랴펳샺쪷뫍죋컄쳵볾뗄쮽죋ꆢ뻟쳥뗄맘쾵ퟷ캪웤훐뷩폫쎽훊ꆣ횻폐떱컒쏇듓헢킩뻟쳥뛸힢뚨뗄맘쾵훐돩쿳돶살,늢쟒맛달떽,쯹폐쟩탎쿂뗄맘쾵뚼붫짦벰뷒쪾폫릫뾪믮뚯쟒쯼쏇뇋듋횮볤쫇쿠뮥솪쾵뗄쪱뫲ꆰ,릫릲ꆱ랶돫놾짭닅쓜ퟔ컒쿔쪾돶살ꆣ쓄샯쎻폐쮽죋랶돫,쓄샯튲뻍쎻폐릫릲랶돫ꆣ퓚맾놴십쮹뾴살,뿋슳쯷(RobinsonCrusoe)쫇튻룶쮽죋뗄듦퓚,떫퓚뫍헜색뾴살,쯻볈늻쫇튻룶쮽죋듦퓚,튲늻쫇튻룶릫릲듦퓚,틲캪쯻췪좫뒦폚짧믡뻘헳횮췢ꆣꋜ쓇쎴,뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,릫릲랶돫뗈춬폚헻룶짧믡뻘헳,퓚헢룶짧믡뻘헳쓚,룶죋럱뚨룼듳췅쳥뗄탻돆,훘탂뾼싇쯻폫헢킩듳췅쳥뗄맘쾵,좻뫳뗷헻쯻폫룼듳췅쳥뗄맘쾵ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭볈늻붫룶죋쓉죫췅쳥훐,튲늻쪹룶죋솥쫴폚췅쳥ꆣ쓇킩잱퓚뻟랴엑뺫짱뗄룶죋뫍짧믡췅쳥춬퇹튲쫇릫릲랶돫뗄튻늿럖ꆣ뫍헜색붫믡벤쇒뗘랴뛔쓇킩돖헢퇹맛뗣뗄죋:죕놾죋춨맽뛔헢킩ꆰ릫릲랶돫ꆱ뗄맘힢뛸퓞퇯췅쳥,늢쟒튪쟳좫쏦쒨즱룶죋뫍쮽죋탋좤폫샻틦ꆣ릫릲랶돫늻쫇튻룶췅쳥,쿠랴,쯼쫇듦퓚폚췅쳥뫍룶죋횮볤뗄튻훖헅솦,헢훖헅솦튲쫇쮽죋뗄,틲캪쎿훖맘쾵뚼쫇폐쿞뗄ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭붫믡엺움죎뫎붫ퟔ벺뚨캪릫릲랶돫믲튪쟳좫쏦훒돏틔볬퇩튻룶죋뗄췅쳥뺫짱뗄췅쳥믲릫쮾ꆣ쯤좻룶죋뿉틔ퟔ평뻶뚨춶죫쒳쿮쫂튵,떫뫍헜색믡랴뛔쓇훖ꆰ맽샛쯀ꆱ(karoshi)ꆣ쎻폐쓄룶췅쳥폐좨샻튪쟳튻룶죋캪쇋쒳ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚꋛ Ibid.,.ꋜIbid.,.
182뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훖룼룟룼듳릫릲뢣뛸컾짼ퟔ벺뗄듦퓚ꆣ쎻폐죎뫎췅쳥쓜릻믲좷쪵듺뇭릫릲랶돫,쎻폐죎뫎췅쳥쓜릻퓚늻웆뮵ꆰ죋볤ꆱ믲죋탔뗄잰쳡쿂뛸컼쓉룶죋짺믮ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭뛔램훎뗄늻탅죎튲횵뗃컒쏇힢틢ꆣ뫍헜색쳡돶냑릫릲랶돫폫죎뫎맦퓲쳥쾵럖샫뾪살,튲헽쫇믹폚듋,냑릫릲랶돫폫죎뫎좨샻쳥쾵럖샫뾪살ꆣ쯻랴뛔늩싼뗄헢퇹튻훖맛뗣:릫릲랶돫쫇탐쪹헾훎좨췾뗄닺컯ꆣ뫍헜색뮹늻훁폚쳬헦뗘럱뚨헾훎좨췾쓜릻놻폃살펰쿬컒쏇뗄맘쾵ꆣ맺볒쓜릻튲좷쪵맦뚨늢퓚죋샠훐볤췆탐틥컱,떫떱쯼쏇헢퇹ퟶ쪱,릫릲랶돫뗄췅쳥탔훊튲뻍ꆰ뇤돉쇋튻룶쎻폐맢펰뇤뮯뗄ꆢ춳튻뷴듕뗄쾵춳ꆣꆱꋙ떱헢훖쟩뿶돶쿖쪱,릫릲랶돫뻍쫜떽쇋웆뮵,틲캪헦헽뗄릫릲랶돫펦룃쫇탭뛠뛠퇹뗄죋샠듦퓚뗄췅쳥ꆣ뫍뛅췾튻퇹,뫍헜색랴뛔죎뫎뇦뇰ꆰ맺볒틢횾ꆱ믲ꆰ릫릲샻틦ꆱ뗄웳춼,믲헟쓇훖붫맺볒볙뚨캪듋훖틢횾뗄뫏램뇭듯뗄ퟶ램ꆣ쿠랴,쎿룶맺볒ꆰ횻쫇튻훖램싉붨릹,죧맻램싉쯹뇭듯뗄췅뷡쎻폐뗃떽듦퓚횮췅쳥뗄횧돖,쯼뻍늻ퟣ틔뇭듯죋볤(죋볤)뗄랽쪽ꆣꆱꋚ쓇쎴컒쏇룃죧뫎뾴듽튻룶릫쮾쓘?쯼쫇릫뗄뮹쫇쮽뗄?붫웤쫓캪튻룶릫릲췅쳥쫇럱폐틢틥쓘?죧맻죎뫎쫂컯뚼늻뻟폐쮽죋믲릫릲뗄놾훊,쓇쎴릫쮾횮룉풤웤릤죋짺믮뗄좨샻뻟폐쓄킩쿞훆쓘?퓚뫍헜색싗샭쓚,릫쮾폫웤풱릤ꆢ뿍뮧ꆢ릩믵짌틔벰웤쯻샻틦쿠맘랽횮볤뗄맘쾵횻쫇훚뛠짧믡맘쾵훐뗄튻훖ꆣ볈좻룹뻝뫍헜색싗샭뗄맛뗣살뾴,헢킩짧믡맘쾵놾짭뻍쫇릫릲랶돫(놾훊),쓇쎴릫쮾벰웤쯹폐믮뚯뚼뇘좻튲쫇릫릲뗄ꆣ랴맽살,헢킩맘쾵튲뚼쫇폐쿞뗄,틲뛸뫍쯹폐헢킩맘쾵뗄ퟜ뫍뇈뷏웰살뾴,헢킩맘쾵뇘좻튲쫇쮽죋뗄ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇뫍헜색뛔폚릫쮾탎쪽뗄럖컶ꆣ쯻힢틢떽,뫍쏀맺폫얷훞뗄릫쮾튻퇹,죕놾뗄릫쮾쫇튻룶ꆰ램죋ꆱꆣ헢룶램죋뫍죋샠룶죋횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇뢴퓓뗄ꆣ횻튪릫쮾뻟폐ퟔ벺뗄뗘횷ꆢ펵폐ퟔ벺뗄좨샻폫퓰죎ꆢ뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢횾,쓇쎴쯼뻍펵폐튻룶ퟔ컒ꆣ쯼뗄틢횾뎬맽ퟷ캪막뚫뗄룶죋뗄틢횾,틲캪튻룶릫쮾뿉쓜믡펵폐튻킩뎬맽룶죋막ꋙꋚ Watsuji,Rinrigaku,.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥183뚫쿫쿱믲뺭퇩뗄쿮쒿ꆢ햮컱뫍탅ꆣꋙ떫쫇듓쇭튻룶뷇뛈살뾴,막럝릫쮾쫇튻룶죋캪붨솢쟒쓜릻죋캪뷢즢뗄램싉탩릹컯,틲듋컒쏇뇘탫튪럀랶헢퇹뗄볙뚨:릫쮾쫇튻룶ퟜ쓜ퟔ컒듦퓚ꆢ늻쫜웤ퟩ돉돉풱펰쿬뗄헻쳥ꆣ릫쮾뗄헻쳥탔늻맽쫇튻훖돩쿳좨솦,튻훖쿻돽룶죋횮쯹폐죋탔쓜솦ꆢ붫웤쿞캪쒳뇊잮뗄춶헟(벴펵폐폫춶돉뇈샽뗄춶욱좨뗄막뚫)뗄좨솦ꆣ틲듋,돽쇋쓇훖폫웤춶돉뇈샽뗄럖뫬횮췢,솽룶돉풱횮볤늻듦퓚듦폐벯쳥ꆣퟷ캪죋샠듦퓚,쯻쏇뇋듋쫇췪좫럖샫뗄ꆣ컒쏇펦룃뻜뻸붫헢훖ꆰ짧믡췅쳥ꆱ쫓캪뛀솢췪헻뗄죋샠듦퓚뗄ퟶ램ꆣꋚ뮻퇔횮,릫쮾ퟜ쫇붫룶죋뮹풭캪떥튻뗄캬뛈(샽죧,튻룶틑뺭춶튻뚨뷰뛮뗄막뚫;튻룶캪릫쮾릤ퟷꆢ췪돉쒳쿮죎컱뗄풱릤)ꆣ헢훖뮹풭쫇싗샭짏탭뿉뗄,볈좻컒쏇뗄쯹폐맘쾵뚼쫇폐쿞뗄,쓇쎴떱컒쏇놻폫컒쏇쯹냧뷇즫뗄헻쳥탔쿠뇈뷏쪱,컒쏇ퟜ쫇틔튻훖쮽죋뗄쒣쪽뛸듦퓚ꆣ틲뛸,릫쮾믹폚쯼뗄폐쿞탔,쯼뇘좻쫇튻훖쮽죋탔훊뗄릫쮾ꆣ쯼늢늻쿱죋샠듦퓚쓇퇹뛸듦퓚폚램싉횮췢ꆣ릫쮾뗄샻틦쿠맘헟춬퇹튲쫇폐쿞뗄,틲뛸뫍쓇평뛠훖훘뗾뷇즫ퟩ돉뗄릫릲ꆪꆪꆪ짧믡뇈뷏,쯻쏇튲쫇쮽죋뗄ꆣ떱릫쮾맜샭헟붫릫쮾폫풱릤횮볤뗄맘쾵짏짽떽ퟮ룟쮮욽믲쫔춼웈쪹풱릤퓚웤릫쮾쓚짺믮훕짺쪱,컊쳢뻍믡돶쿖ꆣ죃컒쏇퓙믘떽뗚뛾헂뗄튻룶샽ퟓ:뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,횻튪풱릤쓜릻췪좫ퟔ평뻜뻸릫쮾쯹쳡릩뗄쟗죋즥퓡럑믲쏛퓂싃탐럑폃,릫쮾뻍쓜릻헢퇹ퟶ,늢쟒헢퇹ퟶ튲쫇싗샭짏탭뿉뗄ꆣ볒뎤훆ퟶ램늢늻쫇컊쳢ꆣ헽죧죕놾짌튵싗샭톧볒쎷뷲쯹횸돶뗄,죕놾죋늢늻죏캪릫쮾뗄볒뎤훆ퟶ램쫇튻훖싗샭컊쳢ꆣꋛ헢훖맛뗣폫뫍헜색뗄싗샭췪좫튻훂,쯻늢늻돐죏튻룶평만폐쮽죋(intrinsicallyprivate)쫂컱ퟩ돉뗄쇬폲ꆣ좻뛸,싗샭짏늻탭뿉뗄쫇릫쮾뗄헢퇹튻훖웳춼:붫ퟔ벺쫓캪캩튻뗄죋탔ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛMitsuhiroUmezu,ꆰEthicsandtheJapaneseMiracle:CharacteristicsandEthicsofJapaneseBusinessPractices,ꆱunpublishedpaper.
184뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭맘쾵늢튪쟳췪좫뗄ퟱ쫘ꆢ럾듓뫍훒돏ꆣ떱릫쮾탐캪쿞훆풱릤뛔릫쮾쏼쇮ꆢ붨틩믲풮훺뗄뷸탐뻜뻸뗄쓜솦쪱,쯼쏇뻍돉쇋늻뫏뫵싗샭뗄탐캪ꆣ뗚죽뷚 뫍헜색싗샭뗄튻킩컊쳢뫍헜색싗샭쫇럡뢻뗄,돤싺쇋뛔냾쿷탔쿖ힴ뫍쪵볹뷸탐엺에뗄쯘닄ꆣ좻뛸,웤샭싛좷쪵듦퓚튻킩컊쳢ꆣ튻ꆢ컊쳢횮튻:좱짙뛔죋좨뗄뾼싇뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,릫릲랶돫볈늻평좨샻룅쓮살뚨틥,튲늻평좨샻룅쓮폨틔캬돖ꆣ퓚낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄샭싛훐,퇔싛ퟔ평뗄좨샻뫍뷡짧ퟔ평뗄좨샻쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄,틲캪헢킩좨샻쓜릻쪹샭탔틔튻훖췪좫뗄랽쪽뾼싇릫훚샻틦ꆣ룶죋뿉쓜믡볡돖ퟔ벺뗄좨샻살놣뮤쯻쏇ퟔ평탐뚯뗄쓜솦ꆣ헢뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴컷랽뗄풱릤믡펵폐쓇쎴뛠뗄좨샻,샽죧퇔싛ퟔ평좨샻ꆢ뷡짧ퟔ평좨샻ꆢ쪾췾좨샻,뗈뗈ꆣ뫍헜색늢쎻폐럱죏좨샻뗄듦퓚,쯻튻뚨쇋뷢헢룶헾훎룅쓮,틲캪쯻퓚얷훞톧쾰싗샭톧뫍헾훎톧뛠쓪ꆣ컞틉쯻뛔헢룶뮰쳢놣돖돁쒬뗄늿럖풭틲쫇쯻뗄릫릲랶돫뗄룅쓮늻퓊탭쯻췆돶뻟웕뇩탔뗄뻸뛔좨샻ꆣ릫릲랶돫쫇뛠퇹뮯뗄ꆢ틬뗄,늢쟒돤싺ꆰ맢폫펰ꆱꆣ쓇훖럇뎣틀삵램싉탐쪹좨솦뗄ퟶ램쫇늻뿉좡뗄,틲캪램싉뻸늻쓜냑컕죋샠맘쾵뗄쳘훊ꆣ뫍헜색뗄헢훖맛뗣쓜릻냯훺뷢쫍캪쪲쎴죕놾춳훎헟펵폐튻룶늻솢램뗄샺쪷ꆣ뗂뒨쒻뢮쾲뮶틀삵쿖폐뗄쾰쯗,뇜쏢릫늼쫩쏦램싉ꆣꋙ쓇훖믺킵볡돖컒쏇뗄뫏램좨샻뗄ퟶ램믡듛룄컒쏇뗄죋탔ꆣ죧맻헢훖볡돖ퟶ램붫룶죋쯸죫튻룶붩뮯뗄횰캻,늢쟒ퟨ횹쯻략믘쯻튻횱쫴폚뗄췅쳥,쓇ꋙHajimeNakamura,ꆰBasicFeaturesoftheLegal,Political,andEconomicThoughtofJapan,ꆱTheJapaneseMind:EssentialsofJapanesePhilosophyandCulture,(Honolulu:UniversityofHawaii,1967),.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥185쎴헢훖볡돖ퟶ램뻍좷쪵쫇킰뛱뗄,늻맜헢룶죋쫇럱톡퓱돐죏헢훖맩쫴쫂쪵ꆣ틲뛸,떱뫍헜색퓞춬뗘틽폃뗂맺헜톧볒럑쾣쳘(JohannGottliebFichte)뗄맛뗣쪱,헢튲뻍늻쫇얼좻뗄ꆣ럑쾣쳘붫킰뛱폫맟탔뗈춬웰살(identificationofevilwithinertia)ꆣꋙ틲듋,죎뫎쫔춼펦폃샻틦쿠맘랽짌튵샭싛뗄ퟶ램뇘좻믡퓚뫍헜색횮뿲볜쓚폶떽삧쓑ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛죏캪,릫쮾쯹펰쿬뗄늻춬췅쳥뚼퓚릫쮾뗄탐뚯훐펵폐웤샻틦,릫쮾펦룃ퟰ훘헢킩췅쳥ꆣ헢훖ퟰ훘쫇춨맽샻틦쿠맘랽뿉쓜믡샻폃웤랴뛔릫쮾ꆢ릫쮾샻폃웤랴뛔샻틦쿠맘랽뗄튻룶좨샻폫훷헅뗄쾵춳뛸쪵쿖뗄,죧뷢뻶쮰컱뻀럗맽돌훐뗄헾뢮ꆣ헢샠좨샻춨뎣쫇틔룶죋뗄만폐볛횵횮룅쓮믲늻뿉냾뛡ퟰ퇏횮룅쓮캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ헢킩좨샻쫇춨맽램싉릫늼뗄,늢춨맽헾뢮벰웤믺릹횴탐뗄ꆣ릤죋쏇펵폐샍뚯낲좫뗄좨샻,쿻럑헟펵폐쪹폃낲좫닺욷뗄좨샻ꆣ랴맽살,릫쮾쿭폐뷸탐짌튵탻뒫ꆢ맍폃웳튵풱릤뗈ퟔ평뫏램좨샻ꆣ헢킩좨샻쫴폚룶죋,튲쫴폚쓇킩놻쫓캪램죋뗄릫쮾ꆣ폫듋탎돉뛔뇈뗄쫇,뫍헜색붫좨샻쫓캪뻟쳥뗄샺쪷맘쾵,늢퓚헢훖샺쪷맘쾵쓚톰쟳뢳폨헢킩좨샻뗄틢틥ꆣ돽쇋죋샠듦퓚뗄헢훖뛠훘맘쾵볜릹횮췢,컒쏇늻쓜헒떽죋좨뗄웕뇩탔믹뒡ꆣ틲캪헾뢮늻쫇릫릲랶돫뗄캩튻믺릹믲몴컀헟,풱릤쏇뫍쿻럑헟쏇쎻폐쓇훖평헾뢮좨췾횧돖뗄좨샻살쳴햽릫쮾ꆣ늻맜릫쮾뫍샻틦쿠맘랽펵폐쪲쎴퇹뗄좨샻폫틥컱,쯼쏇뇘탫붨솢퓚릫쮾뫍샻틦쿠맘랽뗄뻟쳥맘쾵횮짏ꆣ듓헢훖맛뗣돶랢,튻룶릫쮾뗄샻틦쿠맘랽뿉쓜믡펵폐쇭췢튻룶릫쮾뗄샻틦쿠맘랽쯹쎻폐뗄좨샻ꆣ쇭췢,죧맻좨샻좷쪵듦퓚,쓇쎴쯼쏇뻍뇘탫헽좷탐쪹ꆣ쯹폐탐캪뚼펦룃틔헦탄뗄뺫짱햹뾪ꆣ헦탄뗄죋뿉틔춨맽쿲릫쮾쳡돶볡돖ퟔ벺뗄쒳훖좨샻뛸잿뗷ퟔ벺뗄룶쳥탔,떫쯻펦룃춬쪱돐죏쯻뛔쯹랴뛔릫쮾뗄틀삵탔ꆣ헢훖쮫훘퓋뚯뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴뷸탐훙닃뗄죕놾짌튵헹틩쮫랽뎣뎣틔튻뻤쫬횪뗄쯗폯뾪쪼ꆰ:헹싛쮫랽뚼펦룃쫜떽퓰놸(튻ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
186뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭룶냍헆엄늻쿬)ꆣꆱꋙ헢퇹뗄첹냗캪붫살쮫랽믘맩뫍킳듲쿂쇋믹뒡ꆣ쏼쇮쪽튪쟳뇰죋싄탐ퟔ벺뗄틥컱(틥컱쫇좨샻뗄맘솪룅쓮)늢늻쫇튻훖돏횿ꆢ헦탄뗄탐캪,틲캪쯼믡떼훂컒쏇랴뛔헢킩틥컱ꆣ붩뮯랴뛔쫇싗샭짏킰뛱뗄탐캪ꆣퟜ쳥짏붲,헦탄붲뮰뇈퇔싛ퟔ평좨샻룼폐볛횵ꆣ틲듋탭뛠죕놾쯟쯏뚼춨맽춥췢뫍뷢뗄랽쪽뷢뻶,헢튲뻍늻ퟣ캪맖쇋ꆣ떱램맙에낸쪱,쯻튲탭믡튪쟳쮫랽뚼ퟶ돶뗀잸,헢쫇튻훖횼퓚듙돉뫍뷢뗄닟싔ꆣꋚ죧맻맍풱늻펵폐뻸뛔뗄ꆢ뻟웕뇩탔뗄좨샻ퟷ캪튻훖싗샭믹뒡,쓇쎴떱쯻쏇뾹틩맜샭닣튪쯻쏇맽럖볓냠믲뾹틩늻낲좫뗄릤ퟷ뮷뺳쪱,쯻쏇뗄솢ퟣ뗣퓚쓄샯?뫍헜색싗샭쳡릩쇋튻룶뫜뫃뗄훐볤솢뎡ꆣ캪쇋쓜믱뗃튻룶쳽횤뗄믺믡,릤죋쏇뿉틔쯟훮폚풱릤좨샻ꆣ뫍헜색뛠듎잿뗷죋샠뗄룶쳥탔(humanindividuality),룃룶쳥탔놻웤샭뷢캪튻룶죋뛔뾹뫍랴뛔짧믡웚췻뗄늻뿉냾뛡뗄쓜솦ꆣ틲듋컒쏇튲탭뿉틔죏캪,풱릤룶죋뻟폐튻훖랴엑뗄만폐좨샻(aninherentrightofrebellion)ꆣ좻뛸,돥춻죔좻탨튪춨맽쮫랽뗄뮥쿠죃늽벰뛔쮫랽쿠뮥틀삵탔뗄죏쪶닅쓜폨틔뷢뻶ꆣ춨맽쯟훮돩쿳뗄릫릲샻틦ꆢ듓듋돩쿳맽돌훐믱뗃뻸뛔풭퓲ꆢ좻뫳붫헢킩풭퓲폃폚뷢뻶돥춻헢퇹튻훖쒣쪽쫇늻쓜쪵쿖헢훖쮫훘럱뚨맽돌뗄ꆣ쿠랴,뫏뫵싗샭뗄돥춻뷢뻶랽램튪쟳짮뿌뗄ퟔ컒랴쪡틔벰쮫랽돐죏탭뛠믽벫틲쯘듦퓚ꆢ뿏뚨쮫랽릲춬럖쿭죋탔뗄샖틢뺫짱ꆣ죧맻쎻폐헢훖틢쪶,뫏뫵싗샭뗄돥춻뷢뻶랽램쫇늻듦퓚뗄,훷헅좨샻튲늻믡폐첫듳뗄틦뒦ꆣ뫍헜색튲탭믡춬틢훐듥뗄맛뗣(HajimeNakamura)ꆰ:(퓚죕놾,)룶죋횮볤뷴쏜솪쾵퓚튻웰,쯻쏇탎돉튻룶럢뇕뗄죋탔맘쾵췸ꆣ퓚헢샯,튻룶잿뗷ퟔ컒뗄죋믡짋몦뇰죋뗄룐쫜,틲뛸랴맽살짋몦쯻ퟔ벺ꆣꆱꋛꋙNakamura,ꆰBasicFeatures,ꆱ.ꋚ,JapaneseBusinessLawandtheLegalSystem(Westport,Conn.:QuorumBooks,1984),-285;304-309.ꋛNakamura,ꆰBasicFeatures,ꆱ.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥187뛾ꆢ컊쳢횮뛾:헾뢮룉풤뗄뻖쿞퓚컷랽ꋙ쿜램횮쿂,헾뢮춨뎣놻죏캪쫇릫릲훆뛈뗄ퟮ믹놾늿럖ꆣꋜ쯼쇋뷢ꆢ뇭듯늢펦뛔릫릲틢볻틔놣뮤릫릲샻틦ꆣꋚ춨맽좷솢ퟮ뗍릤ꆢ뗷뷢샍뻀럗ꆢ돍훎쎻폐낲좫릤ퟷ쳵볾뗄릫쮾뗈랽쪽,헾뢮룉풤웳튵쫂컱ꆣ헽쫇헢훖헾뢮탐캪닅쪹뗃늩싼횮샠뗄짧믡톧볒붫릫릲랶돫뚨틥캪쯹폐쓇킩쫜떽헾훎좨췾펰쿬뗄쇬폲ꆣ좻뛸,뫍헜색늻퓊탭죎뫎헾뢮붫ퟔ벺쫓캪릫릲틢볻뗄짹틴ꆣ뫍뛅췾ꆢ맾놴십쮹뫍낢싗쳘튻퇹,뫍헜색죏캪,헢쫇튻훖퓚뛀솢ꆢ풭ퟓ쪽뗄룶죋룅쓮믹뒡짏릹붨릫릲틢쪶뗄ퟶ램,헢훖릹붨ퟶ램쫇늻헽좷뗄ꆣ헢훖룶죋쪽뗄릹붨쒣탍횮쯹틔듭컳,쫇틲캪릫릲틢쪶폀풶쫇뿉럖샫뗄,늢쟒퓚탭뛠뛠퇹뗄죋샠맘쾵훐뻟폐튻훖뿕볤짏뗄맣퇓탔ꆣ릫릲틢볻쫇평쯹폐퓚짧믡맘쾵훐쏷좷뇭듯뗄틢볻ퟩ돉뗄,뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,쓇훖펵폐믲뇭듯쒳훖릫훚틢볻믲샻틦뗄릫릲헻쳥쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ쇭췢헾뢮튲늻쫇릫릲랶돫뗄듺뇭믲뮯짭ꆣ뫍헜색쿠탅,컷랽죋횮쯹틔붫헾뢮폫릫릲랶돫솪쾵웰살훷튪쫇틲캪쯻쏇뗄ퟚ뷌ꆣ횻폐퓚짏뗛믲뻸뛔듦퓚쏦잰,룶죋닅쓜뗃틔좫쏦뷒쪾(벴릫뾪),틲뛸릫릲랶돫뻍뗈춬폚쒳룶쪵쳥(anentity),믲뗈춬폚쒳룶뻟폐떥뛀뚨캻뗄맘쾵(arelationwithasingleidentity)ꆣ틲듋,컷랽죋튲뻍죝틗붫튻룶쪵쳥쇬폲(oneentity-sphere)뗈춬폚릫릲랶돫ꆪꆪꆪ퓚듋랶돫쓚,죋샠듦퓚쫇틔ퟔ훎듦퓚(theautonomousbeings)뗄랽쪽뛸췪좫뷒쪾ꆣ죕놾뗄ퟚ뷌훐늢쎻폐듋샠뻸뛔쪵쳥,틲듋헢킩ퟚ뷌늻믡쳡릩룹뻝틔횧돖튻룶쳘쫢릫릲랶돫뗄룅쓮ꆣꋛ뫍헜색뛔폚릫릲샻틦뗄샭뷢쪹웤뒦폚뫍죕놾램싉훷틥헟횱뷓뛔솢뗄솢뎡짏ꆣ헢킩램싉훷틥헟훷헅,맺볒늻뛔룶죋닺짺췾킲,틲캪ꋙHabermas,StructuralTransformation,.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
188뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭맺볒쫇듺뇭릫릲샻틦탐쫂뗄,늢늻커뛏뗘탐쪹좨솦ꆣꋙ뫍헜색랴뛔쓇훖쪹죕놾헻쳥탔믲죕놾벯쳥헢룶룅쓮쪵훊뮯ꆢ뻟쳥뮯뗄ퟶ램,틔벰쓇훖붫맺볒뇤돉헢룶헻쳥뗄컞컳뒫짹춲뗄웳춼ꆣ쯻볡돖,헢룶헻쳥ꆰ늻믡ퟔ벺뛀솢듦퓚,횻쓜틔뛔룶죋뗄쿞훆믲럱뚨헢훖랽쪽돶쿖ꆱꋚ,벴붫룶죋뮹풭캪튻훖좱쪧뗄탎쪽(죧샻틦쿠맘랽ꆢ뿍뮧ꆢ릫쏱)ꆣ틲듋,헾뢮컞샭평틔릫릲틢볻믲릫릲샻틦뗄쏻틥탻돆뛔웳튵믲짌튵뷸탐맜샭ꆣ웳튵뿉쓜믡쫔춼훷헅ퟔ벺듓짧믡뻸뛔뛀솢돶살ꆣ샽죧,죧맻튻룶릫쮾뗄맜샭닣짹돆룃웳튵뿉틔췪좫ퟔ평뗘컛좾떱뗘쮮풴,쓇쎴맺볒뻍믡뾪쪼룉풤,냤늼횴탐램싉틔럱뚨쯼뗄헢훖뻸뛔뛀솢ꆣ늻맽,헢킩램싉뿉쓜믡쿔쪾돶퇏룱뫍춳튻뗈쳘뗣,뛸뛠훖탎쪽뗄짧믡ꆪꆪꆪ릫릲랶돫쫇쎻폐헢킩쳘뗣뗄ꆣ틲듋,램싉펦룃쫇쯟훮뗄ퟮ뫳냬램ꆣ쿠뛔폚룷훖맘쾵뗄캢쏮닮틬,뗷뷢룼릫욽ꆢ룼쏴룐,틲뛸쫇싗샭짏룼캪뿉좡뗄냬램ꆣ듓샺쪷짏뾴,죕놾죋튻횱뛔쯟훮램싉뷢뻶돥춻뗄ퟶ램뇭쪾뮳틉ꆣ튻킩죕놾싉쪦횻폐떱쯻쏇샫뾪죕놾뗄쪱뫲닅돆ퟔ벺캪싉쪦,떫쫇퓚죕놾릤ퟷ쪱,쯻쏇퓲쪹폃뇰뗄춷쿎ꆣퟜ쳥뾴살,뫍헜색싗샭늻퓞돉헾뢮뛔짌튵쫂컱뗄룉풤뫍볠맜ꆣ쎿훖맘쾵뚼폐ퟔ벺뛀쳘뗄탎쪽벰ퟔ벺뗄샺쪷웚췻ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔듓죕놾룷릤믡뗄탐캪훐뾴떽짌튵탎쪽뗄횤뻝ꆣ뛾햽틔살,룷릤믡폐냕릤뗄좨샻ꆣ춨뎣쟩뿶쿂,릤믡뫍릫쮾맜샭닣믡퓚쮽쿂샯췪돉킽돪랽쏦뗄췗킭ꆣꋛ릤믡뿉쓜믡냕릤튻쳬틔뇭듯쯻쏇뗄늻싺,떫냕릤놾짭횻쫇튻훖탻뒫뗄탐캪,뛸늻쫇튻훖웈쪹췗킭뗄닟싔ꆣꋜ헾뢮뫜짙룉풤듋샠샍ꋙNorihoUrabe,ꆰRuleofLawandDueProcess:AComparativeViewoftheUnitedStatesandJapan,ꆱJapaneseConstitutionalLaw,,Jr.,andKazuyukiTakahashi(Tokyo:UniversityofTokyoPress,1993),-186.ꋚWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋛShunjiKobayashi,ꆰBusinessEthicsandCorporateStrategyinJapan,ꆱBusinessEthics:JapanandtheGlobalEconomy,(Dordrecht,TheNetherlands:KluwerAcademicPublishers,1993),.ꋜBoyeLafayettedeMente,HowtoDoBusinesswiththeJapanese(Lincolnwood,I11.:NTCPublishingGroup,1993),pp,170-171.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥189뻀럗,죧맻헾뢮룉풤릫쮾뫍웤릩믵짌믲뿍뮧뗄맘쾵,쓇쎴헾뢮뿉쓜믡쏦뛔늻ퟰ훘죋샠듦퓚볜릹(thestructureofhumanbeing)뗄횸퓰ꆣ쎿훖맘쾵뚼펵폐ퟔ벺뗄췪헻탔뫍뛀쳘뗄믮뚯ꆣ죋샠듦폐뫍췅쳥퓚헢킩탎쪽쓚늢춨맽헢킩탎쪽뛸듦퓚ꆰ:ꆮ믯냩맘쾵ꆯ횻쫇튻훖뮥뚯맘쾵,춨맽헢훖뮥뚯맘쾵,죋쏇뇋듋횮볤닺짺쏷좷뗄솪쾵ꆣꆱꋙ헾뢮뛔튻훖짌튵탎쪽믲횰튵(죧튩욷)뷸탐룉풤ꆢ춬쪱짹돆쫇캪쇋놣뮤죋샠벯쳥믲죋샠췪헻탔,쓇쎴헢뻍쫇튻훖ퟔ쿠쎬뛜뗄쮵램ꆣ뺡맜퓚샽췢뗄쟩뿶쿂죋쏇뿉틔쯟훮폚헾뢮뗄룉풤,떫뫍헜색늻믡붫웤쫓캪늻싺ퟣ쿖ힴ뗄죋쏇쯹뎣폃뗄냬램ꆣ뺡맜헢훖뻜뻸룉풤뗄ퟶ램폐벸럖뿉좡횮뒦,떫쯼쓜떼훂쒳킩랸ퟯ탐캪뗄훆뛈뮯ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇죕놾뫚냯(Yakuza)뗄컊쳢,죕놾뫚냯퓚죕놾틑뺭뫡탐쇋뫜뛠쓪,늢쟒뮹좡뗃쇋쿠떱뗄돉릦ꆣꋚ퓚1990쓪,뫚냯쫕죫맀볆룟듯틚펢냷,쫇잮ퟮ뛠뗄ꆣ헢킩뗄잮쫇쓇킩쿱놾쳯릫쮾헢퇹뗚뛾벶뇰릫쮾뗄8놶ꆣꋛ헢킩쫕죫늿럖살ퟔ훮죧뛄늩뫍ퟩ횯싴틹뗈럇램믮뚯,늿럖살ퟔ뛔웳튵뗄쟃햩ꆣ뫚냯쫗쿈릺싲웳튵뗄막욱,좻뫳췾킲웆뮵막뚫듳믡,돽럇웳튵쿲쯻쏇횧뢶럑폃ꆣ캪쇋ퟨ횹쯻쏇뗄웆뮵,웳튵럗럗쿲쯻쏇횧뢶듳솿뗄뷰잮,헢킩뷰잮떱좻쫇럇램뗄ꆣ떱헢킩뷰잮횧뢶릫뾪뫳,웳튵뗄쇬떼죋붫믡틽뻌듇횰ꆣ1991쓪5퓂,튰듥횤좯뫍죕맢횤좯뗄ퟜ닃놻웈듇횰,틲캪릫훚뗃횪,헢솽볒횤좯릫쮾뗄뢽쫴릫쮾쿲쒳룶ퟮ듳ퟯ뛱탁뗏볓뗄샏냥돶뷨쇋20틚죕풪ꆣꋜ컞싛죧뫎,헢훖쫕싲뫚냯뗄쪵볹죔퓚볌탸ꆣ릫쮾폫뫚냯횮볤뗄헢훖맘쾵틑뺭퇝뮯돉쇋튻훖뻟폐틾몬맦퓲폫퓰죎뗄탎쪽(kata)ꆣ컞틉,헾뢮늻풸룉풤벰룄뇤맘쾵(kata)뗄튻냣ퟶ램쓜릻냯훺뷢쫍뫚냯뗄룹짮뗙만뗄쇙퓚,틲캪헾뢮뗄늻쟩풸뺫짱폫뫍헜색싗샭췪좫튻훂ꆣꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.ꋚꆰYakuza,ꆱOrganizedCrimeWebsite, StatisticsfromFentonBresler,Interpol(London:Penguin,1992),
190뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뫍헜색싗샭쫇럱쿲웳튵맜샭헟쏇쳡릩튻훖랴뾹뫚냯샕쯷뗄싗샭틀뻝쓘?헽죧컒퓚뗚뛾헂훐쯹횸돶뗄,룃싗샭쏷좷퓊탭짧믡맘쾵춨맽룶죋랴엑뫍짧믡펦뛔랴엑헢튻맽돌뷸탐퇝뇤ꆣ웳튵뺭샭뿉틔뫏샭뗘믘믷뫚냯뗄샕쯷,틲캪뫚냯헽퓚웳춼붫헢캻뺭샭뗄룶죋짺믮쓉죫뫚냯췅쳥뗄웚췻횮훐ꆣ틁떤(JuzoItami)뗄뗧펰ꆶ뫚냯얮쿀ꆷ(MinbonoOnna)퓚쏀맺틔ꆶ죕놾컄퇅샕쯷쫵ꆷ(TheGentleArtofJapaneseExtortion)뗄쏻ퟖ릫펳ꆣ헢늿뗧펰쫇튻룶랴믷뫚냯뗄뫜뫃샽ퟓꆣꋙ퓚펰욬훐,튻좺뫚냯돉풱햼쇬뻆뗪듳쳃횮뫳,킮돖튻늿럖뻆뗪뿍죋횮뫳쿲뻆뗪샕쯷잮닆ꆣ쓪쟡헾뢮첽풱쿲뻆뗪뺭샭뷩짜랴믷뫚냯뗄랽램ꆣ헢캻첽풱뫍뻆뗪뺭샭ퟮ훕쓜릻돉릦믷췋뫚냯돉풱,떫헢훷튪쫇틀뾿룶죋얬솦뛸쪵쿖뗄ꆣ쯻쏇늢쎻폐뗃떽첫뛠뗄헾뢮횧돖ꆣퟜ뷡웰살붲,뫍헜색싗샭쎻폐맦뚨헾뢮뿉틔듺뇭릫릲쪵쪩룉풤,컒쏇뛔웤헢튻좱뗣뷸탐엺움쫇뫏샭뗄ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻컒쏇돏쪵뗄뮰,컒쏇믡돐죏,탭뛠틔좨샻캪믹뒡뗄컷랽헾뢮퓚복짙웤뺳쓚뗄뫚냯믮뚯ꆢ룧싗뇈퇇뚾욷냯틔벰웤쯻랸ퟯퟩ횯뗈랽쏦뮹늻쫇뫜돉릦ꆣ쇭췢,뫍헜색뮹횸돶쇋ꆰ헾뢮쫇릫릲샻틦뗄룹놾믲캩튻듺뇭ꆱ헢훖맛뗣뗄캣쿕,퓚헢튻뗣짏,뫍헜색횵뗃컒쏇폨틔뿏뚨ꆣ뺡맜붫릫릲랶돫뗈춬폚죋쏇랢쿖ퟔ벺탋좤폫샻틦뗄뿕볤(죧맾놴십쮹뫍낢싗쳘쯹볡돖뗄)뗄ퟶ램뻟폐튻뚨틢틥,뺡맜뢳폨헾뢮틔놣뮤헢룶뿕볤횮퓰죎뗄ퟶ램튲뻟폐튻뚨틢틥(죧늩싼뛔릫릲랶돫뗄럖컶),떫뫍헜색뫍뛅췾튲쓜릻뫏샭붫릫릲샻틦뗈춬폚췅쳥돉풱뗄뛠훖늻춬샻틦ꆪꆪꆪ돽럇컒쏇쳽헢킩돉풱룶죋,컒쏇쫇늻쓜횪뗀헢킩샻틦뗄ꆣ쓇킩폐좨솦헟춨뎣쫔춼탻돆ퟔ벺쫇릫릲샻틦뗄듺뇭,뛸춨맽쯼살뿘훆룶죋뗄짺믮ꆣ헾뢮튲탭뿉틔놣뮤좨샻,떫쯼뫜죝틗뻍퓚놣뮤릫릲샻틦뗄뗀슷짏ퟟ뗃첫풶ꆣ훁폚쪲쎴쫇릫릲랶돫믲쪲쎴쫇릫릲샻틦뗄컊쳢쫇폐헹틩뗄ꆣ뫍헜색죏캪,릫릲샻틦쫇뚯첬뗄ꆢ컞쿞뇤뮯뗄ꆢ평췅쳥ꋙJuzoItami,MinbonoOnna,filmstrip(1992);GeorgeAlexander,ꆰYakuzaMayHaveFakedltamiSuicide,ꆱSunTzuNewswire(4January1998),
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥191쓚훚뛠샻틦ퟩ돉뗄맒춼ꆣ쯻뗄헢훖맛뗣뿉틔뛔쓇킩쫔춼붫릫릲샻틦뻟쳥뮯ꆢ쪵훊뮯뗄쮼쿫헟뫍헾뢮맙풱뗄쮼쿫쟷쫆ퟷ폐틦뗄뛴횹ꆣ죽ꆢ컊쳢횮죽:헾뢮뫍웳튵횮볤튲쫇뮥쿠솪뷡뗄떱컒쏇뾼싇뫍헜색쯹랴뛔뗄쒳킩맘폚짌튵뗄컷랽맛뗣쪱,컒쏇믡뛔뫍헜색횮릫릲폫쮽죋뗄쟸럖믱뗃룼짮뗄샭뷢ꆣ훚쯹훜횪,죕놾릤튵폫죕놾헾뢮벰웤믺릹폐ퟅ뫜뷴쏜뗄솪쾵ꆣ죕놾맺볊쎳틗뫍릤튵늿뗄횰쓜쫇훺늢킭뗷릤튵랢햹뫍뺺헹닟싔ꆣ죧맻컒쏇붫헾뢮쫓캪릫릲랶돫믲캰듳릫릲훆뛈뗄ퟩ횯믺릹,쓇쎴헢훖뷴쏜맘쾵뻍쪹죕놾웳튵퓚컷랽죋퇛훐쿔뗃뫃쿱ꆰ릫릲ꆱ뗄쇋ꆣ떫뫍헜색좴늻헢퇹죏캪,헾뢮폫웳튵볤뗄맘쾵쫇춨맽릫뾪탻뒫살돊쿖ퟔ벺뗄ꆢ룟뛈짧믡뗄ꆢ훚뛠힢뚨탎쪽뗄폖튻훖ꆣ뫍헜색랴뛔쓇훖룹뻝헾뢮펰쿬웳튵뗄돌뛈살뻶뚨웳튵릫쮽탔훊뗄ퟶ램ꆣꆰ릫릲ꆱ횻늻맽쫇튻룶뿉틔놻펦폃폚쯹폐짧믡맘쾵뗄횸쪾탔듊폯ꆣ헾뢮폫웳튵횮볤뗄맘쾵믲헾뢮폫릫쏱횮볤뗄맘쾵컞좨돉캪릫릲맘쾵놾짭ꆣ헢튻뗣늿럖짏뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴컒쏇벸뫵헒늻떽돖탸랴뛔믲뮳틉죕놾헾뢮뗄샺쪷,컒쏇튲벸뫵헒늻떽죕놾헾뢮뫍ퟚ뷌볤뗄돥춻ꆣꋙ죕놾웳튵뫍죕놾헾뢮횮볤뗄맘쾵뫍쯹폐웤쯻맘쾵튻퇹,볈쫇릫뗄,튲쫇쮽뗄,춬쪱튲쿔쪾쇋캪릫뾪탻뒫쯹만폐뗄횸쪾탔(theindexicalityinherentinpublicity)ꆣ떱죕놾맺볊쎳틗뫍릤튵늿폫죕놾웳튵쯹훆뚨뗄닟싔뮹뒦폚쏘쏜ힴ첬쪱,쓇쎴쯼쏇뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵뻍쫇쮽뗄맘쾵;떱헢킩닟싔놻릫늼돶살쪱,쓇쎴쯼쏇뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵뻍돊쿖돶살,뇤돉쇋릫뗄맘쾵ꆣ뺡맜컷랽죋럟뾮뗘죏캪,헾뢮펦룃쿲ꆰ쮽폐ꆱ웳튵쳡릩죚뫍닟싔뗈랽쏦뗄횧돖,떫헢훖럟뾮퓚뫍헜색싗샭훐늢쎻폐첫듳뗄틢틥ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭볡뻶랴뛔룹뻝펵폐좨헢룶뇪ힼ살뻶뚨웳튵뗄릫쮽탔훊ꆣ볈좻ꆰ릫릲ꆱ횻쫇튻룶횸쪾탔듊폯,쓇쎴뫍헜색뻍튪쟳컒쏇퓚움맀쒳룶믺릹뗄릫릲탔쪱킡탄얪쟥놻뇈뷏뗄쓚죝믲쪵쳥쫇쪲쎴ꆣ튻룶횻퓚죕놾뾪햹짺ꋙNakamura,ꆰBasicFeatures,ꆱ.
192뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틢쟒웤쫂컱횻퓚죕놾릫뾪뗄웳튵늻죧튻룶퓚좫쟲랶캧쓚뾪햹튵컱뗄죕놾뿧맺릫쮾룼뻟릫릲탔ꆣ뫍헜색뗄릫릲폫쮽죋룅쓮볈쫇쏨쫶탔뗄,튲쫇맦랶탔뗄ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,쯻뛔헢솽룶룅쓮뗄뒦샭샠쯆폚늩싼쯹ퟷ뗄짧믡톧럖컶ꆣ늩싼룹뻝헾훎펰쿬뗄돌뛈,룸릫쮾뢳폨쇋늻춬돌뛈뗄릫릲탔;춬퇹,뫍헜색룹뻝뇈뷏뗄쓚죝폫놳뺰,뻶뚨릫쮾뗄릫릲돌뛈ꆣ좻뛸,튲탭폐죋믡쳡돶랴뛔틢볻,죕놾헾뢮뫍뗘랽웳튵횮볤뗄뷴쏜맘쾵쫇튻훖맦랶탔뗄맘쾵ꆣ샽죧,폐죋믡쮵,헢훖맘쾵쫇늻릫헽뗄,틲캪쯼쪹췢맺웳튵뒦폚튻훖뺺헹쇓쫆횮훐ꆣ췢맺웳튵늻쓜퓚죕놾쫐뎡믱뗃솢ퟣ뗣,틲캪헾뢮훆뚨쇋튻킩횼퓚복짙뷸뿚믲쳡릩뷸뿚닺욷뗄볛룱뗄헾닟,듓뛸쪹웤쿔뗃늻뻟폐컼틽솦ꆣ컒퓚뗚뛾헂샯뻍틑뺭뾪쪼쇋뛔헢훖랴뛔틢볻뗄쳖싛ꆣ쿖퓚볈좻컒틑뺭뛔뫍헜색뗄릫릲랶돫룅쓮뷸탐쇋릴샕,컒뻍쓜룼뫃뗘믘펦헢훖랴뛔틢볻ꆣꆰ듳죕놾폐쿞릫쮾ꆱ(JanpanInc.)헢훖탎쿳뻟폐튻뚨뗄헦샭ꆣ죕놾헾뢮틑뺭폫놾맺웳튵릲춬릤ퟷ,쪹헢킩웳튵잿듳웰살쟒룼뻟뺺헹솦;죕놾헾뢮쎿쓪뚼믡랢쫚톫헂,쿲쓇킩캪룃맺뺭볃랢햹ퟶ돶뷜돶릱쿗뗄웳튵맜샭헟쫚폨킧훒쳬믊뗄죙폾ꆣꋙ헢훖웳튵벰헾뢮뗄탎쪽(kata)쫇헦쪵뗄,떫헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ,헢훖맘쾵틑뺭쳺뚨,늻쓜룄뇤쪹웤룼캪릫헽ꆣ듓뫍헜색뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢훖맘쾵뫍웤쯻쯹폐맘쾵튻퇹,뚼폐웤랢햹샺쪷ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏쮵ꆰ,듳죕놾폐쿞릫쮾ꆱ헢훖쿖쿳쫇쏀맺햼쇬죕놾뗄닺컯ꆣ쏀맺죋맄샸죕놾죋얬솦랢햹튻킩릤튵,죧퓬뒬ꆢ웻뎵ꆢ뗧ퟓꆢ룖쳺뗈뗈ꆣꋚ쏀맺죋ퟮ돵탻돆튪웆뮵햽잰릤튵볒ퟥ(닆랧)쯹펵폐뗄벯췅릫쮾,뷡맻춨맽춬퇹뗄죕놾죋(놾살쏀맺죋탻돆튪냾뛡헢킩죋뗄좨솦),쯻쏇랴떹릮만쇋햽잰뗄ힴ첬:? 죃컒쏇뾼싇쿻돽햽잰훈탲헢룶컊쳢ꆣ퓚뻼뛓쓚뷸탐쇋듳맦쒣뗄쟥돽쏱ퟥ훷틥뿱춽뗄릤ퟷ,쏀맺퓚햽헹훐쯹햽쪤뗄뻍쫇헢ꋙTaka,ꆰBusinessEthics,ꆱ.ꋚPatrickSmith,Japan:AReinterpretation(NewYork:PantheonBooks,1997),.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥193킩죋ꆣ쏀맺ퟜ쮾쇮늿늻탨튪죕놾죋뗄뻼뛓ꆪꆪꆪ늻맜퓵쎴쮵,헢훖쟩뿶튻횱돖탸떽20쫀볍50쓪듺돵웚ꆣퟮ훕놻쟥돽뗄죋풱훐폐80%쫇뻼맺훷틥헟ꆣ좻뛸,웤쯻훮죧헾훎ꆢ뺭볃틔벰쓇킩폐좨솦뗄맙쇅믺릹뗈쇬폲폖죧뫎쓘?퓚헢킩쇬폲뗄쟥돽릤ퟷ훁뛠튲쫇듖싔뗄ꆣ닆랧뗄훘ퟩ뗄볌돐헟쏇쿖퓚죔폫컒쏇퓚튻웰ꆣ릲폐830룶맙풱놻쟥돽,떫헢늻ퟣ좫늿놻즸톡맙풱뗄2%ꆣ싳뿋ꆤ낢즪쪹폃햽잰뗄맙쇅믺릹맜샭헢룶맺볒;헢킩맙풱짵훁쟗ퟔ횴탐쟥돽볆뮮ꆣꋙ컒뗄맛뗣쫇,헾뢮폫웳튵횮볤뗄맘쾵늻쫇튻훖ퟔ좻짺돉횮컯,뛸쫇탭뛠랽쏦쯹ퟷ뻟쳥뻶뚨뗄뷡맻,헢냼삨쏀맺뻼랽뗄뻶뚨ꆣ헢킩톡퓱랴펳쇋탭뛠뺭볃쿖쪵,샽죧,떱놾돶쿖뛌좱릩펦뗄쪱뫲,keiretsu(볒ퟥ)쫇튻훖뻛벯춶놾뗄폐킧랽램ꆣ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄췆틆,웳튵뫍헾뢮좨췾횮볤뗄쿠뮥탅삵튲훰붥볓짮ꆣ쯤좻헢킩탅삵맘쾵쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄,떫쯼쏇늢늻쫇만뚨늻뇤뗄ꆣ떱릩믵짌캴쓜쳡릩뫏뫵훊솿뫍쫽솿튪쟳뗄엤볾쪱,죕놾웳튵쿔쪾폐쓜솦쟒풸틢냚췑헢퇹뗄릩믵짌ꆰ:죃컒쏇틔뗧웷쿻럑욷캪샽(헢쫇ퟝ쿲keiretsu뗄뗤탍샽ퟓ),죧맻쿖폐릩믵짌늻쓜폐킧싺ퟣ튪쟳,쓇쎴ퟩힰ웳튵뫜뿉쓜뻍믡복짙듋샠릩믵짌뗄뚩떥,뛸폫탂뗄엤볾릩믵짌뾪햹탂뗄짺틢ꆣꆱꋚ헽죧웤쯻죋쯹힢틢떽뗄,죕놾뗄뷎뎵짺닺짌뛔볛룱뫜쏴룐,쯻쏇쾣췻쯻쏇뗄닺욷뻟뺺헹솦,틲뛸폐뚯믺톰쟳컒쏇헢킩뻟뺺헹솦뗄럇볒ퟥ엤볾짺닺짌뗄닺욷ꆣꋛ췢쏦죋뿉틔듲웆늢뷸죫솪쾵뷴쏜뗄뫡쿲볒ퟥꆣ듓1981쓪떽1988쓪,튻킩듳볒ퟥ횮볤붻닦돖막뇈샽돖탸쿂붵,평ퟮ돵뗄%붵떽뫳살뗄%ꆣꋜ헢훖붻닦돖막뇈샽퓚헻룶20쫀볍90쓪듺튻횱돖탸쿂붵ꆣ쯤좻헾뢮쟣쿲폚놾췁웳튵,떫쫇튻킩쾣췻폫죕놾릫쮾ꋙJean-PierreLehmann,ꆰAsianPerspectivesonGlobalizationandIntra-RegionalDynamics,ꆱ TsunaoNakamura,ꆰ.-JapanConceptualGaponTradeandMarketOpennessintheAutoandtheAutoPartsTalks,ꆱ
194뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭붨솢뎤웚짌튵맘쾵뗄췧잿췢맺웳튵튲헽퓚좡뗃뷸햹ꆣIBMꆢ잿짺ꆢ싳떱샍ꆢGeneralMills틔벰욻맻뗈릫쮾뚼돶쿖퓚쇋죕놾ꆣꋙ헢훖춻웆헽쫇뫍헜색쯹풤쇏떽뗄ꆣ떱쪱믺뫏쫊뗄쪱뫲,쒳킩릫쮾뺭샭룶죋뿉쓜믡랴엑뫍놳샫볈뚨슷쿟ꆣ쯻쏇헢킩랴엑뺭샭쾣췻ퟔ벺뗄릫쮾탋췺랢듯,틲캪쯻쏇룶죋뗄쏼퓋폫쯻쏇맍훷뗄쏼퓋뷴쏜솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ틲듋ꆰ,컞싛뫎쪱뾪햹뗄탂튵컱뛔웳튵랢햹폐샻쪱,웳튵뻍믡풸틢톰헒탂뗄튵컱뫏ퟷ믯냩ꆣꆱꋚ쯦ퟅ탅쾢벼쫵뗄늻뛏펦폃,짺닺짌틀삵릩믵짌랢햹벼쫵뗄탨튪풽살풽죵ꆣꋛퟮ뷼퇇훞돶쿖뗄캣믺컞틉믡뷸튻늽뾪럅쫐뎡,틲캪웳튵맜샭닣랢쿖톰쟳췢맺춶벰뛠퇹뮯웤춶살풴뚼쫇뺭볃짏폐샻뗄ퟶ램ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇튲펦룃힢틢떽,죕놾룷웳튵뛔폚죕놾헾뢮뛔뺭볃뎷쿺맜훆헢룶컊쳢돖쿠떱늻춬뗄첬뛈,쓇킩쫜죕풪짽횵펰쿬뗄릫쮾쟣쿲폚뎷쿺맜훆벰샍뚯솦맜샭쪵볹랽쏦뗄뇤뮯,뛸쓇킩쫜놣뮤쏢폚쏦뛔맺볊뺺헹뗄웳튵좴쟣쿲폚놣뮤훷틥ꆢ릺싲죕놾놾맺믵뗄헾닟뗈ꆣꋜퟮ뫳컒쏇뮹탨튪횸돶뗄쫇,튻킩럇죕놾웳튵풸틢춨맽ퟩ붨ퟔ벺뗄솪뫏벯췅,폃ꆰ틔믰릥믰,뛔뚾릥뚾ꆱ뗄닟싔펦뛔죕놾뗄솪뫏벯췅ꆣ쿖퓚죋쏇헽퓚쳖싛평쏀맺뫍얷훞짺닺뫍쿺쫛뗧쓔죭펲볾뗄릫쮾쯹ퟩ붨뗄ꆰ탅쾢keiretsuꆱꆢ좫쟲탔믺릹뫍솪쏋ꆣꋝퟜ횮,죕놾늢늻쫇죧쒳킩컷랽죋쯹죏캪뗄쫇튻룶럢뇕뗄웳튵맺볒ꆣ쓇훖ꆰ듳죕놾폐쿞릫쮾ꆱ뗄룅쓮쫇ퟮ뷼닅돶쿖뗄,쯼쫇릫뾪탔횮붻쇷쳘헷(thecommunicationcharacteristicofpublicity)뗄닺컯:? 퓚맽좥튻룶뛠쫀볍샯,쏀맺뛔죕놾뗄첬뛈뻍쿱훓냚튻퇹튡ꋙTaka,ꆰBusinessEthics,ꆱ.ꋚIbid.,.ꋛJapaneseExternalTradeOrganization(JETRO),ꆰKeiretsuSupplierSystemChanging:SuppliersareWinningGreaterIndependence,ꆱ
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥195믎늻뚨ꆣ튻냙쓪틔잰,컒쏇퓸ퟔ컊,풭쪼뛸컞횪뗄죕놾죋쪲쎴쪱뫲닅쓜뇤돉믹뚽춽뫍쏱훷뗄쓘?쯦횮뛸살뗄쫇믆믶,떱쪱죕놾죋놻쫓캪뻟싓뛡탔뗄뻼맺훷틥헟,퓚쇩믪짮뒦쯻쏇짮낮ퟅ뻼떶ꆣ퓚햽헹웚볤,죕놾죋뻍쫇튰쫞ꆪꆪꆪ헢쫇뛅슳쏅(HarryTruman)뗄움뛏ꆣ좻뫳,죕놾죋폖돉쇋ꆰ릤ퟷ뿱ꆱ,듋쪱컒쏇폖퓚닟뮮뒮쒱샭싛(conspiracytheory)ꆣ뫶좻횮볤,죕놾폖럧욽샋뺲쇋ꆣ뫳살컒쏇폖쮵,뚫뺩뗄돉쳯맺볊믺뎡첫킡,틲캪죕놾쿫쿞훆췢맺죋뗄쇷죫벰죕놾죋뗄쇷돶ꆣ죕놾쎻폐퓚20쫀볍90쓪듺뷸죫뺭볃쮥췋,쯼퓚ꆰ쏉뇎ꆱ컒쏇,쫇튻훖뷆뮫뗄뷸릥닟싔,쫇쪵쿖뺭볃훷퓗뗄룼뫃쫖뛎ꆣ헢훖맛뗣쿖퓚틑뺭쎻쇋짹틴,잡잡쫇틲캪죕놾뺭볃틑뺭뷸죫쇋쮥췋,떫떱컒쏇뗄쎳틗컊쳢폐쯹뢴쯕쪱,죕놾뗄뺭볃튲믡퓙듎뢴쯕ꆣꋙ뺡맜컒늻쿫뫶쫓뛔죕놾뺭볃헾닟릫헽탔뗄맘힢,떫릫헽탔튲튪쟳컒쏇엺에뗘뾴듽컒쏇ퟔ벺뛔죕놾뗄죏쪶ꆣ컒쏇뗄틧쏀퇔듇뛔컒쏇ퟔ벺쫇뾶뾮,뛸뛔죕놾쫇쇟?ꆣ믲헟죧뫍헜색뿉쓜믡횸돶뗄,쏀맺뫍죕놾횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇튻훖뚯첬탎쪽(dynamickata)ꆣ헢훖맘쾵늢늻쫇튻돉늻뇤뗄,뛸쫇폀풶뇤뮯뗄,틲캪튻랽ퟜ믡펦뛔쇭튻랽뗄뿘훆믲쟸폲뮯뗄웳춼ꆣ힢틢맘쾵훐뗄뇤뮯폫뇭쫶맘쾵뗄쳘헷헢솽룶랽쏦뻟폐춬퇹뗄싗샭쿔훸탔(ethicallysignificant)ꆣ쯄ꆢ컊쳢횮쯄:럀횹릫릲랶돫췋뮯뗄늻췗듫쪩ퟮ뫳튻룶컊쳢쫇맘폚릫릲랶돫췪헻탔뗄컊쳢ꆣ낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹헢솽캻뗂맺헜톧볒쟥돾틢쪶떽쇋벫좨맺볒뗄뿉엂탔,쯻쏇뮹떣탄붡뾵릫릲짺믮뿉쓜믡즥쪧ꆣ맾놴십쮹죏캪,놾훷틥뇡뗍쇋릫릲랶돫,틲캪쯼붫릫릲샻틦(thepublicinterest)뮹풭캪뷗벶샻틦(theclassinterest);뛸놾훷틥쿂뗄릫쮾뗄ꆰ릫릲맘쾵ꆱ뇈웛욭뫃늻쇋뛠짙,웤ꋙSmith,Reinterpretation,p,16.
196뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭놾틢쫇쪹릫쮾믲뷗벶뗄튻벺횮샻돉캪릫릲뢣,듓뛸볓뻧쇋헢훖뇡뗍ꆣ퓚뛾햽웚볤,죕놾릫쮾뗄쇬떼헟,뮹폐죕놾뗄뎬벶쏱ퟥ훷틥헟쏇,벫솦튪쟳쯻쏇뗄춬냻릫쏱캪쇋죕놾쳬믊틔벰캪쇋쓇훖췆돧웳튵샻틦뎬맽풱릤룶죋샻틦뗄뺭볃쿖ힴ뛸컾짼튻쟐ꆣ쫇럱뫍헜색싗샭퓊탭컒쏇엺움컒쏇짺믮떱훐틑뺭닉좡뗄탎쪽?믲헟,쫇럱죋쏇놻탻룦힢뚨횻쓜뷓쫜쯹폐뗄ꆢ볈릫쟒쮽뗄맘쾵탎쪽?캪쇋쓜믘듰헢룶컊쳢,컒쏇탨튪뛔뫍헜색뗄릫릲랶돫룅쓮ퟷ뷸튻늽쳖싛ꆣ뺡맜죎뫎틔잰쒳죋쯹늻횪뗀ꆢ쿖퓚틑뺭뷒쪾룸쯻뗄쫂컯뚼뿉돆캪ꆰ릫릲ꆱ,떫헢룶탻뒫릫뾪맽돌뿉쓜쫇헦쪵뗄(authentic),튲뿉쓜쫇늻헦쪵뗄(inauthentic)ꆣ뫍헜색죏캪,떱믑퇔틔쫂쪵엻슶뗄탎쪽돶쿖쪱,믲떱횤뻝놻뇠퓬틔횧돖튥퇔쪱,헢훖탻뒫릫뾪맽돌뻍쫇늻헦쪵뗄ꆣ퓚헢킩쟩뿶쿂,탻뒫릫뾪맽돌춨맽붫믑퇔돊쿖캪쫂쪵뗄랽쪽뛸헚쎻쇋웤헦쪵쳘헷ꆣꋙ쓇훖캱ힰ돉짧믡뢣뗄뷗벶샻틦뻍릹돉늻헦쪵뗄탻뒫릫뾪맽돌ꆣ헢훖늻헦쪵탻뒫릫뾪맽돌룸죋샠듦퓚듸살쇋컊쳢,틲캪쯼뚯튡쇋짧믡ꆣ엻슶폫릵춨쫇죋샠쿖쿳ꆣ볈좻죋샠듦퓚ퟅ퇛뗄쫇죋샠맘쾵훐뗄헦샭(볻뗚죽헂),쓇쎴떱쓇킩쿻쾢놨뗀헟뇠퓬쫂쪵믲늻뢺퓰죎쪱,죋샠듦퓚뻍늻쓜틔튻훖뫏뫵웤맘쾵뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ헦쪵뗄탻뒫릫뾪맽돌쓜릻퓊탭컒쏇뫏쫊펦폃컒쏇뗄튻냣에뛏솦,뗖훆쓇훖뿉쓜붫컒쏇뇤돉ꆰ뚯컯쫀뷧ꆱ뗄듳훚킪쮹뗗샯ꆣ뫍헜색싗샭붫믡뛔쓇킩뻍웤닺욷탔쓜죶믑믲붫캣쿕닺욷쮵돉낲좫닺욷뗄웳튵맜샭헟쏇뷸탐엪믷폫잴퓰ꆣ뒫능튥퇔쮵뺺헹뛔쫖쯀췶뗄ퟶ램튲쫇튻훖늻헦쪵뗄탻뒫릫뾪맽돌ꆣ맘폚릫릲랶돫쫇럱쓜릻놻늻헦쪵탻뒫릫뾪맽돌췪좫웆뮵뗄컊쳢,뫍헜색싗샭폫맾놴십쮹뫍낢싗쳘뗄싗샭횮볤듦퓚ퟅ늻춬뗄뾴램ꆣ죋샠샺쪷돤싺쇋헦샭놻뷒쪾뗄쪱뿌,죧맻탻뒫릫뾪맽돌쫇췪좫늻헦쪵뗄,쓇쎴헢킩헦샭뷒쪾뻍늻쓜랢짺ꆣ춨맽탻뒫릫뾪맽돌,튥퇔훕맩쫇ꆰ튥퇔ꆱ,탻뒫훕맩쫇ꆰ탻뒫ꆰꆣ뛔폚쯹폐죋샠쫂컯살쮵,죎뫎럱뚨뗄뎢쫔믲럱죏탻뒫릫뾪맽돌뗄뎢쫔뚼튪쟳컒쏇퓚랴쪡횮뫳뛔럱뚨뷸탐퓙럱뚨ꆣ탻뒫릫뾪맽돌볈ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
뗚컥헂 뫍ﶡ헜색싗샭훐뗄릫릲폫쮽폐룅쓮뛔짌튵쪵볹뗄틢틥197뷒쪾헦샭폖퇚뇎헦샭ꆣ죧맻웳튵퓚웤릫릲맘쾵믮뚯훐죶믑,쯼뫜뿉쓜믡랢쿖ퟔ벺틑뺭돉쇋탂컅엻슶뗄뛔쿳ꆣ웳튵볈쫇탻뒫릫뾪맽돌뗄훷쳥튲쫇쯼뗄뛔쿳,틲듋듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,쯼ퟜ쫇릫릲뗄,쓄엂웳튵맜샭헟헽퓚틔튻훖늻헦쪵뗄랽쪽뷸탐탻뒫폫맣룦ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,탻뒫릫뾪맽돌놾짭뻍쫇럀횹릫릲랶돫퓢떽웆뮵뗄뫏틋쫖뛎ꆣ쓇쎴쫇럱헢훖맛뗣맽폚샖맛쓘?폐킩헦샭탨튪뫜뛠쓪닅쓜뢡쿖돶살,죧퓚쓏럇뫍웤쯻뗘랽뗄맘폚믘뿛뗄헦샭ꆣ쓇킩펵폐샻틦쟒펵폐좨솦뗄죋쪿뎣뎣믡ퟨ횹헦샭뢡쿖돶살ꆣ떱쏀맺헾뢮쿫튪틔캥랴횤좯램뗄ퟯ쏻볬뿘뗂돧횤좯릫쮾(DrexelBurnham)뫍싵뿋뛻ꆤ쏗뛻뿏(MichaelMilken)쪱,뗂돧횤좯랢웰쇋듳맦쒣뗄릫맘믮뚯,뛔싵뿋뛻ꆤ쏗뛻뿏듳쯁퓞퇯,뛔헾뢮듳쯁릥믷ꆣ헾뢮쫜떽쇋뫜듳뗄펰쿬,뾪쪼뮳틉쯼쫇럱쓜릻돉릦볬뿘헢퇹튻룶뻞듳뛸뢻폐뗄웳튵ꆣ쇭췢,떱믑퇔돤돢짧믡쪱,릫쏱쟷쿲폚죏캪쯹폐죋쏇뗄쯹폐퇔싛뚼쫇늻뿉탅삵뗄ꆣ좻뛸,죔죧컒쏇퓚뗚죽헂쯹틢쪶떽뗄,늻탅삵쫇틔탅삵캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄,쎻폐죋쓜릻뛔쯹폐뗄쫂컯뚼늻탅삵ꆣ쇭췢,돽쇋틀삵헦쪵뗄탻뒫릫뾪맽돌뷒슶늻헦쪵뗄믑퇔ꆢ탻뒫ꆢ튥퇔벰웛욭탔맣룦헢훖랽램횮췢,컒쏇쯆뫵튲뇰컞웤쯻톡퓱ꆣ쿲틔좨샻좨캪믹뒡뗄싗샭튲늻믡뷢뻶컊쳢,펵폐좨샻뗄죋쏇쓜릻튲좷쪵죶믑뫍뒫튥ꆣ맺볒뿉틔톡퓱맦뚨쒳킩퇔싛탎쪽캪럇램뗄,죧웛욭탔맣룦믲돰뫞탔폯퇔ꆣ늻맽,쓄킩퇔싛탎쪽쯣쫇듋샠럇램뗄쓘?헢탨튪웤쯻퇔싛탎쪽뛔웤뷸탐쿞뚨ꆣ떱뫍헜색볡돖탻뒫릫뾪맽돌놾짭뗄믹놾ퟔ컒뻀헽쳘탔쪱,쯻쯆뫵뮹쫇뫜폐뗀샭뗄ꆣ뗚쯄뷚 뷡 싛뫍헜색싗샭랴뛔쓇훖듓짌튵횮릫릲쳘탔쓇샯믱좡짌튵싗샭맦랶뗄ퟶ램ꆣ릫릲랶돫늻쫇튻룶뛀솢뗄쇬폲,쯼횻쫇튻룶횸쪾탔듊폯ꆣ쓇킩탻뒫뷒쪾룼맣뗄쫂컯뇈짐캴릵춨붻쇷뗄쫂컯룼뻟릫릲탔ꆣ릫릲폫쮽폐횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇튻훖쿠뛔뗄맘쾵,쯦ퟅ뇈뷏쓚죝뫍릵춨쳵볾뗄늻춬,컒쏇쯹펦폃뗄듊폯튲늻춬ꆣ
198뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뺡맜죧듋,뫍헜색뗄릫릲룅쓮튲폐웤맦랶횮쓚죝ꆣ샽죧,컒쏇뿉틔엺움릫쮾닎폫늻헦쪵뗄탻뒫릫뾪맽돌폫믮뚯ꆣ쇭췢,룃싗샭뿉틔퓊탭웳튵샻틦쿠맘룶죋훷헅ퟔ벺뗄좨샻,뻍죧웳튵폫샻틦쿠맘랽맘쾵훐뗄룷랽쓇퇹;떫쯻쏇쎻폐샭평볡돖,쯻쏇뗄좨샻쫇캩튻훘튪뗄좨샻,믲헟쯻쏇쯹톰쟳뗄샻틦쫇캩튻뗄샻틦,믲헟쯻쏇쯹톰쟳뗄샻틦ퟮ뫏뫵릫릲샻틦ꆣ릫릲샻틦평탭뛠샻틦ퟩ돉,헢쫇틲캪훚뛠뗄죋샠맘쾵쫇뚯첬뗄ꆢ뇋듋솪뷡뗄ꆣ헽쫇헢킩뛠퇹뮯뗄맘쾵닅릹돉쇋릫릲랶돫,늻듦퓚죎뫎맂솢뗄샻틦ꆣ헢훖뚴쪶늻떫쎻폐뚯튡싗샭,랴떹돉쇋뿉뇧뮤웕쫀싗샭뗄볡쪵믹뒡(볻뗚웟헂)ꆣ쿂튻헂붫쳖싛뿗ퟓ뛔릫릲랶돫뗄샭뷢ꆣ횮뫳뗄튻헂붫춨맽뷨본뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색뗄뺫볻뚴쪶릴샕돶뿉뇧뮤웕쫀싗샭뗄볲쏷뿲볜ꆣ
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥훐컄훐쎻폐뇭듯ꆰprivacyꆱ(틾쮽)횮틢틥뗄듊ꆣꋙ헢훖듊폯짏뗄좱쪧쪹튻킩쮼쿫헟뗃돶헢퇹뗄뷡싛,퓚훐맺쎿룶탐캪뫍톡퓱뚼쫇릫릲뗄ꆣ뇏뺹,죧맻헾뢮믲횴헾뗄릲닺떳놻죏캪쫇릫릲샻틦뗄듺뇭,쓇쎴헾훎좨췾폐좨뿘훆쯹폐뗄횰튵ꆢ짌튵ꆢퟚ뷌뫍킭믡ꆣ쫇럱헢킩췆샭뚼쫇폐룹뻝뗄쓘?뿗ퟓ싗샭죧뫎뾴듽릫쮽쟸뇰쓘?쫇럱룶죋뻍쫇튻훖붺쓠,평헾뢮죎틢쯜퓬쓘?쫇럱헾뢮믲헾떳붫ퟔ벺틢횾잿볓폚웳튵뗄ퟶ램뫏뫵싗샭쓘?캪쇋쓜릻뫜뫃뗘믘듰헢킩컊쳢,컒쏇탨튪뛔뿗ퟓ뗄맘폚릫릲랶돫뗄샭뷢ퟶ짮죫퇐뺿ꆣ뗚튻뷚 뿗ퟓ싗샭좱랦뛔릫쮽뗄쟸럖헢훖릫쮽쟸럖뗄좱쪧뿉틔ힷ쯝떽뿗ퟓ,뿗ퟓ쎻폐쟸럖릫릲(믲짧믡랶돫)뫍룶죋(믲쮽죋랶돫)ꆣ쯻횮쯹틔쎻폐쟸럖뛾헟,훷튪쫇틲캪뿗ퟓ쯹돖폐뗄죋샠듦퓚뗄룅쓮ꆣ컷랽죋붫짧믡ꆢ릫릲짺믮뫍쮽죋ꆢ룶죋듦퓚뷸탐뛔솢뛔뇈,뛸뿗ퟓ퓲쎻폐붫뛾헟쫓캪벫탔뛔솢헟ꆣ헽죧컒쏇퓚뗚튻헂샯쯹뾴떽뗄,뿗ퟓ튻훂뗘ퟅ퇛폚랶쪽죋(exemplarypersons)뗄룅쓮,랶쪽죋뗄탐캪믲에뛏ퟮ쓜쪵쿖컒쏇쯹럖쿭뗄짧믡죋탔ꆣꆰ죊ꆱ횻쓜퓚벯쳥쓚닅쓜믱뗃늢햹쪾ꆣ틲듋,릫릲랶돫뗈춬폚죋탔뮯랶돫,쯼늻쫇튻룶뫍쮽죋볒춥랶돫늻춬쟒쿠뛔솢뗄짧믡랶돫ꆣ죧듋뾴살,뺡맜훐컄훐좱짙뇭듯틾쮽횮틢틥뗄듊폯,떫헢늢늻틢캶ꋙ,ChinaWakes:TheStrugglefortheSoulofaRisingPower(NewYork:VintageBooks,1994),.
200뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭ퟅ,뿗ퟓ싗샭쎻폐쳖싛맘폚뫏쫊쪹폃좨솦믲뛔헾뢮좨췾뗄쿞훆뗈랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꆣ뛔폚뿗ퟓ싗샭살쮵,ퟮ훘튪뗄컊쳢늻쫇죧뫎ퟮ뫃뗄뾪뇙뫍놣뮤ꆢ룶죋쓜퓚웤쓚ퟔ랢탐뚯ꆢ쏢쫜헾뢮뿘훆뗄쮽죋랶돫뗄컊쳢ꆣ쿠랴,컒쏇펦룃컊헢퇹뗄컊쳢:쮭쫇랶쪽죋?퓚쪲쎴쳵볾쿂릫쏱닅ퟮ폐뿉쓜돉캪죊죋?퓚뿗ퟓ뗄쫀뷧샯,헾훎폫싗샭쫇늻쓜럖뾪뗄,쯼쏇뚼쫇죋탔뮯(humanizingorder)랶돫뗄늻뿉럖뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ헢룶죋탔뮯랶돫냼삨볒춥짺믮ꆣ뿗ퟓ뿉쓜믡랴뛔훮죧낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗈컷랽쮼쿫볒뗄ퟶ램,쯻쏇퓚릫릲쇬폲뫍쮽죋짺믮횮볤뮮튻쳵퇏룱뗄럖뷧쿟,늢쫓릫릲랶돫룟폚튻쟐ꆣ틲캪컒쏇퓚볒춥샯톧쾰죋탔뮯쾰쯗(humanizingcustoms,샱,샽죧샱쎲틻쪳ꆢ컄쏷붲싛),쯹틔볒춥튲쫇릫릲랶돫뗄튻룶ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ틲뛸,춳훎헟뛔볒춥짺믮훊솿뗄맘힢튲췪좫쫇잡떱뗄ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺튲퓸뛠듎싛벰퓚볒춥쓚엠퇸릫릲뗀뗂뗄탨튪ꆣꋙ릫릲랶돫냼삨쯹폐쪵볊믲뿉쓜뛔죋쪩볓죋탔뮯펰쿬뗄쫂컯ꆣ좻뛸,헽죧컒쏇붫튪뾴떽뗄,헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ,춳훎헟폐좨붫쯻쏇ퟔ벺쯹샭뷢뗄릫릲뢣잿볓폚쯹폐릫쏱ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔컷랽돆횮캪ꆰ릫릲랶돫ꆱ헢튻룅쓮뗄샭뷢믡뛔맘볼뗄싗샭뫍헾훎룅쓮(샽죧램훎뗄룅쓮)틔벰뛔컒쏇죧뫎샭뷢짌튵놳뺰쿂뗄싗샭닺짺짮뫱뗄펰쿬ꆣ놾헂뾪쪼늿럖붫쿪쾸쳖싛뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔릫릲랶돫벰뛔죊짆랶돫(humaneorder)닺짺랽쪽뗄샭뷢ꆣ쿂튻늿럖붫뾼싇짌튵ꆢ헾뢮벰헢룶죊짆랶돫횮볤뗄뢴퓓맘쾵ꆣ컒죏캪,뿗ퟓ뿏뚨믡랴뛔뢥샯뗂싼(MiltonFreidman)뗄룟뛈룶죋훷틥뗄ꆢ룟뛈램싉훷틥뗄짌튵싗샭ꆣ쇭췢쯻튲믡랴뛔죎뫎룟뛈틀삵램싉ꆢ붨솢뫍쪵탐틔좨샻캪믹뒡쟒틢퓚좷놣릫욽폎쾷맣뎡뗄뿲볜뗄짌튵싗샭ꆣ튻랽쏦,뿗ퟓ믡퓞춬샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛뗄맛뗣,짌튵쫇튻훖짧믡믺릹,펦룃캪쇋풱릤ꆢ릩믵짌ꆢ쿻럑헟ꆢ짧쟸돉풱벰막뚫뗄샻틦뛸퓋ퟷ;쇭튻랽쏦,뿗ퟓ믡잿뗷샻틦쿠맘랽뗄퓰죎폫좨샻,튲믡잿뗷맜샭닣뛔샻틦쿠맘랽뗄뷌폽ꋙConfucius,TheAnalects,trans,withintroductionbyDimCheukLau(London:PenguinBooks,1979),1/6.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥201틥컱ꆣ컒뻵뗃,뿗ퟓ싗샭늻믡쟣쿲폚헾뢮믲헾훎떳엉뛔웳튵죕뎣튵컱믮뚯뗄듳솿룉풤ퟶ램,떫쯼믡볡돖짌튵쇬떼펦룃싄탐쯻뛔룼듳벯쳥뗄틥컱ꆣ뗚죽늿럖붫럖컶뿗ퟓ싗샭쯹튪쏦뛔뗄잱퓚캣믺,쳘뇰쫇헢퇹튻훖뿉쓜탔:릫쏱뿉쓜늻믡뒦폚튻훖폐킧뗄캻훃,랴뛔쓇킩ퟔ돆쫇죋탔뮯쇬폲쇬몽죋뗄헾훎뫍웳튵쇬탤ꆣ튻ꆢ죊짆랶돫뗄닺짺램싉싛톧헟죎탁(틴틫XinRen)퓸헹싛쮵,퓚뿗뮯뗄훐맺,춳훎헟죏캪쯻쏇폐좨붫웤펰쿬퇓짬떽볒춥ꆢ볒ퟥꆢ탐믡뫍릤믡ꆣꋙ퓚쯻뗄훷헅훐냼몬폐뫜듳돉럖뗄헦샭ꆣ뿗ퟓ틔벰헻샭웤뷌떼뗄ힷ쯦헟쏇뚼늻돐죏횰튵ꆢ릤믡ꆢ믲볒춥뗄ퟔ훷뗘캻ꆣ퓚낻룱슳-죶뿋톷뒫춳훐,램싉ꆢ튽튩뫍ퟚ뷌럾컱놻쫓캪냫뛀솢뗄쪵볹,횰뎫떼뺫톡뒿헽뗄짆(램싉헽틥ꆢ붡뾵ꆢ뻈뛷)ꆣꋚ헢킩쪵볹듓헢킩짆쯹쳡돶뗄튪쟳훐믱뗃룷ퟔ뗄뇪ힼꆣ헾훎좨췾횮쯹틔퓊탭헢킩횰튵돉풱뻟폐쿠뛔뗄ퟔ훷좨,헽쫇틲캪튲헽쫇퓚듋믹뒡짏,헢킩짆쫴폚뒿헽뗄릫릲뫍쮽죋볛횵ꆣꋛ낻룱슳ꆤ죶뿋톷뗄ퟔ훷횰튵룅쓮폫훐맺죋뛔폚튽튩뗄샭뷢탎돉쇋쿊쏷뗄뛔뇈ꆣ퓚훐맺,튽튩듓살늻쫇쫜맽엠통뗄튽짺뗄횰랶캧,볒춥훐뗄뎤ퟓ놻웚췻쇋뷢튻킩튽튩횪쪶ꆣ틲캪뢸쒸뛷듍ퟓ얮쏇틔짺쏼ꋜ,ퟓ얮쏇랴맽살펦룃쳡룟뢸쒸뗄뢣ꆣ튽훎뢸쒸늻쫇튻훖뛀솢ퟔ훷뗄횰튵탐캪,뛸쫇쏷냗잷뢸쒸뛷쟩뗄랶쪽ퟓ얮쯹ퟶ돶뗄죊짆뻙뚯ꆣ듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈살뾴,뫍웤쯻쯹폐탐캪튻퇹,튽튩쪵볹튲튪ퟱ듓폚춬퇹뗄웕쫀싗샭뇪ힼ,벴쫇럱룃탐캪쪵볹럻뫏죊뗄튪쟳?훐맺튽튩듓튵헟뻟폐쿠뛔뗄ퟔ훷뗘캻,횻튪쯻쏇붫놨듰짺쏼뛷듍ퟷ캪웤톧쾰ꋙXinRen,TraditionoftheLawandLawoftheTradition(Westport,Conn.:GreenwoodPublishingGroup,1997),.ꋚꋛ DarylKoehn,TheGroundofProfessionalEthics(London:Routledge,1994),Passim.ꋜRen,Tradition,.
202뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭튽튩뗄쒿뗄뗄튻늿럖ꆣ떫쫇헦헽뗄춳훎헟죔뫍틔잰튻퇹,놣폐ꆰ좨샻ꆱ뛔튽튩(붨훾ꆢ램싉ꋙ뗈뗈)뷸탐볠맜틔듙뷸튻룶룼캪죊짆뗄랶돫ꆣ폐뗂ퟓ얮뗄탐캪횻쫇헦헽춳훎헟믲쇬탤쯹튪듙뷸뗄룼듳죊짆랶돫뗄튻킡늿럖ꆣ쫇럱헢킩춳훎헟믲쇬탤뿉틔ퟔ평탐쫂늻쫜쿞훆?뺡맜쇬탤뢺퓰엠퇸탎돉튻룶죊짆뗄랶돫,떫쫇쯻쏇컞좨쯁틢뛸캪믲헟뛔쓇킩캥랴쯻쏇쏼쇮뗄죋뛸쪩탐퇏훘뗄돍랣듫쪩ꆣ뿗ퟓ붲뗃럇뎣쟥돾:컄쏷짧믡볈늻쓜춨맽ퟔ럢뗄죋탔뮯헟(humanizer)뗄커뛏쏼쇮뛸붨솢웰살,튲늻쓜춨맽틔돍랣뫍붱샸캪믹뒡뗄램싉쳥쾵뛸붨솢웰살ꆣ튪쿫돉캪헦헽뗄죋,룶죋뻍탨튪ퟷ쓚늿뗄ퟔ싉ꆣ뺡맜죊죋펦룃ퟰ훘램싉ꆰ(뻽ퟓ뮳탌,킡죋뮳믝ꆣꆱꋚ),떫뿗ퟓ뛔램싉늻첫탅죎ꆣ컞틉,램싉뛔폚뿘훆랴엑믲캥램틲쯘살쮵쫇뇘튪뗄ꆣ듓뚨틥살뾴,듋샠죋늻ퟰ훘죋샠ퟰ퇏,싺ퟣ폚쿱튰쫞튻퇹짺믮,떫뷶뷶ퟱ쫘램싉뻸늻믡릹돉랶쪽죋ꆣ죊죋뇘탫얬솦춨맽쿔쪾웤퇔탐횮죋탔캬뛈뗄탐캪랽쪽살붫뒫춳뇤돉ퟔ벺뗄튻늿럖ꆣ쪵쿖죋탔탨튪룶죋뗄얬솦릤ퟷ,믺킵ퟱ쫘램싉늻믡닺짺첫뛠뗄뎹컲ꆣ벴쪹쪹폃램싉,뿗ퟓ싗샭튲믡룼쟣쿲폚튻훖룼캪죋뗀뗄ퟶ램ꆣ좨췾펦룃얬솦쪹랸램헟랴쪡ퟔ벺쯹랸ퟯ뛱,늢틽떼쯻쏇ퟷ헽좷뗄쮼뾼ꆣ돽럇룶죋풸틢틢돐죏쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄ퟯ뛱,늢캪웤탐캪뢺퓰,죋탔뮯맽돌늻쓜뾪쪼ꆣퟔ풸탔뗄ퟔ퓰쓜퓚헢룶뾵뢴맽돌훐냧퇝훘튪뷇즫ꆣꋛퟝ맛훐맺램싉샺쪷,죋쏇벫듳잿뗷쇋캥램랸ퟯ헟뗄ퟔ컒헐릩ꆣ폐쪱,좨췾짵훁뮹췾뇆뿚릩ꆣ뺡맜ퟯ랸놣돖돁쒬뗄좨샻퓚훐맺횱떽1999쓪닅폨틔돐죏ꋜ,떫헢훖좨샻튲럻뫏뿗ퟓ뗄쮼쿫,틲캪룃싗샭횸ꋙCynthiaLosureBaraban,ꆰInspiringGlobalProfessionalism:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforAmericanLawyersinChina,ꆱ73:4,,edu/ilj/v73/no4/.ꋚConfucius,Analects,4/11.ꋛIbid.,5/27.ꋜꆰSuspectstoWinRightofSilence,ꆱSouthChinaMorningPost(22June1999),,.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥203돶,쎻폐죋펦룃놻잿웈뇤돉룼캪죊짆뗄ꆣꋙ뗂탔횻살풴폚쓇톰쟳좫쏦죋탔뗄죋뗄ퟔ평틢횾ꆣ좨췾뿉틔쫔춼쮵럾죋쏇뾴쟥ퟔ벺짺믮훐뗄듭컳,떫좨췾펦룃춬쪱닩뾴쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄좱뗣ꆣ죧맻놻횸뿘뗄캥램헟랴맽살튪쟳좨췾쏇횤쏷ퟔ벺뗄탐캪,쓇쎴좨췾쏇펦룃헽좷뛔듽헢튻뗣ꆣ쒨즱헾훎뫍싗샭횮볤뗄쟸럖쫇캣쿕뗄쫂쟩ꆣ헢훖쟸럖뗄좱쪧쯆뫵틢캶ퟅ,룶죋쎻폐쓚퓚뗄죋샠ퟰ퇏ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭쫇럱쓜릻쳡릩뫏쫊뗄랽램살뛔뢶쓇킩쫓ퟔ벺캪ꆰ헽좷쮼쿫헟ꆱ뛸죏캪ퟔ벺폐좨잿웈죋쏇춬틢웤맛뗣뗄ꆢ맽럖죈탄뗄좨췾쓘?컒붫퓚놾헂뗄뫳쏦늿럖쳖싛헢룶캣쿕벰뾼싇쫇럱뿗ퟓ싗샭펵폐ퟣ릻뗄쯘닄살뷢뻶헢룶컊쳢ꆣ떫쫇퓚컒헢퇹ퟶ횮잰,컒쿫뺡솿퓞춬뗘쇐돶뿗ퟓ뛔폚죋탔뮯랶돫(humanizingorder)뗄맛뗣ꆣ룹뻝헢룶룅쓮,램싉ꆢ탐캪ꆢ춳훎헟벰릫쏱뚼펦룃쪵쿖헢룶춳튻뗄쒿뇪:춨맽룼뛠뗄ퟔ싉쪵쿖죋탔(realizinghumanity)ꆣ벯쳥횮돉풱늻펦룃퓚컾짼뇰죋샻틦쿂뛸톰쟳ퟔ벺뗄샻틦,늻펦룃폀컞횹뺳뗘톰쟳컯훊닆뢻,늻펦룃싺ퟣퟔ벺뗄첰폻믲틜쿫ꆣ죧맻죋쏇캴얬솦돉캪폐뗂탔헟,쓇쎴튲뻍쎻폐헦헽뗄벯쳥,컒쏇훁뛠튲뻍쫇튻좺뻟폐놾쓜돥뚯ꆢ횻뻥엂뇞ퟓ뗄튰쫞ꆣ죧맻헢킩ꆰ죋ꆱ쓜릻냾쿷뇰죋뛸쓜쳓뇜램싉뗄훆닃,쓇쎴쯻쏇튻뚨믡헢퇹ퟶꆣ쯻쏇짵훁뿉쓜붫램싉뇤돉뿖닀훷틥뗄릤뻟ꆣ뿗ퟓ춬틢퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄맛뗣,킰뛱뗄죋뮹늻죧튰쫞,틲캪킰뛱횮죋쯹퓬돉뗄웆뮵뇈튰쫞쯹퓬돉뗄웆뮵튪듳뗃뛠ꆣ퓚죋샠쇩믪뫍룶죋뗄짺믮떱훐뇘탫튪폐훈탲ꆣ죧맻헢퇹뗄훈탲듦퓚뗄뮰,쓇쎴릫릲훈탲튲뻍쯦횮듦퓚ꆰ:(뻽ퟓ)탞벺틔낲냙탕ꆣꆱꋚ늢쟒ꆰ,웤짭헽,늻쇮뛸탐;웤짭늻헽,쯤쇮늻듓ꆣꆱꋛ죃컒쏇힢틢,뿗ퟓ뗄잿뗷훘뗣늻춬폚탭뛠컷랽샭싛헟ꆣ컷랽톧헟룼뛠맘힢캥랸탐캪,ꋙGangjianDuandGangSong,ꆰRelatingHumanRightstoChineseCulture:TheFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalectsandtheFourPrinciplesofaNewTheoryofBenevolence,ꆱHumanRightsandChineseValues,(HongKong:OxfordUniversityPress,1995),.ꋚConfucius,Analects,14/42.ꋛIbid.,13/6.
204뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뛸늻쫇뒴붨컄쏷짧믡벯쳥헢룶컊쳢놾짭ꆣ튲탭헢훖뛔캥랸탐캪뗄맽뛠맘힢쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄,틲캪?죆폚컷랽죋쓔볊뗄쫇룶죋뗄ퟔ평벰룃ퟔ평폫뇰죋ퟔ훷탐뚯좨샻횮볤뗄욽뫢컊쳢ꆣ폫듋탎돉쿊쏷뛔뇈뗄쫇,뿗ퟓ뛔ퟔ컒랢햹횮짆뗄탋좤튪뎬맽뛔캥랸탐캪뗄탋좤ꆣ뛔쯻살쮵,맘폚죋샠뗄훐탄컊쳢쫇:ퟷ캪죋뗄뻟쳥몬틥쫇쪲쎴?쪲쎴퇹뗄짧믡벰헾훎훈탲쓜릻횧돖죋쏇얬솦ힷ쟳좫쏦뗄죋탔?죧맻ퟔ싉쫇쪵쿖컒쏇죋탔뗄풿돗,쓇쎴퓚듳랶캧쓚맄샸ퟔ컒랢햹뻍돉쇋헾훎(ퟚ뷌ꆢ헜톧ꆢ짌튵뗈뗈)컊쳢ꆣ틲듋,헾쳥쯹쏦쇙뗄맘볼컊쳢뻍쫇듯떽뗂탔뇪ힼ,뛸늻쫇램싉쯹뚨틥뗄캥램탐캪ꆣ떫뿗ퟓ뛔폚랸ퟯ뗄첬뛈튲늻쫇폗훉뗄,뫍컷랽헾훎벰싗샭샭싛볒튻퇹,쯻튲죏캪랸ퟯ쫇튻룶컊쳢ꆣ튻랽쏦,컷랽죋붫랸ퟯ샭뷢캪뛔램싉뗄캥랸탐캪;쇭튻랽쏦,뿗ퟓ싗샭붫웤쫓캪튻훖뛔죋탔뗄듲믷ꆢ튻훖뛔횼퓚쪵쿖죋탔뗄훈탲뗄랴엑ꆣ뛔ퟯ랸뗄볠뷻폫랣뿮늻쫇튻훖펦뛔랸ퟯ뗄뫏쫊랽램,컒쏇펦룃뷌폽죋쏇엠퇸뗂탔,헢퇹벯쳥닅믡돤싺탅탄ꆪꆪꆪ엠퇸폐뗂탔헾쳥뗄듫쪩틑뺭놻닉좡ꆣ뛔폚뿗ퟓ살쮵,훐탄싗샭컊쳢쫇ꆰ튻룶죋쫇럱놻뫏쫊뷌쫚쇋뗀벰쯻쫇럱풸틢쟚럜톧쾰?ꆱꋙꆰ뗂탔펦룃놻뷌쫚ꆱ헢뻤뮰쮵웰살죝틗,떫죧맻늻춨맽램싉믲잿웈솦솿헢쳵볍싉펦룃죧뫎쪵쿖쓘?쓇쎴듓ퟔ컒랢햹믡짺돉쪲쎴퇹뗄훈탲쓘?쫇럱뿗ퟓ춷쓔훐폐튻훖컄뮯춳튻쳥뗄룅쓮,튻훖죧뫍헜색얬솦럱뚨뗄춳튻쏱ퟥ틢쪶?믲헟쫇럱쯻뗄룅쓮냼삨늻춬뗄짆ꆢ쾰쯗ꆢ쪵볹뫍맛뗣쓘?뿗ퟓ뾼싇춨맽죽훖랽쪽쪵쿖훈탲:뗚튻ꆢ춨맽탐헾좨췾뫍쏼쇮;뗚뛾ꆢ춨맽웕뇩릲쪶(generalconsensus);뗚죽ꆢ춨맽샱틇뒫춳ꆣ틀삵폚뗚뛾훖랽램(벴웕뇩릲쪶)쪵쿖훈탲늢늻쫇튻훖뿉탐뗄닟싔ꆣ웕춨쏱훚(쏱)쫇뫽춿뗄ꆢ컞횪뗄,쯻쏇듯떽쒿뇪뗄쓜솦틑뺭쪧뗴쇋ꆰ:쏱쿊뻃틓!ꆱꋚꆰ쏱즢뻃틓!ꆱꋛ뿗ퟓ폃살탎죝쏱훚뗄듊폐ꋙHerbertFingarette,Confucius:TheSecularasSacred(NewYork:Harper&Row,1972),.ꋚConfucius,Analects,6/29.ꋛIbid.,19/19.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥205ꆰ낵ꆱ(dark)ꆢꆰ쎤ꆱ(blind)ꆢꆰ믨ꆱ(confused)ꆣꆰ쏱ꆱ헢룶ퟖ뗄ퟮ돵탎쪽뿉쓜틢캶ퟅ튻횻쎻폐춫뿗뗄쾹퇛ꆣꋙ쏱훚탨튪랶쪽죋쪽뗄쇬탤,죊죋뗄ퟷ폃뻍뫃쿱쫇퇛뺦훐뗄춫뿗,죧맻죋쏇쿫튪쪵쿖ퟔ벺뗄잱쓜,쯻쏇뿏뚨탨튪죊죋ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫쏱훚폫쓇킩틔짭ퟷ퓲뗄짏벶(짏)뷸탐뛔뇈ꆰ:짏뫃샱,퓲쏱틗쪹튲ꆣꆱꋚ쏱훚탨튪뷌퇸솼뫃뗄쇬탤,틲캪헢킩쇬탤뗄퇔탐랽쪽쓜릻뷒쪾죋샠듦퓚뗄ퟰ퇏ꆣ떱춳훎헟쫇뫃뗄쪱,떱헻룶뗛맺뚼ퟱ톭ꆰ뗀ꆱ쪱ꆰ,퓲쫼죋늻틩ꆣꆱꋛ춳훎헟뗄뫃폫짆볈펦룃쫇싗샭짏뗄,튲펦룃쫇헾훎짏뗄ꆣ볈좻뿗ퟓ늻쟸럖릫폫쮽,쓇쎴헾훎폫싗샭튲쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗘솪쾵퓚튻웰:? 춳훎헟뗄싗샭췪헻탔풶늻쫇쯻ퟔ벺뗄쮽쫂,죋쏇죏캪쯻뗄싗샭췪헻탔뛔쯻뗄쇬떼뗘캻뻟폐튻훖뚨틥뗄탔훊ꆣ쯻뇘탫틢쪶떽,쯻쮽쿂샯뗄탐캪늻뷶뻟폐쿳헷틢틥,뛸쟒튲뛔쯻뗄쇬떼뗘캻닺짺횱뷓뗄펰쿬ꆣꋜ틲뛸,뾴웰살뫃쿱뿗ퟓ틀삵랶쪽좨췾뗄솦폫쓜솦살탎돉폐뗂탔뗄헾쳥(뗚튻훖랽램),떫컊쳢풶쎻폐죧듋볲떥ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭쫇뢴퓓뗄,쯼뗄탭뛠맛뗣폐쪱쫇뮥쿠쎬뛜뗄ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ틢쪶떽잿듳죊짆쇬탤뗄짽뮪짺믮뗄쓜솦ꆰ(뻽ퟓ횮뗂럧,킡죋횮뗂닝,닝짏횮럧뇘?ꆣꆱꋝ,떫쫇쯻횪뗀캰듳뗄헾훎볒캴뇘ퟜ횴헾ꆣ쯻엺움쇋떱쪱뫍맽좥뗄춳훎헟,맛달떽ꆰ짏쪧웤뗀ꆱꋞ,틲듋,떱헢킩춳훎헟쪧좥ꆰ뗀ꆱ횮뫳,평쮭살쿲쏱훚뷒쪾ꆰ뗀ꆱ쓘?횻튪쏱훚뮹쫇쓇킩뮹쎻폐럖뮯뗄죋좺,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍늻쓜돉캪랶ꋙ,ThinkingThroughConfucius(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1987),-141.ꋚConfucius,Analects,14/41.ꋛIbid.,16/2.ꋜWei-mingTu,CentralityandCommonality:AnEssayonChung-Yung(Honolulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress,1976),-71.ꋝConfucius,Analects,12/19.ꋞIbid.,19/19.
206뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쪽죋:? 쏱훚좺쳥훐뗄룶죋늻쓜릱쿗틢틥뫍볛횵,쓇쎴ퟷ캪좺쳥뗄쏱훚뻍늻쓜뇭듯쯻쏇ퟷ캪ꆭꆭ죋샠듦퓚뗄잱쓜,튲뻍늻뿉쓜돉캪훘튪뗄ꆮ뗀ꆯ뗄살풴ꆣ쯻쏇튲탭쓜릻ힷ쯦ꆮ뗀ꆯ,떫쯻쏇뿏뚨늻쓜놻폃살쪵쿖쯼ꆣꆱꋙ좻뛸,뺡맜듋샠쏱훚뻸늻쫇폐뗂탔뗄,떫좨췾ꆢ죊짆뫍랶쪽뗄쇬탤튲믡뚨웚뗘듓쯻쏇떱훐돶쿖ꆣ듓풭퓲짏붲,죎뫎죋뚼뿉쓜돉캪죊짆횮죋ꆣ쎻폐죋쳬짺뻍펵폐죊,죋탔튲늻쫇쒳룶쳘뚨짧믡뷗닣폫짺뻣살뗄좨샻ꆣ쪵쿖컒쏇뗄뛀쳘죋탔탨튪헢퇹튻훖뚫컷:짮쮼ꆢ뷷짷뛸얬솦뗄릤ퟷꆣ컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼돶짺퓚쏱훚떱훐ꆣ캪쇋쓜릻쪹컒쏇폐뇰폚죋,컒쏇뇘탫웰ꆰ:쏱횮폚죊튲,짵폚쮮믰ꆣꆱꋚ떱춳훎헟늻뫃쪱,쏱훚훐뗄룶죋튲뿉틔웰쇬떼뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ랶쪽죋뿉틔캪죋횸돶랽쿲ꆢ횸틽뗀슷:? 뻽ퟓ폚쟗,퓲쏱탋폚죊ꆣ맊뻉늻틅,퓲쏱늻춵ꆣꋛ죃컒쏇힢틢,퓚짏헟탨튪쏱훚,쏱훚튲탨튪쯻ꆣ뛔폚쓇킩횼퓚붨솢컄쏷헾쳥뗄헦헽춳훎헟살쮵,쏱훚쫇풭닄쇏믲믹뒡,춨맽헢킩쏱훚,헦헽춳훎헟닅쓜붨솢헢룶훈탲ꆣ죊죋늻쓜쟡쫓쏱훚,뛸펦룃듽횮틔춬쟩폫솯쏵,ퟜ튪톰헒믺믡맄샸쯻쏇쳡룟ퟔ벺ꆣ쫂쪵짏,뛔뿗ퟓ살쮵,톰쟳헽틥뻍쫇쿔쪾죊짆ꆣꋜ퓚짏헟뛔쏱훚뗄틀삵뮹폐튻훖랽쪽ꆣ퓚짏헟뗄탐캪펦룃뾼싇웤탐캪쪵쪩뗄놳뺰,냼삨쏱훚쯹볌돐뗄탅퇶뫍샱틇ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄붲뮰ퟜ쫇폫쯻뗄쳽훚뫍떱쪱뗄뮷뺳솪쾵웰살ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄룶죋춨맽퓙헱탋쯻쏇뗄뒫춳뛸쪵쿖쯻쏇뗄좨췾(뗚죽훖랽램),룃헱탋뿉쓜믡쫇뛔뻉쪵볹뗄훘듳룄룯,믲헟쫇뛔뇪ힼ쪵쪩랽쪽뗄훘듳놳샫ꆣ늻맜쫇쓄훖랽쪽,ꋙHallandAmes,Thinking,.ꋚConfucius,Analects,15/35.ꋛIbid.,8/2.ꋜDuandSong,ꆰFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalects,ꆱ.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥207볌돐뗄뒫춳ퟜ쫇웤잰쳡쳵볾ꆣ죧듋돶쿖뗄룄룯뚼쫇퓚틑폐뗄릲쿭뒫춳놳뺰짏햹뾪뗄;캪쇋쓜놻죋샭뷢,룄룯헟뇘탫놣돖ퟣ릻뗄돖탸탔ꆣ춬샭,쏱훚ퟜ튪뛔죋탔뗄룅쓮폐튻뚨뗄죏쪶,늻맜헢훖죏쪶폐뛠늻돉쫬ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄죋춨맽틀삵헢훖늻췪좫늻돉쫬뗄죏쪶뛸쪩볓웤펰쿬ꆣ죃컒쏇퓙믘떽룕닅뗄샽ퟓ:춨맽좨췾죋쪿뛔ퟔ벺쟗웝뗄뫱듽,쏱훚뿉틔쫜떽웴랢,틲캪쯻쏇쟥돾엗웺쟗웝틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,쯹폐뗄죋뚼펵폐튻훖쳬헦뗄솼짆(naivegoodness)ꆣ헽죧뿗ퟓ뗄볲쏷쮵램,죊ퟜ쫇뷼퓚퇛잰ꆣꋙ컞싛뫎쪱룶죋틔죊탐쫂,쯻뻍퓚폐킧춳훎쏱훚ꆣ컒쏇쓜릻춳훎뛸늻탨떣죎죎뫎맙횰,틲캪컒쏇뗄쎿룶랶쪽탐캪뚼쫇릫릲뗄탐캪ꆣ춳훎튲틢캶ퟅ,춨맽뇭듯쏱훚훐뛔짆뗄늻췪좫샭뷢ꆢ캪쇋붨솢죋탔뮯훈탲뛸훘탂헱탋샱틇ꆣ캰듳쿍췵쮴ꆰ릧벺뛸헽쓏쏦뛸틑틓ꆣꆱꋚ죧맻룶죋쓜릻붨솢샱틇뛸웴랢쏱훚틔튻훖폐틢틥뗄랽쪽쪵볹헢킩샱틇,쓇쎴벯쳥뻍믡뇤돉룟뛈컄쏷뗄벯쳥ꆣ벴쪹춳훎헟쫇뮵뗄,떫컄쏷튲뫜뿉쓜돖탸쿂좥:횻튪쏱훚뗄믹놾쾰맟쫇뫃뗄ꆣ죧듋튻살,헦헽ퟔ싉틢틥짏뗄춳훎뻍퓚쯹폐믺릹훐붨솢웰살ꆣ컞싛뫎쪱컒쏇짮쮼뛸뫳탐,컒쏇뻍뿉틔놻죏캪퓚헽좷쇬떼쏱훚:? 믲캽뿗ퟓ풻ꆰ:ퟓ?늻캪헾?ꆱퟓ풻ꆰ:쫩퓆ꆮ:킢뫵캩킢,폑폚탖뗜ꆣꆯ쪩폚폐헾,쫇틠캪헾,?웤캪캪헾?ꆱꋛ뿗ퟓ뛔듋춳훎컊쳢뗄짮쮼쫬싇뗄믘듰쿔쪾쇋쫜맽솼뫃엠통뗄쇬탤뗄쳘헷ꆣ틲뛸,헢룶평싗샭쇬떼뗘캻뛸짺돉뗄죊짆훈탲늻쫇헢퇹튻훖컄뮯:쯹폐뗄죋뚼틔춬퇹뗄늽뗷잰뷸,믲떽뒦틽폃뫬놦쫩ꆣ퓚튻룶컄쏷뗄벯쳥,돉풱쯹듓쫂뗄샱틇펦룃쫇폐틢틥뗄ꆣ쇬떼헟뫍ힷ쯦헟뚼펦룃얬솦뛸뷷짷잰뷸,쪹맽좥뗄훇믛(쾰쯗폫쪵볹훐쯹쳥쿖돶뗄횪쪶)캪쿖퓚쯹폃ꆣ헢훖뛔맽좥뗄헱탋펦룃틔듳뛠쫽쏱훚훐뗄췁짺췁뎤ꆢꋙConfucius,Analects,7/30.ꋚIbid.,15/4.ꋛIbid.,2/21.
208뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뒫능맣랺떫늻돉쫬뗄짆캪믹뒡ꆣ싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪볈쫇웴랢탔뗄,튲쫇룟뛈쿳헷탔뗄ꆣ쏗뛻(MaldenMills)릫쮾뗄ퟜ닃뢥튮쮹첹(AaronFeuerstein)퓚웤볒춥펵폐뗄럄횯뎧듳늿럖놻징뗴횮뫳,뻶뚨훘붨럄횯뎧늢볌탸횧뢶쎿룶릤죋뗄킽쮮,헢퇹쯻뗄탐캪튲뻟폐랶쪽뗄틢캶ꆣ쯻뗄탐캪쿔쪾,쯻뗄릤뎧쫴폚맜샭닣ꆢ릤죋벰떱뗘벯쳥ꆣ쯻뛔ퟔ벺억퇔뗄ퟱ쫘쿔쪾뫍쫷솢쇋튻훖췅뷡뺫짱,뛸헢훖췅뷡뺫짱튲십짏놻쎿룶풱릤쯹쇬믡,틲캪쒳룶죋뚼틑뺭믲뛠믲짙뗘쇋뷢쪲쎴쫇췅뷡ꆣ뢥튮쮹첹뫍쓪쟡톧짺뚼힡쇋믺폶늢ퟶ돶쇋럻뫏믺폶튪쟳뗄탐캪ꆣ쯻쏇뗄탐캪늢늻럻뫏쒳킩틑폐뚨틥뫎캪싗샭잡떱뗄룱퇔믲맦퓲,헢훖뫏틋잡떱탔춨맽쯻쏇뗄탐캪놾짭쿔쪾돶살ꆣ뛾ꆢ죊짆랶돫뫍짌튵쪵볹퓚뫍헜색뗄뿲볜훐,쎻폐쳘뚨뗄싗샭맦랶쫊폃폚짌튵ꆣ짌튵놾짭횻쫇훚뛠탎쪽믲kata뗄튻훖,캪쇋쓜럻뫏싗샭짆뗄쳵볾,쯹폐헢킩탎쪽뚼뇘탫닎폫쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ좴쳡돶쇋솽룶쫊폃폚짌튵뗄맛뗣,헢솽룶풭퓲탔맛뗣살ퟔ폚쯻뛔죊짆랶돫뗄얬솦ꆣ쯤좻헢솽룶맛뗣뇭쏦짏쫇쎬뛜뗄,떫쯼쏇좴뒴퓬쇋튻훖ힿ폐돉킧뗄ꆢ쓜듙뷸죋쏇햹뾪랴쪡뗄헅솦ꆣ뗚튻룶맛뗣믲뗚튻뗣붨틩쫇쿻벫탔뗄:뛔짌죋뗄믮뚯돖뮳틉뗄첬뛈ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫죋럖캪쯄훖:횪쪶럖ퟓꆢ얩쏱ꆢ릤죋ꆢ짌죋ꆣ짌죋뷗닣뗄뗘캻ퟮ뗍,틲캪짌죋쏇뎣뎣쫜떽첰폻뗄쟽쪹ꆣ쯻쏇늻뛏ힷ쟳닆뢻,틲뛸쯻쏇늻쓜쪹ퟔ벺뗄폻췻럻뫏죊짆랶돫뗄튪쟳ꆣ헦헽죊짆헟믡얬솦뷌뮯쏱훚,뛔쏀쪳ꆢ뮪틂믲쳃믊힡컝쎻폐첫듳탋좤ꆣꋙ죊헟낲폚죊ꋚ,?슻튲ퟜ쫇쯻뗄듎뗈뾼싇ꆣꋛ좻뛸,쓇킩ힷ쟳뻞뛮샻죳ꆢ짺믮뫀짝뗄짌죋퓚뷌뮯쳡룟뇰죋랽쏦늻믡뢶돶첫뛠뗄쮼뾼폫뺫솦ꆣꋙConfucius,Analects,4/9.ꋚIbid.,4/2.ꋛIbid.,15/38.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥209뿗ퟓ뛔짌죋뗄뮳틉첬뛈짵훁퇓탸떽쿖듺ꆣ훐맺릲닺떳튻횱틔살럇뎣뷷짷,늻쿫룸폨웳튵볒쏇첫뛠헵잮뗄ퟔ평ꆣ뺡맜쮽죋닆컯쯹폐좨ퟮ뷼틑뺭놻킴죫램싉훐,떫헾뢮뫍탭뛠릫쏱죔뫜떣탄,볩짌믡늻맋릫릲뢣뛸ힷ쟳튻벺쮽샻ꆣꋙ믹폚춬퇹뗄샭평,횪쪶닺좨퓚훐맺튲듦퓚컊쳢ꆣ쯹폐짌뇪뚼펦룃럻뫏짧믡훷틥싗샭뗀뗂뗄뇪ힼꆣꋚ떱듺훐맺죋뫜쓑뷓쫜뢳폨룶죋ꆰ쿫램ꆢ랢쏷룄뷸믲쒳훖틕쫵뇭쿖탎쪽뗄샻좨,듓샭싛짏붲,쯹폐헢킩뚼펦룃쫴폚짧믡헻쳥늢캪웤럾컱ꆣꆱꋛ퓚맽좥,횻폐떱컞쫚좨뢴훆뫍뗁냦짦벰헾뢮닄쇏쪱,좨췾닅믡돶쏦룉풤춣횹헢킩뢴펡뫍뗁냦탐캪ꆣꋜ헢훖뛔뮳틉짌죋뗄붨틩뗃떽쇋뗚뛾룶붨틩뗄욽뫢폫뗖쿻ꆣ뗚뛾룶붨틩뛔짌튵쿠뛔폐샻:뺭볃믮뚯펦룃뗃떽맄샸,틲캪떱죋쏇늻퓙낤뛶쪱,쯻쏇룼뿉쓜닎폫죊짆랶돫뗄붨솢릤ퟷꆣ? ퟓ쫊컀,좽폐웍ꆣퟓ풻ꆰ:쫼틓퓕!ꆱ좽폐풻ꆰ:볈쫼틓,폖뫎볓퇉?ꆱ풻ꆰ:뢻횮ꆣꆱ풻ꆰ:볈뢻틓,폖뫎볓퇉?ꆱ풻ꆰ:뷌횮ꆣꆱꋝ떱벯쳥뻟폐튻룶랱죙뗄뺭볃믹뒡쪱,죊짆랶돫뻍룼죝틗놻붨솢웰살ꆣ좻뛸,뺭볃믹뒡뗄샠탍럇뎣훘튪ꆣ뺭볃뇘탫튪퓬뢣폚쏱훚,틲캪죊짆랶돫살ퟔ폚쏱훚,샭싛짏튲뻍펦룃냼삨쯹폐쏱훚ꆣ틲듋,좨췾죋뫍춳훎헟펦룃쳡뎫쓇킩쓜릻닺짺웕뇩랱죙뗄뺭볃탎쪽ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭뿉쓜믡퓞춬훐맺쒿잰맣랺쇷탐뗄풱릤펵폐막욱헢훖쟷쫆ꆣ1997쓪쪱,47%뗄훐맺풱릤뚼믲뛠믲짙돖폐ퟔ벺릫쮾뗄막욱ꆣ뺡맜헾뢮쫇릫뾪짏쫐릫쮾훐ퟮ듳뗄막뚫,떫럇릫폐웳튵믲뾪랢쟸웳튵뗄풱릤좴뿉틔펵폐릫쮾뗄뫜듳늿럖ꆣ틲캪훐맺뻟폐뫜룟뗄뒢탮듦뿮싊,쯹틔ꋙ,TheOrdinaryandtheExtraordinary(London:KeganPaulInternational,1996),-152.ꋚ,IntellectualPropertyLawinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina(HongKong:LongmanGroup(FarEast)Ltd.,1988),.ꋛIbid.,.ꋜ,ToStealaBookIsanElegantOffense(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1995),-17.ꋝConfucius,Analects,13/9.
210뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭탭뛠죋뚼폐뷰릺싲막욱ꆣ맄샸풱릤돖막쫇튻훖퓚듳훚훐럖엤닆뢻뗄뫜뫃랽쪽ꆣꋙ훐맺춳훎헟쏇뫜퓧뻍틢쪶떽랱죙뺭볃뗄훘튪탔ꆣ좻뛸,춬퇹뗄춳훎헟쏇튲뾴떽,짌죋훂뢻뇈얩쏱룼죝틗,틲뛸뿉쓜뇤뗃맽폚뻟폐펰쿬솦ꆣ캪쇋톰쟳튻훖욽뫢,춳훎헟쏇퓸톰쟳뛔헢뛾헟뚼폨틔맄샸ꆣ벸룶쫀볍틔잰,훐맺헾뢮퓸춨맽뷻횹헾뢮맙풱쫕좡믟슸ꆢ룉풤짌튵붻틗뗈듫쪩냯훺짌죋ꆣ춬쪱,헾뢮춨맽쳡릩믱좡짧믡뗘캻뗄춾뺶뛸냯훺쓇킩늻죧짌죋훂뢻죝틗뗄얩쏱쏇ꆣ얩쏱쏇뿉틔뒩쮿돱ퟸ뷵뎵,뛸짌죋퓲늻쓜헢퇹ퟶꆣ룼뷸튻늽뗘,짌죋뗄몢ퟓ뫍쯯ퟓ뚼늻퓊탭ퟶ맙ꆣ헢룶뷻쇮틢퓚럀횹짌죋믱뗃첫뛠헾뢮펰쿬솦뫍좨솦,늢쟒캪쪹얩쏱뇤돉뷌퇸솼뫃벰짧믡뗘캻쳡짽쳡릩튻룶쟾뗀ꆣꋚ헽죧컒퓚뗚튻뫍뗚쯄헂쯹횸돶뗄,헦헽춳훎헟뻸늻믡췼볇톧쾰ꆢ뗂탔벰쏱훚횮뺭볃랱죙뗈랽쏦뗄탨튪ꆣ죧듋뾴살,뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻랴뛔짌튵ꆣ횻튪짌튵퓊탭싲랽뫍싴랽횮볤뷸탐볛횵붻뮻,횻튪짌튵쳡릩튻룶믱좡뫍햹쪾죊뗄뎡쯹,쓇쎴짌튵뻍쫇짆뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇죃첰폻훷퓗ퟔ벺쪱,믲헟캴쓜타짍뺭볃뢣뫍럾컱뗄훘튪탔쪱,쓇쎴짌튵뻍쫇뛱뗄ꆣ컒쏇탨튪퓚헢솽룶풭퓲횮볤톰쟳튻훖욽뫢ꆣ퓚볇힡헢훖뇘튪욽뫢뗄춬쪱,죃컒쏇뾼싇뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔튻킩컷랽쇷탐짌튵싗샭샭싛뗄뾴램ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫믡랴뛔뢥샯뗂싼(MiltonFriedman)뗄헢퇹튻훖맛뗣:횻튪짌튵죋쪿퓚뫏춬램뗄랶캧쓚톰쟳샻죳ퟮ듳뮯,쓇쎴쯻쏇뗄탐캪뻍쫇싗샭탐캪ꆣꋛ뢥샯뗂싼틀뾿쫐뎡뗄컞ꋙTheNationalCenterforEmployeeOwnership(NCEO),ꆰEmployeeOwnershipAttractsGrowingInterestinChina,ꆱ
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥211탎횮쫖살럖엤닆뢻,뛸뫶쫓쇋욽뗈뗄컊쳢ꆣ죧맻폐킩뷗닣믱뗃쇋듳늿럖뗄뺭볃뢣,쓇쎴릫릲랶돫뻍믡뇤뗃늻컈뚨ꆣ헢퇹,첫뛠뗄좨솦붫믡벯훐폚첫짙뗄죋뗄쫖샯,뢥샯뗂싼듓캴뾼싇헢훖뿉쓜탔ꆣ뢥샯뗂싼췪좫뫶쫓쇋쓇훖뷷짷뗄탨튪ꆣ죧맻풱릤뫍맜샭헟죏캪,횻튪늻캥램뻍쫇싗샭짏탭뿉뗄,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡춣횹랴쪡쯻쏇펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴ꆣ헢퇹뗄샤쒮쫇캣쿕뗄,틲캪퓚탭뛠쟩뿶쿂,퓚솢램헟쳽쮵쒳킩쪵볹컊쳢횮잰,룷웳튵뻍틑뺭틢쪶떽쇋쯼쏇ꆣ쏀맺웳튵뫍훐맺웳튵퓚룷ퟔ헾뢮닉좡뿘훆컛좾듫쪩횮잰뗄벸쪮쓪샯뻍틑뺭틢쪶떽쯼쏇ퟔ벺퓚컛좾뮷뺳ꆣ벴쪹쎻폐럀횹컛좾뗄램싉,폐뗂탔뗄죋쏇튲믡맘힢,쯻쏇뗄짌튵쪵볹헽퓚떼훂듳솿폣샠쯀췶ꆢ짧쟸뗄틻쮮쫜떽컛좾ꆣ뿗ퟓ붫믡훊틉,쓇킩뻟폐췪좫ퟔ평ꆢ쓜릻첰삷탐쫂떫늻뒥랸램싉뗄죋쫇럱쓜릻랢햹폫엠퇸헦헽뗄뛔램싉뗄ퟰ훘ꆣ뢥샯뗂싼뗄ꆰ싗샭ꆱ룼뿉쓜엠퇸돶튻킩캪ퟔ벺샻틦뛸닙뿘램싉횮춽ꆣ쇭췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭뮹믡랴뛔뢥샯뗂싼샭싛훐뗄램싉훷틥맛뗣ꆣ샭평죧쿂:뗚튻ꆢ틲캪솢램헟늢늻ퟜ쫇쓇킩싗샭짏짆뗄죋쏇,쯹틔램싉놾짭튲뿉쓜쫇뛱램ꆣ틲듋,죊죋늻믡믺킵ퟱ쫘쯹폐뗄램싉믲램싉킭뚨ꆣ횻폐킭틩쫇룹뻝헽좷폫죊짆뗄풭퓲훆뚨뗄,쓇쎴쯼뗄쳵뿮닅뿉쓜쫇짆뗄ꆣꋙ뗚뛾ꆢ램싉쫇튻훖벫웤동뛛벰붩뮯뗄릤뻟ꆣ헦헽뗄짌튵쇬탤늻믡쯟훮폚램싉뛸톰쟳횸떼,쯻믡내헕쪵볊쟩뿶뗄튪쟳뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ떱죋쏇틲럾폃쏀맺잿짺릫쮾뗄폐뚾첩억쇖붺쓒뛸짺늡쪱,램싉쎻폐튪쟳릫쮾뚭쫂믡헙믘욿ힰ첩억쇖,떫릫쮾뗄맜샭헟쏇쏼쇮듳맦쒣헙믘욿ힰ첩억쇖,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쯻쏇튲뻍쿔쪾쇋튻훖죊짆뗄쇬떼랽쪽ꆣ쯻쏇퓚놣뮤쿻럑헟낲좫헢튻컊쳢짏랸쇋듭컳,틲캪놣뮤쿻럑헟낲좫쫇튻볾죊낮뫍헽좷뗄쫂쟩ꆣ춨맽붫쏱훚훃폚샻틦횮잰,룃릫쮾뗄탐캪뻍뻟폐랶쪽탐캪뗄틢캶ꆣ죧맻릫쮾뗄퓋ퟷ랽쪽쫇뢥샯뗂싼쪽뗄,쓇쎴쯼뗄믘펦돌뛈뿖엂붫믡뫜폐쿞ꆪꆪꆪ떱릫쮾엌쯣죧뫎퓚램싉랶캧쓚쪡쫂ꆢ쪡잮쪱,쯼뿖엂믡뇜쏢ퟶ죎뫎쫂쟩ꆣ뗚죽ꆢ뢥샯뗂싼퓊탭첰폻ꆢ맄샸맜샭헟쿁낯뗘뾴듽룶죋뗄샻틦ꆣꋙDuandSong,ꆰFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalects,ꆱ.
212뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭룹뻝뢥샯뗂싼뗄쮵램,릫쮾뺭샭횻펦룃ퟅ퇛폚샻틦ퟮ듳뮯,붫뇦뇰뫍떣탄릫쮾탐캪뢱ퟷ폃뗄죎컱쇴룸뇰죋ꆣ듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈살뾴,튻룶럻뫏싗샭뗄뺭볃쳥쾵튪쟳맜샭헟쏇뾼싇쯹폐쏱훚뗄뢣ꆣ폐뗂탔뗄맜샭헟늻믡캪쇋ퟮ듳뮯릫쮾뗄샻죳뛸짺닺쇓훊닺욷ꆢ컛좾뮷뺳믲뫶쫓램싉뺫짱,쯻쏇믡맘힢놾릫쮾뗄뢣,춬쪱얬솦쇋뷢릫쮾탐캪쫇죧뫎펰쿬짧쟸돉풱짺믮뗄ꆣ쯻쏇믡얬솦좷놣웤릫쮾뺭볃믮뚯닺짺맣랺뗄뺭볃샻틦ꆣ쇭췢,쏱훚춨뎣좱짙좨솦믲뷌폽,틲뛸쫇든죵뗄,틲듋쓇킩뻟폐죊뗂뗄맜샭헟쏇믡얬솦춨맽짳닩쯻쏇뗄맜샭뻱퓱뫍탐캪뛔벯쳥훐ퟮ든죵돉풱뗄펰쿬뛸놣뮤헢킩든죵뗄쏱훚ꆣ뢥샯뗂싼랽램맽폚쿁낯ꆣ룹뻝뢥샯뗂싼뗄맛뗣,컞싛뫎쪱맜샭헟쏇뗄톡퓱럻뫏램싉뗄맦뚨,늢쟒쓜릻ퟮ듳뮯릫쮾뗄샻죳,쯻쏇뗄탐캪뻍쫇럻뫏싗샭뗄탐캪ꆣ룹뻝헢훖맛뗣,맜샭헟늻탨폫뇰죋뷸탐짌솿뻍쓜ퟷ떽탐캪럻뫏싗샭ꆣ쿠랴,뿗ퟓ죏캪,캪쇋쓜탐캪ퟶ쫂럻뫏싗샭,컒쏇탨튪뇋듋ꆣ컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼폐튻훖상뛨뫍ퟔ웛뗄쟷쫆,컒쏇뗄엳폑뿉틔춨맽맄샸뫍퓰놸컒쏇뗄랽쪽뛸냯훺컒쏇퓚춨췹쪥짆뗄뗀슷짏잰뷸ꆣ컒쏇탨튪쳽뇰죋,틲캪컒쏇뻸늻횪뗀쪲쎴쪱뫲컒쏇쓜쳽떽튻킩훇믛횮폯믲튻킩쓜쪹컒쏇듓ퟔퟣ훐뺪탑뗄뺯룦횮폯ꆣ뿗ퟓ짵훁풸틢뫍뿱횮죋붲뮰,틲캪쯻쏇쓜붲튻킩뿗ퟓ룐탋좤뗄쫂쟩ꆣꋙ틲듋,믹폚헢킩샭평,뿗ퟓ싗샭붫믡랴뛔뢥샯뗂싼뗄랽램ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭튲믡랴뛔죎뫎붫뫏뫵싗샭뗄짌튵뚨틥캪퓚욽헻폎쾷맣뎡짏쯹햹뾪뗄짌튵뗄ퟶ램ꆣ퓚짌튵쪵볹훐,램훎뗄싗샭뷇즫늢늻쫇짨솢튻킩믹놾맦퓲믲쳡릩튻룶뿉릩짌튵햹뾪뗄ퟮ믹놾좨샻뗄뿲볜ꆣ컷랽죋뛔램훎뗄룶죋훷틥뗄샭뷢볈룟맀쇋램싉뗄싗샭훘튪탔,튲뗍맀쇋쯼ꆣ쯼룟맀쇋램싉,헢쫇틲캪쯼붫뛔램싉뗄ퟰ훘(믲퓚램싉쓚늢춨맽램싉쯹훆뚨뗄짧믡웵풼)쫓캪싗샭볛횵뗄좫늿ꆣ듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈살뾴,램싉훁뛠쫇쪵쿖튻룶룼캪죊짆훈탲뗄튻훖릤뻟ꆣ뿗ퟓ맛뗣튻횱맡뒩훐맺뗄헻룶샺쪷,짵훁튻횱돖탸떽뫳쎫쪱듺ꆣ훐맺맙풱돐죏램싉뗄훘튪탔,떫쯻쏇뗄탐캪뎣뎣쪹컷랽뗄램싉톧헟룐떽틢췢ꆣ샽죧,폐킩ꋙConfucius,Analects,18/5.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥213맙풱뎣뎣뫶쫓냤늼뗄램싉ꆣ쯻쏇춨맽뮷뺳놣뮤램,떫폖뎣뎣늻횴탐,믲틔튻훖햧쯆뛠뇤뗄탎쪽횴탐ꆣ컞틉,헢훖뛔램싉뗄뫶쫓폐쪱살ퟔ폚튻벺쮽샻ꆣ좻뛸,폐쪱헢킩맙풱쏇횻쫇틔튻훖뿗ퟓ쪽랽램뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ헢훖죋훎폅폚램훎뗄맛쓮퓚훐맺폐뛠훖뇭쿖탎쪽ꆣ릲닺떳쫓ퟔ벺캪싗샭뺫펢,틔쿠돆폚뛔듳훚뗄쇬떼ꆣ돽듋횮췢,릲닺떳쯆뫵튲쇩믮뛔듽램싉,틲캪룄룯퓚훐맺헽뷸햹톸쯙ꆣ램싉쿠뛔실뫳폚탂헾닟뗄횴탐,뛸탭뛠퓚뗘랽랢웰쟒늻뫏램뗄룄룯놻횤쏷쿠떱뻟폐돉킧,튻떩헢킩룄룯돉캪볈뚨뗄쫂쪵틔뫳,훐퇫헾뢮뻍믡붫웤쓉죫램싉ꆣꋙ퓚훐맺,쮾램늢늻뛀솢ꆣ쮾램믺릹튪헷쟳떳뗄틢볻뛸뻶뚨쯼쫇럱펦룃뾪춥짳샭쒳룶낸ퟓꆣ램맙뎣뎣쫇횸엉뗄,춨뎣헢킩램맙튲쫇떳풱ꆣ폐킩램맙쎻폐뷓쫜맽헽쪽뗄램싉뷌폽폫엠통ꆣ헢훖좱짙뷌폽뗄ퟶ램늿럖튪맩틲폚뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣ뛔폚뿗ퟓ살쮵,램싉늢늻펵폐ퟔ짭뗄샻틦,틲뛸뛔램싉뗄톧쾰퓚훐맺튲쎻폐첫룟뗄뗘캻ꆣ떱웳튵ꆢ뺭샭믲풱릤놻쯟짏램춥쪱,쯻쏇튲탭뷓쫜평램춥횸뚨뗄뇧뮤싉쪦ꆣ늻맽,헢킩뇧뮤싉쪦튲탭쫜맽램춥뗄엠통,튲탭횻뷓쫜쇋벸쳬뗄엠통ꆣ폐쪱뫲폐킩웳튵횮쯹쫜떽쇋횸뿘,쫇틲캪훐맺맙풱쾣췻즱튻?냙ꆣ죧맻튻룶헾좨볬뿘튻룶췢맺웳튵폐퓫짹컛좾쟩뷚,뛸뛔쓇킩뻟폐룼샷몦퓫짹컛좾쟩뷚뗄맺쓚웳튵쫓좴뛸늻볻,쓇쎴컷랽죋믡죏캪헢훖ퟶ램쫇늻릫욽뗄ꆣ폫듋탎돉쿊쏷뛔뇈뗄쫇,뿗ퟓ싗샭죏캪,룃볬뿘쫇릫욽뗄,틲캪쯼쓜닺짺쏷쿔뗄쿳헷킧맻,쓜냯훺붨솢튻룶룼캪죊짆뗄훈탲ꆣ훐맺맙풱쏇튲잿뗷컛좾컊쳢,늢쟒쿲췢맺릫쮾랢돶뺯룦:컛좾뻸늻뿉뿭죝,벴쪹헢킩잿듳뗄췢맺릫쮾헽퓚룸훐맺듸살뻞뛮뗄춶ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,뛔췢맺릫쮾뗄볬뿘놻죏캪쫇릫욽뗄,틲캪쯼쓜냯훺캪헻룶벯쳥붨솢튻룶붡뾵뗄뮷뺳ꆣ죃컒쏇뾴쇭췢튻룶샽ퟓ:튻킩폫훐맺릫쮾붨솢뫏릫쮾뗄컷랽웳튵뺪웦뗘랢쿖,쯻쏇탨튪뷉쓉튻킩풭살뫏춬쯹쎻폐맦뚨뗄럑폃ꆣꋙDingLuandZhiminTang,StateInterventionandBusinessinChina:TheRoleofPreferentialPolicies(London:EdwardElgarPublishers,1997),.
214뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗘랽맙풱틑뺭쿲컛좾웳튵헷쫕업컛럑,늢쟒틑뺭쏼쇮헢킩웳튵릺싲낺맳뗄컛좾뿘훆짨놸ꆣ뫏릫쮾쯹튪뷉쓉뗄훮죧듋샠뗄럑폃튪룟폚맺쓚릫쮾ꆣ훐맺맙풱죏캪,뛔폚컛좾뗄럀훎컊쳢,쓇킩ퟮ뢻풣뗄컛좾릫쮾펦룃뇈쓇킩룼캪욶쟮뗄컛좾릫쮾튪뛠릱쿗튻킩ꆣ듓컷랽뗄램훎맛뗣살뾴,헢훖ퟶ램쫇횵뗃뮳틉뗄ꆣ쯹폐죋뫍췅쳥뚼펦룃퓚램싉쏦잰욽뗈,쟒퓚솿짏춳튻ꆣ떱헢킩욽뗈뗄죋뫍췅쳥쯹랸뗄ퟯ쫇튻퇹뗄쪱뫲,돍랣튲펦룃쫇튻퇹뗄ꆪꆪꆪ랣뿮쫽쒿쿠춬,ퟸ볠쓪쿞쿠춬,뗈뗈ꆣ퓚뿗ퟓ뿲볜쓚,룶죋탔훊짏늻쫇튻퇹뗄(notthequalitativelythesame)ꆣ뺡맜쯹폐죋샠듦퓚뚼춬퇹뻟폐튻뗣놾탔뗄짆,떫램싉뗄좫늿쒿뗄쫇냯훺쏱훚엠퇸튻훖쪵쿖랶쪽탐캪뗄쓜솦,틲뛸쓜쪹ퟔ벺룶탔뮯ꆣ좨췾룶죋폫웤쯻죋뷘좻늻춬,쯻쏇뗄탐캪뫍퇔폯펦룃폨틔룼뛠뗄ퟰ훘,틲캪퓚뷌뮯죋쏇뗄맽돌훐,쯻쏇뗄퇔탐쯹웰뗄ퟷ폃뎬맽쏱훚컞쮼쿫뗄퇔탐쯹웰뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ틲듋,훐맺좨췾늢늻죏캪퓚램싉쏦잰욽뗈뛔듽쯹폐죋뗄ퟶ램쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ쿠랴,펦룃뛔쓇킩룼캪랱죙웳튵뫍룶죋웚듽룼뛠,틲캪쯼쏇늻틗쫜떽쓇싩쒾죋틢횾횮욶삧뗄펰쿬,틲뛸룼쓜쿔쪾쯼쏇뗄쇬뻼뗘캻,듓뛸쓜춨맽릱쿗듳뛮뷰뛸훺쓇킩쟐쪵쳡룟웕춨듳훚짺믮훊솿뗄뚯틩폫쿮쒿(죧쟥샭훐맺뫓쇷뗄럑폃)ꆣ쿲뫏릫쮾쫕좡룟뛮럑폃뿉틔놻럭듌뗘샭뷢캪좨췾쿲췢맺죋샕쯷펲춨믵뗄웳춼ꆣ쫂쪵짏,뫳쎫쪱웚뗄탭뛠맙풱춨맽돶쫛맺폐닺뫍헷쫕룷훖럑폃늢첰컛뗄랽쪽뛸놩뢻웰살ꆣ튻킩맛달볒횸돶,퓚쪵탐ꆰ짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃ꆱ맽돌훐,훐맺쯹튪쏦뛔뗄튻룶훷튪컊쳢뻍쫇뢯냜컊쳢ꆣ뢯냜좷쪵듦퓚,좻뛸죋쏱뗄헦헽틢풸뫜쓑뇦뇰ꆣ튻훖뛔훐맺짌튵쪵볹뗄뷏믽벫뾴램죏캪,훐맺짌튵쪵볹횲룹폚뿗ퟓ싗샭,뿗ퟓ싗샭폐웤ퟔ벺뗄잿폐솦싟벭ꆣ죧맻헽틥놻듳훂샭뷢캪ꆰ룸쒳죋틔펦뗃횮컯ꆱ,뛸쟒죧맻죋쏇쯹펦뗃뗄쫇튻룶뇤뗃룼캪컄쏷뗄믺믡,쓇쎴쓇훖ꆰ뗃떽풽뛠,놻웚췻풽룟ꆱ(쯼쫇ꆰ룷뺡쯹쓜,내샍럖엤ꆱ헢튻짧믡훷틥풭퓲뗄뇤탎)뗄풭퓲튲뻍늻쫇늻릫욽뗄,죧튻킩컷랽톧헟쯹죏캪뗄쓇퇹ꆣ컷랽죋죏캪,램싉쳥쾵뇘탫뻸뛔욽뗈뗘뛔듽쎿튻룶죋,헢닅쓜돆횮캪릫욽ꆣ헢쫇튻훖뿤듳뗄쮵램,듓뿗ퟓ뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢훖쮵램퓚컾짼죋쏱뇤뗃룼캪죊짆횮쓜솦뗄잰쳡쿂,룟맀쇋램훎(ruleof
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥215law)뫍탎쪽욽뗈(formalequality)ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇펦룃힢틢,췢맺릫쮾튲틲훐맺쿲쒳킩췅쳥쳡릩쳘쫢놣뮤뫍벤샸듫쪩틔뷨솦웴뚯룄룯뗄풸틢뺫짱뛸믱틦럋잳ꆣ췢맺횱뷓춶헟틑뺭믱뗃쇋쮰컱짏뗄복쏢,뛸훐맺튲틑뺭뒴솢쇋쳘쫢뗄뒴튵풰쟸,헢킩풰쟸쿲퓚웤쓚뒴튵뗄릫쮾쳡릩폅믝쳵볾ꆣ얷쏀릫쮾틑뺭췪좫풸틢샻폃헢훖폅믝듽폶,뛸쟒떱헢킩룄룯뗄폅믝쿲쯼쏇쟣킱쪱,쯼쏇튲쎻폐쳡돶ꆰ램싉쏦잰뻸뛔욽뗈ꆱ뗄튪쟳ꆣ쯦ퟅ훐퇫볆뮮뺭볃쿲쫐뎡뺭볃맽뛉뗄뷸튻늽햹뾪,헾뢮틑뺭뾪쪼좡쿻헢킩폅믝듽폶ꆣꋙ춬쪱,컷랽죋뛔램훎뗄쏎잣쏎죆튲싛탔뗘뗍맀쇋램싉뗄솦솿ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭붫램싉쫓캪튻훖뷌폽ꆢ뷌뮯솦솿,뛸늻떥뒿쫇욽뗈ꆢ뻹뗈믺믡믲릫헽돌탲뗄놣횤헟ꆣ뿗ퟓ뛔램싉뗄맛뗣볌탸쯜퓬ퟅ훐맺죋뗄램싉쪵볹ꆣ훐맺램춥춨뎣룼맘힢랸ퟯ탐캪뗄쪵훊컊쳢,뎬맽뛔탎쪽돌탲뗄맘힢ꆣ죧맻튻룶맜샭헟믲풱릤놻랢쿖랸쇋쒳훖듭컳,램춥뗄뷇즫(틔벰쮾램뫍돍훎쾵춳뗄맙풱뗄뷇즫)붫폫짦낸헟릲춬퇐뺿쳡룟쯻/쯽뗄죋욷ꆣ퓚램춥뾪쪼짳에횮잰,룷랽놻웚췻뫍욽뷢뻶컊쳢ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇늻쓜뫍욽뷢뻶컊쳢,쓇쎴램춥붫믡얬솦뗷뷢뻀럗ꆣꋚ퓚쒳킩짌튵헹뛋훐,캪쇋쓜쪹헹뛋뗃떽싺틢뷢뻶,훐맺램춥짵훁폫룷웳튵믡쏦듯뛾죽쪮듎ꆣ퓚훐맺,듳뛠쫽웳튵볤헹뛋(냼삨짦벰췢맺릫쮾뗄헹뛋)뚼춨맽럇헽쪽뗄킭짌믲뗷뷢폨틔뷢뻶ꆣꋛ쳡돶쯟쯏펦룃쫇ퟮ뫳뗄뷢뻶냬램,헢훖맛뗣살ퟔ폚뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆰ:쳽쯏,컡폌죋튲ꆣ뇘튲,쪹컞쯏뫵!ꆱꋜ퓚쯟쯏훐,램춥붫뻶뚨맽듭ꆣ듓싗샭뷌뮯뗄뷇뛈살뾴,헢훖맩뻌뗄ퟶ램뇈쓇훖헹뛋룷랽뻛떽튻웰샭뷢늢돐죏룷ퟔ뗄듭컳뗄냬램튪닮뗃뛠ꆣ죋쏇탨튪솷쾰쓚쪡,쯻쏇뫜죝틗뻍쓜뾴떽뇰죋뗄듭컳뛸ꋙDingLuandZhiminTang,StateInterventionandBusinessinChina:TheRoleofPreferentialPolicies(London:EdwardElgarPublishers,1997),-141.ꋚ,ed.,BasicPrinciplesofCivilLawinChina(Armonk,.:,Inc.,1989),.ꋛIbid.,.ꋜConfucius,Analects,12/13.
216뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뾴늻떽ퟔ벺뗄늻ퟣꆣꋙ퓚ퟶ돶에뻶횮뫳,램춥뮹믡볌탸맄샸짦낸룷랽뷸탐쓚쪡,쯟쯏랽놻맄샸킴ퟔ컒랴쪡믲쿲쇭튻랽뗀잸ꆣꋚ퓚짦벰샻좨쟖몦쫂볾훐,램춥믡쏼쇮쟖몦랽춣횹쟖몦,늢ퟶ돶릫뾪뗀잸ꆣꋛ쓇킩죏헦믚룄(믲폐벣쿳뇭쏷죏헦믚룄)뗄쟖몦헟쫜떽뗄돍랣붫믡쟡폚쓇킩늻쮼믚룄헟뗄돍랣ꆣ돽듋횮췢,램춥뮹믡춨맽헷쟳릫훚틢볻뛸볬퇩쯹ퟶ돶뗄에뻶,릫늼뗄램춥에뻶폐쪱뮹믡냼삨튻킩떱뗘놻튪쟳뛔램춥에뻶ퟶ돶믘펦뗄릫훚뗄뾴램ꆣ믱좡릫훚뛔에뻶뗄횧돖쫇럇뎣맘볼뗄,틲캪램싉에뻶펦룃캪뷌뮯벯쳥쯹폐돉풱헢튻뎤웚쒿뇪럾컱ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭늻뷶믡랴뛔뢥샯뗂싼쓇훖죏캪짌튵탐캪횻튪ퟱ쫘램훆뻍쫇럻뫏싗샭뗄짌튵탐캪뗄맛뗣,뛸쟒쯼뮹믡랴뛔죎뫎붫싗샭컊쳢샭뷢캪뛔믹놾맦퓲쳥쾵뗄ퟱ쫘컊쳢뗄짌튵싗샭맛뗣ꆣ춨맽죋훎붨솢컄쏷벯쳥뗄ퟶ램풶뇈램훎놾짭룼훘튪ꆣ쫂쪵짏,죧맻램싉놾짭쫇늻뫃뗄,죧맻ퟱ쫘램싉횻쫇몦엂돍랣뗄뷡맻,뛸늻쫇캪룼뻟ퟰ퇏뗄죊짆훈탲뛸헦돏얬솦벰닎폫횮뺫짱뗄췢퓚뇭쿖,쓇쎴듋샠ퟱ쫘뻍쫇늻럻뫏싗샭뗄ꆣ쇭췢뮹폐튻훖짌튵싗샭맛튲듯늻떽뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄튪쟳,벴샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛뗄컊쳢뇭쿖퓚솽랽쏦:쫗쿈,샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛튪쟳맜샭헟뾼싇쯹폐훘듳뻶뚨뛔쓇킩뿉쓜놻웳튵톡퓱쯹쪵훊펰쿬룷랽뗄뫳맻폫펰쿬ꆣꋜ퓚훐맺쟩탎훐,샻틦쿠맘룷랽붫냼삨릩믵짌ꆢ쿻럑헟ꆢ춶헟/튵훷(뺭뎣쫇ꆰ죋쏱ꆱ,틲캪탭뛠웳튵뚼쫇맺폐웳튵)ꆢ풱릤벰웤쯻맜샭돉풱ꆣ(훐퇫뫍뗘랽)헾뢮뫍떳뗄맙풱튲쫇샻틦ꋙConfucius,Analects,5/26.ꋚJosephs,LaborLawinChina:ChoiceandResponsibility(Salem,.:ButterworthLegalPublishers,1990),-205.ꋛChinaPatentCases:SelectedDecisionsofthePatentRe-ExaminationBoard(HongKong:AsiaLaw&PracticeLtd.,1992),.ꋜ,ꆰAStakeholderTheoryoftheModemCorporation:KantianCapitalism,ꆱEthicalTheoryandBusiness,(EnglewoodCliffs,.:PrenticeHall,1993),-84.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥217쿠맘랽,헢쫇틲캪램싉맦뚨,쯻쏇듺뇭쇋죋쏱퓚웳튵쯹쪹폃릤뎧ꆢ췁뗘뫍ퟔ좻풴뗈랽쏦뗄샻틦ꆣ뺡맜웳튵탐캪뛔룷랽닺짺뗄펰쿬늻튻퇹,떫헢훖샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛좴뢳폨쇋쯹폐샻틦쿠맘랽욽뗈뗄좨샻,벴뇭듯틢볻뫍뾼싇샻틦뗄좨샻ꆣ룃샭싛틔뾵뗂헜톧캪믹뒡,뾵뗂죏캪쯹폐룶죋뚼횵뗃욽뗈ퟰ훘,틲캪쯻쏇뚼쫇샭탔듦퓚ꆣꋙ뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔샻틦쿠맘랽뗄첬뛈좴폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꆣ룶죋놾짭컞좨뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢볻,쫂쪵짏,퇏룱틢틥짏붲,탭뛠샻틦쿠맘랽룹놾뻍쎻폐룱돆캪룶죋,틲캪쯻쏇뮹쎻폐엠퇸튻훖닺짺룶탔뮯ꆢ랶쪽탐캪뗄쓜솦,쯻쏇횻쫇쏱훚뗄튻늿럖ꆣ틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻붫쯹폐틢볻뫍맛뗣쫓캪뻟폐춬퇹뗄볛횵폫훘솿,쯹틔룃싗샭늢늻튪쟳맜샭헟ퟰ훘쯹폐샻틦쿠맘랽뗄틢볻ꆣ횻폐맜샭헟쏇돤럖퓋폃ퟔ벺뗄뷌폽뫍탞퇸살뇦뇰쓄킩틢볻ퟮ횵뗃힢틢,쯻쏇뗄뻶뚨닅쫇싗샭짏짆뗄뻶뚨ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇뗄뻶뚨쫇헦헽뗄죊짆,쓇쎴쯻쏇뗄톡퓱붫뇘좻믡쪹웳튵뫍룼듳벯쳥쫜틦ꆣ쇬떼헟뗄훇믛쓜릻냯훺쯻쏇샭뷢뫍싄탐ퟔ벺뛔샻틦쿠맘랽뗄틥컱,뛸늻쫇쯻쏇욽뫢쯹폐샻틦쿠맘랽훷헅뗄쓜솦ꆣ틲듋,뫁늻웦맖,훐맺볒ퟥ웳튵(웤훐폐킩볒ퟥ웳튵쫇쫀뷧짏ퟮ돉릦뗄웳튵)뗄펵폐헟볦맜샭헟뻟폐뫜듳돌뛈뗄뿘훆좨솦ꆣꋚ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ싗샭뮹폐쇭췢튻훖뾼싇ꆣ틲캪쯹폐뗄죋뚼폐뿉쓜돉캪폐뗂탔횮죋,뚼뛔헦샭폐튻뚨뗄샭뷢,쯹틔맜샭헟뮹튪ퟐ쾸쳽쎿룶샻틦쿠맘랽붲쪲쎴ꆣ뺡맜샻틦쿠맘랽컞좨뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢볻,떫뫃뗄짌튵쇬탤붫믡뿊췻쿲쯹폐ퟩ돉룷랽톰쟳맘폚ퟮ병탐캪랽쪽뗄헦샭ꆢ튲믡톰쟳듙짺쓇훖붨솢룼캪컄쏷ꆢ룼캪맘낮벯쳥뗄솼뫃틢풸ꆣ죧듋뾴살,쯤좻훐맺뗄헢킩튵훷볦샏냥쏇럇뎣잿듳벰뻟폐뿘훆솦솿,떫ꋙ,ꆰAStakeholderTheoryoftheModemCorporation:KantianCapitalism,ꆱEthicalTheoryandBusiness,(EnglewoodCliffs,.:PrenticeHall,1993),-84.ꋚ,ꆰSocietalTransformationandtheContributionofAuthorityRelationsandCo-operationNormsinOverseasChineseBusiness,ꆱConfucianTraditionsinModernity,-mingTu(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1996),.
218뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쯻쏇튲틔폫릩믵짌ꆢ뫏ퟷ믯냩벰쿻럑헟엠퇸솼뫃맘쾵뛸훸돆ꆣꋙퟮ뫳헢뗣맛달죃컒쏇폖뾪쪼쏦뛔뿗ퟓ싗샭죏캪샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛쯹뻟폐뗄뗚뛾룶컊쳢ꆣ틲캪샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛볙뚨,죧맻펵폐좨샻뗄룶죋캬돖ퟔ벺뗄ퟰ퇏,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍뇘탫쫜떽ퟰ훘ꆣ룃샭싛뢳폨맜샭헟쏇튻훖뾼싇뫍욽뫢풱릤ꆢ막뚫ꆢ릩믵짌뗈횮볤뗄뺺헹탔좨샻뗄틥컱ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻쫇캧죆좨샻뛸붨솢웰살뗄,뿗ퟓ듓쎻폃맽좨샻헢룶듊ꆣ뺡맜컒죏캪룃싗샭뿉틔붫튻킩좨샻헻뫏웰좥(볻뗚튻헂뫍놾헂쿂쏦늿럖),떫쫇컒쏇펦룃쏷냗,좨샻퓚훐맺뗄틢틥늻춬폚좨샻퓚컷랽뗄틢틥ꆣ샽죧,훐맺램싉샭싛헟돐죏튻쾵쇐뗄ꆰ뮷뺳좨샻ꆱ,ퟮ훘튪뗄뮷뺳좨샻쫇헾뢮캪쇋맺볒샻틦쯹펵폐뗄샻폃뫍놣뮤웤뮷뺳뗄좨샻ꆣ돽듋횮췢,맺볒폐좨캪릫쏱쏇쳡릩튻룶낲좫붡뾵뗄뮷뺳ꆣ좨샻펦룃폫퓰죎뷡뫏웰살,뛸릲닺떳쯹탐쪹뗄맺볒좨샻뻟폐쫗튪탔,틲캪릲닺떳탻돆쯼쯹탐쪹뗄쇬떼좨쫇헽틥뗄ꆣ볈좻좨샻횻퓚쓇평죊죋쯹붨솢뗄죊짆훈탲샯닅뻟폐틢틥,쓇쎴맺볒뗄좨샻뎬맽룶죋쯹탻돆뗄죎뫎좨샻ꆣ룶죋좷쪵뻟폐쏱쫂좨샻,떫헢킩쏱쫂좨샻ퟜ튪폫쓇훖캬돖룼듳훈탲뗄탨튪솪뫏웰살뾴듽ꆣ쿂쏦튻뛎틽쫶살ퟔ훐맺맘폚쏱램뗄뇪ힼ싛컄,룃틽쫶뻟폐튻뚨뗄뗤탍틢틥:? 붨솢튻룶쟖좨탐캪쏱쫂퓰죎뗄램훆쳥쾵벰돤럖샻폃쏱램늹뎥돌탲춣횹벰돍훎쟖좨탐캪쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄,틲캪쯼쫇캬돖짧믡훷틥뺭볃훈탲ꆢ놣헏짧믡훷틥쿖듺뮯붨짨ꆢ뷌폽릫쏱엠퇸ퟔ뻵ퟱ쫘램볍뺫짱벰럀횹캥램싒볍탐캪퓙듎랢짺뗄폐킧쫖뛎(뫚쳥잿뗷쫇놾쫩풭ퟷ헟놾죋볓뗄)ꆣꋚ컒쏇튲탭뿉틔붫뿗ퟓ싗샭뫍샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛뷡뫏웰살,뗃돶헢퇹튻훖뷡싛:퓚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐,죋쏇뻟폐ꆰ튻훖죊짆듦퓚뗄좨샻ꆱꆣ횻튪컒쏇쏷냗,헢퇹튻훖듦퓚쫇평뇰죋뗄뷌뮯틔벰컒쏇ퟦ쿈뗄릱쿗쯹릲춬쪵쿖뗄,헢룶뷡싛뻍쫇폐틢틥뗄ꆣ좻뫳,컒쏇뻍뿉틔룸헢룶믹놾좨ꋙRedding,ꆰSocietalTransformations,ꆱ-321.ꋚJones,CivilLaw,.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥219샻뿲볜돤쪵웤쯻튻킩좨샻ꆣ샽죧,볈좻붡뾵뫍짺볆쫇헢룶죊짆듦퓚뗄ퟩ돉늿럖,룶죋뻍뿉틔탻돆쯻폐좨펵폐튻룶붡뾵뗄릤ퟷ뮷뺳벰폐좨릤ퟷꆣ돽듋횮췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭죔믡볡돖붫헢킩좨샻뫍퓰죎뷡뫏웰살,죧맻죋쏇펵폐릤ퟷ뗄좨샻,쓇쎴쯻쏇춬퇹폐쳽듓쏼쇮ꆢ죏헦ퟱ쫘릤ퟷ맦퓲ꆢ뷓쫜샍뚯볍싉ꆢ얬솦톧쾰릤ퟷ벼쓜벰싄탐릤ퟷ틥컱뗈퓰죎ꆣ뮻퇔횮,릤죋쏇폐좨춨맽엺에탔ꆢ랴쪡탔뗄ퟔ싉살쳡룟ퟔ벺,캪릫쮾뗄랱죙닽쪢벰릫쮾춬쫂뗄뢣뛸ퟶ돶ퟔ벺뗄릱쿗ꆣ쇭췢,뿗ퟓ싗샭튲믡돐죏,죋쏇폐튻훖뮥쿠냯훺뗄믽벫틥컱ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽뻟폐믱좡뇰죋냯훺뗄믽벫좨샻,튲뻟폐탐캪늻쫜뇰죋룉풤ꆢ듽폶튪돌탲릫욽ꆢ틢볻뗃떽쳽뫍움맀뗈ퟮ뗍쿻벫좨샻ꆣ돽듋횮췢,죋쏇뮹펦쫜떽놣뮤ꆢ늻쫜쪧횰ퟯ뗄쟖몦ꆣ쟭쮹(WilliamJones)횸돶:? 퓚뻶뚨쟖좨탐캪뗄럇램탔쪱,컒쏇늻뷶튪붫쪱쿂폐킧뗄쿜램뫍쏱램춨퓲ퟷ캪뇪ힼ,컒쏇튲폐뇘튪붫짧믡벰싗샭랽쏦뗄맦랶ퟷ캪믹뒡ꆣ럇램탐캪늻뷶쫇튻훖믽벫뗄캥랸,뛸쟒튲뿉틔쫇튻훖쿻벫뗄쪧횰ꆣ잰헟쫇튻훖램싉쯹뷻횹뗄탐캪,뫳헟쫇튻훖램싉뫍싗샭뗀뗂쯹튪쟳뗄탐캪뗄좱쪧ꆣꋙ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,뛔폚춬튻룶쪵볊컊쳢,뿗ퟓ뗄헢훖ꆰ좨샻폫퓰죎ꆱ샭뷢쯹닺짺뗄싗샭뻶뚨뿉쓜늻춬폚샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛쯹닺짺뗄싗샭뻶뚨ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇헢룶살ퟔ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺뗄샍뚯헹틩낸볾:? 튻룶릤죋놻퓝쪱엉잲냯훺웤춬횾붫릤뎧뗄릤뻟볤냡췹쇭췢튻룶뗘랽ꆣ룃릤죋뻜뻸뷓쫜헢럝퓝쪱엉잲릤ퟷꆣ떱쯻ퟮ훕춬틢뷓쫜헢럝릤ퟷ쪱,쯻쇋닝뗘ퟶ췪쇋룃릤ퟷꆣ뎵볤훷죎헙뾪쇋튻듎볍싉믡틩,룃쏻릤죋놻춣횰늢놻튪쟳킴볬닩ꆣ룃쏻릤죋놻헢룶뻶뚨벤얭쇋,쯻맊틢붫쇙뷼릤뎧맜샭냬릫쫒ퟟ새쓚뗄컥룶뗧뗆뾪맘얪뮵쇋ꆣ릤뎧뎧뎤룹뻝ꆶ릫쮾풱릤붱돍맦뚨ꆷ듇췋쇋헢쏻릤죋ꆣ룃쏻릤죋돐죏쇋ퟔ벺뗄듭컳늢뿒쟳룸폨튻듎믺믡,떫쫇ꋙJones,CivilLaw,.
220뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭릤뎧뎧뎤쎻폐쫕믘듇췋쏼쇮ꆣꋙ샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛믡횧돖헢캻뎧뎤뗄뻶뚨ꆣ맜샭헟뇘탫뫢솿튵훷ꆢ웤쯻릤죋ꆢ쿻럑헟벰헾뢮뗄룷랽샻틦뫍좨샻,ퟮ뫳탎돉튻룶싗샭짏짆뗄뻶뚨ꆣ릤뎧뗄튵훷떱좻늻쾣췻릤죋웆뮵릤뎧뗄짨쪩ꆣ벴쪹틲쯰뮵쯹퓬돉뗄룼뮻돉놾뷏뗍,떫맊틢웆뮵탐캪쟖몦쇋튵훷뗄좨샻ꆣ죧맻릤뎧쓚쎻폐헕쏷짨쪩,웤쯻릤죋ퟶ릤ퟷ쪱뻍폐삧쓑ꆣ믲헟훁짙쮵,룃쏻릤죋뗄탐캪럖즢쇋죋쏇뗄힢틢솦,맜샭헟늻뗃늻뮨럑쪱볤뫍뺫솦살뷢뻶룃쏻릤죋쯹퓬돉뗄웆뮵ꆣ룃쏻릤죋틑뺭틲웤늻떱탐캪뛸쫜떽쇋튻듎뺯룦,뛸쯻뛔놻튪쟳쿲웤쯻릤죋쳡릩뛌쪱냯훺헢퇹튻룶뫏샭튪쟳뗄믘펦좴쫇놩얭ꆣ쯹폐풱릤뚼퓚캬뮤풱릤볆뮮뫍뫏ퟷ뗈랽쏦펵폐ퟔ벺뗄샻틦ꆣ죧맻릤죋늻쓜튻웰릤ퟷ,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡랢쿖뫜쓑쒱뗃짺볆ꆣ쿻럑헟쿫튪솼뫃닺욷,쯻쏇틲듋튲믡퓚럀횹풱릤웆뮵랽쏦펵폐ퟔ벺뗄샻틦ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛믡뢳폨룃쏻릤죋튻훖내헕릫헽돌탲놻듇췋뗄좨샻,떫룃쏻릤죋쎻폐쓇훖볌탸쒳훖릤ퟷ뗄뻸뛔좨샻ꆣ죧맻컒쏇볙뚨(1)맜샭닣뗄웚췻맣캪풱릤쯹횪;(2)떱헢킩웚췻쎻폐듯떽쪱,릤죋뗃떽쇋맜샭닣뗄춨횪,쓇쎴샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛뻍믡횧돖맜샭닣듇췋룃쏻릤죋뗄뻶뚨ꆣ퓚룕닅헢룶낸샽훐,헢솽룶쳵볾쯆뫵뚼뻟놸쇋ꆣ쓇쎴뿗ퟓ죧뫎뾴듽헢룶낸샽쓘?뿗ퟓ싗샭붫믡튪쟳맜샭헟뾼싇죧뫎엠퇸튻룶룼뻟낮탄ꆢ죊짆뗄벯쳥헢룶컊쳢ꆣ맜샭헟펦룃맘힢닆닺좨뫍릫쮾뗄짺닺ꆣ늻맽헢킩맘힢늻펦쪹맜샭헟뫶쫓쯻쏇뷌뮯랴엑릤죋뗄틥컱ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,맜샭헟탨튪ퟷ쓚쪡,컊ퟔ벺튻킩쪵훊뗄컊쳢ꆣ샽죧,쯻쫇럱쿲룃릤죋쳡릩ퟣ릻믚맽뗄믺믡?쯻쫇럱췪좫쇋뷢룃쏻릤죋뗄쓜솦뫍닅훇?떱룃릤죋ퟮ돵뻜뻸냯훺릤뻟볤냡볒쪱,뎵볤훷죎쎻폐십짏듇췋쯻ꆣ볈좻룃뎵볤훷죎ퟮ돵얬솦쮵럾룃릤죋쳡릩냯훺,쓇쎴쯻튻뚨죏캪룃릤죋뮹쫇뿉틔폨틔뻀헽뗄ꆣ룃릤죋ퟮ뫳좷쪵뇭쪾믚맽늢뻍웆뮵뗆뾪맘탐캪뗀잸ꆣ퓚훐맺,듇췋릤죋뎣뎣놻ꋙJosephs,LaborLaw,-199.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥221죏캪쫇맜샭쪧냜뗄튻훖뇪횾ꆰ,틲캪(맜샭헟)쎻폐췪돉쯻ퟷ캪ꆮ듈뢸ꆯ뗄틥컱ꆣꆱꋙ돍랣탔듫쪩펦룃쫇ퟮ뫳쯹튪쯟훮뗄랽램ꆣ룃쏻릤죋뻟폐뗧릤랽쏦뗄벼쓜,튲탭뎧뎤퓸튪쟳룃릤죋탞샭쯻쯹웆뮵뗄뗆뾪맘,믲헟뎧뎤퓸폃웤쯻랽램살맜뷌룃릤죋ꆣ튲탭헢캻뎧뎤폫맺볒쯹쳡릩뗄뗷뷢헟뫍헢캻릤죋킭짌맽ꆣ튲탭쯻쏇죽죋퓸얬솦듯돉튻훖킭틩틔뇜쏢뷸튻늽뗄돥춻ꆣ웆뮵릫쮾닆컯쫇튻룶퇏훘뗄듭컳,떫듇췋튻쏻풱릤퓲쿔뗃룼캪퇏훘ꆣ듇췋풱릤늢늻쓜냯훺쯻믱좡룼뫃뗄릤ퟷ벼쓜,횻쓜쪹쯻뫜뻸췻듓뛸ퟟ짏랸ퟯ뗄뗀슷ꆣ죊죋붫늻믡쟡틗듇췋헢쏻릤죋,뛸믡잧랽냙볆냯훺뫍뷌폽쯻ꆣ뛔헢룶컊쳢뗄싗샭짏짆뗄뷢뻶랽낸늻쫇쓇훖욽뫢룶죋뗄뺺헹탔좨샻뗄ퟶ램,뛸쫇듙뷸붨솢튻룶컄쏷뗄짧믡뫍킳ꆣ컞틉,헢룶ퟅ퇛뗣뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴훐맺샏냥뫜짙듇췋릤풱헢훖쿖쿳ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭ퟜ믡붫웤뛔붨솢죊짆훈탲뗄맘힢듸죫욽뫢ꆢ움맀룷랽훷헅뗄맽돌훐ꆣ쿠랴,샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛ퟜ쫇뾪럅뗄,쯼늻뾼싇짮쮼쫬싇헢튻컊쳢ꆣ틲캪샻틦쿠맘랽샭싛잿뗷뛔쎿룶죋뗄ퟰ훘벰쳽쎿룶죋뗄틢볻헢훖탨튪,쯹틔쯼붫뾪럅탔ퟷ캪싗샭짏뿉뷓쫜뗄ꆣ헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,뿗ퟓ싗샭늢늻돐죏쓇훖욽뗈뛔듽쎿룶죋뗄틢볻ꆢ쟒쎿룶죋뗄틢볻횵뗃춬뗈ퟰ훘뗄틥컱ꆣ죧맻쿫튪쟳죊헟닉좡헢퇹튻훖맛뗣,쓇쎴뻍믡떼훂쯻쏇랴뛔ퟔ벺뗄쇬떼뫍뫏틋쯜퓬죋쏇맛쓮뗄퓰죎ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ풸틢폫뿱헟첸뮰,떫늢늻쫇틲캪헢킩뿱헟펵폐튻훖ꆰ놻쳽뗄좨샻ꆱ,뛸쫇틲캪쯻쏇쯹붲뗄튻킩쓚죝뛔뿗ퟓ뻟폐튻뚨뗄틢틥ꆣ죽ꆢ뛔뿗ퟓ짌튵싗샭뗄뿉쓜랴뛔틢볻컞틉,틔짏뛔뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄뷢쫍믡쪹쒳킩뛁헟룐떽늻낲ꆣ죧맻쏱훚횻폐뗃떽뺫펢뗄틽쇬닅쓜랢햹,쓇쎴쪲쎴뿉틔좷놣뺫펢쓜릻폐튻ꋙSirinimalWithane,ꆰConfucianInfluenceinHumanResourceManagementintheFarEast,ꆱManagementDecision,29:6(1991),.
222뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훖헦헽죊짆뗄탐캪쓘?죧맻룶죋퓚쳴햽좨솦샄폃믲웤쯻탎쪽뗄컞솼춳훎믲맜샭쪱쎻폐뿉틔쯟훮뗄늻뿉냾뛡좨샻,쓇쎴쯻쏇폖죧뫎쾣췻ퟔ벺뗄쳴햽믱뗃돉릦쓘?죧맻횻폐떱죋쏇뷓쫜뷌뮯ퟔ벺헢튻틥컱ꆢ벰캪쇋훘탂헱탋뒫춳뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂쪱,죊짆훈탲닅뿉쓜붨솢웰살,쓇쎴죋쏇쫇럱뻍돉쇋뒫춳뗄얫솥쓘?폐킩킰뛱뿉쓜뻍쫇쳥훆탔뗄킰뛱ꆣ떱룃싗샭쫇쓇퇹뷴쏜뗘폫쿖ힴ솪쾵퓚튻웰쪱,뛔쿖ힴퟷ쳥훆탔엺에폖퓵쎴뿉쓜쓘?횻폐컈뚨,웳튵닅쓜돉릦랱죙ꆣ쓇뇘뚨뛠뇤ꆢ늻뿉풤닢뗄죋훎쳥훆훐쫇럱뿉쓜붨솢튻룶폐짺믺뗄뺭볃훈탲쓘?1.랴뛔틢볻횮튻:뿗ퟓ싗샭뢳폨뺫펢첫뛠좨솦뺡맜뿗ퟓ싗샭횸췻캪쫽늻뛠뗄랶쪽쇬탤틽쇬벯쳥뗄랢햹,떫룃싗샭쳡릩쇋컥룶늻퓊탭쒳킩췅쳥ퟔ?캪싗샭뺫펢뗄샭평:? 뗚튻,춨맽뚨틥,헢킩ퟔ돆쇋뷢헦뗀뗄췅쳥쪧좥쇋뗀ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭볡뻶뗘랴뛔틢쪶탎첬쪽뗄ퟶ램ꆣ헽좷뗄샱틇쫇평컊컊쳢ퟩ돉,죧맻컒쏇늻돖탸뗘컊컒쏇ퟔ벺ꆰ:컒쏇펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴?컒쏇뗄탐캪쫇헽좷뗄쎴?뇰죋퓵쎴쮵?ꆱ쓇쎴컒쏇뻍쎻폐믺믡돉캪죊헟ꆣ뗚뛾,룃싗샭훊틉죎뫎엳떳(늻맜쫇헾훎뗄뮹쫇쮽죋뗄),틲캪엳떳ힷ쟳ퟔ벺뗄샻틦,쟒춨뎣쫇퓚컾짼릫릲샻틦뗄잰쳡쿂뷸탐뗄ꆣꋙ룃싗샭늢늻볙뚨퓚싗샭탐캪뫍붫뺭볃좨솦벯훐폚쒳룶엳떳헢훖ퟶ램횮볤폐뇘좻솪쾵ꆣ죕놾ꆢ첨췥뫍쿣룛뚼듓탭뛠랽쏦쫇ꆰ뿗뮯ꆱ(죥볒)짧믡,쯼쏇뗄뺭볃튲쿠뛔ퟔ평ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔헢퇹죏캪,헢킩맺볒뫍뗘쟸횮쯹틔쓜릻닉좡헢훖뺭볃ퟔ평헾닟,헽쫇틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄ퟔ싉맛뗣쳡릩쇋튻훖ퟔ훆뗄듫쪩ꆣ뗚죽,쎻폐죎뫎췅쳥폐좨붫ퟔ벺탻뒫캪뗂탔뗄쒣랶ꆣ헦헽뗄쇬탤뚼쫇잫탩뷷짷뗄,쯻쏇늻믡엺움ퟔ벺짭뇟죋뗄탐캪,믲늻횸퓰쯻쏇좱짙싗샭뗀뗂ꆣ쯻쏇뷸탐쓚쪡,뻶뚨햹뾪ퟮ룟돌뛈뗄ꋙDuandSong,ꆰFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalects,ꆱ.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥223ퟔ컒짳쫓ꆰ:늻뮼죋횮늻틑횪,뮼늻횪죋튲ꆣꆱꋙ뗚쯄,뫏뫵싗샭뗄쇬탤춨뎣돏뿒뗘뷓쫜틥컱늢룟탋뗘춬틢뛔웤춬냻릫쏱뢺퓰죎ꆣ쯻쏇뮶펭엺움늢쪱쪱뒦뒦ힷ쟳헦샭ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼뻟폐쒳훖돌뛈뗄뗂탔ꋚ,뚼믡붲튻킩횵뗃죋쏇좥쳽뗄쓚죝ꆣ룃싗샭튪쟳컒쏇듓싛뗣놾짭돶랢뛸뛔싛뗣뷸탐움맀,뛸늻펦춨맽죋짭릥믷뛸뛔싛뗣뷸탐엺늵ꆣ헾훎웈몦믲ퟔ컒뇪냱횮싗샭뺫펢럱뚨헻룶뷗벶죋쏇(샽죧,닺뷗벶믲횪쪶럖ퟓ)뗄얬솦뚼쫇싗샭짏늻쓜뷓쫜뗄ꆣ뗚컥,뺡맜뿗ퟓ싗샭잿뗷틥컱폫퓰죎,죧쇬떼헟뢺퓰뫍ퟔ컒엺움뗄퓰죎ꆢ뮶펭엺움뗄퓰죎벰듓싛뗣놾짭돶랢뛔싛뗣뷸탐움맀뗄퓰죎,떫룃싗샭늢늻랴뛔쓇훖죏캪룶죋뻟폐늻뿉냾뛡좨샻뗄맛뗣ꆣ헽죧탭뛠움싛헟쯹횸돶뗄,ꆶ싛폯ꆷ뻟폐탭뛠쳵쿟쯷,폐킩쿟쯷쿠떱ퟔ좻뗘횸쿲쇋죋좨뗄컊쳢ꆣꋛ떱춳훎헟,늻맜쫇헾훎춳훎헟믲쫇웳튵춳훎헟,캴쓜내싗샭탐쫂쪱,뿗ퟓ싗샭퓊탭죋쏇쪹폃럇놩솦뛔웤뷸탐뗖뾹ꆰ:죧맻춳훎헟늻짆,뛸쎻폐죋랴뾹쯻쏇,듳풼맺볒쏰췶횮죕뻍횸죕뿉듽쇋ꆣꆱꋜ틲듋,컒쏇뿉맩쓉돶튻훖퓚죎뫎쇬폲랴뛔놩뻽뫍톹웈뗄헾훎좨샻ꆣ룃싗샭튲횧돖튻훖퇔싛ퟔ평뗄좨샻,틲캪퇔싛쫇탅삵뗄잰쳡ꆰ:죧맻쓣늻횪뗀튻룶죋뗄퇔싛,쓣뻍늻쓜탅죎쯻ꆣꆱꋝ죧듋뾴살,뿗ퟓ싗샭캪랴뛔죎뫎탎쪽뗄톹웈쳡릩쇋ퟣ릻뗄쯘닄,뛸쟒쯼튲뿉틔뺭맽랢햹뫍삩돤뛸붫죋좨뗄룅쓮헻뫏뷸좥ꆣ쫇럱캪쪹룃싗샭룼뻟뿉뇧뮤탔뛸폐뇘튪붫웤폫죋좨룅쓮뷡뫏웰살쓘?헢룶컊쳢뷏쓑믘듰,틲캪붫죋좨틽죫헾훎늢늻쫇췲쓜튩ꆣ릫쏱믲풱릤퓚횽짏펵폐뛠짙좨샻늢늻훘튪,헾훎뫍램싉톧볒죧뫎죏헦ퟐ쾸뗘뚨틥뫍ꋙConfucius,Analects,1/16.ꋚIbid.,19/22.ꋛ,HumanRightsandChineseValues(HongKong:OxfordUniversityPress,1995),Passim.ꋜConfuciusquotedinDuandSong,ꆰFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalects,ꆱ.ꋝIbid.,.
224뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭횤쏷헢킩좨샻튲늻훘튪ꆣ돽럇죋쏇폐ퟰ훘램싉ꆢ훘쫓쮾램뛀솢벰몴컀ퟔ벺좨샻뗄뒫춳,헢킩좨샻쫇쎻폐죎뫎볛횵뗄ꆣ벯쳥튲탨튪폐튻훖램싉튻훂탔뗄뒫춳ꆣ훐맺뻟폐탭뛠램싉,떫죋쏱늢쎻폐튻훖ퟔ좻쟷쫆훘쫓헢킩램싉,틲캪헢킩램싉뇤뮻뺭뎣뛸쎻폐뿉풤닢탔ꆣ샽죧,튻믡뛹맄샸듳볒춥틔퓶볓샍뚯솦,튻믡뛹폖쪩탐퇏룱뗄볒춥쿞훆틔붵뗍죋뿚퓶뎤싊ꆣꋙ퓚좱짙램싉튻훂탔뫍ퟰ훘램싉헢퇹튻훖뒫춳쪱,뛔좨샻횮붲싛ퟮ훕튲쫇붲싛ꆣ죋쏇탨튪킡탄뷷짷뗘볌돐죋좨뒫춳,늢쿔쪾죧뫎쪹헢룶뒫춳볌탸뻟폐믮솦ꆣ퓚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐,죋쏱쓜릻럖쿭늢폐퓰죎놣듦평웤ퟦ쿈뺭맽볨뿠럜뚷뛸붨솢웰살뗄컄쏷,헢룶룅쓮쫇첤짏헽좷뗀슷뗄튻룶룹놾돶랢뗣ꆣ죃컒쏇뾴쇭췢튻룶샽ퟓ:펢쏀쏱훷좡뻶폚헢퇹튻훖뒫춳:닎틩풱ꆢ훚틩풱ꆢ맺믡틩풱뚼풸틢뇋듋죃늽,헢퇹쯹폐룷랽뚼폐믺믡뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢볻ꆣ죧맻헢킩죋늻풸틢죃늽,쓇쎴헢훖쏱훷믺훆뻍믡뫜뿬뇀삣ꆣ쓇훖틔좨샻캪믹뒡뗄싗샭쫇든죵뗄,틲캪헢킩싗샭뚼쎻쓜냑컕ퟔ벺폫뒫춳뗄맘쾵ꆣ쇭췢죔죧컒퓚뗚튻헂쯹횸돶뗄,맘폚붫좨샻(쳘뇰쫇죋좨)틽죫뿗ퟓ싗샭헢랽쏦,컒쏇폐뇘튪퓙쮵튻솽뻤ꆣ20쫀볍틑뺭쿔쪾,떱죋쏇뻟폐뫜짙헾훎좨샻쪱,쯻쏇쫇럇뎣든죵뗄ꆣ튲탭믹폚좨샻뗄싗샭뗄ퟮ듳폅뗣뻍쫇쯼볡돖뿌뮭돶튻룶늻죝쟖랸뗄뿕볤,퓚듋뿕볤샯,죋쏇뇘탫쓜릻ퟔ평뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄탄짹ꆢ뇘탫쓜릻뎢쫔늻춬뗄짺믮랽쪽,틔뇣톰쟳쓇ퟮ뻟돉킧뗄뗀슷ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ쳽쮵놩헾,떫쯻쎻폐쪵볊뺭샺쓇킩퓚죋샠듦퓚쎿룶캬쏦뚼톰쟳뿘훆뗄벫좨훷틥헟뗄춳훎ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭쫗쿈볙뚨쇋튻룶쫀뷧,퓚헢룶쫀뷧샯죋쏇뗄랶쪽탐캪뚼쓜럅짤돶살ꆢ듳볒뚼쓜뾴떽ꆣ떱뫜짙뗄벸룶죋뿘훆ퟅ듳훚뒫쎽쪱,쓇킩룟짐뗄탐캪캴뇘쓜쫜떽죋쏇뗄첫뛠힢틢ꆣ뺡맜컒쏇뿉틔뻙돶벫좨춳훎쿂벸룶맢닊뛡쒿뗄룟짐죋룱,뺡맜컒쏇쓜쿫떽뷝뿋쓪쟡죋엁삭웫캪뾹틩ꋙ,ꆰPolitics,Welfare,andChange:TheSingle-ChildFamilyinChina,ꆱThePoliticalEconomyofReforminPost-MaoChina,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1985),.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥225쯕솪죫쟖뷝뿋쮹싥랥뿋뛸ퟔ럙ꋙ,떫헢킩샽ퟓ풶풶짙폚컒쏇쯹쾣췻뾴떽뗄샽ퟓꆣ뛸듋샠탐캪뻟폐튻훖뻸췻탔훊ꆣ돽럇죋쏇펵폐튻킩뻸뛔뗄좨샻,랶쪽탐캪뗄랶캧쫇럇뎣쿁낯뗄ꆣ튲탭뿗ퟓ싗샭뛔룶죋냱퇹뗄솦솿맽폚샖맛ꆣ헽죧죋좨탨튪튻룶평좨샻쳖싛뫍좨샻쪵쪩ퟩ돉뗄뒫춳쯼닅쓜폐틢틥튻퇹,랶쪽탐캪ퟮ훕튲탭탨튪튻룶평뻸뛔죋좨쯹놣횤뗄뿕볤ꆣ헢킩좨샻뗄뻸뛔탔쫇맘볼ꆣ헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,훐맺릲닺떳좷쪵뛔룶죋뫍웳튵뗄좨샻쳡릩놣뮤,좻뛸헢훖놣뮤ퟜ튪좡뻶폚룶죋믲웳튵쫇럱짋몦쇋릲닺떳쯹뚨솢뗄훐맺짧믡뗄릫릲샻틦ꆣ훐맺쿜램뗚튻쳵뷻횹죎뫎ퟩ횯믲룶죋웆뮵짧믡훷틥훆뛈ꆣꋚ죧맻뺭볃뫏춬쟖몦ꆰ맺볒샻틦믲짧믡릫릲샻틦ꆱꋛ,쓇쎴쯼뻍쫇컞킧뗄ꆣ헢퇹뗄쮵램쫇쒣뫽뗄,힢뚨믡놻늻춬룷랽샭뷢캪늻춬뗄쓚죝ꆣ뺡맜죋쏇뗄좨샻퓚횽짏뗃떽쇋놣뮤,떫쯻쏇퓚쿖쪵훐쎻폐첫뛠뗄놣횤ꆣꋜ램싉뢳폨헾뢮좨솦떥랽뻶뚨쪲쎴쫇ꆰ웆뮵ꆱ믲쪲쎴쫇ꆰ맺볒샻틦ꆱꆣ2.랴뛔틢볻횮뛾:뿗ퟓ싗샭폫쿖ힴ뷴쏜솪뷡튲탭폐죋믡죧듋랴뛔ꆰ:삩돤뿗ퟓ싗샭틔헻뫏죋좨헢퇹쮵뿉틔,떫헢훖쮵램늢쎻폐쪵볊틢틥,틲캪뿗ퟓ싗샭붫쏱훚폫쿖ힴ뷡뫏웰살,틲뛸쪹쯻쏇늻쓜틔죎뫎쏷쿔뗄랽쪽룄뇤쿖ힴ,믲늻쓜뛔웤뷸탐튻훖쾵춳탔엺에ꆣꆱ뿗ퟓ싗샭좷쪵잿뗷탐캪ퟱ쫘뒫춳뗄훘튪탔,쯤좻룶죋쓜릻튲좷쪵퓚뒫춳쓚폐쯹룯탂,떫쯻쏇늻믡췑샫뒫춳ꆣ쫂쪵짏,뿗ퟓ믡훊틉,죧맻헢킩헫뛔쿖ힴ뗄쾵춳탔엺에놻샭뷢캪뎬풽폚뒫춳ꆰ횮ꋙJolyonNaegele,ꆰCzechRepublic:StudentꆯsImmolationSoughttoRouseNation30YearsAgo,ꆱ
226뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭짏ꆱ믲ꆰ횮췢ꆱ,쓇쎴쯼쏇뻍늻뿉쓜쪵쿖ꆣ퓚헢튻뗣짏,뿗ퟓ튲탭믡퓞춬뗂뿋캬뛻(AlexisdeTocqueville)뗄맛뗣,뗂뿋캬뛻쫬뗘쿔쪾,쓇킩ퟔ돆췆랭쯹폐맽좥뒫춳뗄룯쏼ퟮ훕믡캬돖믲퓙쿖헢킩뒫춳뗄틲쯘ꆣꋙ램맺룯쏼뻟폐램맺뗄뛀쳘쳘즫ꆣ죧맻쏀맺죋튪엺움쏀맺뗄짺믮,쓇쎴쯻뗄엺움믡퓚쒳킩맘볼뗄닣쏦놣돖뎹뗗뗄쏀맺쳘즫ꆣ좻뛸,뿗ퟓ싗샭좷쪵쓜캪탂쮼쿫뫍탂탐캪뒴퓬튻훖뿕볤ꆣퟰ훘뒫춳뻍튪뛔웤뷸탐?쫍ꆣ뒫춳늢늻믡붫웤틢틥맒퓚솳짏,떱컒쏇?쫍튻룶샱틇쪱,컒쏇믡늻뿉뇜쏢뗘붫컒쏇ퟔ벺죏캪폐틢틥뗄뚫컷맠쫤뷸좥ꆣ캪쪲쎴훐맺뒫춳뗄낧떿웚캪죽쓪?떽뗗폐뛠듳뇘튪살ퟱ쫘헢룶낧떿웚?죧맻컒쏇죏캪낧떿쫇튻훖뛔뢸쒸듍폨컒쏇짭쳥횮뛷뗤뗄돐죏폫뇭쪾,쓇쎴낧떿뗄쪱볤뿲볜뻍믡쿔뗃쪮럖폐틢틥ꆣ쓇쎴,컒쏇뻍펦룃뛔뢸뫍쒸뚼낧떿죽쓪,틲캪ퟷ캪펤뛹,컒쏇퓚잰죽쓪췪좫틀삵쯻쏇뛸짺믮ꆣꋚ좻뛸,죧맻컒쏇낧떿뢸쒸쫇틲캪쯻쏇쿲컒쏇쿔쪾쇋ꆰ뗀ꆱ,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄낧떿뻍쫇튻훖돐죏뢸쒸뛔컒쏇뗄싗샭뛷뗤ꆣ뛔폚뗚뛾훖쟩탎살쮵ꆰ,낧떿쪱볤뗄뺫좷뎤뛈ꆱ뗄컊쳢뻍쎻폐ꆰ쮭ퟮ횵뗃낧떿ꆱ헢룶컊쳢훘튪ꆣ퓚뢸쾵짧믡뗄맅듺훐맺,뢸쟗듓뒫춳짏뇈쒸쟗뻟폐룼뛠ퟔ평ꋛ,틲뛸뻟폐룼뛠믺믡햹쪾ꆰ죊ꆱꆣ헢튻뗣뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴훐맺샺쪷짏탭뛠죋뛔뢸쟗뗄낧떿쪱볤튪뎤폚뛔쒸쟗뗄낧떿쪱볤ꆣ볈좻뒫춳ퟜ탨튪죋쏇뛔웤뷸탐?쫍,뿗ퟓ싗샭쇴폐ퟣ릻뗄폠뗘릩엺움헟쳡돶탂뗄?쫍듓뛸룄룯뒫춳ꆣ늻맽,엺움헟뇘탫뢺퓰뗘돐죏뒫춳뗄늻뿉뎬풽탔ꆣ쇭췢,퓚횸퓰뿗ퟓ싗샭캬돖쿖ힴ횮잰,튲탭컒쏇뿉틔뛔뒫춳ퟷ뷏쾸훂뗄쳖싛ꆣ훐맺폐튻훖쳡돶틬틩뫍릫쏱믽벫훷틥(citizenꋙAlexisdeTocqueville,TheOldRegimeandtheFrenchRevolution,(GardenCity,.:DoubledayAnchorBooks,1955),Passim.ꋚConfucius,Analects,17/21.ꋛ,Hang-yueNgo,andShuk-meiLeung,ꆰThePoliticsofOpportunity:GenderandWorkinHongKong,ꆱEngenderingHongKongSociety:AGenderPerspectiveofWomenꆯsStatus,(HongKong:ChineseUniversityPress,1997),-45.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥227activism)뗄뒫춳ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺퓸뛠듎엺움쓇킩첰삷믲놩뗄춳훎헟,헢킩죋늻쫇헦헽뗄춳훎헟ꆣ퓚쳡돶헢킩퇏샷엺움쪱,뿗ퟓ볈퓚훐맺뗄헢룶뾹틩뒫춳쓚탐캪ퟶ쫂,튲뛔헢룶뒫춳폐쯹릱쿗ꆣ듓ퟷ캪랶쪽죋헢훖틢틥짏붲,뿗ퟓ룸훐맺쇴쿂쇋튻쳗틔뒫춳캪믹뒡뗄싗샭,춬쪱폖돤싺쇋탭뛠릫쏱믽벫훷틥뗄샽ퟓꆣ쓇킩좨췾뛸죊짆뗄룶죋쫇헦헽뗄춳훎헟,틲뛸쯻쏇쓜ퟔ평붨틩뇰뗄쇬떼헟죧뫎ퟮ뫃뗄탐쪹좨솦ꆣ틲듋,쓇훖죏캪뿗ퟓ쮼쿫늻퓊탭릫쏱믽벫훷틥뗄볙짨쫇튻훖듭컳ꆣ떱컒쏇짳쫓훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺ퟮ뷼뗄튻킩샍뚯뫍뮷뺳램낸샽쪱,컒쏇믡랢쿖퓚튻킩낸샽훐,훐맺맙풱늻뷶믡죝죌뛸쟒튲믡쇂뷢릫쏱뛔늻쪤죎맙풱뫍웳튵맜샭헟쯹ퟷ뗄뾹틩믮뚯ꆣ퓚볃풴쿘,얩쏱쏇붫튻볒쮮쓠뎧뗄뎧쏅짏쇋쯸,얩쏱쏇횸퓰릤뎧튻횱퓚닺짺ꆢ업럅듳솿뗄뢡뎾,뛸뢡뎾캣벰떽쇋얩쏱쏇뗄얩쳯ꆣ떱폐맘죋풱쫔춼퓙듎듲뾪쮮쓠뎧뗄듳쏅쪱,얩쏱쏇즧뚯웰살ꆣ뫳살,웤쇬춷헟놻릫낲뻖듾늶볠뷻;좻뛸램풺ퟮ훕횧돖쇋뾹틩헟뗄죅싒릫릲훈탲탐캪,틲캪뾹틩헟캪쇋뇜쏢룼듳뗄쟖몦뛸닉좡폐쿞뗄뷴벱듫쪩ꆣꋙ퓚쇭췢튻룶낸샽훐,웖붭쿘램풺(퓚쪡죋듳뎣캯믡뗄횸쪾쿂)뛔튻룶놻뿘믙뮵튻룶컛좾뗄쪯믒튤뗄얩쏱뷸탐쇋훘탂뚨ퟯꆣꋚ뺡맜훐맺틑뺭듾늶쇋튻킩뾹틩헟,떫헢킩낸샽쿔쪾,떱릫릲맣랺횧돖쒳룶뾹틩탐캪쪱,릲닺떳뿉쓜믡뛔헢킩랴뛔웳튵샻틦뗄뾹틩뫏램뮯ꆣ헢훖뫏램뮯ퟶ램췪좫럻뫏뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄뺫짱,틲캪룃싗샭쓜뾴떽쯹폐죋쏱훐뗄쓚퓚쏀짆,늢쟒쓜쿈볻탔뗘죏캪,폐뗂쇬탤뿉틔살ퟔ폚쏱볤ꆣ3.랴뛔틢볻횮죽:떱듺뺭볃탨튪램훎듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,뿗ퟓ쫇헽좷뗄,램싉엠퇸뗂탔뗄쓜솦좷쪵폐쿞ꆣ죧맻쎻폐횧돖탔뗄뒫춳ꆢ릫훚솼뫃틢풸벰릫쏱뗄쒳훖돌뛈뗄ퟔ싉,쓇쎴램싉뗄솦솿뻍폐쿞ꆣ늻맽,랴맽살튲탭튲쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ죧맻쎻폐램싉,죋쏇튲늻쓜쪵쿖첫뛠ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭탎돉뗄쪱볤쫇쿠뛔뷏캪볲ꋙꋚ ,EnvironmentalLawandPolicyinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina(NewYork:QuorumBooks,1987),-10.
228뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭떥뗄쪱웚,뢴퓓뗄뺭볃튲탭탨튪램훎쯹쳡릩뗄컈뚨ꆣ쎫퓳뚫쪱웚뗄듳풾뷸뫍컄뮯듳룯쏼쪹뗃죋쏇늻풸뇭슶죎뫎솢뎡,믲늻풸좥뒴붨죎뫎뺭펪믮뚯ꆣ벴쪹쫇퓊탭뗄,죋쏇튲몦엂쿂튻룶탐헾쏼쇮뻍믡좡쿻잰쏦튻룶탐헾쏼쇮ꆣ뫳쎫쪱웚뗄훐맺쇬떼죋틑뺭틢쪶떽쇋횴탐헾닟쪱뗄램쇮뗄훘튪탔ꆣ볠맜늿쏅죧뮷놣뻖뫍샍뚯뻖탨튪틽폃램싉살잿웈쓇킩늻ퟱ쫘램싉뗄뗘랽맙풱뫍맜샭헟살뗷헻ퟔ벺뗄쾰맟탐캪ꆣꋙ쯦ퟅ훐맺뷸죫룼캪쫐뎡뮯뺭볃뗄늽랥뗄볓뿬,램쇮룼캪죋쯹쿲췹ꆣ틔잰퓚훐퇫볆뮮뺭볃쿂,좨췾쓜릻쪶뇰뫍훐뫍튻킩쯹캽뗄ꆰ췢늿뺭볃킧맻ꆱ,벴쓇킩뺭볃탐캪헟컞뚯믺믲컞쓜솦뿘훆뗄뺭볃탐캪펰쿬폫뫳맻ꆣ좻뛸퓚튻룶쫐뎡뮯뺭볃훐,훮죧듋샠뗄췢늿뺭볃킧맻춨뎣춨맽솢램폨틔뷢뻶ꆣ캪쇋쓜쪹헢훖솢램햹뾪릤ퟷ,짌튵죋쪿뇘탫튪쇋뷢쯼,쮾램뇘탫튻훂폐킧뗘횴탐쯼ꆪꆪꆪ폐킩쟩뿶쿂뮹튪짦벰낲좫맙풱뗄닎폫ꆣ뮻퇔횮,뺭볃탨튪램훎횮샠뗄뚫컷ꆣ뺡맜헢훖쟣쿲폚램훎뗄싛뗣뻟폐뫜듳뗄솦솿,떫컊쳢풶쎻폐쓇킩뿗ퟓ싗샭엺움헟죃컒쏇쿠탅뗄쓇쎴볲떥횱냗ꆣ램싉놾짭늢늻믡뷢뻶췢늿뺭볃킧맻뗄컊쳢ꆣ샽죧,컒쏇쫔춼춨맽룼퇏룱뗄뮷뺳놣뮤램맦뫍쪩탐룼샷몦뗄돍랣듫쪩뛸복짙뿕웸뫍쮮컛좾ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻웳튵풱릤붫캥램탐캪쫓캪ퟶ짺틢뗄쇭췢튻훖돉놾,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡첩좻컛좾뮷뺳,놻떽쇋뻍붻랣뿮ꆣ헽죧컒퓚잰쏦쯹횸돶뗄,뛔볠맜헟살쮵,탭뛠샄폃폫캥램뚼쫇뫜쓑쪶뇰뗄ꆣꋚ폐킩쟩뿶쿂,웳튵풱릤퓚솢램헟뻵달횮잰뻍틑뺭틢쪶떽쇋컊쳢뗄듦퓚,퓚튻룶샭쿫쫀뷧,헢킩풱릤뻍믡쿲솢램헟춨놨헢킩컊쳢ꆣ좻뛸헢훖죧듋ퟶ뗄풸틢뺫짱쫇틔쒳훖돌뛈뗄죊뗂캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣ쇭췢,램훎뻍쿠떱폚헢킩램싉훐뗄솢램뺫짱ꆣ죧맻램훎쿫튪폐킧뷢뻶췢늿뺭볃킧맻뗄컊쳢,솢램헟탨튪뻟폐솼횪뗄웳튵풱릤뗄믘ꋙ,EnvironmentalLawandPolicyinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina(NewYork:QuorumBooks,1987),.ꋚDarylKoehn,ꆰTheEthicsofBusiness:MovingBeyondLegalism,ꆱEthicsandBehavior,6:1(1996),-16.
뗚쇹헂 뿗ퟓ싗샭훐뗄릫릲랶돫뛔짌튵싗샭뗄틢틥229삡폫랴펦ꆣ틲듋,헦샭뻍퓚폚훐펹:죋훎탨튪튻룶잿듳폐킧뗄램싉쾵춳살쪵쿖죊짆뗄훈탲,뛸램훎탨튪죊죋살룄뇤죋쏇뗄쏼퓋ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 뷡 싛퓚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐,릫릲랶돫뗈춬폚컄쏷믲죊짆훈탲,뛸짌튵쫇헢룶훈탲뗄튻늿럖,틲뛸뛀쳘뗄짌튵싗샭쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ뛔폚짌튵뗄움맀뻍쫇뾴쯼쫇엠퇸뮹쫇럁몦쇋쓇평톰쟳랢햹뫍엠퇸ퟔ벺쓚퓚뗂탔뗄죋쏇쯹ퟩ돉뗄컄쏷벯쳥뗄붨솢ꆣ솽룶살ퟔ죊짆훈탲뗄웕뇩풭퓲뿉틔쫊폃폚짌튵ꆣ죋쏇펦룃틔튻훖훊틉뗄첬뛈살뛔듽짌튵,틲캪죋쏇ퟜ믡폐쿲첰삷췗킭뗄헢퇹튻훖캣쿕ꆣ떫쫇,죧맻릫쏱쏇뗄믹놾탨튪뗃떽쇋싺ퟣ,쯻쏇뻍믡랢쿖룼죝틗벯훐뺫짱엠퇸뗂탔ꆣ틲듋,짌튵쇬탤뫍춳훎헟뚼펦룃췆탐뫍듙뷸쓇킩ퟮ폐샻폚웕뇩랱죙뗄뺭볃낲업ꆣ헾훎뫍짌튵쇬탤뚼뇘탫냑쪥뗂뛔쯻쏇뗄튪쟳ퟷ캪웤탐뚯랽쿲ꆣ헢킩쇬탤쎻폐틥컱붫쯹폐릫쏱믲샻틦쿠맘랽뗄틢볻쫓캪춬뗈뫏샭훘튪뗄ꆣ쇭췢,쯻쏇튲컞좨틔쟡쫓뛔듽뇰죋ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼폐쒳훖돌뛈뗄쪥짆,늢쟒뚼쓜ퟶ돶헽좷뗄탐뚯ꆣ뛔폚ힷ쯦헟살쮵,쯻쏇늢늻튻뚨ퟜ튪럾듓폚쯻쏇뗄쇬탤ꆣ벯쳥뗄쎿룶돉풱뚼폐좨엺움쓇킩웤탐캪쒿뗄쯆뫵늻퓚엠퇸룼캪컄쏷벯쳥뗄헾훎믲웳튵쇬탤ꆣ볲퇔횮,쯤좻뿗ퟓ싗샭붫쯹폐탐캪뚼쫓캪릫릲뗄,떫릫릲늢늻뗈폚ꆰ쫜쿞폚헾훎믲췅쳥뿘훆ꆱꆣ쿠랴,릫릲틢캶ퟅꆰ죊짆뗄훈탲ꆱꆣ틲듋,춳훎헟뫍놻춳훎헟뚼펦쫜훆폚싗샭쿞훆ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼펦룃ퟱ톭ꆰ뗀ꆱꆣ볈좻컞솼쇬탤뎣뎣믡ퟔ?캪ꆰ뗀ꆱ뗄ퟱ톭헟,쫂쪵짏룹놾늻쫇죧듋,쓇쎴컒쏇튲탭뻍쿫틔컷랽뗄좨샻샭싛살늹돤뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣ뿗ퟓ싗샭뻸늻믡돐죏죋쏇쿫ퟶ쪲쎴뻍ퟶ쪲쎴뗄쮽죋랶돫ꆣ볒춥쫇쪥뗂뗄쏧월,틲뛸쯼튲쫇릫릲랶돫뗄튻늿럖ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫퓚컒쏇뗄볒춥짺믮벰웤쯻짺믮쇬폲얬솦ퟱ톭ꆰ뗀ꆱꆣ좻뛸,룃싗샭튲뿉틔폨틔삩돤뛸헻뫏늻뿉냾뛡뗄헾훎좨샻,죧뢺퓰죎퇔싛뗄ퟔ평ꆢ럇놩솦뗖뾹벰뷡짧ퟔ평뗈랽쏦뗄좨샻ꆣ돐죏헢킩죋샠헾훎좨샻튲탭뿉틔쪹죋쏇틔짭ퟷ퓲뇤뗃룼볓죝틗ꆣ
230뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭죧맻컒쏇헦뗄톡퓱룄뷸룃싗샭틔헻뫏좨샻샭싛,컒쏇펦룃힢틢늻튪뫶싔쇋룃싗샭뗄뛀쳘잿뗷훘뗣,벴탨튪틔튻훖룼캪뷌뮯ꆢ죊낮뫍짮쮼뗄랽쪽쫷솢냱퇹틔웴랢뇰죋ꆣ헢훖잿뗷훘뗣쓜틖훆컷랽좨샻샭싛훐뗄룶죋훷틥ꆣ돽럇릫쏱쏇풸틢뎬풽ퟔ벺뗄튻벺쮽샻뛸붫퇛맢춶쿲룼듳뗄뫃폫짆,쏱훷헾좨뗄얬솦쒿뇪쫇짺듦ꆣ죧맻뮪쪢뛙ꆢ싳뗏톷뫍뷜뢥톷뗈뢻풣쿧짰떱돵늻풸샫뾪쯻쏇뗄얩뎡뛸춶짭폚릫릲쫂튵,쏀샻볡뫏훚맺뿖엂폀풶튲늻믡붨솢웰살ꆣ캪쇋쓜듯떽훐펹,컒쏇튲탭볈탨튪뿗ퟓ뗄죊,튲탨튪컷랽뗄좨샻ꆣ
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭뫃쫂늻돶쏅,뮵쫂탐잧샯ꆪꆪꆪ훐맺퇨폯ꆣ잰쏦룷헂쿪쾸쳖싛쇋뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색뗄싗샭ꆣ퓚틽퇔늿럖,컒뷢쫍쇋캪쪲쎴튪뾼싇헢솽캻뗄쮼쿫,헢훖뷢쫍뿉틔놻돆캪쿻벫뗄뷢쫍ꆣ틲캪붲싛ꆰ퇇훞볛횵맛ꆱ쮵뫃쳽뗄쫇컳떼,쮵늻뫃쳽뗄쫇캣쿕,쯹틔컒쏇ퟮ뫃뾼싇훐맺뫍죕놾뗄룶쳥쮼쿫볒ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색뚼늻뿉놻쫓캪쯹폐훐맺죋뫍쯹폐죕놾죋뗄듺뇭,떫쫇쯻쏇쎿룶죋뚼퓚룷ퟔ뗄컄뮯쓚쯜퓬뫍펰쿬쇋죋쏇뗄쮼쿫폫쪵볹ꆣ죋쏇튪쿫샭뷢훐맺짌튵죋쪿믲죕놾짌튵죋쪿뗄탐캪,쯻쏇뻍튪쇋뷢헢킩죋뗄믹놾쮼쿫ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색튲탭퓚쒳킩랽쏦듦퓚늻ퟣ,떫쫇컒쏇펦룃얬솦뎬풽쓇킩맘폚ꆰ죕놾죋벯쳥훷틥뺫짱ꆱ믲ꆰ훐맺죋ퟰ훘샏죋뗄뒫춳ꆱ뗈쒣뫽뗄ퟜ삨탔룅싛,뛸좥샭뷢뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색뗄싛뗣벰싛횤ꆣ컒쏇튲탭뫜죝틗뻍럱뚨뇰죋뗄볛횵맛,늻맽쯻쏇뗄싛뗣뫍싛횤횵뗃컒쏇뗄믘펦ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫튪쎴춬틢쯻쏇뗄싛뗣,튪쎴탎돉컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄랴싛ꆣ폫헢솽캻쮼쿫볒뗄뫏샭맛뗣뷸탐뗄뇧늵뿉쓜믡웈쪹컒쏇훘탂뾼싇컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄솢뎡뫍싛뗣,듓뛸믡쪹컒쏇룼볓쟥돾뗘샭뷢헹틩뗄붹뗣쫇쪲쎴ꆣ믹폚쯹폐헢킩샭평,샭뷢훐맺죋뫍죕놾죋삵틔짺믮뗄싗샭볛횵맛뗄ퟮ뫃랽램쫇죏헦뛔듽헢킩헜톧볒뗄싛횤맽돌ꆣ뺡맜컒쏇쎻폐틥컱뷓쫜뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄훷헅,떫컒쏇펦룃쇋뷢컒쏇쯹랴뛔뗄쫇쪲쎴ꆣ헢튲뻍튪쟳컒쏇뛔헢킩싗샭틔튻훖뿭죝뗄첬뛈뷸탐샭뷢ꆣ퓚잰쏦룷헂훐,컒틑뺭틔뿭죝뗄첬뛈뛔뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색쯹쳡돶뗄싗샭ퟶ쇋ퟮ뫃뗄싛횤폫뇧뮤ꆣ볈좻컒쏇틑뺭쿪쾸뾼싇쇋헢솽쳗싗샭볛횵맛쳥쾵,쓇쎴컒쏇펦룃쓃헢솽캻헜톧볒뗄뚴쪶ퟷ쪲쎴쓘?헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,퓚쒳킩쟩
232뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뿶쿂,뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭뿉틔놻뷨본폃살늹돤틔죋좨믲뗂탔캪믹뒡뗄컷랽싗샭ꆣ떫쫇떱뿗ퟓ싗샭믲뫍헜색싗샭뫍틔죋좨캪훐탄뗄싗샭닺짺쎬뛜쪱,컒쏇폖룃죧뫎쓘?쫇럱듋쪱컒쏇뇘탫잿뗷웤훐튻훖싗샭뗄뻸뛔폅풽탔쓘?믲헟쫇럱컒쏇펦룃펵놧쒳훖싗샭쿠뛔훷틥뛸훷헅,퓚쎻폐에뛏싗샭컊쳢뗄ힼ좷램퓲뗄잰쳡쿂,늻춬뗄쏱ퟥ쓜릻뫏샭뗘볡돖룷ퟔ컄뮯쓚뗄ꆢ춳폹탐캪뗄볛횵맛폫맦랶?컒쿠탅훐펹횮뗀쫇듦퓚뗄,헢훖훐펹횮뗀ퟰ훘죋쏇뗄뛠퇹뮯샭뷢ꆢ퓊탭룶죋뗄탂뚴쪶,떫쯼늢늻믡췉뇤돉싗샭쿠뛔훷틥ꆣ뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ붫죋쏇틽쿲쇋붨솢헢훖뿉뇧뮤웕쫀싗샭뗄뗀슷ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뻟폐믽벫뛸폐솦뗄샭평뛸죏헦뛔듽헢킩쮼쿫볒ꆣ춨맽죏헦뛔듽헢킩쮼쿫볒,컒쏇늻뷶쓜릻뛔탭뛠죕놾룶죋뫍훐맺룶죋뗄췆샭싛횤믱뗃룼뫃뗄샭뷢,뛸쟒뮹쓜릻캪튻훖튲뿉ퟷ캪웕쫀짌튵싗샭뗄웕쫀싗샭붨솢돤럖뗄믹뒡ꆣ룃웕쫀싗샭뗄훐탄늻쫇튻쳗뻟폐쪵훊쓚죝뗄맦랶,죧ꆰ컰즱죋!ꆱꆰퟜ튪ퟰ훘쓣뗄샻틦쿠맘랽ꆣꆱꆰ얬솦ퟮ듳뮯ퟮ쟮헟뗄뢣ꆣꆱ뛸쫇튻킩틔돌탲캪믹뒡뗄횸떼풭퓲ꆣ놾죋틢폻뇧뮤뗄웕쫀싗샭짮짮횲룹폚튻훖쮫훘돐죏:쫗쿈,죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆(humangoods)쫇뛠훘뗄,튲쫇늻뿉닢솿뗄;웤듎,죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄뛠훘탔늻뷶뿉틔냯훺컒쏇얪쟥싗샭뗂탔뗄틢틥,튲뿉틔냯훺컒쏇얪쟥컒쏇캪탐캪뫍톡퓱톰헒샭평횮ퟶ램뗄틢틥ꆣ놾헂붫뷨본뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색뗄싛뗣뛸쫔춼붨솢튻훖웕쫀싗샭뗄뿲볜ꆣ컒붫붨솢늢닻쫶죽룶훷튪맛뗣:튻ꆢ죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄늻뿉닢솿탔뫍뛠훘탔뿉틔ퟷ캪톰쟳샭평횮쪵볹뫍뗂탔뗄믹뒡;뛾ꆢ짮쮼맘쟐뗄죋샠듦퓚(퓚듋힢틢쫇뢴쫽)쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪뗄뇪ힼ,떫컒쏇좱짙헢퇹튻룶짮쮼뷷짷뗄랶쪽쓐죋믲얮죋;죽ꆢ뛱(evil)췹췹늻쫇평캥랸쒳훖싗샭ퟜ퓲뛸릹돉뗄,뛸쫇평캱돆ꆰ횻폐튻훖짆(good)듦퓚ꆱ뗄ퟶ램뛸떼훂뗄ꆣ놾헂뗄ퟮ뫳붫뾼싇헢훖뛠훘샻틦폫쪥짆뗄싗샭펦룃죧뫎뒦샭뫍펦뛔쏷쿔뗄뿧컄뮯볛횵돥춻ꆣ
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭233뗚튻뷚 웕쫀싗샭믹뒡횮튻:죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄뛠훘탔뫍늻뿉닢솿탔튻ꆢ뫍ﶡ헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄싗샭훐냼몬뗄죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆쫇뛠훘뗄벰뛠풪뗄 뫍헜색뗄헻룶싗샭쫇캧죆죋샠쪥짆뫍샻틦뗄뛠훘탔뫍늻뿉닢솿탔뛸붨솢웰살뗄ꆣ죃컒쏇틔뫍헜색뛔싗샭ꆰ펦룃ꆱ뗄럖컶ꆣ뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,싗샭ꆰ펦룃ꆱ횻쫊폃폚탐캪(act),뛸늻쫊폃폚퓋뚯(motion)ꆣ탐캪폫퓋뚯횮닮뇰퓚폚,탐캪쫜떽쇋짧믡뗄쿞뚨(sociallyconditioned)ꆣ죧맻컒뾴떽튻뿩죢늢쟒뻶뚨튪돔쯼,좻뫳컒믡붫웤쓃웰럅떽ퟬ샯,떽듋컒횻췪돉쇋돔뗄퓋뚯ꆣ듓웤ퟷ캪뒿퓋뚯살뾴,돔뿉틔춨맽쫖횸믲춨맽웷뻟쪵쿖,컒폃쪲쎴늢늻훘튪,훘튪뗄쫇컒쏇뗄돔튪ퟱ톭만뚨뗄짧믡탎쪽ꆣ컒쏇쿈돔튻킩닋,뫳돔쇭췢튻킩닋;퓚돔쒳킩쪳컯쪱폃웷뻟,뛸퓚돔쇭췢튻킩쪳컯쪱폃쫖횸ꆣ컒쏇뇜쏢쪳뗄짹틴,믲뇜쏢붫쪳컯듓뿚샯뗴떽췈짏ꆣ횻튪컒쏇뗄돔쫇내짧믡쯹맦뚨뗄랽쪽벰랴펳튻훖뛔웤쯻쫂컯뗄첬뛈,쓇쎴쯼뻍뇤돉쇋튻훖탐캪ꆣ컒쏇튲탭뿉쓜캥랸헢킩짧믡맦뚨(헢킩맦뚨뿉쓜믡틲컄뮯뗄늻춬뛸폐쯹닮틬),떫컒쏇늻믡틲듋뛸쓜릻췑샫쯼쏇ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뫶쫓헢킩맦뚨,컒쏇뗄춬냩쪳헟뻍믡붫컒쏇뗄늻샱쎲돔쿠ꆰ샭뷢ꆱ캪튻훖뛔훷죋뗄늻ퟰ뺴ꆢ믲뛔엳폑뗄좡킦ꆢ믲뛔컒쏇헽뎣샱쎲ퟔ컒뗄튻훖뎰킦,쓇쎴쇭췢튻쳗짧믡맦뚨뻍믡쯦횮웰ퟷ폃ꆣ헢킩죋샠맘쾵(죧폐틢쪶뗄탐캪믲늻쿠쎬뛜뗄탐캪)붫퓋뚯짽뮪캪탐캪,뛸늻쫇쓇킩틢횾탔맘쾵(volitionalrelations)ꆣꋙ죧맻뫍헜색쫇헽좷뗄,쓇쎴컒쏇붫늻쓜뷶춨맽닎뾼틢횾뗄볜ꋙTetsuroWatsuji,Rinrigaku:EthicsinJapan,(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress),.
234뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭릹폫쳘탔뛸뻶뚨컒쏇펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴ꆣ죧맻붫뾵뗂폫뫍헜색뗄샭싛뷸탐뛔헕뗄뮰,컒쏇뻍쓜샭뷢캪쪲쎴헢퇹ퟶ쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇뾵뗂뗄맘폚쇣쫛짌쿲튻ퟩ쿻럑헟(컞뺭퇩뗄맋뿍믲몢ퟓ)쫕좡맽룟볛잮뗄샽ퟓꆣ룹뻝뾵뗂뗄쮵램,쇣쫛짌뗄탐캪캥랸쇋싗샭뇪ힼ,틲캪헢퇹튻훖ퟶ램쫇늻샭탔뗄ꆣ쇣쫛짌뗄탐캪쫇튻훖쎬뛜뗄탐캪,틲캪볛룱웛욭믡쫨풶헢킩맋뿍,뛸쇣쫛짌탨튪헢킩ꆰ쾰맟ꆱ쿲쯻릺싲뗄맋뿍,쯻닅쓜듴퓚쇣쫛튵뷧ꆣ쯻늻뿉쓜튻훂쾣췻,쯻쫇튻룶쇣쫛짌떫춬쪱늻싄탐뛔맋뿍뗄틥컱ꆣ듓뫍헜색뗄뷇뛈살뾴,뾵뗂뗄헢훖췆샭랽쪽쫇늻헽좷뗄ꆣ쇣쫛짌뛔폚맋뿍뗄틥컱좡뻶폚쇣쫛짌뛔짺믮뗄ퟜ쳥첬뛈,뛸늻뷶뷶좡뻶폚짌튵뗄싟벭튪쟳ꆣ쇭췢,튻쾵쇐짧믡쾰쯗쪹쇣쫛짌뗄짺믮닅뇤뗃뿉쓜ꆣ쪲쎴쯣쫇맽럖샻죳벰쪲쎴릹돉돏쪵뇘탫평짧믡살뻶뚨,늻쓜춨맽펦폃튻훖떥캬뗄샭탔튻훂탔뇪ힼ(aunidimensionalstandardofrationalconsistency)뛸뷢뻶ꆣ튻룶탐캪ꆰ늻뷶뷶쫇튻훖죋쏇퓚웤쓚ꆮ뚨솢쒿뇪ꆢ훆뚨볆뮮ꆢ뻶뚨쪵쪩벰ퟮ훕췪돉쒿뇪ꆯ뗄뿲볜ꆣꆱ쿠랴,튻룶탐캪쫇뛔ꆰ뢴퓓컞뺡뗄ꆱ룟뛈뻟쳥뗄맘쾵뗄랶쪽뮯뇭쿖(anexemplificationofhighlyconcreterelations)ꆣꋙ뫏뫵싗샭뗄탐캪틢캶ퟅ탐캪튪럻뫏늢랴펳뢴퓓뛸힢뚨뗄짧믡맘쾵췸(냼삨폫쫂컯뗄맘쾵)ꆣ떱컒쏇짳쫓헢킩힢뚨뗄짧믡맘쾵쪱,컒쏇믡랢쿖,죋샠틲튻쾵쇐샭평뛸믽벫뗘헤쫓뫜뛠쫂컯ꆣ뫍헜색붫췪좫춬틢튻킩쏀맺톧헟뗄뾴램,헢킩쏀맺톧헟틑뺭뾪쪼잿뗷,컒쏇틲ퟅ탭뛠샭평뛸헤쫓룷훖쫂컯ꆢ쫂첬벰맘쾵ꆣ폐킩쫂컯뻟폐쪹폃볛횵,죧잮믲랢쮢ꆣ폐킩헤쫓뗄쫂컯믲짆뻟폐놾짭만폐뗄볛횵(intrinsicvalue),죧붡뾵ꆢ횪쪶믲폑틪ꆣ짵훁뛔춬튻샠쫂컯,컒쏇튲늻믡틔춬퇹뗄랽쪽뛔듽쯼쏇ꆣ폐킩뻟폐만폐볛횵뗄쫂컯쓜릻틽웰컒쏇뗄뺴캷(죧뿆싞삭뛠듳쾿마ꆢ뢻쪿즽벰틕쫵ퟷ욷);폐킩쫂컯쓜폤퓃컒쏇ꆣ컒쏇뛔폚죋뗄믽벫랴펦춬퇹튲쫇뢴퓓뗄,뛔폚쒳킩죋,컒쏇룐뻵쯠좻웰뺴;뛔쇭췢쒳킩죋,컒쏇럖ꋙWatsuji,Rinrlgaku,-246.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭235뇰닺짺짆틢ꆢ타짍ꆢ쟗쟩ꆢ죊낮뗈룐쟩,믲헟쫇웤훐쒳킩룐쟩뗄ퟩ뫏ꆣꋙ볲퇔횮,죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆폐뫜뛠,늢쟒움맀헢킩짆뗄랽램튲뫜뛠ꆣ싗샭돥춻뎣뎣늻쫇헽좷폫듭컳횮볤뗄돥춻,뛸쫇헽좷폫헽좷횮볤믲짆폫짆횮볤뗄돥춻ꆣ쫂쪵짏,컒틑뺭퓚잰쏦룷헂훐뇦뇰쇋탭뛠짆,죧좨샻폫퓰죎ꆢ램훎폫죋훎ꆢퟔ싉뫍룶죋뇭듯ꆢퟔ컒엺움뫍놣돖돁쒬뗄좨샻뗈뗈ꆣ볈좻듦퓚ퟅ죧듋뛠뗄짆,컒쏇뻍믡뒦폚튻훖컞뺡뗄첸에폫뗷헻ퟔ벺훷헅폫솢뎡뗄맽돌횮훐ꆣ떱쒳룶죋볡돆튻훖짆쪱,짧믡벯쳥춨뎣쓜릻햹쪾튻훖쿠뛔뗄짆;랴횮틠좻ꆣ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,돥춻믡짦벰탭뛠짆ꆣ쇭췢폐킩쪱뫲,돥춻짦벰뗄횻쫇튻훖짆,떫뮷뺳쳵볾뗄뇤뮻믡웈쪹튻룶죋뛔헢훖짆뷸탐퓙듎움맀ꆣ컒쏇늻믡뛔컔쫒쟗쏜탐캪뫍릤ퟷ뗘뗣쟗쏜탐캪돖폐춬퇹뗄첬뛈ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇튲펦힢틢,뛔쫂컯죧뫎뷸탐움맀튲튪좡뻶폚쮭퓚움맀ꆣ죃컒쏇틔뾭쮹ꆤ즭쮹첹(CassSunstein)뗄폄쒬캪샽:쎨훷죋ꆢ쎨훷죋뗄랿뚫벰헾뢮믺릹뛔쎨믡폐뷘좻늻춬뗄첬뛈ꆣꋚ틔뫍헜색뗄듊폯살뇭듯,컒쏇폫탭뛠죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆횮볤뗄맘쾵쫇ꆰ뢴퓓뛸컞뺡뗄ꆱꆣ컒쏇늻쓜캪쯹폐쳵볾쿂뗄쯹폐죋쏇뻶뚨튻훖춳튻뗄싗샭짏짆뗄랴펦ꆣ죃컒쏇믘떽틔잰헂뷚쯹뻙뗄샽ퟓ,컒퓸뺭탭억냯훺컒뗄엳폑럛쮢폍웡쯻쏇뗄랿ퟓꆣ뻍퓚컒튪웰짭잰췹쯻쏇랿ퟓ뗄쓇쳬퓧뎿,컒뗄얮뛹돶쇋뎵믶,컒붫얮뛹쯍떽쇋튽풺,뛸쎻폐좥냯쯻쏇쮢랿ퟓꆣ컒쫇럱펦룃헢퇹ퟶ?헢룶컊쳢늻쓜폨틔돩쿳뗘믘듰ꆣ헢룶샽ퟓ짦벰쇋돥춻뗄솽훖짆:냯엳폑뮹쫇냯몢ퟓ?컒쏇늻쓜룸쎿훖탐캪짨뚨튻훖솿횵,틔뇣컒쏇뛔돥춻뗄솽룶헽좷탐캪뷸탐뫢솿ꆣ헽죧뫍헜색쯹헽좷횸돶뗄쓇퇹,헢솽룶탐캪횻쓜듓탭뛠룟뛈힢뚨뗄맘쾵헢룶뷇뛈뷸탐쿪쾸쮵쏷ꆣ쫇럱컒뗄엳폑죏캪컒틑뺭놳엑ꋙ,ꆰIncommensurabilityandKindsofValuation:SomeApplicationsinLaw,ꆱIncommensurability,Incomparability,andPracticalReason,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1997),.ꋚIbid.,.
236뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쇋쯻쏇뗄탅삵헢룶컊쳢붫좡뻶폚쯻쏇뛔컒쏇횮볤붻췹샺쪷뗄움맀ꆢ컒뗄뇧냗틔벰웤쯻튻킩놳뺰쳵볾ꆣ쯻쏇뮹튪뾼싇컒쫇럱뺭뎣쮬풼믲쪧탅폚쯻쏇,컒쫇럱듓튽풺돩쪱볤룦쯟쯻쏇랢짺쇋쪲쎴,쯻쏇쫇럱쿠탅뗄샭평,컒쫇럱듰펦쿂룶훜쒩퓙살냯훺쯻쏇틔벰쯻쏇쫇럱벱ퟅ튪퓚듋훜쒩붫랿ퟓ쮢췪ꆣ퓚싗샭뾼싇맽돌훐,맦쒣벰뮷뺳쳵볾럇뎣훘튪ꆣ컒뗄엳폑퓚뻶뚨컒쫇럱퇏훘뗘캥놳억퇔쪱,쯻쏇뿉쓜믡뾼싇컒얮뛹쫜짋퇏훘돌뛈ꆣ죧맻컒얮뛹횻쫇닁웆튻뗣욤ꆢ춨뎣횻탨튪쳹튻뗣뒴뿉쳹뻍쓜뷢뻶,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡뗃돶뷡싛,컒쫇죧듋맽벤랴펦,퓚붫살탅삵컒횮잰쯻쏇믡ퟶ뷷짷뾼싇ꆣ쯻쏇뛔컒뗄맽좥뗄쇋뷢튲믡펰쿬쯻쏇뛔컊쳢돌뛈벰맦쒣뗄에뛏폫움맀ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇횪뗀,컒뗄튻룶쟗웝뗄얮뛹틲캴벰쪱뷓쫜훎쇆뛸쯀췶,쯻쏇튲탭믡틔튻훖룼캪뿭죝뗄첬뛈뾴듽컒붫뢺쟡짋뗄얮뛹쯍떽튽풺훎쇆뗄뻶뚨ꆣ컒엳폑뗄뺭퇩뫍ퟔ컒샭뷢튲믡웰ퟷ폃ꆣ튲탭쯻쏇듓웤뺭퇩톧믡뮳틉닝싊뗄에뛏ꆣ쯤좻쯻쏇튲탭믡뮳틉컒뗄랴펦쫇럱쏷훇,떫쯻쏇튲탭믡룦쯟쯻쏇ퟔ벺,쫂쟩뮹믡폐쯻쏇늢늻쇋뷢뗄틾쟩ꆣ쯻쏇튲탭죔믡탅삵컒,믲헟튲탭믡쳡탑쯻쏇ퟔ벺,컒퓚맽좥퓸짆폃ퟔ벺뗄에뛏솦,틲듋쪱볤믡횤쏷컒퓚헢볾쫂짏튲ퟶ돶쇋헽좷뗄탐캪ꆣ컒쿫튪쮵쏷뗄쫇:죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뎣뎣쫇늻뿉닢솿뗄ꆣ컒쏇쎻폐튻냑돟ퟓ폃틔닢솿냯엳폑뫍냯ퟔ벺몢ퟓ헢솽훖짆뗄쿠뛔싗샭볛횵ꆣ퓚짮쮼쫬싇횮잰,컒쏇늻쓜뻶뚨놳뺰쳵볾ꆢ맦쒣ꆢ릲춬뺭퇩ꆢퟔ컒샭뷢뗈틲쯘훐쓄룶(킩)틲쯘룼뻟뻶뚨탔ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,솽룶엳폑횻폐틀뾿쯻쏇쳖싛헢볾쫂ꆢ럖쿭뇋듋랴쪡뫍맘힢쪱뗄뻟쳥쟩탎뛸뚨ꆣퟶ돶솼뫃톡퓱뻍탨튪웤탐캪ퟰ훘평쮫랽뗄맽좥뫍햹췻뗄붫살쯹쿞뚨뗄뻟쳥쿠뮥맘쾵훐뗄룷훖짆(폑틪ꆢ쒸얮횮쟩ꆢ얮뛹붡뾵)ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄맛뗣쫇헽좷뗄,컒쏇늻뿉쓜뛔컊쳢훐뗄탐캪뷸탐훐탔뗄볛횵쏨쫶,벴쪹뛔붫튪뛔뇈뗄탐캪(떱컒늻잰좥냯훺엳폑폍웡랿ퟓ쪱,컒쫇럱ꆰ늻헽떱뗘듲웆쇋억퇔ꆱ믲쫇럱ꆰ내헕헽좷업탲뗄쟡훘뮺벱뛸쏷훇탐쫂ꆱ?)뷸탐쏨쫶튲튪짦벰튻쾵쇐뗄짆,죧늻ퟷퟔ틔캪쫇뗄에뛏ꆢ늻맽벤랴펦ꆢ탅쫘억퇔ꆢퟔ뻵탐캪,뗈뗈ꆣ퓚쒳훖쟩탎훐쓄킩짆쫊폃컒쏇늻쓜
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭237쳡잰좷뚨,튲늻듦퓚튻냑돟ퟓ뿉틔폃살뾼솿업탲헢킩짆,떱컒쏇뻶뚨죧뫎ퟮ병탐쫂쪱뿉틔쟳훺폚헢룶업탲ꆣ퓚뻶뚨펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴쪱튪쟳폐솼뫃뗄에뛏솦ꆣ컒쏇펦룃힢틢뗄쫇,솼뫃에뛏늢늻틢캶ퟅ펦폃쒳킩맦퓲믲뇜쏢쒳훖ퟔ쿠쎬뛜,쯼틢캶ퟅ폐틢뗷폃쪹볆뮮뗄탐캪믲맽좥탐캪뇤돉쿖퓚탐캪뗄쯹폐쿠맘뗄짧믡맘쾵ꆢ짧믡쪥짆뫍짧믡쳘헷(맦쒣ꆢ놳뺰ꆢ릲춬뗄뺭퇩,뗈뗈)ꆣ퓚에뛏뫍움맀탐캪맽돌훐,컒쏇탨튪뾼싇죋쏇맘쾵뗄샺쪷벰헢킩맘쾵훐틾몬뗄룷훖짆ꆣ죃컒쏇틔뫍헜색뗄샽ퟓ캪샽:죧맻튻룶뢸쒸듓좼징뗄랿ퟓ훐쟀뻈쯻뗄몢ퟓ,쓇쎴쯻뗄탐캪뻍쫇튻훖뢸쒸맘낮뗄랶샽ꆣ떱튻룶뻈믰뛓풱헢퇹ퟶ쪱,쯻뗄탐캪뻍돉쇋춨맽잡떱싄탐ퟔ벺뗄놾횰틥컱뛸캬돖ퟔ벺횰튵ퟰ퇏뗄탐캪ꆣ떱튻룶맽슷쒰짺죋돥뷸랿ퟓ뷢뻈몢ퟓ쪱,컒쏇튲탭믡붫웤샻쯻훷틥탐캪쫓캪폂룒뫍룟짐뗄탐캪ꆣꋙ캪쇋쓜뻶뚨컒쏇펦룃ퟶ쪲쎴,컒쏇뇘탫뾼싇죋샠맘쾵훐뗄헢킩쾸캢닮틬ꆣ컒쏇헽퓚에뛏움맀뗄탐캪듓헢룶뢴퓓뗄맘쾵뻘헳훐믱뗃웤쏨쫶ꆣ컒쏇탨튪ퟰ훘죋샠,ퟰ훘죋샠뻍틢캶ퟅퟰ훘헢킩닮틬ꆣ뫍뫍헜색튻퇹,뿗ퟓ튲?웺쇋쓇훖떥튻볛횵뇪ힼ뗄룅쓮ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ잿뗷쯹폐탐캪뗄릫릲탔벰돉캪죊죋뗄뿉좡탔,떫헢킩훷쳢뚼쫇듓쯻폫톧짺ꆢ춳훎헟벰훺쫖뗄튻쾵쇐컊듰훐쯹탎돉뗄ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺듓캴헻뫏튻쳗뻟웕뇩탔뗄싗샭샭싛ꆣ쯻튲쎻폐쳡돶튻헻쳗뗄싗샭맦퓲믲뛔룷훖짆뷸탐업탲ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ좷쪵춨맽튻쾵쇐뗄샽ퟓ뛸햹뾪쳖싛(본폚뻞듳쫽솿뗄죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆헢쫇튻훖뫏쫊뗄닟싔),떫쎻폐뗘랽쿔쪾쯻쿫춨맽튻쾵쇐샽ퟓ뫍랴샽ퟓ뗄쳖싛뛸탎돉튻쳗쾵춳뗄싗샭톧쳥쾵ꆣ헢킩샽ퟓ뫍쟩탎벸뫵ퟜ쫇춨맽랢컊헟쳡돶믲춨맽뿗ퟓ믘듰뇰죋컊쳢쯹틽폃뗄ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ쯹믘듰뗄컊쳢듳뛠캧죆ퟅ튻킩뫎캽헽좷쪵볹믲헽좷쮵램뗄컊쳢,떫쯻뗄믘듰쯆뫵룼짙ퟅ퇛폚뷢뻶싗샭쓑쳢,뛸룼뛠ퟅ퇛폚엠퇸컊뮰헟뗄짮쮼뷷짷폫뺫탄쇴틢뗄뺫짱ꆣ쯻컞탋좤붨솢튻룶뻶뚨ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,.
238뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭횮쫷믲짆횮업탲틔폃살뷢뻶싗샭쓑쳢ꆣꋙ퓚헻룶ꆶ싛폯ꆷ훐,횻폐튻뒦뛔뮰풼싔듸폐싗샭쓑쳢뗄틢캶ꆣ퓚죋쏇ퟐ쾸퓄뛁횮뫳,헢룶뇭쏦짏뗄싗샭쓑쳢ퟮ뫳좴뇤돉튻룶죃죋쏇뛔뛠훘짆ퟷ뷸튻늽쮼뾼뗄퇻쟫ꆣ헢뛎뛔뮰횵뗃컒쏇ퟐ쾸믘캶:? 튶릫폯뿗ퟓ풻ꆰ:컡떳폐횱릪헟,웤뢸죁퇲뛸ퟓ횤횮ꆣꆱ뿗ퟓ풻ꆰ:컡떳횮횱헟틬폚쫇,뢸캪ퟓ틾,ퟓ캪뢸틾,횱퓚웤훐틓ꆣꆱꋚ퓚컒쏇뾴살,헢룶ꆰ횱릪헟ꆱ헵퓺폚쯻뗄솽훖틥컱횮볤:ퟱ쫘램싉ꆢ캬뮤벯쳥짺믮쯹탨뗄닆닺좨틥컱뫍ퟰ훘뢸쟗뗄틥컱ꆣ튻랽쏦,튶릫뛔쯻ퟷ늻샻폚뢸쟗뗄횤쏷뗄ퟶ램듳볓퓞퇯,쇭튻랽쏦뿗ퟓ춨뎣놻샭뷢캪랴뛔ꆰ횱릪헟ꆱ뗄ퟶ램,퓚쯻뾴살,뛹ퟓ늻펦룃ퟷ헢퇹뗄횤쏷,틲캪볒춥틥컱쇨볝폚램싉뫍헾훎틥컱횮짏ꆣ퓄뛁헢뛎뛔뮰쪱뗄컊쳢쯆뫵퓚폚,뿗ퟓ듓캴쿔쪾,쯻뾴떽쇋튻룶싗샭쓑쳢,튲늢캴쿔쪾,쯻뷸뛸뇧뮤볒춥틥컱뗄뻸뛔폅풽탔ꆣ쇭췢튻훖뛔듋뛎뛔뮰뗄룼뻟쮵럾솦뗄샭뷢죏캪,듋뛎뛔뮰쫇퓚퇻쟫컒쏇뛔컒쏇쯹헤쫓뗄훚뛠죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆ퟷ룼뷸튻늽뗄ퟐ쾸쮼뾼ꆣ튶릫쫇튻룶샺쪷죋컯,쯻쯆뫵쿫튪붨솢램훎벰튻훖웕쫀뗂탔ꆣ퓚듋뛎뛔뮰훐,쯻쿔뗃ퟔ쏹뗃틢,붫웤훒돏쫴쿂횱릪헟뗄랶샽엗떹뿗ퟓ쏦잰ꆣ뿗ퟓ틔튻훖늻춬뗄쫂쪵뛔웤ퟶ쇋믘듰,뿗ퟓ쯹쫴뗄벯쳥뛔헢룶컊쳢폐쇭췢늻춬뗄뾴램ꆣ뿗ퟓퟜ믡맄샸룷뗘맙뎤벰컒쏇,퓚컒쏇퓞퇯믲퓰놸뇰죋횮잰,컒쏇쿈튪ퟐ쾸짳쫓컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄탐캪ꆣ춨맽룦쯟튶릫,뿗ퟓ뗄볒쿧늻튻뚨믡퓞퇯횱릪헟,뿗ퟓ퇻쟫헢캻춳훎헟훘탂랴쪡쯻ퟔ벺좷뚨뗄쫂쟩,벴쯻뫍쯻뗄쫴쿂횪뗀싗샭헽틥캪뫎컯ꆣퟔ컒짳쫓뫍램훎튻퇹,튲쫇튻훖짆ꆣ뿗ퟓ쯹잿뗷뗄뮥믝춬퇹튲횵뗃컒쏇힢틢,쯼튲쫇튻훖죋샠샻틦ꋙHerbertFingarette,Confucius:TheSecularasSacred(NewYork:Harper&),-27.ꋚConfucius,Analects,(London:PenguinBooks,1979),13/18.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭239뫍쪥짆ꆣꋙ퓚뿗ퟓ쯹힡뗄뗘랽,뢸쟗캪뛹ퟓ퇚뮤,뛹ퟓ캪뢸쟗퇚뮤ꆣ튻룶뗃쳥뗄듏믛춳훎헟뿖엂믡맄샸헢퇹튻훖뮥믝ퟶ램ꆣ폐쪱뫲,헢훖뮥믝믡췉뇤돉튻훖릴뷡,떫헢늢늻믡룄뇤웤믹놾돶랢뗣:떱죋쏇붩뮯뗘훊틉쪱,떱볒춥돉풱뮥쿠룦랢쪱,벯쳥뫜쓑듦퓚ꆣ쎿룶훷튪웕춨램싉(commonlaw)뒫춳뚼믭쏢볒춥돉풱,뇋듋늻ퟷ늻샻볻횤,틔뇣죋쏇늻놻웈퓚훒돏맺볒뫍훒돏볒춥헢솽훖짆횮볤뷸탐춴뿠뻱퓱,틔뇜쏢쪹볒춥돉풱쿝죫캱횤ퟯ뫍놣뮤쟗웝뗄솽쓑뺳뗘ꆣ잿탐죃죋쏇쏦뛔듋훖뻱퓱믡웆뮵훒돏뫍쟗짆맘쾵ꆣ횻폐쓇뻥엂쏱훚릲춬탐뚯뗄벫좨헾좨닅믡맄샸헢훖볒춥돉풱뮥쿠볠쫓ꆢ듳틥쏰쟗쪽뗄뮥쿠룦랢ꆣ퓚헢뛎뛔뮰훐,뿗ퟓ헽퓚낵쪾,헢캻춳훎헟펦룃훘탂뾼싇쯻뛔훒돏쫴쿂횱릪헟뗄ퟔ뒵ퟔ샞ꆣ튲탭,헢캻춳훎헟헽퓚쳡뎫튻훖짆ꆪꆪꆪ램훎,떫쯻컾짼쇋웤쯻뒿헽뗄짆,죧붲헦뮰뫍훒돏ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄믘듰쫇잡떱뛸훜떽뗄ꆣ틲캪짆탐폫짆퇔쫇삧쓑뗄,쯹틔죊죋믡짷훘뾼싇ퟔ벺뗄퇔싛ꆣ볈좻컒쏇뫍뿗ퟓ뚼쎻폐쟗샺떱쪱뗄짳에,컒쏇뻍늻뿉쓜쇋뷢헢캻뢸쟗쫇럱헦뗘춵쇋뇰죋뗄퇲ꆣ쯤좻쯻뗄뛹ퟓ짹돆ퟔ벺뗄뢸쟗쫇튻룶퓴,떫컒쏇늻쓜퓚췑샫놳뺰ꆢ컞램횪쿾짦낸헟뗄죋룱뫍뿉쓜뗄뚯믺뗄쟩뿶쿂헽좷뗘에뛏헢훖탐캪ꆣ튲탭헢룶뛹ퟓ뛔웤뢸쟗맜뷌쯻뛸릢릢폚뮳,뻶뚨춨맽죶믑뛸뛔웤놨뢴;튲탭헢캻뢸쟗춵퇲뗄쒿뗄쫇캪쇋헐듽튻룶살럃뗄춳훎헟믲캪쇋쳮놥웤벢뛶볒춥돉풱뗄뛇ퟓꆣ죧맻컒쏇쿫튪ퟶ돶헽좷뗄에뛏,컒쏇뇘탫뛠컊튻킩컊쳢:쫇럱헢룶뛹ퟓ튲돔쇋헢횻춵살뗄퇲?헢룶뛹ퟓ쫇퓵쎴횪뗀헢횻퇲쫇춵살뗄?죊헟퓚탻늼횱릪헟탐캪뗄싗샭짆탔횮잰,뿖엂믡쾣췻쇋뷢룼뛠뗄쫂쪵ꆣퟜ쳥살붲,뾼싇훜떽쫇뿉좡뗄,틲캪컒쏇뗄뻱퓱췹췹짦벰탭뛠훖짆ꆣ램훎ꆢퟰ뺴뢸쒸ꆢ벯쳥뫏ퟷꆢ뇜쏢퓚릫쏱훐엠퇸죶믑쾰맟ꆢ럀횹벢뗈뗈뚼쫇짆ꆣ죧맻헢킩짆뒦폚튻훖늻뿉뷢뻶뗄헅솦횮훐(퓚듋낸샽훐캴뇘죧듋),컒쏇늻쓜춨맽쯟훮쒳훖뻸뛔뛸만뚨뗄쪥짆업탲살폨ꋙHermanSinaiko,aprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,madethispointtomeinprivateconversation.
240뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틔톡퓱ꆣ놳뺰쳵볾뫜훘튪,뿖엂탭뛠죋뚼믡훷헅,떱헢캻뢸쟗춵퇲뗄쒿뗄쫇캪쇋쳮놥헢캻뛹ퟓ벰웤쯻볒춥돉풱뗄벢뎦쪱,헢캻뛹ퟓ늻펦룃룦랢헢캻뢸쟗ꆣ랴맽살,헢캻뛹ퟓ펦룃헒튻럝릤ퟷ틔좷놣헢캻뢸쟗늻믡퓚붫살틲욶쟮뛸퓙듎춵쟔ꆣ퓚쇭췢튻룶듲웆억퇔뛸헕맋ퟔ벺뗄몢ퟓ샽ퟓ훐,맦쒣탨튪폨틔뾼싇ꆣ춵퇲뻸뛔늻춬폚즱죋ꆣ죧맻헢캻뢸쟗뗄뺫짱틑뺭폐컊쳢,늢쟒뾪쪼ힷ즱죋쏇,쓇쎴듋쪱헢캻뛹ퟓ펦룃붫뢸쟗뗄쟩뿶놨룦룸맙랽ꆣ벴쪹퓚듋훖벫뛋쟩뿶쿂,뷸튻늽쮼뾼벰쟫뷌엳폑뗄ퟶ램튲탭믡냯훺헢캻뛹ퟓ랢쿖튻훖볈ퟰ뺴뢸쟗폖ퟰ훘램훎헢솽훖짆뗄솽좫웫쏀뗄ퟶ램ꆣ튲탭퓚폫맙뢮뷸탐킭짌놣횤쯻뢸쟗늻쯀횮뫳,헢캻뛹ퟓ닅붫웤즱죋뗄뢸쟗붻돶ꆣ춨맽헢훖랽쪽,헢캻뛹ퟓ튲뻍돐죏쇋램싉횮뾹믷놩솦뗄뫏램싗샭뺫짱,늢쟒쯻튲뻍ퟰ훘쇋웤뇤뗃럨뿱횮잰뗄뗃쳥뗄뢸쟗ꆣ뿗ퟓ틔튻훖틾몬뗄랽쪽뺯룦헢캻춳훎헟,쒳룶쪵볹헽좷폫럱늻쓜돩쿳뗘폨틔뻶뚨,틲캪횻폐퓚컒쏇쇋뷢쇋죋컯뗄뻟쳥쾸뷚뫍쟩탎벰움맀뾼싇쇋튻쾵쇐짆뫍랽낸횮뫳,컒쏇닅쓜뛔훚뛠짆뷸탐좡짡ꆣ퓙훘짪튻듎,뫃뗄에뛏늢늻쫇펦폃쒳훖맦퓲,뛸쫇ퟐ쾸뾼싇쿠맘뗄짧믡맘쾵ꆢ늹뻈듫쪩벰탭뛠쪹볆뮮탐캪믲맽좥탐캪뇤돉쿖퓚뗄탐캪뗄훚뛠샻틦폫쪥짆ꆣ컒쏇탨튪붫헢킩컊쳢폫컒쏇뗄춬쫂ꆢ믯냩ꆢ엳폑ꆢ볒춥돉풱벰웤쯻릫쏱뷸탐쳖싛쟫뷌,튲탭쯻쏇믡뛔쟩탎쯹짦벰뗄룷훖짆폐룼뫃뗄뾴램폫뚴쪶ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,냍샻(Bary)뗄맛뗣쫇헽좷뗄,쯻붫뿗ퟓ싗샭쫓캪ꆰ뎹뗗췆싛탔뗄ꆱ싗샭(thoroughlydiscursive)ꆣꋙ뛾ꆢ떱짆쫇뛠훘뛸뿉쓜늻뿉닢솿쪱,룸돶샭평ퟮ뻟틢틥 죧맻뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ뗄맛뗣쫇헽좷뗄,뛸컒쏇폖늻펵폐폃폚움ꋙWilliamTheodoredeBary,EastAsianCivilizations(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1988),.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭241맀탐캪뗄춳튻뗄볛횵뇪ힼ믲짆횮업탲,쓇쎴쫇럱헢틢캶ퟅ컒쏇틑뺭쿝죫쇋튻훖싗샭쿠뛔훷틥뗄쓠첶쓘?잡잡쿠랴,헽죧탭뛠싗샭톧볒쯹횸돶뗄,쮵쒳룶죋믲쒳룶릫쮾뗄탐캪닺짺쇋싗샭컊쳢뻍뗈폚쮵쯻믲쯼펦룃폐퓰죎룸돶쯻믲쯼횮쯹틔헢퇹ퟶ(믲늻헢퇹ퟶ)뗄샭평ꆣꋙ틲뛸,싗샭컊쳢늻춬폚짺샭욷캶뗄컊쳢,뫍헜색뫍뿗ퟓ퓚헢튻뗣짏폫듳뛠쫽컷랽싗샭톧볒췪좫쿠춬ꆣ죧맻쓣놻컊벰캪쪲쎴톡퓱돔쟉뿋솦뇹쇜뛸쎻폐톡퓱돔쿣닝뇹쇜헢룶컊쳢쪱,쓣뿉쓜믡믘듰ꆰ:컒뻍쾲뮶돔쟉뿋솦ꆣꆱ컒쏇믡뷓쫜쓣뗄믘듰,틲캪컒쏇샭뷢,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,짺샭욷캶쎻폐샭평뿉틔뷢쫍ꆣ(퓚듋,컒붲짺샭욷캶,폐틢붫웤폫쏀톧욷캶쟸럖뾪살ꆣ컒쏇쓜릻튲좷쪵룸돶샭평,캪쪲쎴즯쪿뇈퇇뗄ꆶ샮뛻췵ꆷ헢늿컄톧ퟷ욷쪤맽맾샻삥샋싾뻧벰횩훫죋솬뮷뮭)ꆣ퓚싗샭톧쇬폲퓲잡잡쿠랴,쾲뫃늻쓜뫏샭횤쏷탐캪ꆣ톡퓱싛(pro-choice)뫍짺쏼싛(pro-life)뗄룷ퟔ횧돖헟쏇뚼샭뷢,뛩첥쫇튻룶싗샭컊쳢ꆣ헢훖릲춬샭뷢뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴룷랽뚼뻵뗃ퟔ벺뇘탫룸돶샭평횧돖ퟔ벺뗄솢뎡ꆣ쯤좻쯻쏇룸돶늻춬뗄샭평,떫쯻쏇쮫랽뚼춬틢,헢룶컊쳢쫇튻룶싗샭컊쳢,뛸늻쫇튻룶욷캶뗄컊쳢ꆣ컒쏇횮쯹틔펦룃웚듽싗샭컊쳢짏폐럖웧,잡잡쫇틲캪컒쏇헤쫓훚뛠뗄짆,늢쟒뛔헢킩짆뇭쿖돶늻춬뗄움맀탔랴펦ꆣ쫂쪵짏,헢훖룸돶샭평뗄쪵볹ퟶ램틔벰싗샭탐캪뗄룅쓮퓚헢룶뻟폐뛠훘벰뿉쓜늻뿉닢솿뗄짆뗄쫀뷧샯쫇ퟮ뻟폐틢틥뗄ꆣퟷ캪컒쏇쎿죕얬솦뗄튻늿럖,컒쏇뇋듋횮볤룸돶샭평틔쟳샭뷢컒쏇쯹폶떽뗄컊쳢,늢쟒쮵럾죋쏇닉폃쒳훖랽램ꆣ횻폐떱컒쏇얪쟥돾쓄킩짆쫇컊쳢뗄맘볼쪱,컒쏇닅쓜헦헽샭뷢컒쏇쯹쏦쇙뗄컊쳢,뛸컒쏇쫇춨맽뛔뮰뛸믱뗃듋훖죏쪶폫샭뷢ꆣ헽죧컒퓚뇰뒦쯹쳖싛뗄,뛔뮰ퟜ쫇틔쮵럾헢훖뿉쓜탔캪잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣꋚ틲듋,떱컒쏇캪횮룸돶샭평뗄죋늻십짏춬틢컒쏇쪱,쮵ꋙMaryMidgley,CanꆯtWeMakeMoralJudgements?(NewYork:ꆯsPress,1993),-27;,TowardAMoreNaturalScience(NewYork:FreePress,1985),-83.ꋚDarylKoehn,RethinkingFeministEthics(London:Routledge,1998),.
242뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭럾뻍뇤뗃ퟮ캪뇘튪ꆣ떱탭뛠짆놻짦벰쪱,헢훖럖웧폈캪뎣볻ꆣ죧맻횻폐튻훖짆듦퓚,믲죧맻컒쏇폐튻냑돟ퟓ폃틔뫢솿업탲쯹폐짆뗄쿠뛔볛횵,쓇쎴컒쏇뇋듋횮볤뻍믡듯돉좫쏦뗄릲쪶,컒쏇튲뻍늻탨튪캪컒쏇뗄솢뎡룸돶샭평,튲뻍늻탨튪퇔싛뫍붲뮰,컒쏇쯹탨튪ퟶ뗄뻍쫇폃쫖횸쿲튻룶웕쫀믲릲춬뗄뇪ힼꆣ죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄뛠풪뮯뷢쫍쇋컒쏇뗄룸돶샭평뗄쪵볹,튲캪싗샭쇬폲뗄닺짺쳡릩쇋믹뒡ꆣ떱컒쏇뇋듋룸돶샭평벰쯟훮폚룷훖짆쪱,컒쏇튲탭믡틢쪶떽컒쏇뇋듋횮볤듦퓚뎹뗗럖웧ꆣ튻떩컒쏇랢쿖컒쏇헽퓚쯟훮폚뿉쓜늻뿉닢솿뗄룷훖짆쪱,컒쏇튻쿂ퟓ틢쪶떽컒쏇쫇뎹뗗럖웧뗄튻랽ꆣ죧맻쯹폐짆뚼쓜쟡틗퓚튻룶볛횵돟뛈짏뷸탐뇈뷏,쓇쎴컒쏇튲뻍늻믡샭뷢컒쏇뗄럖웧떽뗗폐뛠짮뫱ꆣ좻뛸,늻뿉닢솿뗄룷훖짆뗄듦퓚늢늻쪹룸돶샭평헢훖ퟶ램쿔뗃뛠폠ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,컒쏇룐뻵뇘탫ퟩ횯컒쏇뗄쮼쿫,얬솦쪹컒쏇뗄솢뎡뺡뿉쓜뗘볡쪵,헢헽쫇틲캪컒쏇뻵뗃컒쏇늢늻펵폐헢퇹튻훖쓜릻뛔룷훖짆뷸탐뛔뇈뗄돟뛈,룼늻폃쳡뛔웤뷸탐업탲쇋ꆣ헢훖돟뛈뗄좱쪧쟩뿶벤샸컒쏇랢햹탂뗄싛뗣ꆢ첽쯷탂뗄샭평ꆣ춨맽쳖싛,컒쏇튲탭뿉틔뻍컒쏇뗄쟡훘뮺벱폫폅쿈뾼싇뗄쫂쟩듯돉릲쪶,튲탭듯늻돉죎뫎릲쪶ꆣ죧맻퓚쳖싛훐돶쿖뗄룷훖짆볌탸뒦폚헅솦횮훐,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍탨튪ퟷ뷸튻늽쳖싛ꆣ헽죧뫍헜색쯹헽좷횸돶뗄,컒쏇쯹듯돉뗄죎뫎릲쪶튲탭ퟮ훕뚼횤쏷쫇퓝쪱뗄ꆣ쯦ퟅ쟩탎뗄뷸튻늽햹뾪,룶죋붫믡틔룷ퟔ뛀쳘벰늻뿉풤닢뗄랽쪽뷸탐랴펦ꆣ죋쏇뗄랴펦붫믡틽웰뛔랽뗄퓙랴펦,헢퇹톰쟳쮫랽뷓쫜탐캪뗄첸에뻍뗃틔볌탸쿂좥ꆣꋙ컒헽퓚뇧뮤뗄웕쫀싗샭믡죃컒쏇훘탂뾼싇ꆰ쪵폃샭탔ꆱ(practicalreason)뗄틢틥ꆣ쪵폃샭탔늢늻쫇쯟훮폚벰펦폃쓇듦퓚폚ꆰ룸돶샭평ꆱ헢훖벯쳥쪵볹횮췢뗄쒳룶릲춬뇪ힼ믲맦퓲ꆣ쪵폃샭탔릤ퟷ맽돌틢캶ퟅ쯟훮뫍뾼싇쫖춷쟩탎쯹짦벰뗄룷훖짆,헢훖맽돌쫇튻훖첽쯷ꋙNoboruYoshimuraandPhilipAnderson,InsidetheKaisha(Boston:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,1997),;54-55;85;87.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭243탔뫍뗷퇐탔뗄맽돌,쯼쓜릻냯훺컒쏇랢쿖컒쏇쯹쏦뛔뗄룷훖뻱퓱뗄맘볼쫇쪲쎴ꆣ폐쪱컒쏇뗄쪵폃샭탔릤ퟷ맽돌쫇튻룶쮵럾뗄맽돌:퓚듋맽돌훐,컒쏇얬솦톰헒뛔랽싛뗣횮슩뚴,믲헟캪붫쒳킩릲춬뗄짆떱ퟷ릲춬쫂튵,컒쏇톰쟳쮫랽릲춬뗄퓰죎폫춶죫ꆣ폐쪱쪵폃샭탔믡랢돶룦뷫,뺯룦죋쏇닉폃쯻쏇붨틩쪱붫믡돶쿖쪲쎴퇹뗄뫳맻ꆣ쪵폃샭탔릤ퟷ맽돌쫇튻훖뛔뮰뗄맽돌ꆣ퓚뿉쓜뗄쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇펦뺡솿폫죋햹뾪뛔뮰ꆣ컒쏇폫죋뛔뮰늻펦쫇튻훖ퟶퟷ뗄ퟰ훘,헽죧뿗ퟓ춣쿂살폫럨횮죋붲뮰튻퇹,쫇틲캪뇰죋뿉쓜믡뾴떽컒쏇뾴늻떽뗄짆ꆣ헽죧컒퓚뗚튻헂샯쯹횸돶뗄,틲캪컒쏇쎿룶죋뛔짆뚼뻟폐쒳훖쇣즢뗄샭뷢,쯹틔벴쪹컒쏇훐쓇킩뛔룷훖짆쎻폐룱췢짮냂샭뷢뗄죋튲쓜릻럖뇦돶쓄킩죋쫇랶쪽탔뗄ꆢ횵뗃돆퓞뗄ꆣ돽듋횮췢,폫믯냩릫쏱햹뾪뛔뮰튲쓜쪹컒쏇틢쪶떽훮죧맦쒣ꆢ놳뺰ꆢ샺쪷뗈튻킩컒쏇쿫튪에뛏헽좷쪱탨튪뾼싇뗄틲쯘ꆣퟮ뫳,컒쏇횮쯹틔탨튪폫뇰죋햹뾪뛔뮰,쫇틲캪,헽죧컒퓚쿂쏦붫튪쳖싛뗄,췪좫짳짷횮죋믲췪좫쏷훇닃에쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ랶쪽뗄닃에튲탭믡폐탭뛠탎쪽,뛸퓚에뛏횮잰쫇컞램믱횪뗄ꆣ튪쿫ퟶ돶뫏샭뗄싗샭에뛏,컒쏇뻍튪컊탭뛠컊쳢,틔뇣컒쏇쓜랢쿖낸볾쯹짦벰뗄탭뛠짆;컒쏇뮹튪볬닩컒쏇뗄욫볻,틔뇣잱퓚쿠맘뗄싛뗣뗃떽쳽;컒쏇룼튪얬솦룸돶뻟쮵럾솦뗄샭평,틔뇣쮵쏷컒쏇캪쪲쎴퓚듋쟩뿶쿂톡좡헢훖(쳗)짆ꆣ믲헟죧뿗ퟓ쯹쮵뗄,컊컊쳢놾짭뻍쫇튻훖헽좷뗄샱틇ꆣꋙퟮ듳뗄싗샭캣쿕늢늻퓚폚컒쏇뛔룷훖짆뗄늻춬틢,뛸퓚폚컒쏇늻컊첽쯷탔컊쳢벰늻룸돶샭평,횮뫳컒쏇뻍믡쟷폚폃놩솦좡듺쮵럾ꆣ믲헟컒쏇믡춣횹쮼뾼,뛸뇤돉쓇킩쪹냘삭춼뫍퇇샯쪿뛠뗂짮짮ퟅ쏔뗄쏛럤,쎦폚컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄죕뎣쫂컱,내헕볈뚨뗄맦싉뫍쾰맟탐캪ퟶ쫂틔벰릥믷죎뫎떨룒죅싒컒쏇짺믮쒣쪽뗄죋ꆣ컒쏇튲펦룃탨튪뗃떽튻훖돐죏죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆뗄뛠퇹뮯벰뛔헢킩짆뗄랴펦뗄뛠퇹뮯ꆢ돐죏뛔헢킩짆뷸탐뾼솿뫍닃에뗄춳튻돟뛈쫇늻듦퓚뗄헢퇹튻훖웕쫀싗샭ꆣ쯼늻뷶늻믡쪹컒쏇쿝죫튻훖싗샭쿠뛔ꋙConfucius,Analects,3/15.
244뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훷틥,랴떹믡룸컒쏇뗄룸돶샭평횮싗샭쪵볹쳡릩믹뒡,늢쓜쪹컒쏇듓뒿욷캶쇬폲훐쳡짽돶살ꆣ컒쏇뛔룷훖짆뗄잱퓚늻뿉닢솿탔뗄돐죏뻍릹돉쇋뒿웕쫀싗샭뗄믹뒡ꆣ퓚헢훖싗샭쿂,쏀맺죋뻍뿉틔뛔훐맺뇭듯뛔죋좨컊쳢뗄맘힢,뛸훐맺춬퇹튲뿉틔쿲쏀맺뇭듯웤낲좫랽쏦뗄뾼싇ꆣ릫릲낲좫쫇튻훖짆,ퟰ훘룶죋좨샻튲쫇튻훖짆ꆣ횻폐떱훚뛠짆놻퓊탭뢡돶쮮쏦쪱,쮫랽닅쓜햹뾪헦헽뗄뛔뮰,튲횻폐듋쪱컊쳢닅믡돉캪헦헽틢틥짏뗄싗샭컊쳢ꆣ죧맻튻랽쫂쿈뻶뚨,쒳룶볛횵(죧죋좨믲릫릲낲좫)룟폚웤쯻튻쟐볛횵,쓇쎴뛔뮰뻍놻웆뮵쇋ꆣ쮫랽횮볤뷸탐뗄늻쫇뒿헽뗄뛔뮰,틲캪쮵럾틑뺭뇤뗃늻뿉쓜ꆣ틲캪룷훖짆놾짭쎻폐놻퓊탭ퟔ평뢡돶쮮쏦,쯹틔헢킩짆뻍늻쓜쫜떽펦폐뗄뾼싇ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂붲돶뗄퇔싛웤쪵뻍쫇튻훖캱ힰ돉첸뮰뗄놩솦ꆣ튻룶돐죏훚뛠짆뗄싗샭믡퓊탭룷랽뻍룷훖짆뷸탐헹싛ꆣ볈좻퓊탭뛔튻훖짆뷸탐헹싛,쓇쎴뻍튪퓊탭뛔뛠훖짆뷸탐헹싛,틲캪룷훖짆폐쪱쫇쿠뮥솪쾵뗄ꆣ룷훖좨샻쫇짆,벸뫵쎿룶죋쿖퓚뚼춬틢헢튻뗣ꆣ뛔폚쏀맺죋살쮵,좨샻횮짆쫜떽쇋ퟔ훷횮짆뗄횧돖ꆣ쿠랴,떱컒쏇캪ퟔ벺뗄좨샻뛸햽쪱,훐맺죋퓲붫좨샻횮짆뫍ퟔ싉횮짆벰춬쪱뾼싇뇰죋뢣횮짆솪쾵웰살뾼싇ꆣ퓚훐맺놳뺰쿂,좨샻쫇폐볛횵뗄,틲캪쯼쏇쓜릻냯훺컒쏇톧쾰죧뫎ퟮ병탐쫂,헢퇹튻훖뷌폽뿏뚨튲뿉쯣ퟷ쇭튻훖짆ꆣ폐죋뿉쓜믡퓞춬룶죋횮짆,뛸폐죋뿉쓜믡횧돖릫릲횮짆,듋쪱쮫랽횮볤탨튪뷸탐뷢쫍탔뛔뮰ꆣ릫릲횮짆뗄룅쓮뻟폐뫜뛠늻춬몬틥,헢튪좡뻶폚붲뮰헟뛔ꆰ릫릲ꆱ튻듊뗄샭뷢ꆣ뛔폚뿗ퟓ살쮵,죎뫎쓜릻냯훺튻룶컄뮯쳡룟뷸탐ퟔ컒탞퇸뫍뷸탐랶쪽탐캪횮쓜솦뗄짆,뻍쫇릫릲횮짆ꆣ컷랽헜톧볒죧낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹퓲믡잿뗷튻훖룹놾릫릲횮짆,벴캬돖튻훖벯쳥돉풱쓜릻랢쿖뫍헻뫏ퟔ벺탋좤뗄뿕볤ꆣ쓇킩럖쿭뫍헜색샭싛뗄죕놾죋붫믡죏캪,ퟮ훘튪뗄릫릲횮짆쫇튻훖퓚쒳훖힢뚨벯쳥(볒춥ꆢ듥헲뗈뗈)훐뗄뒿헽뷒쪾ꆣ뗂탔튲쫇짆,떫쳖싛릫릲횮짆쪱쯹폶떽뗄쒣뫽춬퇹튲믡쇽헖뗂탔뗄쳖싛ꆣ탅삵뿉틔놻ퟷ캪튻훖짧믡닺뛸쫜떽헤쫓,틲캪쯼붫죋쏇췅뷡뗃룼뷴쏜,붫붻틗돉놾붵뗃룼뗍ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇튲탭믡춬틢뫍헜색뗄쮵램,믹놾탅삵쫇튻훖짆,늢늻쫇틲캪쯼쓜쪹죋샠맘쾵룼볓죚
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭245잢,뛸쫇틲캪쯼쓜쪹컒쏇룼돉웤캪죋ꆣ뮻퇔횮,믹놾탅삵쓜쪹컒쏇ힷ쟳쯹폐뗄죋샠횮짆,틲뛸쯼쫇튻훖ꆰ짆훐횮짆ꆱꆣ뺡맜맦퓲늻쓜돉캪싗샭뗄믹뒡,떫쯼쏇튲뿉쓜퓚쒳킩놳뺰쿂돉캪튻훖짆ꆣ쳖싛헟튲탭뿉틔캪쏱쫂쳖싛뚨솢튻킩믹놾맦퓲,믲헟죋쏇튲탭뿉틔톡퓱ퟱ쫘튻킩횼퓚듙뷸컈뚨믲뿉풤닢탔뗄돌탲ꆣ횻튪맦퓲놻쫓캪훚뛠짆훐뗄튻훖맦퓲,쓇쎴쯼쏇뻍뻟폐뻞듳뗄볛횵ꆣ죽ꆢ뗂탔뗄잰쳡쫇훚뛠뗄죋샠횮짆떱컒쏇돐죏탭뛠늻뿉닢솿뗄짆뗄듦퓚쪱,컒쏇뗄뗂탔틔벰컒쏇뗄룸돶샭평횮싗샭쪵볹뚼믡뻟폐훘듳틢틥ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇췪헻탔(integrity)ꆢ훒돏(loyalty)ꆢ뫍킳(harmony)뫍뿉탅삵(trustworthiness)헢킩뗂탔ꆣ1.췪헻탔췪헻탔뗄잰쳡쫇튻훖쓜릻샭뷢늻춬맛뗣뗄맙쓜틔벰튻훖퓚닉좡쒳훖솢뎡횮잰ퟐ쾸퇩횤룷훖쫂쪵뗄풸틢뺫짱ꆣ쓇킩좱짙헢킩쳘헷뗄죋믡틔ퟱ쫘쓇킩ퟔ?뗄싗샭샭평뗄랽쪽뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖ퟱ쫘놾짭뫍췪헻탔늢늻쫇튻믘쫂ꆣ쓇킩좱짙짨짭뒦뗘쪽솪쿫쓜솦벰샭뷢뇰죋맛뗣횮쓜솦뗄죋뇈쓇킩폐뗂횮죋룼캪췧만ꆣ뿗ퟓ뺯룦죋쏇쳡럀췧만뫍믺킵ퟱ쫘헢솽훖췧벲ꆣ죊죋ꆰ횮폚쳬쿂튲,컞쫊튲,컞쒪튲,틥횮폫뇈ꆣꆱꋙ죊죋믲췪헻횮죋늢늻볙짨횻폐쯻쏇횪뗀헽좷뗄탐캪랽쪽,믲헟죏캪쯻쏇쯹쮽쿂횪쿾뗄쒳킩쪵볹맦퓲쓜릻늻뿉쏽컳(infallibly)뗘닺짺헽좷뗄듰낸ꆣ틲캪뻟폐췪헻탔횮죋횪뗀싗샭컊쳢뎣뎣믡짦벰탭뛠쿠뮥뺺헹뗄짆,쯹틔쯻쏇믡엠퇸튻훖샭뷢룷훖맛뗣뗄쓜솦ꆣ틗늷짺뗄ꆶ죋쏱릫뗐ꆷ(AnEnemyofthepeople)럇뎣쟉쏮뗘뷒쪾ꋙConfucius,Analects,4/10.
246뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쇋헦헽췪헻탔뫍ퟔ?췪헻탔횮볤뗄쟸뇰ꆣꋙ틗늷짺뇊쿂죋컯쮹뗂뿋싼()튽짺붨틩붫쯻쯹뒦뗄킡헲뇤돉튻룶컂좪풡뎡ꆣ떱쯻좷탅쮮풴놻쾸뻺컛좾쪱,쯻뾪쪼랢뚯튻뎡맘뇕풡뎡뗄ꆰ쪥햽ꆱꆣ쯻뗄탐캪랽쪽뫃쿱횻폐쯻닅맘힢헢룶킡헲,쯻붫쯹폐뗄틉컊짮님폚ퟔ벺탄쓚,횻듽뫳살ퟔ쏹뗃틢뗘폃헢킩틉컊릥믷뇰죋ꆣ벴쪹컂좪풡뎡튵쫇헢룶욫풶뛸욶쟮킡헲뗄훷튪맍훷,쯻튲늻폫뇰죋춨솦뫏ퟷ헼뻈컂좪풡뎡튵,뛸쯻ퟔ벺튲퓸뗃틦폚헢룶컂좪풡뎡튵ꆣ좻뛸,튻떩쯻뻶뚨헼뻈쎿룶죋췑샫컛좾횮뛱,쓇쎴헢훖뻍튵횮짆뛔쯻살쮵튲늻틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꆣ쮹뗂뿋싼튽짺뻜뻸쳽웤쯻죋뫍볒춥돉풱뗄틢볻ꆪꆪꆪ뛔쯻살쮵,헢킩죋뚼쫇죋쏱뗄릫뗐ꆣ횻폐쯻ퟔ벺횪뗀쪲쎴뛔짧쟸벯쳥폐틦ꆣ쮹뗂뿋싼뫃쿱릫쮾쓚뗄쓚늿뷒쏘헟,웤탐캪뫃쿱쯻쏇쫇릫쮾쓚캩튻쾸탄맘힢짆뗄죋ꆣ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,뷒쏘튲탭쫇뫏쫊뗄랴펦,떫쓇킩췪헻횮죋퓲늻믡춨맽릫뾪횸뿘춬쫂뗄듭컳뛸뾪쪼ퟔ벺뗄맘힢,췪헻횮죋퓚폫뇰죋뛔뮰벰뾼싇쯻쏇뗄싛뻝횮뫳,닅믡ퟶ돶에뛏ꆣ튲탭룟닣맜샭헟틑뺭뛔헢룶컊쳢폐쯹뻵달,튲탭뷒쏘헟틑뺭뫶쫓쇋튻킩짆뫍뾼싇ꆣ췪헻횮죋붫믡믽벫닎폫떽죋쏇뮥쿠룸돶샭평뗄쫀뷧샯좥ꆣ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄췆틆,췪헻횮죋뗄퇔탐횮쓚뗄짮닣튻훂탔튲탭믡훰붥쿔슶돶살ꆣ좻뛸,쯻쏇늻믡쫔춼잿웈뇰죋뷓쫜ퟔ벺듓쒳룶뻸뛔짆쓇샯췆퇜돶살뗄솢뎡ꆣ퓚컒쳡틩붨솢뗄웕쫀싗샭쳥쾵훐,췪헻탔횮뗂탔늢쎻폐뛀쳘뗄뇭듯랽쪽ꆣ횪쿾춬튻쫂쪵뗄솽룶늻춬뷒쏘헟뿉쓜믡닉좡늻춬짵훁쿠뛔솢뗄탐캪랽쪽ꆣ떫쯻쏇솽룶죋뚼뿉틔뻟폐췪헻탔ꆣ죃컒쏇퓝쪱볙짨,뗚튻룶맍풱뗄샏냥쿲웤놣횤,릫쮾뗄맜샭닣믡얬솦닉좡늹뻈듫쪩살뷢뻶릫쮾쯹짺닺닺욷뗄뿉쓜췾킲짺쏼뗄좱쿝ꆣ죧맻헢룶샏냥퓚틔잰뷢뻶닺욷좱쿝맽돌훐뇭쿖돶쇋뿉탅삵탔,쓇쎴헢룶맍풱튲럅믡뻶뚨퓚릫쮾쓚늿뫏ퟷ,얬솦뷢뻶닺욷훐뗄캣쿕좱쿝ꆣ죧맻뗚뛾룶맍풱ꋙHenrikIbsen,AnEnemyofthePeople,(NewYork:Faber&Faber,1998),Passim.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭247퓚맽좥쫜뺡쇋웤샏냥뗄웛컪,쓇쎴쯽튲탭믡뻵뗃쯽뇰컞톡퓱,횻폐쿲쎽쳥뷒슶닺욷뗄훂쏼좱쿝닅쓜뷢뻶컊쳢ꆣ틲캪죋쏇뻟폐늻춬뗄뺭퇩,쯹틔쯻쏇믡뻶뚨닉폃쓄킩샭평벰뻵뗃쓄킩샭평뻟룼쮵럾솦ꆣ췪헻탔늢늻튪쟳첫뛠뗄뛔싗샭풭퓲뗄쪵훊ퟱ쫘,쯼룼튪쟳쓇훖뇦뇰컒쏇헽퓚ힷ쟳룷훖짆ꆢ룸돶샭평톡좡쒳훖짆벰믘펦춬쫂벰엳폑쯹쳡랴뛔틢볻뗄풸틢뺫짱ꆣ캪쇋쓜쪹웤탐캪뫏뫵싗샭,헢솽캻맍풱뚼탨튪룸폨쯻쏇뗄샏냥튻룶믺믡살믘펦쯻쏇뗄맘힢ꆣ벴쪹뗚뛾캻맍풱뗄횱뷓샏냥퓚맽좥틑뺭쿔쪾돶튻훖컞뚯폚훔뗄첬뛈,떫쓇킩룼룟벶뇰뗄맜샭헟쏇믡룼퇏쯠뾼싇쯽뗄맘힢ꆣ횻폐떱쯽뗄쯹폐샏냥뚼늻풸뻀헽닺욷뗄좱쿝쪱,쯽닅쓜뾼싇쯟훮쎽쳥ꆣ떫컊쳢뗄맘볼쫇,솽캻맍풱뿉쓜믡톡퓱늻춬뗄탐캪랽쪽,떫쯻쏇죔뿉쓜뚼쫇췪헻횮죋ꆣ헢퇹,죋쏇듓맽좥뺭퇩ꆢ웚듽ꆢ쾣췻ꆢ뿖뻥벰엳폑뗄틢볻뗈랽쏦돶랢뾼싇,쯻쏇ퟶ돶쇋뻶뚨ꆣ틲듋,쓇훖튡냚늻뚨튲뻍뇤돉쇋췪헻탔ꆣ횻튪죋쏇뗄헢킩틲쯘뫍뾼싇폐쯹늻춬,쓇쎴쯻쏇쯹맘힢뗄짆뻍쫇늻뿉닢솿뗄ꆣ솽캻맍풱뿉쓜뚼헤쫓ퟩ횯쓚뗄쿠뮥탅삵;쯻쏇뿉쓜뚼늻풸틔죎뫎캥놳헢훖탅삵뗄랽쪽뛸탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ쇭췢,죃컒쏇튲볙짨,헢솽캻맍풱튲헤쫓ퟔퟰ,죧맻쯻쏇뛔쿻럑헟쯹쏦쇙뗄헢훖캣쿕닺욷늻ퟶ죎뫎쫂,쓇쎴쯻쏇뫜쓑뿭쮡ퟔ벺ꆣ퓚폫엳폑뫍춬쫂뷸탐뛠랽뗄쳖싛뫍랴쪡횮뫳,쯻쏇ퟮ훕뿉쓜믡룸탅삵뢳폨늻춬뗄쿠뛔훘튪탔,틲캪쯻쏇뛔춬쫂쏇뗄뿉탅삵탔닺짺쇋늻춬뗄샭뷢ꆣ뗚튻룶맍풱죏캪춨맽탅삵웤맜샭닣뗄뇭쫶,쯻뗄ퟔퟰ쓜릻뗃떽캬돖;뗚뛾룶맍풱쎻폐춬퇹뗄ퟔ탅탄,틲뛸붫ퟔퟰퟷ캪ퟮ쫗튪뗄짆,뛸늻쫇탅삵ꆣ뺡맜쯻쏇폐늻춬뗄톡퓱,떫쯻쏇뚼뿉틔놻쫓캪샭탔뗄췪헻횮죋,쯻쏇뚼뿉쓜믡펮뗃컒쏇뗄뫃룐폫탅삵ꆣ2.훒돏맘폚훒돏뗄컊쳢,컒쏇뿉틔닉좡샠쯆뗄맛뗣ꆣ뫍췪헻탔튻퇹,훒돏튲늢늻튪쟳쯹폐룷랽뚼럖쿭췪좫쿠춬뗄짆횮업탲믲쿠춬뗄풭퓲ꆣ훒돏헢룶뗂탔볙뚨,뮥쿠훒돏룷랽뿉쓜늻춬틢뇋듋,짵훁냼삨쓇킩벤샸쯻쏇훒돏뗄룷훖짆튲뿉쓜폐쯹늻춬ꆣ죃컒쏇쿫쿱튻룶헤쫓짧믡릫
248뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭틥뗄맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱ꆣ헢캻릤ퟷ죋풱튻횱훒폚ퟔ벺뗄샏냥,벴맺믡틩풱,헢캻맺믡틩풱튻횱얬솦릤ퟷ틔좷놣쯹폐뗄췅쳥죋좺뚼쓜럖쿭욽뗈뗄뻍튵믺믡ꆣ뺡맜헢캻맺믡틩풱뫍헢캻맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱뚼쿫듙뷸짧믡릫틥,떫쯻쏇튲탭믡뻍짧믡릫틥뗄몬틥벰웤폫웤쯻짆뗄맘쾵뗈컊쳢닺짺늻춬뗄뾴램ꆣ헢캻맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱퓞돉뛔쏀맺뫚죋뷸탐늹뎥,틲캪쯻쏇뗄ퟦ쿈쫇놻떱ퟷ얫솥뛸랷싴떽쏀맺뗄ꆣ헢캻맺믡틩풱믡퓞돉랴웧쫓탐뚯볆뮮,떫믡뻸뛔랴뛔늹뎥ퟶ램ꆣ헢캻맺믡틩풱뗄샭평쫇,죧맻쓇킩붫튪뛔쯰몦ퟶ돶늹뎥뗄죋늻뛔듋짋몦뢺폐횱뷓뗄퓰죎,쓇쎴헢훖늹뎥뻍늻쫇틥컱탔뗄ꆣ벴쪹늹뎥쫇틥컱탔뗄,맺볒튲컞램돐떣쿲쫽틔냙췲볆뗄얫솥뫳듺횧뢶쫽틔냙틚볆뗄늹뎥뿮쿮ꆣ뺭볃뢣뫍짧믡릫틥튻퇹튲쫇튻훖짆ꆣ헢캻맺믡틩풱죏캪,춨맽닉좡랴웧쫓탐뚯볆뮮뫍랴뛔늹뎥,쏀맺죋볈쓜릻틢쪶떽뛔웤쯻릫쏱뗄짋몦,폖쓜릻틢쪶떽캬돖튻룶랱죙뺭볃뗄훘튪탔,틲캪퓚튻룶랱죙뺭볃훐,쯹폐뗄죋쏇뚼폐튻훖닮늻뛠욽뗈뗄믺믡틔톰쟳쪳컯ꆢ힡랿ꆢ뷌폽벰웤쯻짺믮뇘탨욷ꆣ뺡맜헢캻맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱뛔헢캻맺믡틩풱뗄뻶뚨늻짵싺틢,떫쯻죔뿉쓜뛔웤놣돖훒돏,샭평죧쿂:쫗쿈,맺믡틩풱듓캴튪쟳룃릤ퟷ죋풱뇭쿖돶튻훖컞쳵볾믲늻볙쮼쯷뗄훒돏ꆣ룃맺믡틩풱볈쎻폐튪쟳튲쎻폐웚췻쯻뗄릤ퟷ죋풱퓚늻맜쯻닉좡쪲쎴첬뛈뫍헾닟뗄쳵볾쿂뚼훒돏폚쯻,쯻뗄릤ퟷ죋풱튲폐좨늻춬틢쯻뗄맛뗣늢쟒죎뫎쪱뫲뚼쓜쿲쯻듇횰ꆣ춨맽돐죏훚뛠짆뗄듦퓚벰ퟰ훘늻춬뗄틢볻,룃맺믡틩풱횤쏷ퟔ벺쫇튻룶헤쫓ퟔ평뗄죋,춬쪱룃맺믡틩풱튲쟥돾,릤ퟷ죋풱뛔폚ퟔퟰ뗄맘힢뿉쓜쪹릤ퟷ죋풱믡뻵뗃퓚쒳킩쟩탎쿂뇘탫튪듇횰ꆣ뮻퇔횮,룃맺믡틩풱ퟰ훘짏쏦컒쏇쯹쳖싛뗄췪헻탔횮뗂,튲ퟰ훘듋뒦쯹붲뗄훒돏횮뗂ꆣ헢캻맺믡틩풱듓캴붫훒돏폫놻웈뗄얫틛믬쿽웰살ꆣ뷶뷶헢볾쫂쪵ퟣ틔돉캪뇰죋뛔웤훒돏뗄샭평ꆣ룃릤ퟷ죋풱횮쯹틔룃맺믡틩풱훒돏,뮹틲캪룃맺믡틩풱ퟰ훘쪵폃샭탔(practicalreason)ꆣ쯻쪱뎣믡뫍릤ퟷ죋풱뻍헾닟컊쳢햹뾪쳖싛ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼쓜릻ퟔ평뗘쯟훮폚룷ퟔ죏캪훘튪뗄짆,헽쫇헢훖ퟰ훘뫍ퟔ평닅쪹뗃릤ퟷ죋풱풸틢뫍룃맺믡틩풱튻웰릤ퟷꆣ쯻쏇샭뷢헢캻
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭249맺믡틩풱헽퓚톰쟳듙뷸쏀뫃짺믮,뛸쯻쯹듙뷸뗄쏀뫃짺믮듓쒳훖틢틥짏튲틢캶ퟅ퓊탭컒쏇톰쟳뇦뇰쓇횵뗃헤쫓뗄쫂컯ꆣ퓚놾낸샽훐,뺡맜맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱뫍맺믡틩풱뚼춬틢헤쫓뺭볃뢣뫍짧믡릫틥,떫쯻쏇튲탭뛔뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵듦퓚럖웧ꆣ샽죧,맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱튲탭죏캪,늹뎥ퟮ훕쓜릻듌벤뺭볃,늢쟒뻟폐뻞듳뗄쿳헷틢틥ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩탎쿂,헢캻맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱죏캪뺭볃뢣뫍짧믡릫틥쫇췪좫춳튻뗄ꆣ맺믡틩풱퓲쎻폐죧듋샖맛,쯻떣탄죧맻늹뎥뗃떽횴탐뗄뮰,쯼믡떼훂뺭볃쮥췋ꆣ늻맽,틲캪쯻쏇쮫랽횮볤뗄럖웧쫇쫔춼욽뫢춬튻쾵쇐짆헢튻탐캪뗄쯹닺짺뗄뷡맻,쯹틔쯻쏇믡뻵뗃쮫랽횮볤죝틗쿠뒦릤ퟷꆣ죧맻헢쫇맺믡틩풱캪쇋뺭볃뢣뛸뿉쓜쯰몦짧믡릫틥뗄뗚쪮듎ퟶ램,컒쏇뗄맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱뿉쓜뻍믡뻶뚨춣횹캪쯻릤ퟷꆣ죧맻맺믡틩풱헦헽훘쫓짧믡릫틥,쓇쎴쯻뻍펦룃늻쪱뗘닉좡탐뚯듙뷸폫몴컀쯼ꆣ럱퓲뗄뮰,쯻뗄쓇훖헤쫓짧믡릫틥뗄탻돆쳽웰살뻍쫇뿕뚴뗄ꆣ헽죧컒퓚쿂쏦쯹튪쳖싛뗄,떱뛠훘짆듦퓚쪱,쯻쏇펦룃뺡뿉쓜뛠뗘쪵쿖쯼쏇ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇죔쎻폐뻸뛔뗄맦퓲틔퇩횤쫇럱훒돏펦룃춣횹ꆣ죧맻헢캻맺믡틩풱뗄쿂튻쓪뺺톡뛔쫖붫뺭볃뢣쫓캪캩튻뗄짆쪱,쓇쎴헢캻맺믡릤ퟷ죋풱튲탭믡톡퓱볌탸쇴퓚쒿잰헢캻맺믡틩풱뗄뺺톡냠ퟓ훐ꆣ컊쳢뗄맘볼쫇,훒돏늢늻튪쟳룷랽돖폐췪좫쿠춬뗄풭퓲ꆢ춬틢죋샠짆뗄틢틥믲틔췪좫쿠춬뗄랽쪽뛔짆뷸탐업탲ꆣ훒돏튲늻틢캶ퟅ붫컒쏇ퟔ벺훃폚쇬떼폫뎤짏뗄얫틛횮쿂,벴쪹뛔튻룶ퟔ돆횪쿾헽좷탐캪랽쪽헦샭뗄ꆰ싗샭뎤짏ꆱ,컒쏇튲늻믡죧듋ꆣ훒돏쫇튻훖캪뇰죋릤ퟷꆢ럾컱폚뇰죋뗄쟣쿲,틲캪컒쏇죏캪,헢룶뇰죋럖쿭컒쏇뗄탅쓮:죋샠쪥짆폫샻틦쫇뛠훘뗄ꆢ쯼쏇늻쓜놻뮹풭캪튻룶춳튻뗄돟뛈ꆢ캪쇋욽뫢룷훖짆뛸탨튪뛔뮰,뗈뗈ꆣ룹뻝뫍헜색뗄쮵램,떱죋쏇늻쓜ퟔ평틬틩뫍랴엑쪱,훒돏쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ3.뫍킳퓚뿗ퟓ폫뫍헜색싗샭훐,뫍킳뚼쫇튻훖뗂탔,쯼틔늻춬뗄맛뗣캪잰쳡ꆣ죃컒쏇틔튻훖럱뚨뗄랽쪽뇭쫶헢룶컊쳢:뫍킳(harmony)
250뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭늻춬폚춬튻(identity)ꆣ떱튻쫗붻쿬샖퓚튻룶횸믓듳쪦뗄횸믓쿂,틴샖볒쏇틔쫬뗄벼쟉뫍룶죋럧룱퇝ퟠ룷ퟔ뗄틴늿쪱,룃쫗붻쿬샖뻍쪵쿖쇋뫍킳ꆣ죧맻쯹폐뗄샖쫖쏇쯹ퟠ돶뗄틴샖췪좫튻훂,쓇쎴뫍킳룹놾뻍늻듦퓚ꆣ쯤좻폐뗄틴샖돤싺헅솦,떫쯼춬쪱폖쫇쏀쏮뗃뫍킳ꆣ뫍킳탨튪ꆰ뗷틴ꆱ,탨튪ꆰ붫솽훖믲룼뛠뗄돉럖죚죫튻룶헻쳥ꆭꆭ룃헻쳥퓚ퟮ듳뮯쯹폐돉럖뗄뿉쓜탔뗄춬쪱뛸늻컾짼룷ퟔ뛀쳘뗄뚨캻ꆣꆱꋙ죥볒톧헟룱삼(JosephGrange)붫뫍킳쏨쫶캪ꆰ튻훖벫웤뛀쳘쫂컯,뫍킳뗄튻훖늻톰뎣뗄랽쪽살ퟔ폚늻춬죋샠탨튪쯹훷헅좨샻횮볤뗄돥춻ꆣꆱꋚ뛅쿈짺뫍쯎쿈짺퓲늹돤쮵ꆰ:(퓚훐맺뒫춳쿂,)뫍킳뗄풭돵횮틢쫇톰쟳튻훖욽뫍뮷뺳,벴쪹쫇퓚컞춬뗄쟩뿶쿂튲튪죧듋ꆣ죋쏇탄쇩횮볤ퟜ쫇폐닮틬뗄,헢튲쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄ꆣ떫훘튪뗄쫇,ꆶ싛폯ꆷ톰쟳뗄쫇뫍킳,뛸늻쫇춬튻ꆣꆱꋛ탭뛠잱퓚늻뿉닢솿뗄짆뗄듦퓚늢늻믡웆뮵뫍킳,랴떹믡쪹뫍킳뇤뗃뿉쓜ꆣ훚뛠뗄짆쓜붫죋쏇틽쿲쳖싛,뛸춨맽쳖싛,뛔뮰룷랽뗄늻춬맛뗣닅뗃틔쿔쿖돶살ꆣ튲뻍쫇퓚듋쪱,컒쏇ퟮ훕뾴떽쇋탨튪쪵쿖뗄짆ꆣ튲헽쫇퓚듋쪱,뫍킳닅뇤뗃뿉쓜ꆣ4.뿉탅삵탔뗂탔뫍죋샠짆횮뛠풪탔횮볤뗄솪쾵퓚뿉탅삵헢샯쿔뗃폌캪쏷쿔ꆣ춨뎣쟩뿶쿂,탅쫘억퇔쫇튻볾뫃쫂,쯼춨맽죃탅삵헟쏷냗탅쫘억퇔뗄놻탅삵헟뿉쓜ퟷ쪲쎴듓뛸볓잿쇋탅삵ꆣ죔틔컒뗄몢ퟓ캪샽,죧맻컒뗄몢ퟓ늡쇋,컒뿉쓜믡캥놳냯훺엳폑럛쮢랿ퟓ뗄억퇔,헢훖캥놳늢늻튻뚨쪹컒뇤뗃늻뿉탅삵ꆣ쿠랴,죧맻컒냑컒뗄몢ퟓ쯍떽벱헯쫒ꋙ(Albany,.:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1987),.ꋚJosephGrange,ꆰTheDisappearanceofthePublicGood:ConfuciusDewey,Rorty,ꆱPhilosophyEastandWest,46:3(July1996),.ꋛGangjianDuandGangSong,ꆰRelatingHumanRightstoChineseCulture:TheFourPathsoftheConfucianAnalectsandtheFourPrinciplesofaNewTheoryofBenevolence,ꆱHumanRightsandChineseValues,(HongKong:OxfordUniversityPress,1995),.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭251뛸쎻폐좥냯훺엳폑쏇럛쮢랿ퟓ,쯻쏇랴떹뿉쓜룼탅삵컒ꆣ컒쏇횪뗀,듋샽ퟓ짦벰쇋탭뛠짆,죧맻튻룶죋횻붫탅쫘억퇔쫓캪캩튻뗄튻훖짆,늢쟒틲죏캪ꆰ억퇔폀풶쫇억퇔ꆱ뛸믺킵뗘볡돖쫘탅,쓇쎴컒쏇뫜뿉쓜늻쿫틀뾿헢훖죋ꆣ컒쏇쯹탅삵뗄쫇쓇킩쓜릻햹쪾솼뫃에뛏솦뗄죋,솼뫃에뛏솦틢캶ퟅ쓜릻뫍풸틢뾼싇뫍헹싛잱퓚뗄돥춻탔짆(죧듋낸훐뗄헕맋몢ퟓ뫍냯훺엳폑헢솽훖짆)ꆣ캪쇋펮뗃탅삵,놻탅삵튻랽탨튪뛔짦낸룷훖짆뷸탐욽뫢,웤랽쪽뇘탫뫍탅삵튻랽뗄욽뫢랽쪽튻쒣튻퇹ꆣ컞틉헢뿉틔뷢쫍캪쪲쎴뿗ퟓ뛠듎쳡뎫뿉탅삵횮뗂,떫듓캴쇐돶튻쾵쇐뗄맦퓲릩뿉탅삵헟뇘탫ퟱ쫘ꆣ캪쇋쓜ퟶ떽뿉탅삵,컒쏇횻탨튪뇦뇰벰쏴룐움맀룷훖잱퓚쿠맘뗄짆ꆢ룸돶컒쏇에뛏쒳킩짆횮쯹틔룼훘튪뗄샭평벰믘펦뇰죋뗄랴뛔틢볻뻍뿉틔쇋ꆣ죋쏇뗄짮쮼쫬싇뿉틔쪹웤뇤뗃뿉탅삵,뛸늻쫇퓚쯻쏇에뛏뫍컒쏇ퟔ벺에뛏횮볤볙뚨튻훖춬튻ꆣ쓇훖붫탅삵뇤돉에뛏춬튻뗄ퟶ램붫믡냑탅삵뇤돉뿉풤닢탔,듓뛸퓚맽돌훐웆뮵탅삵ꆣ죧맻컒뗄엳폑쓜ힼ좷풤닢컒퓚쎿훖쟩탎훐뗄탐캪(틲캪쯻쏇죏캪컒폐솼뫃뗄에뛏솦,뛸헢샯뗄ꆰ솼뫃에뛏솦ꆱ뷶틢캶ퟅ펦폃쒳훖웕쫀풭퓲믲뚨샭,듓뛸뗃돶튻룶뫍쯻쏇뗄뷡싛췪좫튻퇹뗄뷡싛),쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻쓜퓙쮵컒뗄엳폑쏇탅삵컒쇋,쯻쏇틑뺭웆뮵쇋쯹폐탅삵훐쯹만폐뗄잱퓚뺪웦뫍늻뿉풤닢탔뗄틲쯘ꆣ쇭췢,떱쯻쏇뛔컒뗄놳엑릢릢폚뮳쪱,쯻쏇튲뻍뫶싔쇋쯻쏇뗄뚯믺뫍탅쓮쫇럱뒿헽헢룶컊쳢ꆣ폃뿗ퟓ뗄폯퇔살뇭듯뻍쫇,쯻쏇붫믡췼볇컊쯻쏇ퟔ벺:쯻쏇쫇럱헽퓚틔튻훖뿉탅삵뗄랽쪽탐쫂?뫍헜색붫탅삵샭뷢돉죋샠탐캪뗄튻훖컞쯹늻퓚뗄놳뺰쳵볾,쯻뗄헢훖샭뷢뛔폚튻룶뛠훘짆뗄싗샭살쮵튲쫇뻟폐뫜듳틢틥뗄ꆣ늻횪듳볒쫇럱볇뗃,뛔폚뫍헜색살쮵,컒쏇늢늻춨맽컒쏇뗄탐캪붨솢탅삵ꆣퟷ캪죋샠탐캪뛸돶쿖뗄컒쏇뗄짺샭퓋뚯쯆뫵랴뛔탅삵뗄놳뺰,컒쏇웚듽뇰죋뿉탅삵ꆣ컒쏇쯄뒦톰헒뿉탅삵뗄엳폑,늢쟒떱컒쏇움맀믯냩쏇뗄탐캪쪱,컒쏇믡쯟훮폚헢훖뛔뿉탅삵뗄웚듽ꆣ떱컒쎻좥냯컒뗄엳폑쏇럛쮢랿ퟓ,쯻쏇믡쿫:랢짺쪲쎴쫂쇋?쫇럱돶쿖쇋룼훘튪뗄쫂쟩?뮻퇔횮,쯻쏇쿠탅(탅삵),컒뫍웤쯻죋튻퇹,튲짺믮퓚
252뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭튻룶돤싺뫜뛠짆뗄쫀뷧샯ꆣ헢훖믹놾뗄놳뺰탅삵쪹뗃컒뗄엳폑쏇쮼뾼컒쫇럱헽쏦쇙ퟅ룼캪뷴벱뗄튪쟳,늢쟒춣횹뛔컒ퟷ죎뫎에뛏,튻횱떽쯻쏇폫컒춨뮰캪횹ꆣ헢훖돥춻튪쟳뗄뿉쓜탔랴맽살뿉틔쪹뛠훘짆뢡쿖돶살ꆣ틲듋,뛠훘짆뗄듦퓚늢늻믡웆뮵탅삵ꆣ컒쏇뛔뛠훘짆횮듦퓚뗄놳뺰탅삵헽쫇쓇듙쪹컒쏇뛔짦낸훐뗄맘볼횮짆햹뾪뗷닩벰뇦뇰뗄뚯솦ꆣ떫쫇볙짨컒뗄엳폑쏇뛔컒쎻살냯훺쯻쏇쳡돶훊틉,컒뗄믘듰쫇:ꆰ컒늻뻵뗃컒펦룃뛔쓣쏇붲뺿탅폃ꆣꆱ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂싗샭컊쳢뻍돶쿖쇋ꆣ늻맽,컊쳢늢늻쫇풴폚뛠훘짆뗄듦퓚,뛸퓚폚컒틑뺭냑튻룶싗샭컊쳢(anethicalissue)뇤돉쇋튻룶뒿욷캶뗄컊쳢(amerematteroftaste)ꆣ놳뺰탅삵쓜쪹컒쏇뾴떽랢짺쇋쪲쎴,컒쏇쯹폐죋뚼쿠탅(탅삵),컒쏇뗄엳폑뫍믯냩쇋뷢싗샭컊쳢뫍짺샭욷캶컊쳢횮볤뗄쟸뇰ꆣ틲캪컒뗄엳폑쏇헽퓚웚듽컒춨맽룸돶캪쪲쎴톡퓱쒳훖짆뗄샭평살뷢쫍컒쎻폐냯훺쯻쏇헢볾쫂,쯹틔떱컒쎻폐헢퇹ퟶ쪱,쯻쏇믡쿔뗃뫜틉믳늻낲ꆣ쯤좻컒뻜뻸룸돶샭평뗄ퟶ램쪹죋쏇뮳틉컒뗄뿉탅삵탔,떫헢늢늻믡웆뮵놳뺰탅삵ꆣ컒뗄엳폑쏇튲탭믡뻶뚨뛸톰헒튻룶샭뷢싗샭컊쳢늻춬폚욷캶컊쳢뗄탂엳폑ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇좷쪵뛸톰헒튻룶탂엳폑,쯻쏇헢퇹ퟶ뗄풭틲튲횻쫇쯻쏇쿠탅(탅삵),뇰죋뫍쯻쏇튻퇹뚼죏캪헢룶쫀뷧쫇캧죆ퟅ뛠훘짆붨솢웰살뗄ꆣ뗚뛾뷚 룶죋쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪뗄뇪ힼ죧맻짏쏦뗄럖컶쫇헽좷뗄,쓇쎴헢뻍틢캶ퟅ,떱컒쏇뇦뇰뫍뻶뚨싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪쪱,컒쏇뻍쎻폐춳튻뗄맦랶믲뻸뛔만뚨뗄짆횮업탲뿉릩컒쏇쪹폃ꆣ쫇럱헢뻍틢캶ퟅ,컒쏇늻펵폐죎뫎싗샭뇪ힼ?쯤좻컒쏇늻펵폐맦랶ꆢ맦퓲ꆢ볆쯣램퓲틔뻶뚨쓄킩탐캪쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪,떫쫇죧맻컒쏇붫헢룶룅쓮삩햹,쪹웤냼삨헢퇹튻훖맽돌쪱,컒쏇뻍뿉틔풼싔뗘붲싛싗샭뇪ힼ쇋:훒돏ꆢ죈낮뫍킳ꆢ뿉탅삵벰뻟췪헻탔뗄죋쏇캪웤쯹쟣쿲뗄튻훖탐캪룸돶샭평,좻뫳뛔웤믯냩릫쏱쳡돶뗄랴뛔틢볻ퟶ돶믘펦ꆣ헢퇹튻훖맽돌붫믡쯟훮ꆢ뗷폃쫽룶짆,튲믡퓊탭
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭253죋쏇뛔헢킩짆뷸탐움맀탔믘펦ꆣ횻튪쎿룶죋뚼쫇뛀쳘뗄,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻쓜쫂쿈쇐돶쎿룶죋붫죏캪폫낸볾쿠맘뗄짆뫍붫튪ퟶ돶뗄움맀탔랴펦ꆣ내헕뿗ퟓ뗄쮵램뻍쫇,췆샭ꆢ뛔뮰뗄룶죋쓜릻쪹ꆰ뗀ꆱ랢퇯맢듳,뛸늻쫇랴맽살ꆣ헢퇹뗄룶죋뻍쫇뫢솿탐캪뫍톡퓱뗄싗샭짆탔뗄뇪ힼꆣ믲헟내헕뫍헜색뗄쮵램뻍쫇,헢킩릵춨뗄룶죋뻍쫇릫릲랶돫ꆣ릫릲랶돫늻쫇평짧믡뫏춬뫍웵풼쯹붨솢웰살뗄ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,릫릲랶돫쫇춨맽뛔룶죋쯹뇦뇰뫍뇧뮤뗄훚뛠짆뷸탐릵춨뫍컞뺡뗄첸에헢퇹튻훖맽돌뛸붨솢웰살뗄ꆣ퓚듋,컒맊틢폃뢴쫽탎쪽횸듺룶죋(벴죋쏇)ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂횮샠뗄뗂탔싗샭톧볒냑짳짷횮죋(떥쫽탎쪽)ퟷ캪싗샭짆뗄뇪ힼꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂닉폃쇋튻훖춳튻뛸떥튻뗄뇪ힼ,틲캪쯻죏캪뗂탔뻍쫇쪹죋샠듦퓚좫쏦쪵쿖웤죋샠놾탔뗄룷훖폅탣횮뒦(쏀뗂)ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂볙뚨쇋튻룶만뚨늻뇤뗄죋샠놾탔(humannature)ꆣ컒쯹캪횮뇧뮤뗄쯹캽뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색쪽뗄웕쫀싗샭좴늻볙뚨헢퇹튻룶만뚨늻뇤뗄죋샠놾탔ꆣ쿠랴,쯦ퟅ컒쏇뛔쒳훖짆뗄훘튪탔뷸탐뇧뮤쪱,컒쏇튲탭믡뻍ퟷ캪튻룶죋샠듦퓚틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴헢룶컊쳢믱뗃룼짮뗄샭뷢폫뚴쪶ꆣ돽듋횮췢,퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뗄싗샭뮹볙뚨쇋튻룶뻹훊짧믡(ahomogeneouscommunity)ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼(믲쏷쿔믲낵몬뗄)춬틢튻룶폐뗂탐캪붫튪닉좡뗄탎쪽ꆣ컒쯹쳡뎫뗄헢룶웕쫀싗샭죏캪,뗂탔뿉틔냼삨럖웧헢훖뿉쓜탔ꆣ솽룶탐캪랽쪽늻춬뗄죋뿉쓜뚼춬퇹쫇뿉탅삵뗄벰훒돏뗄ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂튻훂뗘쳡돶짳짷횮죋뗄쮵램,뛸뿗ퟓ퓲뇦뇰쇋죽샠랶쪽죋ꆣ헢죽샠랶쪽죋뚼쫇뛀쳘뛸늻춬뗄,늢쟒뇋듋늻쓜뮹풭;쯻쏇튲늻쓜놻럅퓚튻룶볛횵돟뛈짏뷸탐뾼솿뇈뷏ꆣ짦벰뛠훘늻뿉닢솿뗄짆뗄탐캪뗄에뛏뇪ힼ뻍쫇뛠훘늻뿉닢솿뗄죋샠ퟔ짭ꆣ뗚튻훖랶쪽죋쫇쪥쿍ꆣ떱ퟓ릱컊뿗ퟓꆰ:죧폐늩쪩폚쏱,뛸쓜볃훚,뫎죧?뿉캽죊뫵?ꆱ뿗ퟓ믘듰쮵ꆰ:뫎쫂폚죊,뇘튲쪥뫵!ꆱꋙ뿗ퟓ쏷냗럱죏ퟔ벺쫇튻룶쪥쿍(쪥죋);쯻듓캴볻맽헢퇹뗄죋,튲늻놧죎뫎쾣ꋙConfucius,Analects,6/30.
254뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭췻쓜폶떽헢퇹뗄죋ꆣꋙ헢캻쪥쿍쫇쮭쓘?듓ퟓ릱뗄컊쳢샯,컒쏇튲탭쓜췆싛뗃횪,쯻펦룃쫇튻캻쿍췵,헢캻쿍췵펦룃뛔릫릲뢣(튪냼삨탭뛠짆,샽죧뷌폽ꆢ붡뾵ꆢ낲좫ꆢ볍싉뗈뗈)뻟폐뎤풶뛸맣삫뗄퇛맢,쯻펦룃폐쓜솦풤볻벰펦뛔뛔듋퇛맢뗄랴뛔틢볻,쯻펦룃폐쓜솦듙뷸릫릲뢣뗄쪵쿖,늢쟒쯻펦룃폐쓜솦뢳폨쏱훚쓇킩ퟮ쓜냯훺쯻쏇쪵쿖릫릲뢣뗄닅쓜ꆣ헢캻쿍췵튲탨튪쏱훚뗄솼뫃틢풸,늢쓜춨맽ퟔ벺룱췢쫬뗄퇝붲벼쟉뫍룟뎬뗄쇬탤럧랶캬돖쏱훚뗄솼뫃틢풸ꆣ쇭췢,헢캻쿍췵뮹펦룃뻟폐ퟣ릻뗄뫃퓋,죧붡뾵ꆢ쇚맺폫쯻뗄맺볒탞뫍폐ퟣ릻뎤뗄쪱볤틔뇣쯹폐틔짏뢣뚼쓜뷡돶돉맻ꆣ믲헟,헢캻쿍췵펵폐튻횧잿듳뛸훒돏뗄뻼뛓,쓜릻뛔뗄뗐죋웰떽헰짥ퟷ폃ꆣ쯹폐헢킩짆ꆪꆪꆪ솼뫃틢풸ꆢ뫃뗄퓋웸ꆢ훒돏뛸잿듳뗄뎣놸뻼ꆢ쮵럾뫍퇛맢뗈폅탣닅쓜ꆪꆪꆪ뚼쫇캰듳뗄,늻맜쫇듓룶쳥뮹쫇듓헻쳥살뾴,쯼쏇뚼쎻폐뿗ퟓ쪱듺횮잰믲횮훐쪵쿖맽ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔쿫쿱헢퇹튻훖룶죋뗄뿉쓜탔,늢쟒컒쏇틑뺭헢퇹ퟶ쇋ꆣ쫂쪵짏,ퟷ캪돎쟥컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄룅쓮뗄튻훖랽쪽,컒쏇펦룃쿫쿱돶튻룶쪥죋살틔헻뫏튻룶쏱ퟥ탋쪢쯹탨뗄탭뛠짆ꆣ헢캻쪥죋펦룃쫇튻훖랶쪽죋,늢쟒쯻놾짭펦룃돉캪움맀춳훎헟탐캪뫍훇믛뗄춳튻뇪ힼ,떫컒쏇튲펦룃돐죏컒쏇ퟔ벺뗄컞횪ꆣ튲탭쯹폐헢킩짆쫇늻뿉쓜춬쪱듦퓚뗄,샽죧,쏀맺뗄뾪맺풪톫쏇죏캪,쏱훚늻믡죝죌튻룶뎣놸뻼뛓ꆣ떱컒쏇쿫쿱샭쿫춳훎헟쪱,컒쏇룹놾늻횪뗀듓뫎죫쫖ꆣ뿗ퟓ짵훁튲늻좷뚨죧뫎돆뫴헢룶죋ꆪꆪꆪꆰ튲탭ꆱ헢룶죋뻍쫇튻룶ꆰ쪥죋ꆱ냉ꆣ뗚뛾훖랶쪽죋쫇짆죋ꆣ뫍쪥쿍튻퇹,짆죋튲펦룃쫇튻캻춳훎헟ꆣ튻룶맺볒놻짆죋훎샭튻냙쓪횮뫳ꆰ,뿉틔쪤닐좥즱ꆣꆱꋚ죧맻쏱훚놻짆죋통솷웟쓪횮뫳,쯻쏇뚼뿉틔짏햽뎡듲헌ꆣꋛ뫍쪥죋늻튻퇹뗄쫇,짆죋뿉쓜늻쫇튻룶뻟폐풶듳퇛맢뗄죋믲헟뻟폐뫃뗄퓋웸ꆣ떫짆죋좷쪵ꋙConfucius,Analects,7/34;7/26.ꋚIbid.,13/11.ꋛIbid.,13/29.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭255뻟폐뫃뗄에뛏솦벰벤랢훒돏뗄쓜솦ꆣ쏱훚ퟔ풸룺쯦짆죋늢뷓쫜쯻뗄통솷ꆣ헢훖춳훎헟늢늻틔놩솦뿖닀뷸탐춳훎,뛸쫇쫔춼쪹쫴쿂풸틢ퟶ헽좷횮쫂ꆢ풸틢뺭샺놩솦뫍뿖닀ꆣ튻룶뫃뗄죕놾커쪿튲뿉틔쯣ퟷ쫇짆죋ꆣ믲헟뫠샻컥쫀믲틁샶즯냗튻쫀튲퓚웤뻼뛓훐벤랢웰훒돏,튲쯣듋샠짆죋,떫쫇뿗ퟓ욽짺쎻쓜뾴떽듋샠뗄룶죋ꆣ뗚죽훖랶쪽죋쫇뻽ퟓ,헽죧컒쏇퓚잰쏦헂뷚훐쯹쳖싛뗄랶쪽죋ꆣ헢샠죋펵폐뷌퇸솼뫃뗄죋룱,쿔쪾돶뫃뗄에뛏솦ꆣ헢샠죋쿠뛔ퟔ훎ꆢퟔ평ꆣ뺡맜쯻쏇뿉쓜늻떣죎맙횰,떫쯻쏇늻춬폚쓇킩췪좫좱짙좨췾뗄킡죋,쯻쏇ퟔ벺쿠돆뗃떽맙횰ꆣꋙ뺡맜쒳킩움싛헟뛔헢킩룶죋뷸탐쇋업탲,벴쪥쿍ퟮ룟ꆢ뻽ퟓퟮ뗍,떫뿗ퟓ듓캴퓚ꆶ싛폯ꆷ훐ퟷ듋업탲ꆣ쫂쪵짏,쯻쮵ퟔ벺컞탋좤뛔죋쏇뷸탐업탲ꋚ,폐쪱쯻뛔헢킩죋뗄쏨쫶튲쫇훘뢴뗄ꆣꋛ헢훖만뚨뻸뛔뗄업탲ퟶ램헽쫇컒쏇퓚뛠훘짆뗄웕쫀싗샭훐쯹늻웚듽뗄ꆣ헢킩룶죋샠탍늻쓜놻럅퓚튻룶만뚨뗄업탲뿲볜훐,틲캪컒쏇쎻폐튻룶뾼솿헢죽샠죋뗄춳튻볛횵돟ퟓꆣ튲탭컒쏇쿫쮵,쿍췵튪쪤맽죊죋,틲캪쪹헻룶벯쳥뻟폐뗂탔횮짆쪤맽탞퇸컒쏇룶죋뗂탔뫍죋탔횮짆ꆣ죧맻튻룶릫쏱뇤뗃죊짆,쓇쎴벯쳥쓚쯹폐죋샠퓶볓죋탔헢룶쒿뇪뫎웤뿉좡ꆣ좻뛸,헢룶에뛏늻튻뚨뫏샭ꆣ듓뚨틥살뾴ꆰ,짆ꆱ뇘탫뛔탐캪뻟폐횸떼ퟷ폃ꆣ뻽ퟓ쯹ힷ쟳뗄ퟔ컒탞퇸뗄쒿뇪믲짆룼뛠뒦폚ퟔ벺뗄뿘훆랶캧횮쓚,뛸엠퇸폐뗂벰릫틥쏱훚횮짆퓲늻퓚뻽ퟓ뗄뿘훆랶캧횮쓚ꆣ횻폐떱튻쾵쇐뗄짆쇷탐쪱,쿍췵닅쓜듦퓚,늻맽헢킩짆늢늻췪좫쫜훆폚쯻ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥붲,뻽ퟓ뗄쒿뇪쯆뫵쫇룼헦쪵ꆢ룼캰듳뗄짆(벴뛔탐캪뻟폐횸떼ퟷ폃뗄쒿뇪),틲캪헢룶쒿뇪뇈쿍췵뗄쒿뇪룼틗폚ힷ쟳폫쪵쿖ꆣ뻸뛔업탲횮쯹틔늻듦퓚뮹폐죽룶샭평:쫗쿈,캪쇋움맀헢죽훖죋ꋙDimCheukLau,introductiontoAnalectsbyConfucius(London:Penguin/looks,1979),.ꋚConfucius,Analects,14/29.ꋛHallandAmes,ThinkingThroughConfucius,-189.
256뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뗄쿠뛔짆탔,컒쏇쯹뷶폐뗄뛔헢죽훖랶쪽죋뗄듖싔틢쪶쫇늻릻뗄,컒쏇탨튪룼뛠뗄탅쾢ꆣ죃컒쏇볙짨뛔쒳캻쪥쿍뫍쒳캻뻽ퟓ뷸탐뇈뷏,컒쏇믡쾣췻쇋뷢:헢캻잱퓚쿍췵쫇죧뫎뗇짏뿘훆횮캻뗄?춨맽쒱즱잰죎춳훎헟?본폚쯻ퟮ훕튲튪쯀좥,쯻뿏뚨믡뾼싇쯻뗄볌죎죋컊쳢ꆣ쫇럱헢캻쿍췵톡퓱뫃쇋볌죎헟?뻽ퟓ폖죧뫎쓘?쫇럱쯻튻훂뗘벤랢엳폑뫍볒죋킧럂쯻뗄냱퇹?믲헟쫇럱헢캻뻽ퟓ횻쫇얼뛻뗘뇭쿖돶뎬랲솦?헢캻뻽ퟓ퓚쮭뗄퇛훐뻟폐랶쪽ퟷ폃?웤듎,컒쏇뿖엂튪뛔쒳룶틑횪뗂탔뫍튻룶듓캴볻맽뗄뗂탔ퟷ튻룶뻟폐틢틥뗄뛔뇈ꆣ뻽ퟓ듦퓚,컒쏇뿉틔맛달뻽ퟓ뗄탐캪ꆣ컒쏇횻쓜쿫쿱튻룶듓캴듦퓚뗄쪥쿍ꆣ횻튪뗂탔쫇쒳룶믮돶뗄짺믮뗄튻늿럖,튻훖뿉쪵쿖뗄ힴ첬ퟜ튪쪤맽튻훖뛔탐캪늻뻟폐횸떼ퟷ폃뗄늻뿉쓜뗄ힴ첬ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇펦룃죈췻ힷ쟳ퟮ룟닣듎뗄뗂탔ꆣ튲탭컒쏇뿉틔돉캪튻룶쪥쿍,죧맻컒쏇솬쪥쿍헢훖뿉쓜탔뚼늻룒쿫쿱,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍늻믡얬솦ힷ쟳헢퇹튻훖ힴ첬,짵훁늻믡좥톰헒헢퇹뗄쪥쿍ꆣ헢훖뇈뷏죊죋뫍쪥쿍뗄뎢쫔웈쪹컒쏇쪶뇰탭뛠짆ꆢ웈쪹컒쏇돎쟥컒쏇뗄웚췻틔벰웈쪹컒쏇움맀헢킩웚췻폐뛠쿖쪵ꆣ본폚헢죽샠랶쪽죋뚼쾣췻캪뇰죋쫷솢벫뻟컼틽솦뗄룟듳냱퇹,튲탭컒쏇횵뗃붫컒쏇짭뇟뗄튻룶냱퇹폫컒쏇늻뿉뒥벰뗄냱퇹뷸탐뇈뷏ꆣ좻뛸,헢퇹튻훖뇈뷏죔늻믡닺짺뛔듋죽훖랶쪽죋뗄뻸뛔업탲ꆣ퓙듎,헽죧컒쏇퓚뗚튻헂샯뾴떽뗄,짆틔튻훖솬탸뗄랽쪽듦퓚ꆣ폐킩죋ퟣ릻뫃,쓜릻돉캪컒쏇뗄뫏ퟷ헟,떫늻쓜돉캪컒쏇뗄횪벺믲엤얼ꆣ뿗ퟓퟔ벺뺭뎣췆볶쯻뗄튻킩톧짺좥떣죎쒳킩맙횰,떫쪱뎣튲퇏퓰헢킩죋뗄맽듭ꆣ쓇킩얬솦탞뗂뗄죋쏷냗쯻쏇뇘탫뛔짆뷸탐뇦뇰,좻뫳뻶뚨쮭붫ퟷ캪웤ힷ쟳헢킩짆쪱뗄ퟮ병뫏ퟷ믯냩ꆣ헦헽뗄싗샭컊쳢늢늻퓚폚뛔죋쏇뷸탐업탲,뛸퓚폚뾴쟥헢킩죋뻟폐쪵쿖쓄샠짆뗄쓜솦ꆣퟛ짏쯹쫶,뛔짆쯹ퟷ죎뫎뛔뇈뚼늻쓜펦폃캩튻룶볛횵돟ퟓ믲쯟훮폚캩튻튻훖랶쪽죋ퟷ캪뛔뇈뗄뇪ힼꆣ틲캪컒쏇쫔춼톰쟳튻룶폐틢틥뗄뛔뇈,쯹틔컒쏇붫믡랢쿖컒쏇쯹쯟훮뗄쫇룷훖룷퇹뗄짆(샽죧,믮돶뗄볛횵쿠뛔폚튻룶뒿쿫쿱뗄뗂탔;튻룶폐뗂탔뗄벯쳥쿠뛔폚쒳
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭257룶폐뗂뗄룶죋;쪵볊냱퇹볛횵쿠뛔폚잱퓚늻뿉쓜쪵쿖뗄샭쿫뗤탍,뗈뗈)ꆣ뛠훘폅탣쇬떼랽쪽뗄듦퓚늻펦룃쪹컒쏇쿝죫튻훖싗샭쿠뛔훷틥훐ꆣ돐죏웤뛠훘탎쪽쓜릻쪹컒쏇짽뮪컒쏇쯹뮳폐뗄뫃쇬탤뗄룅쓮ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇랶쪽짌튵맜샭죋풱ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,쯻쏇튲쫇춳훎헟ꆣ벴쪹퓚튻킩틔췅쳥훐탄뗄릫쮾샯,헢킩맜샭헟죔펵폐놣쇴폚쯻쏇뗄뻶닟좨ꆣ듳뛠쫽떱듺맜샭톯맋컊뚼웚듽맜샭헟돉캪쪥쿍ꆣ헢킩맜샭헟놻뛘듙붨솢튻룶평뻟폐뫏ퟷ뺫짱뫍헽틥룐ꆢ얬솦쪹릫쮾돉릦뗄죋쏇쯹ퟩ돉뗄벯쳥ꆣ좻뛸헽죧춬퇹뗄맜샭톯맋컊쏇쯹쳡탑컒쏇뗄쓇퇹,쇬떼헟랴맽살튲뛔웤ힷ쯦헟폐튪쟳ꆣ튪쿫쮵럾죋쏇쳽듓컒쏇,컒쏇뻍튪엠퇸쯹폐퓧킩쪱뫲쯹쳡뗄쓇킩짆ꆪꆪꆪ캰듳뗄쮵럾쓜솦뫍ퟔ싉쓜솦ꆢ풶듳뗄퇛맢ꆢ뎤쪱볤탭뛠랽쏦뗄뫃퓋웸ꆢ쪵쿖퇛맢뗄맣삫풴ꆢ컒쏇쯹춳훎뗄죋쏇뗄솼뫃틢풸ꆣ뿗ퟓ듓캴볻맽헢퇹튻룶쪥쿍,컒쏇볻맽쎴?틲캪ꆰ펦룃ꆱ뇘좻냼몬ꆰ쓜릻ꆱ뗄틢쮼,쯹틔죧맻컒쏇웚듽컒쏇뗄맜샭헟쫇튻킩뻟폐뫜룟죈쟩뗄뫃죋,뛸늻튪쟳쯻쏇돉캪쪥죋,컒쏇룼뿉쓜ퟶ돶튻킩럻뫏싗샭뗄탐캪ꆣ죧맻맜샭헟쏇뺡횰릤ퟷ늢뺭뎣볓냠,쓇킩캪쯻릤ퟷ뗄죋튲믡룼볓풸틢ퟷ뇘튪뗄볓냠ꆣ죧맻헢킩맜샭헟얬솦뇜쏢ퟔ틔캪쫇뗄ퟶ램,웤쯻죋튲믡타짍헢훖잫톷뛸풸틢킧럂,틲뛸믡뒴퓬튻훖룼뻟뫏ퟷ웸럕뗄뮷뺳ꆣ쓇킩퓚ퟷ볨쓑뻶닟쪱뇭쿖돶뫜듳짳짷뗄맜샭헟쏇튲믡벤샸춬쫂쏇춬퇹킡탄ꆣ뺡맜뿗ퟓ늻쫇튻룶쪥쿍,짵훁솬짆죋뚼첸늻짏,쯻쓜돉릦뗘퓚ퟔ벺훜캧탎돉튻룶럇뎣훒돏뗄톧짺벯쳥,틔훁폚퓚쯻쯀쪱,듳볒붫쯻ퟷ캪뢸쟗낧떿ꆣ쯻붨솢헢룶벯쳥쪱,튻듎튻룶톧짺뗘톭탲붥뷸ꆣ쯻쎻폐쪹폃죎뫎뮨짚뗄맜샭랽램믲쇬탤벼쟉,쯻횻쫇뺡뿉쓜뗘틔ퟔ벺짺믮뗄냱퇹살뷌떼죋쏇ꆣ헢훖볲떥뗄랽쪽튲탭쫇춨췹싗샭쇬탤횮슷뗄ퟮ컈췗랽쪽ꆣ틔짏헢킩랴쪡뗄쒿뗄늢늻쫇튪믘듰ꆰ쓄킩튪볾뿉틔릹돉솼뫃쇬떼ꆱ헢퇹튻룶컊쳢ꆣ쿠랴,컒퓚붨틩춳튻랶쪽쇬탤믲춳튻짳짷쇬탤쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ컒쏇볡탅,횻폐컒쏇볙뚨튻룶춳튻뗄죋샠쪥짆벰튻훖뛔듋짆뗄춬튻움맀탔솢뎡,헢훖솼뫃쇬떼뗄춳튻랶쪽벰춳튻랶쪽죋닅뿉쓜듦퓚ꆣ웕쫀싗샭볙뚨랶쪽샠탍뗄뛠훘탔ꆣ듓풭퓲짏붲,뫃뗄싗
258뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭샭쇬탤뫍죋샠짆튻퇹뛠,컒쏇뇘탫폫컒쏇뗄춬냩죋샠뻍쒳킩짆뗄볛횵뫍훘튪탔뷸탐쳖싛ꆣ헢훖탂맛뗣쪹컒쏇틔튻훖좫탂뗄퇛맢뾴듽헢룶쫀뷧ꆣ컒쏇늻쓜붫튻킩늻뿉쓜뗄ꆢ늻뫏쫊뗄튪쟳잿볓퓚컒쏇뗄쇬탤짭짏,컒쏇펦룃틔튻훖룼뢺퓰뗄랽쪽첽쳖싗샭쇬떼헢룶컊쳢,듓맅듺쇬탤짭짏(죧쒦컷ꆢ뗏냂뗂싪ꆢ뿗ퟓꆢ런췓ꆢ쯕룱삭뗗ꆢ튮믹뚽ꆢ쒬몱쒬뗂)벰컒쏇쯹ퟰ뺴뗄쿖듺쇬탤짭짏(쪥탛룊뗘ꆢ룱뛻듯쏀뛻[GoldaMeir]ꆢ풼떩맺췵샏뫮주틲ꆢ훜뛷살ꆢ펡뛈탞얮뗂샕죶ꆢ싞쮹뢣ퟜ춳ꆢ쓉뛻톷ꆤ싼뗂삭)룼뛠쇋뷢죋샠룷훖짆뫍헾훎벼쟉ꆣ뗚죽뷚 웕쫀싗샭쓚뗄뛱뗄룅쓮퓚컷랽뇪ힼ싗샭쳥쾵훐,죧뾵뗂싗샭믲릦샻훷틥싗샭,죧맻튻룶탐캪믲톡퓱캥랴쇋튻룶맘볼뗄싗샭맦랶,쓇쎴쯼뻍쫇뮵뗄믲뛱뗄(듳뛠쫽컷랽싗샭죏캪헢솽룶듊뿉틔뮥뮻:bad뫍evil)ꆣ룹뻝헢훖뇪ힼ뾴램,뫃뗄탐캪틢캶ퟅ,컒쏇펦룃뻟폐ퟣ릻뗄ퟔ뿘뫍샭탔,틔뇣컒쏇쓜릻쪹컒쏇뗄틢횾뫍탐캪럻뫏맘볼뗄맦랶(뛔뾵뗂살쮵,뇪ힼ쫇샭탔뗄ퟔ컒튻훂탔;뛔릦샻훷틥헟살쮵,뇪ힼ쫇캪ퟮ듳뛠쫽죋쏇ퟮ듳뮯ퟮ듳솿뗄뢣)ꆣ샽죧,릦샻훷틥헟에뛏튻룶춵뗁맍훷뚫컷뗄맍풱쫇뮵뗄믲뛱뗄,헢쫇틲캪,퓚릦샻훷틥헟뾴살,춵뗁탐캪믡떼훂짧믡믬싒듓뛸늻믡듙뷸ퟮ듳뛠쫽죋쏇뗄ퟮ듳솿뗄뢣ꆣ컒쯹붨틩뗄웕쫀싗샭틔튻훖늻춬뗄퇛맢뾴듽뛱뗄룅쓮ꆣ떱튻룶죋뗄ퟔ풸탐캪놳뫳뗄톡퓱늻쓜랴펳쟩탎훐쯹틾몬뗄훮뛠죋샠횮짆쪱,쟒떱헢킩톡퓱늻쫇튻룶짮쮼뗄ꆢ럇믺킵뮯뗄ꆢ췆싛탔뗄욽뫢헢킩짆뗄얬솦뷡맻쪱,헢룶죋뗄헢훖ퟔ풸탐캪뻍쫇뛱뗄ꆣ헢룶뛔뛱뗄탂샭뷢뿉틔냯훺뷢쫍컒쏇폃ꆰ뮵ꆱ뫍ꆰ뛱ꆱ헢킩듊쪱뇭쿖돶뗄맘볼닮틬ꆣꆰ뛱ꆱ쫇횸싗샭쇬폲뗄쳘헷ꆢ탐캪뫍톡퓱뗈ꆰ,뮵ꆱ폫듋탎돉뛔뇈,쯼쫇횸쓇킩쎻폐듯떽컒쏇웚췻믲헟캥랴튻룶짺샭욷캶쾲뫃뗄쫂컯믲탐캪ꆣ떱컒쏇뗄춷랢폫컒쏇뗄쾣췻퇹쪽늻럻쪱,컒쏇돆횮캪ꆰ뮵랢탍ꆱꆣ떱컒쏇뗄돨컯릷쎻폐쿱컒쏇통솷뗄쓇퇹뛸뿘훆쯼뗄냲쪱,컒쏇돆웤캪ꆰ뮵릷ꆱꆣ죧맻컒쏇헽뫃늻쾲뮶퇲죢뗄캶뗀,컒쏇붫웤돆캪ꆰ뮵캶
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭259뗀ꆱꆣ퓚헢킩쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇폶떽뗄쫇뛔쾰맟뇪ힼ믲쾲뫃뗄캥놳,떫컒쏇폶떽뗄늻쫇ꆰ뛱ꆱꆣ벴쪹컒쏇볙짨헢킩캥놳살ퟔ폚ퟔ컒뿘훆쓜솦뗄좱쪧(릷뗄냲컊쳢)ꆢ믲살ퟔ폚맊틢(떱돨컯릷뻵뗃컒쏇뫶쫓쇋쯼쪱,쯼맊틢죶쓲틔쪾늻싺),떫헢훖캥놳늢늻쪹뚯컯믲웤탐캪돉캪ꆰ뛱ꆱ뗄ꆣ뫍뛱늻튻퇹,뮵쿠뛔죝틗쪶뇰ꆣ춨맽뚨틥,컒쏇뫜쫬쾤릫릲웚췻(돨컯릷펦룃뿘훆ퟔ벺뗄냲),튲쫬쾤컒쏇룶죋랢햹웰살뗄웚췻(죧퓚뎱쪪뗄쳬웸,컒쏇뗄춷랢늻펦룃틲뺲뗧쮻삲ퟷ쿬),믲헟쫬쾤컒쏇탎돉뗄짺샭욷캶(늻쾲뮶퇲죢)ꆣ뛱퓲룼캪뢴퓓늢쟒뻟폐탭뛠캱ힰ,쯼릥믷뗄쫇컒쏇죋탔뗄뫋탄ꆣ좻뛸,틲캪컒쏇뗄죋탔쯦컒쏇뗄탐캪벰뇰죋뗄탐캪훰붥햹뾪(헢튲뻍쫇캪쪲쎴뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색늻쯟훮폚쒳룶만뚨뗄죋샠놾탔),틲캪헢훖햹뾪맽돌쫇늻뿉풤닢뗄,튲늻쫇믺킵뗄,쯹틔컒쏇늻뿉쓜풤횪뛱뎤뗃쪲쎴퇹ꆣ틲뛸,뛱늻춬폚쓇횻쫇뛔쒳훖볈횪맦랶ꆢ웚췻믲욷캶뗄캥놳뗄뮵ꆣ퓚쪶뇰뛱뗄맽돌훐,컒쏇펦룃뺡뿉쓜뗃뷷짷폫짮쮼,폃낢싗쳘뗄폯퇔살뇭쫶뻍쫇ꆰ,뫁컞헏낭뗘쮼뾼ꆱꆣꋙ뛔폚뛱,컒쏇튲탭훁뛠횻쓜쮵,쯼쫇튻훖컞쮼쿫뗄탎쪽ꆣ튻ꆢ룶낸퇐뺿죧맻컒쏇럖컶짌튵싗샭훸쫶훐뗄튻룶뗤탍룶낸,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄맛뗣뻍믡뇤뗃룼볓쟥컺ꆣ튻룶듓쫂뺺헹탔탐튵뗄웳튵폐믺믡잨췹튻룶샍뚯돉놾뷏뗍뗄짧쟸벯쳥ꆣ헢룶릫쮾죧듋ퟶ쫇럱쫇싗샭짏짆뗄쓘?컒쏇뗄웕쫀싗샭뻍믡튪쟳맜샭닣뾼싇릫쮾폫냯훺릫쮾돉릦뗄룷랽뗄맘쾵ꆣ맜샭닣늻뷶펦룃ퟅ퇛폚헢킩샻틦쿠맘랽뗄샻틦,뛸쟒뮹펦ퟅ퇛폚낸샽쟩탎ꆢ쮫랽맘쾵훊솿뫍맘쾵샺쪷쯹짦벰뗄탭뛠짆ꆣ죧맻룃릫쮾퓸쫜틦폚헢룶벯쳥쯹쳡릩뗄복쏢쮰폅믝,쓇쎴헢샯쏦뻍폐튻훖낵몬뗄볌탸쇴퓚룃벯쳥쓚뗄돐억ꆣ탅쫘억퇔쫇튻훖뫜훘튪뗄짆,떫ꋙHannahArendt,TheRecoveryofthePublicWorld(NewYork:ꆯsPress,1979),-337.
260뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭룃릫쮾퓚놾뗘죋뗄뾹틩짹훐룕룕실뷅쫽퓂,쓇쎴볌탸쇴퓚룃벯쳥쓚뗄틥컱뻍쎻폐쓇쎴잿ꆣ죧맻룃릫쮾잨떽뗚죽쫀뷧뗄쒳룶짧쟸벯쳥,쯼뿉쓜믡ퟶ돶튻훖룼폐틢틥ꆢ룼캪죋타짍뗄릱쿗ꆣ쇭췢컒쏇뮹펦룃컊튻킩컊쳢:풱릤쏇퓚듋릤뎧릤ퟶ쇋뛠짙쓪?쫇럱헢킩풱릤튲쯦릫쮾튻춬잨횷?쯻쏇뗄릤ퟷ훊솿죧뫎?죧맻헢킩풱릤튻횱퓚웆뮵릫쮾뗄닺욷,쓇쎴릫쮾폐샭평잨돶ꆣ죧맻풱릤죏캪,쯻쏇늻잷쟩폚릫쮾,쓇쎴랴맽살,릫쮾튲늻잷쟩폚헢킩풱릤ꆣ릫쮾폫릩믵짌뗄맘쾵튲횵뗃컒쏇뾼싇ꆣ튲탭릩믵짌뫍맜샭헟쫇뫃엳폑,쯻쏇퓸뮥쿠닎볓맽뛔랽몢ퟓ뗄믩샱ꆣ믲헟튲탭릫쮾횻쿲헢룶릩믵짌퓚쫔퇩뗄믹뒡짏뚩릺맽튻듎닺욷늢쟒뛔웤쯹쳡릩뗄럾컱늻쫇쪮럖싺틢ꆣ떱좻헢솽훖쟩탎쿂뗄맘쾵뿏뚨쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ컒쏇뮹탨튪뾼싇뿍뮧ꆣ쯻쏇횵뗃믱뗃룟훊솿뗄닺욷뛸늻쫇쓇킩훊솿뗍쇓뗄닺욷ꆣ쫇럱뗍샍뚯돉놾쓜릻캬돖뿍뮧쏇쯹쾰맟웚듽뗄룟훊솿닺욷?릫쮾뮹쾣췻쇴힡쓇킩쳡릩웳튵놾뗄막뚫쏇뗄탅죎,떫막뚫쏇튲튪쇴힡릫쮾뗄탅삵ꆣ막뚫쏇쎻폐싗샭좨샻튪쟳릫쮾횻뾼싇막뚫뗄튪쟳ꆣ헽죧컒퓚짏쏦쯹횸돶뗄,싗샭횮쯹틔듦퓚쫇틲캪컒쏇짺믮퓚튻룶힢뚨뗄맘쾵췸훐ꆣ헢킩맘쾵짦벰탭뛠짆ꆣ컒쏇늻뛏폫뇰죋뷸탐쳖싛뫍첸에틔뻶뚨펦룃톡좡쓄킩짆ꆣ쓇훖볙뚨컒쏇틑뺭쫂쿈횪뗀쯹폐쿠맘짆믲쓄훖짆ퟮ훘튪뗄ퟶ램믡웆뮵싗샭췆샭ꆣ틲듋,막뚫쏇쎻폐싗샭좨샻튪쟳쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄샻틦쇨볝폚웤쯻샻틦폫짆횮짏ꆣ샻틦쿠맘랽쯹쳡돶뗄룷훖짆뚼펦룃폨뾼싇ꆣ(퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,뫍뿗ퟓ싗샭튻퇹,웕쫀싗샭ퟮ뷓뷼샻틦쿠맘랽짌튵싗샭샭싛ꆣ)퓚헢룶룶낸럖컶훐,폐킩탨튪뾼싇뗄짆쫇뺭볃짆(economicgoods),샽죧,막뚫쏇뒦폚캣쿕훐뗄놾뛮ꆢ벯쳥틑뺭룸릫쮾복쏢뗄쮰뛮ꆣ웤쯻튻킩짆캪럇뺭볃짆(non-economicgoods),샽죧,맜샭헟뫍릩믵짌횮폑틪뗄짮뛈ꆢ쿲풱릤쒬탭믲쏷탭뗄억퇔ꆣ뾼솿움맀헢킩짆뗄춳튻돟ퟓ쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꆣ냼몬훚뛠짆뗄웕쫀싗샭튲늻볙뚨튻룶만뚨뗄볜릹틔에뛏쫇뺭볃짆뮹쫇럇뺭볃짆햼뻝훷떼뗘캻ꆣ튲탭쯹폐뗄틲쯘뚼쟣쿲폚잨틆ꆣ퓚헢룶낸샽훐,횧돖잨틆뗄뻶뚨뗄싗샭탔쿠뛔쏷쿔ꆣ죧맻룷훖틲쯘랴뛔룃뻶뚨,쓇쎴헢훖톡퓱뻍믡룼볓삧쓑폨틔
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭261횴탐ꆣ횻폐떱헢킩맘쾵퓚웤룟뛈힢뚨뗄탎쪽쓚폨틔뾼싇뫳ꆣ죋쏇닅쓜ퟶ돶뫃뗄톡퓱ꆣ뾼싇뫍ퟰ훘헢룶맘쾵췸늢늻튪쟳릫쮾뇘탫튪쇴퓚쿖퓚헢룶벯쳥쓚,떫좷쪵틢캶ퟅ,웤뻶닟헟쏇뇘탫얪쟥돾헢킩맘쾵뗄탔훊ꆢ샺쪷벰돌뛈ꆣ룹뻝컒쯹뇧뮤뗄맛뗣,뛱늢늻퓚폚쒳룶죋(ퟩ횯)캥랸쇋쒳훖싗샭맦랶,뛸퓚폚쯻(쯼)틔튻훖싗샭뿱뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂ꆣ싗샭뿱(anethicalcrank)쫇헢퇹튻훖죋:좱짙ퟔ컒뮳틉ꆢ볡돖횻폐튻훖짆듦퓚ꆢ잿뗷튻훖짆ퟜ튪쪤맽뇰죋쯹쳡돶뗄붨틩ꆣ헽죧헢룶듊뗄뚨틥쯹쿔쪾뗄,뛱뻟폐쒳훖믺킵탔벰컞쮼쿫탔ꆣ믲헟죧튻뻤훐맺퇨폯쯹횸돶뗄,ꆰ뫃쫂늻돶쏅,뮵쫂탐잧샯ꆣꆱ뛱쓜릻춨맽붫죋탔(폐쪱죋탔틔튻훖쇮죋뺪웦쟒돶뫵틢쇏뗄랽쪽쿔쿖ퟔ벺)뮹풭캪늻욫샫헽뗀뗄돌탲탔랴펦믺웷뛸뇡뗍죋탔ꆣ퓚컒쏇짏쏦쯹뻙뗄룶낸훐,맜샭헟늻틲뷶잨뎧횷뻍랸ꆰ뛱ꆱ,뛱살ퟔ폚맜샭헟잿뗷횻폐튻룶쿠맘뗄짆듦퓚,샽죧ퟮ듳뮯막뚫닆뢻헢룶짆ꆣ헢퇹뗄맛뗣럱뚨쇋죋샠듦퓚뗄뢴퓓쿖쪵ꆣ컒쏇춨맽쓇킩뎣뎣쪹짆폫짆뺺헹ꆢ헽좷폫헽좷뺺헹뗄룷훖뻱퓱뛔컒쏇뗄룶죋짺믮뫍벯쳥짺믮뷸탐쯜퓬ꆣ죧맻튻룶쪤맽웤쯻쯹폐짌튵뻶닟뗄춳튻뗄짆듦퓚,컒쏇튲뻍늻탨튪죋샠뗄맜샭헟쇋,튻룶뢴퓓뗄뺭맽뇠돌뫳ퟜ튪ퟮ듳뮯막뚫볛횵뗄믺웷죋뻍뿉틔맜샭튻룶릫쮾ꆣ좻뛸헽죧쏀솪뒢ퟮ뷼탐뚯쯹쿔쪾뗄,짳짷뗄웳튵뫍뺭볃에뛏뚼튪쟳움맀탭뛠짆ꆣ뿘훆춨믵엲헍쫇튻훖짆,틲듋쏀솪뒢뇘탫맘힢샻싊ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇퓊탭샻싊짽뗃첫룟,죋쏇뻍믡럨뿱쟀릺,쪹닺욷돉놾짽룟ꆣ뇜쏢뺭볃쿴쳵튲쫇튻훖짆,벴쪹춨믵엲헍톹솦믡틲샻싊붵뗍뛸퓶볓,떫죧맻쫀뷧랶캧뺭볃캣믺웈뷼,믲죧맻쇷뚯탔뷴헅,붵뗍샻싊튲쫇튻룶뿉좡뗄냬램ꆣ쏀솪뒢튲뇘탫튪뾼싇붵뗍샻싊뗄쪱믺뫍럹뛈ꆣ붵뗍샻싊뗄쪱믺뫍럹뛈뚼뿉쫓캪짆,늻맽쏀솪뒢뇘탫튪쮵럾뷰죚쫐뎡,쏀솪뒢맘힢뗄쫇쇷뚯탔뗄즥쪧ꆣ죧맻쏀솪뒢탐뚯첫동믲쫚좨붵뗍샻싊럹뛈첫킡,쫐뎡튲탭믡듭컳뗘췆샭,쏀솪뒢뛔쳡룟춨믵엲헍뗄맘힢쪤맽뛔뺭볃쿴쳵잰뺰뗄맘힢ꆣ솼뫃에뛏튪쟳죋쏇폫뇰죋짌솿,헽좷샭뷢떱쪱뗄쟩탎,늢냑컕죋샠쟩탷ꆢ폎쾷룷랽붹싇뗄짮뛈ꆢ웤쯻닎폫헟뗄웚듽쮮욽(듓늿럖틢틥짏붲,웚듽쫇쫐뎡뫍쏀솪뒢맽좥맘
262뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쾵뗄튻훖릦쓜)ꆢ웤쯻룷랽뗄뿉쓜랴펦뗈컞탎틲쯘ꆣ쎻폐죎뫎믺웷죋쓜릻ퟶ떽헢튻뗣ꆣ컒쏇늻쓜햾떽룷훖짧믡맘쾵횮췢뫍샺쪷횮췢좥ꆰ뿍맛ꆱ에뛏쒳룶탐캪뗄짆탔ꆣ잡잡쿠랴,벴쪹캪쇋쪹컒쏇쓜릻헦쪵뗘쏨쫶탐캪,컒쏇튲뇘탫튪쇴틢샺쪷틔벰컒쏇탐캪쯹돐떣ꆢ쯹펰쿬뗄짧믡맘쾵뗄뛀쳘탔ꆣ뺡맜퓚움맀쒳룶탐뚯쪱,쳖싛헟쓜릻튲펦룃쯟훮늻춬뗄뒿헽뗄짆(퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쳖싛뿉틔놻돆캪뿍맛),떫쳖싛ퟜ튪샻폃헢킩짧믡맘쾵뫍샺쪷ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,컒쏇쯹쓜쾣췻뗄캩튻뿍맛탔쫇튻훖ퟮ듳뗄쿠뮥훷맛탔(intersubjectivity)ꆣ컒쏇펦룃붫컒쏇뗄맘폚ퟮ병탐뚯뗄맛뗣뫍탅쓮쳡붻룸벯쳥웤쯻돉풱뗄엺움탔뗄ꆢ샭탔짳닩ꆣ랴맽살,쯻쏇튲뇘탫퓊탭컒쏇쳴햽쯻쏇뗄탅쓮,첽닩쯻쏇뗄볙짨,쳡돶쇭췢뗄짆,늢쟒튪쟳쯻쏇룸돶쯻쏇볡돖헢킩탅쓮뗄샭평ꆣ틲캪죋쏇뗄뺭퇩쫇늻춬뗄,탭뛠짆춨뎣뚼믡놻짦벰,헢훖쿠뮥짳닩뎣뎣떼훂럖웧ꆣ헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,헢퇹뗄돥춻튲쫇쫴폚싗샭랶돫뗄ꆣ싗샭랶돫뗄쳘헷뻍쫇쳖싛뗄헹틩ꆣ죧맻죋쏇뗄맛뗣횮볤쎻폐쪵훊뛸뎣뎣췪좫뗄닮틬,쓇쎴죋쏇튲뻍쎻폐뇘튪쿲뇋듋룸돶샭평ꆣ뒦샭펦뛔싗샭돥춻뗄ퟮ뫏쫊랽쪽볈늻쫇쯟훮튻킩볙뚨뗄늻뿉훊틉뗄풭퓲,튲늻쫇튪쟳룷랽쫂쿈춬틢쓇쓜릻쫂쿈뗃돶뗄틢볻믲짆뗄샠탍,믲헟쫂쿈춬틢뷢뻶헹틩쯹탨뗄틀뻝ꆣ뫍웤쯻뛔뮰탔싗샭(dialogicalethics)늻춬뗄쫇,놾웕쫀싗샭늢늻업돽쯟훮ퟚ뷌짆뗄ퟶ램(쮽죋뗄ꆢ릤뻟탔뗄,뗈뗈)ꆣ죎뫎쿫튪쫂쿈뿘훆뛔뮰헟쯹뿉쓜쪹폃뗄싛횤샠탍뫍췆싛닟싔뗄뎢쫔놾짭뚼쫇싗샭짏횵뗃훊틉뗄,짵훁쫇뛱뗄,틲캪헢훖뎢쫔럁낭컒쏇뇦뇰튻룶탐뚯뗄틢틥ꆣ헢퇹튻훖닟싔쯆뫵췼볇쇋헢퇹튻뗣:룶죋뎣뎣뻟폐튻킩폫쒿잰짧믡샭뷢뗄맦랶폫뇪ힼ늻춬떫폐볛횵뗄맛뗣폫뚴쪶ꆣ쫂쿈짨뚨뗄쳵볾횻믡쪹컒쏇뗄쮼뾼뇤뗃믺킵ꆣ쇭췢,쯟훮폚맦퓲믲잿볓쳖싛쓚죝랽쏦뗄쫂쿈쿞뚨쳵볾횻믡듙뷸탎돉돥춻ꆣ헢킩닟싔폫ퟶ램쪹뗃쎿룶돥춻뾴웰살뫃쿱쫇ꆰ뿍맛ꆱ엔맛헟뫍ꆰퟔ쮽ꆱ룶죋횮볤뗄튻훖헹뎳:헢룶엔맛헟쫇붲쟳뗀뗂풭퓲뗄ꆢ훆뚨맦퓲뗄엔맛헟,뛸헢룶룶죋첫폞듀틔훁폚늻쓜샭뷢엔맛헟쯹쳡
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭263돶뗄싗샭폅쿈탔믲헟첫룕ퟔ폃틔훁폚늻돐죏쯼ꆣ틲캪쎻폐죋풸틢놻뇰죋뾴ퟷ쫇폞듀믲룕ퟔ폃뗄,쯹틔헢훖쯟훮붲쟳풭퓲뗄엔맛헟뗄ퟶ램믡쫨풶죋쏇ꆣ본폚죋샠짆뗄뛠훘탔,튻뚨돌뛈뗄돥춻쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄ꆣ컒쏇뗄웕쫀싗샭쫇퓚럡뢻뗄짧믡맘쾵뻘헳훐뾴듽탐캪,퓊탭틾몬퓚헢킩짧믡맘쾵훐뗄뛠훘짆뢡쿖돶살늢뷓쫜죋쏇뗄췆싛탔뾼솿뫍뛔뇈,퓊탭룶죋쳡돶죎뫎쯻쏇죏캪뻟폐쮵럾솦뗄샭평ꆣ헢훖닟싔뇭쿖돶튻룶훘듳폅뗣,웤쫨풶ퟷ폃풶톷폚쓇훖쯟훮폚볙뚨웕쫀맦퓲횮ퟶ램쯹뻟폐뗄쫨풶ퟷ폃ꆣ쫂쪵짏,튻킩탄샭튽짺풽살풽뛠뗘랢쿖,쓇킩퓊탭쪮벸쯪뛹춯폫뢸쒸헹싛뗄볒춥뇈쓇킩만횴뢸쒸볡돖만뚨풭퓲뫍맦퓲뗄볒춥튪붡뾵ꆣ쮫랽헹싛뗄붹뗣펦룃벯훐퓚쯹짦벰뗄짆짏,뛸늻튪췋뮯돉뛔싮ꆣ떫쫇떱볒춥돉풱좷쪵뻍룷훖짆뷸탐헹싛쪱,쯻쏇쯆뫵쎻폐쓇훖놻쫨풶뗄룐뻵,늢쟒뛔짦벰뗄짆폐룼짮뗄쇋뷢ꆣꋙ늢늻쫇쿠맘폚쒳룶톡퓱뗄룷훖짆뗄쯹폐뷢쫍뚼춬퇹뻟폐컼틽솦ꆣ폐킩뷢쫍쳽웰살뻍쫇췪좫뗄믑퇔믲샌좡뫃뒦뗄웳춼ꆣ좻뛸,튻룶탐뚯뗄룷랽뚼폐좨쳡돶퓞돉믲랴뛔헢룶탐뚯뗄룷ퟔ샭평ꆣ횻폐떱탐뚯놻퓊탭쿔쪾웤틢틥쪱,죋쏇닅쓜뗃돶솼뫃뗄에뛏ꆣ죕놾죋뛔폚쒣뫽탔뗄죝죌뿉틔놻쫓캪퓊탭틢틥햹뾪뗄튻훖닟싔,헢훖햹뾪뷒쪾맽돌횻폐퓚힢뚨뗄룷훖맘쾵훐닅쓜랢짺,튲횻폐퓊탭룷훖붲뮰헟뛔뛠훘짆뷸탐쳖싛쪱닅쓜돶쿖헢훖뷡맻ꆣ퓊탭헢훖햹뾪뷒쪾맽돌늢늻틢캶ퟅ컒쏇폐틥컱죝죌닙ퟝ탔믑퇔ꆣ헽죧뫍헜색쯹헽좷횸돶뗄,춨맽쳖싛,컒쏇쓜릻웘맢믑퇔ꆢ튥퇔뫍늻쪵탻뒫뗈뗈ꆣ늻쪵붲뮰쫇쯹폐싗샭뚼튪쏦뛔뗄튻룶컊쳢ꆣ춨맽퓊탭뛔뫎캽ퟮ병탐뚯뷸탐ퟔ평쳖싛,웕쫀싗샭쓜릻룸뛔뮰헟쳡릩ퟣ릻뗄뿕볤뛔믑퇔뫍닙ퟝ뷸탐웘맢ꆣ벴쪹쓇킩쎻폐뗃쪤뗄싛뗣튲돉캪탐캪틢틥뗄튻늿럖ꆣ샽죧,컒쏇뿉쓜믡헹싛쮵,쒳룶웳튵뗄훝쓚(intrastate)짌튵쪵볹쫇싗샭짏늻쓜뷓쫜뗄,틲캪쯼룉풤쇋훝볤(interstate)짌튵,훝볤짌튵뛔놣돖튻룶ꋙSueGreen,ꆰHappyTeenagersDonꆯtFightShy,ꆱSouthChinaMorningPost(3August1999),Focussection,.
264뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭붡뾵뗄뺭볃살쮵쫇훁맘훘튪뗄ꆣ죃컒쏇볙짨,퓚헹싛횮뫳,쟩탎뛔컒쏇늻샻ꆣ쿠맘좨췾뻶뚨,뺡맜훝쓚짌튵폐쪱믡룉풤훝볤짌튵,떫퓊탭훝쓚짌튵쪵볹헢훖짆쪤맽컞쿞훆뗄훝볤짌튵헢훖짆ꆣ듓뛌웚살뾴,컒쏇뗄컞쿞훆훝볤짌튵헢훖짆쯆뫵쪧냜쇋,떫듓뎤웚살뾴,컒쏇뫜뿉쓜믡쪤샻,틲캪컒쏇틑뺭쪹쎿룶죋뚼죃늽춬틢,훝볤짌튵뫍훝쓚짌튵늢늻쫇솽룶췪좫뿉럖뗄닣쏦ꆣ퓚붫살,컒쏇튲탭쓜릻샻폃헢훖죃늽좥릹붨싛뗣:폐킩훝쓚짌튵쪵볹뛔훝볤짌튵뻟폐탭뛠뢴퓓뛸짮풶뗄뢺쏦펰쿬ꆣ훝볤짌튵횮짆떽쓇쪱믡쿔뗃늻죧헹싛횮돵쓇퇹뿉좡ꆣ폐킩쇮죋뿖뻥뗄탐뚯ꆢ훆뛈뫍헾좨튲믡냼몬튻킩짆ꆣ낢싗쳘퓸뺭붨틩쮵,벫좨춳훎튲탭뻟폐웤랴쏦틢틥ꆰ:컊쳢쫇컒쏇뗄쪱듺럇뎣웦맖뗘붫짆폫뛱뷁뫍퓚튻웰,틔훁폚죧맻쎻폐헢퇹튻룶탩쓢뗄벫좨퓋뚯쫀뷧(퓚헢룶탩쓢뗄벫좨퓋뚯쫀뷧샯,컒쏇쪱듺뗄튻킩룹놾뗄늻좷뚨탔틑뺭놻틔잰쯹캴폐뗄쟥컺뛈뇭듯돶살),컒쏇뿉쓜틑뺭퓚믫좻늻횪랢짺쪲쎴뗄쟩뿶쿂뛸ퟟ떽쇋컒쏇뗄쒩죕ꆣꆱꋙ쫇럱튻룶쇮죋뿖닀뗄쫂컯냼몬짆헢룶컊쳢늢늻쫇컒쏇쫂쿈쯹펦뻶뚨뗄ꆣ쓇냼몬훚뛠짆뗄싗샭뛔헢룶컊쳢늻ퟷ뻶뚨,퓊탭닎폫헟뛔웤뷸탐랴쪡뫍쳖싛ꆣ퓚웕쫀싗샭훐,쇩믮샭뷢쫇튻훖뷜돶뗄뗂탔ꆣ컒죏캪,죕놾죋뛔쯹듯돉릲쪶뗄훸쏻볡돖ퟶ램늢늻쿱튻킩움싛헟쯹죏캪뗄쓇퇹,벴쯼쫇늻쾧튻쟐듺볛쪵쿖릲쪶뗄컊쳢ꆣꋚ헢훖볡돖뿉틔놻샭뷢캪튻훖퓚쯹폐맘쾵뗄럡뢻쿖쪵훐뫍뛠훘짆훐뛔쒳룶탐뚯뷸탐샭뷢뗄얬솦ꆣ춨맽헢훖랽쪽뛸샭뷢뗄탐캪튪쟳탐캪횴탐헟풸틢튲쓜릻뫜뫃쳽뇰죋ꆢ췘뿭ퟔ벺뗄쫓튰ꆣ컒쏇탨튪쪱뎣놣돖쇩믮탔,틲캪컒쏇뗄뷇즫틔벰컒쏇뗄맘쾵퓚믘펦죋샠탐캪뗄맽돌훐늻뛏췪짆폫돉뎤ꆣ죧맻쎻폐쇩믮탔,쓇쎴죋쏇붫늻쓜듓쫂ퟷ캪죋샠뗂탔뇪횾뗄쮫훘럱뚨퓋뚯ꆣ죋쏇붫믡쿝죫훷헅ퟔ벺좨샻믲볡돆ퟔ벺뛔짆횮샭뷢헢퇹뗄쓠첶훐늻ꋙHannahArendt,TheOriginsofTotalitarianism(London:AndreDeutsch,1986),.ꋚEdwardLeslie,ꆰSomeObservationsonDoingBusinessinJapan,ꆱBusinessAmerica(10February1992),-4.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭265쓜ퟔ냎,믲헟쇷폚튻훖붩뮯뗄탐캪랽쪽ꆣ뿗ퟓ뗄ퟶ램쫇헽좷뗄,쯻볈늻튻돉늻뇤뗘횧돖쪲쎴,튲늻튻돉늻뇤뗘랴뛔쪲쎴ꆣ뛸뫍헜색뗄ퟶ램튲쫇헽좷뗄,쯻냑뛱폫뛨탔뗈춬웰살ꆣ늻뻟쇩믮탔믲쫜뒫춳쫸뢿뗄죋늻쫇죋샠듦퓚,룼뫃쮵쫇튻룶믺웷죋ꆣ틲뛸,뺡맜뛱춨뎣놻샭뷢캪듭컳톡퓱,떫쯼놻샭뷢캪컞쓜솦ퟷ톡퓱떹쿔뗃룼뺫좷ꆣ붩뮯횮죋튲탭믡뾼싇쒿뇪,떫ퟮ훕뻶뚨쪵쪩쒿뇪좴쫇튻훖풸췻ꆣ헽죧뫍헜색폐솦뗘싛횤,횻폐떱횴탐헟뗄틢횾뇤돉쿠뮥훷맛탔뗄쪱뫲,벴떱횴탐헟헽퓚뾼싇뢴퓓뗄샺쪷짧믡맘쾵벯뫏벰쓇펦뛔붫뒿뚯믺뇤돉탐뚯뗄뛠훘짆뗄쪱뫲,풸췻닅쓜뇤돉톡퓱ꆣꋙ뷌쳵훷틥룶죋쯤좻헻쳬쎦ퟅ짏듚쿂쳸,떫쯻쏇늢쎻폐ퟶ뻶뚨ꆣ뛾ꆢ솼뫃에뛏쯤좻컒쏇늻펵폐믺킵뗘뷸탐솼뫃에뛏뫍솼뫃톡퓱뗄볆쯣램퓲,떫컒쏇뿉틔쇐돶솼뫃에뛏뗄벸룶쳘헷ꆣ1.춨맽톰쟳늻춬맛뗣뫍훚뛠짆뛸퓚놳뺰뮷뺳훐ퟶ돶에뛏살ퟔ늻춬컄뮯뗄죋쏇횮볤뎣뎣닺짺럖웧ꆣ솽ퟩ죋ퟮ뫃늻튪닝싊죏캪벺랽쫇싗샭짏짆뗄뛸뛔랽쫇믨뗄ꆢ뛱뗄ꆣ쮫랽펦룃믽벫햹뾪뛔뮰,늢얬솦샭뷢뛔랽쯹쟣쿲뗄짆ꆣ훐맺샺쪷짏햽헹늻뛏,햽헹떼훂쇋짧믡믬싒ꆢ벢뛶,짵훁랢짺쇋죋돔죋뗄쫂ꆣ떽뷱쳬캪횹,욽뎣뚼뫜폐탲뗄쿣룛뻓쏱뾴떽릫릲웻뎵믲믰뎵떽햾뚼믡뇤뗃럨뿱(frantic),폐죋붫듋맩틲폚죋쏇뛔맽좥뗄볇틤,틲캪튻늿럖쿣룛죋캪쇋뛣뇜햽헹뫍벢뛶쳓떽쇋쿣룛,쯻쏇폐튻훖늻쿫실떽뫳쏦뗄틢쪶ꆣ틲듋,훐맺죋룼맘힢릫릲훈탲헢훖짆,뛸쏀맺죋뫍볓쓃듳죋뛔듋늻첫맘탄,틲캪쯻쏇뛔짧믡믬싒뗄춴뿠볇틤뇈뷏튣풶ꆣ컒쏇늻펦룃죏캪,훐맺죋늻훘쫓룶탔뗄뇭듯ꆣ컒쏇뾴떽,룶탔룅쓮퓚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐햼뻝뫎뗈훐탄뗄캻훃,뛸뿗ퟓ싗샭퓚떱듺죔뫜폐펰쿬솦ꆣ퓚떱듺,탭뛠훐맺죋룟뛈ꋙWatsuji,Rinrigaku,-243.
266뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭훘쫓짧믡훈탲횮짆,웤훘쫓돌뛈뎬맽뛔쿠뛔컞쿞훆뗄룶탔뇭듯뗄훘쫓ꆣ헢튲탭폐쯼뗄뫃뗄샭평,튲탭쎻폐ꆣ퓚컒쏇쳖싛헢솽훖짆뗄폅뗣ꆢ첽쳖쯼쏇쫇럱헦뗄뛔솢횮잰,컒쏇늻쓜뛔웤ퟶ돶에뛏ꆣ돽럇컒쏇쫗쿈뾪쪼랢쿖룷훖짦낸뗄짆,컒쏇붫늻쓜돉릦뇦뇰쯼쏇ꆣ떱컒쏇뾼싇컄뮯볤싗샭돥춻쪱,컒쏇펦룃샎볇튻뗣,쎿룶벯쳥뫍컄뮯뚼튻뚨듦퓚쒳훖쮮욽뗄짆ꆣ죧맻늻듦퓚짆,쓇쎴죋쏱붫쫇랴짧믡뗄,듓뚨틥살뾴,웤벯쳥튲늻뿉쓜듦퓚ꆣ헽죧뫍헜색쯹횸돶뗄,컒쏇춨맽벯쳥뛸톧믡탐캪ퟶ쫂,뛸벯쳥쫇평튻쾵쇐맣랺맘쾵ퟩ돉뗄,쎿훖맘쾵뚼폐ퟔ벺뗄웚췻뫍짆ꆣ헢킩맘쾵퓚믘펦룶죋훷뚯뺫짱뫍뚴쪶맽돌훐뛸퇝뷸랢햹ꆪꆪꆪ컒쏇삩햹싗샭뗀슷,뛸늻쫇랴맽살ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇죔좻ퟜ튪ퟱ쫘튻킩틑뺭듦퓚뗄ꆢ뛔탐캪뻟폐횸떼ퟷ폃뗄ꆢ틔쒳훖짆캪믹뒡뗄맘쾵탔맦랶ꆣ뇤뮯퓚헢킩뛠훘맘쾵쓚늢춨맽쯼쏇뛸랢짺ꆣ춨맽쯟훮컒쏇퓚뇰뗄맘쾵훐톧믡타짍뗄룷훖짆,컒쏇쓜릻쳴햽뫍탞헻쇭튻훖맘쾵ꆣꋙ퓚뛾햽훐,튻킩쓐죋놻헷헙좥듲헌,튻킩뢾얮뻍뷓맽쇋헢킩쓐죋뗄릤ퟷꆣ헢킩뢾얮퓚릤ퟷ뗘뗣믱뗃쇋뛀솢,틲뛸퓚쯽쏇뗄믩틶훐쯽쏇튲믡ힷ쟳춬퇹뗄뛀솢ꆣ틲캪컒쏇쎿룶죋뚼뒦폚탭뛠맘쾵훐,쯹틔컒쏇랢쿖컒쏇뗄짺믮뒦폚튻훖볈폀풶뇤뮯춬쪱폖폀풶늻뇤뗄ힴ첬훐ꆣ본폚컒쏇퓚벯쳥쓚톧믡쪲쎴쫇뿉좡뗄ꆢ뫏쫊뗄,본폚튻룶퓋ퟷ뗄벯쳥쓚ퟜ믡듦퓚쒳훖탎쪽뗄짆,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍뿉틔헢퇹죏뚨,벯쳥볤뗄돥춻짦벰늻춬믲뺺헹뗄룷훖짆ꆣ헢훖죏뚨풶뇈쓇훖ꆰ튻룶벯쳥폐뗂탔뛸쇭튻룶컄뮯쫇늡첬ꆱ뗄죏뚨룼폐틢틥ꆣ웤훐뗄뻷쟏퓚폚,컒쏇튪폫뇰죋햹뾪뛔뮰,튪얬솦뇦뇰뇰죋쫔춼춨맽쒳킩탐뚯쯹튪쪵쿖뗄짆ꆣ뿗ퟓ뷸튻늽닻쏷쇋헢튻뗣:? 컀릫쯯뎯컊폚ퟓ릱풻ꆰ:훙쓡퇉톧?ꆱퟓ릱풻ꆰ:컄커횮뗀,캴ힹ폚뗘,퓚죋ꆣ쿍헟쪶웤듳헟,늻쿍헟쪶웤킡헟,쒪늻폐컄커횮ꋙCharlesTaylor,PhilosophicalArguments(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1995),,ꆰExplanationandPracticalReason,ꆱ-60.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭267뗀퇉ꆣ럲ퟓ퇉늻톧,뛸틠뫎뎣쪦횮폐ꆣꆱꋙ뿗ퟓ붨틩컒쏇뿉틔쿲죎뫎죋톧쾰ꆣ죧맻쫇헢퇹뗄뮰,컒쏇펦룃뮺폚엺움뇰죋,컒쏇룼펦룃떣탄컒쏇ퟔ틔캪쫇뗄쟷쫆ꆣ캪쇋쓜믱뗃헽좷뗄탐캪랽쪽,컒쏇탨튪짮쮼쫬싇,뛸늻쫇뛔뇰죋쪵볹뗄엺에믲퓞퇯ꆣ떱컒쏇쏦뛔벯쳥쓚뫍벯쳥볤돥춻쪱,컒쏇펦룃춣쿂살ퟐ쾸움맀폐헹틩믲쇮죋훊틉뗄쪵볹짦벰쇋쪲쎴퇹뗄짆,뛸늻펦룃닝싊펦폃쒳킩싗샭맦퓲ꆣ컒쏇탨튪퓚놳뺰뮷뺳쿂ퟶ돶컒쏇뗄에뛏,틲캪죧뿗ퟓ쯹횸돶뗄,컒쏇좱짙헦헽닃에헟헢퇹튻쏦뺵ퟓ,벴쪹킡죋튲믡뾴떽쒳훖쮮욽뗄틢틥폫볛횵ꆣ죕놾샍뚯램뗄튻룶샽ퟓ뿉틔냯훺뷢쫍컒쯹쮵뗄놳뺰뮯에뛏ꆣ죕놾뗄샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡(LRC)쿠떱폚쏀맺맺볒샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡(NLRB)ꆣ퓚쏀맺,떱튻룶릫쮾놻랢쿖뛔릤죋폐웧쫓탐캪쪱,쏀맺맺볒샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡폐좨튪쟳헢킩릫쮾붫릤죋뢴횰ꆣ퓚죕놾,떱튻룶뻟폐늻릫욽샍뚯쪵볹뗄릫쮾듭컳뗘듇췋쇋튻킩릤죋쪱,죕놾샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡늻쓜릻쏼쇮룃릫쮾믖뢴헢킩릤죋뗄횰캻,뺡맜쯼쓜릻횸쪾룃릫쮾죧듋ퟶꆣ듓쏀맺뗄좨샻싛뷇뛈살뾴,죕놾뗄램싉늻릫욽ꆣ퓚럆뛻웕쮹뛔뗀웦(Phelps-Dodge)뗄쯟쯏낸훐,쏀맺솪냮ퟮ룟램풺붫뢴횰쫓캪ꆰ뛔웧쫓탔듇췋뗄뎣맦탔뻀헽랽램ꆱꆣ웤샭평쫇ꆰ:죧맻맺믡뢳룸튻랽쏦(듇췋)늹뻈듫쪩뛸뛔쇭튻랽쏦(맍폃)럱죏늹뻈듫쪩,쓇쎴헢뻍뫜웦맖쇋ꆣꆭꆭ죧맻뛔맍폃웧쫓뫍듇췋웧쫓볓틔쟸럖,쓇쎴헢훖쟸럖늻뷶쫇뿕뚴뗄,뛸쟒튲뫶쫓쇋헫뛔듋뛸냤늼뗄뷻횹웧쫓뗄램싉ꆣꆱꋚ퓚쏀맺,쯹폐릤죋뗄헽틥헢훖짆볈쫊폃폚맍폃폖쫊폃폚뷢맍ꆣ쓇쎴쫇럱죕놾샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡뻍뿉틔놻돢캪실뫳뗄쓘?늻첫뿉쓜,웤샭평탨튪듓죕놾샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡쯹ힷ쟳뗄짆뗄뷇뛈좥샭뷢ꆣ죕놾샍뚯램놣뮤릤죋쏇뗄좨샻,죧냕릤뗄좨샻ꆢ헅쳹몣놨뗄좨샻벰퓚ꋙConfucius,Analects,19/22.ꋚ,JapanꆯsReshapingofAmericanLaborLaw(Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,1988),-71.
268뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뾹틩릫쮾헾닟맽돌훐엤듸뇛헂뗄좨샻ꆣ퓚탭뛠랽쏦,죕놾램싉뛔릤죋뗄놣뮤뎬맽쏀맺램싉뛔릤죋뗄놣뮤ꆣ떫본폚훕짭맍펶훆헢훖ퟶ램,죕놾램풺뫍샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡뚼늻풸룉풤맜샭닣쯦틢맍펶죋뗄쓜솦ꆣ퓚죕놾뗄놳뺰뮷뺳쿂,잿웈튻룶릫쮾맍폃튻룶죋붫틢캶ퟅ폃헢룶죋췏샛헢룶릫쮾튻놲ퟓꆣ퓚쏀맺,튻룶릫쮾뿉쓜놻웈맍폃쯼퓸웧쫓뗄튻룶죋,떫죧맻쓇룶죋듯늻떽풤웚뷡맻,쓇쎴룃릫쮾쓜릻춨맽ꆰ죎틢맍폃ꆱ(employment-at-will)헢룶풭퓲뛸뷢맍쯻ꆣ본폚죕놾릤튵뫜쓑뷢맍릤죋,램싉뫍샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡늻쿫퓚맍폃죋뗄컊쳢짏룉풤맜샭닣뗄ퟔ탐뻶뛏쓜솦ꆣ좻뛸,튻떩쒳룶죋놻맍폃,쯼뻍틢캶ퟅ튻훖돖탸탔맍폃뗄췆뚨ꆣ떱컊쳢짦벰훘탂맍폃쪱,램풺뫍샍뚯맘쾵캯풱믡퓲룼풸틢룉풤ꆣ죧맻램풺뻶뚨,쒳쿮튵컱뗄훕횹쫇튻훖ꆰ뷢즢캱ힰꆱ뗄쟩뿶,벴춨맽볙ힰ춣튵뛸뷢돽릤죋뗄맮볆,쓇쎴램풺믡쏼쇮릫쮾뛔헢킩죋뢴횰ꆣꋙ퓚헢샯컒쏇폶떽헢퇹튻룶샽ퟓ,죕놾좨췾튻횱퓚ힷ쟳솽훖짆,벴ퟰ훘릤죋뫍ퟰ훘맜샭닣퓚맍펶뻶닟짏뗄ퟔ탐뻶뛏ꆣ헢솽훖짆뚼뗃떽쇋ퟰ훘,폐쪱쫇퓚춬튻룶뻶뚨훐쪵쿖뗄ꆣ쇭췢폐킩쪱뫲,룷훖짆뒦폚튻훖돥춻횮훐ꆣ퓚헢킩낸볾훐,죕놾죋뗄ퟶ램뫍컒쏇쎿룶죋뗄쪱뎣ퟶ램튻훂:캪쇋뻶뚨쓄룶짆펦룃뻟폐폅쿈탔,쯻쏇쳡돶쇋튻쾵쇐샭평,늢쯟훮쇋웤쯻튻킩뻟쳥낸샽훐쯹쳥쿖돶뗄쿠맘뗄룷훖짆ꆣ헢훖짮쮼쫬싇튲뻍쫇컒쏇쯹ퟮ뛠쓜튪쟳뗄ꆣ퓚컒쏇에뛏죕놾죋뗄쪵볹횮잰,죧맻컒쏇쿫튪샭뷢죕놾죋쯹ퟷ뗄싗샭뻱퓱,컒쏇탨튪뺡뿉쓜뗘훘쿖쓇룶쮼뾼뗄맽돌ꆣ폐죋튲탭믡쳡돶랴뛔틢볻ꆰ:떫쫇폐쪱뿏뚨믡폐헢퇹뗄쟩탎돶쿖,벴컒쏇쓜릻펦폃쒳룶훮죧ꆮퟰ훘쯹폐죋ꆯ뗄맦퓲믲풭퓲,좻뫳붫캥랴듋맦퓲뗄탐캪쫓캪늻럻뫏싗샭뗀뗂뗄탐캪ꆣꆱ뢣쳘맜샭닣퓸뻶뚨늻탞샭튻뿮쏻캪ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵뗄좱쿝,틲캪쯻쏇쿠탅돶쫂쯀죋벰뷢뻶쯟쯏뗄럑폃튪뗍폚탞샭좱쿝뗄럑폃ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,맜샭헟쏇뻍룸죋샠짺쏼뚨쇋튻룶볛룱ꆣ쯻쏇뗄탐캪캥랴쇋튻룶맦퓲,벴죋샠짺쏼펦룃ꋙLeviStrausshomepage,
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭269ퟜ튪폨틔ퟰ훘ꆣ헽죧뾵뗂쯹쮵뗄,죋샠짺쏼쫇컞램뚨볛뗄ꆣ쓇쎴헢쫇럱쫇튻룶룶죋캥랴ꆰퟰ훘죋샠듦퓚뗄만폐볛횵뫍ퟰ퇏ꆱ헢퇹튻쳵뷰싉뗄쏷좷낸샽쓘?떱쓉듢럖ퟓ퓚웤탭뛠릤튵훐냾쿷얫틛샍릤쪱,쯻쏇튲쏷쿔뗘쎻폐ퟰ훘죋샠듦퓚ꆣ퓚헢퇹뗄낸샽훐,캪쪲쎴컒쏇폐뇘튪톰쟳뛠훘짆ꆢ붫듋훖탐캪훃폚뢴퓓뗄짧믡맘쾵췸싧훐늢퓚에뛏캥랸헟탐캪잰뛸훘쿖캥랸헟뗄쮼뾼맽돌쓘?퓚뢣쳘ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵헢룶낸샽훐,쓇킩뻶뚨늻탞헽뎵뗄좱쿝뗄맜샭헟쏇뿏뚨냑컕쇋쒳훖쮮욽뗄틢틥ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪,웻뎵ퟜ튪룸쓇킩쪹폃듋훖붻춨랽쪽뗄죋쏇퓬돉튻훖럧쿕ꆣ웻뎵뿉틔춨맽볓잿뎵짭뛸뇤뗃룼볓낲좫,떫뎵짭훘뗄웻뎵뗄짺닺돉놾믡짽룟,뛸쟒믡쿻뫄룼뛠뗄웻폍ꆣ튻킩뛔돉놾쏴룐뗄쿻럑헟믡뗖훆헢킩룼캪낲좫뗄웻뎵ꆣ죧맻캪쇋탞헽뎵뗄좱쿝뛸췪좫훘탂짨볆룃뿮뎵,쓇쎴룃뎵뇤뗃룼볓낺맳ꆣ벴쪹룃뎵듸폐헢킩좱쿝,떫쯼뛔뻸듳뛠쫽뗄쪹폃룃뎵뗄쮾믺튲뮹쫇낲좫뗄ꆣ튲탭헢킩맜샭헟쏇믡틔헢퇹튻훖샭평헹싛,벴헽좷뻶닟뎣뎣믡짦벰붫튻훖틾탎볛룱볓룸죋샠짺쏼뗄ퟶ램ꆣ쎿쓪뷓훖틟쏧뗄맽돌훐뚼믡폐짙솿죋쯀췶,좻뛸컒쏇죔에뛏룸몢ퟓ뷓훖틟쏧헢퇹튻훖탐캪쫇싗샭짏짆뗄탐캪,틲캪컒쏇뻵뗃짙쫽벸룶죋쯀폚뷓훖뛸뇜쏢뫜뛠죋쯀폚헢훖늡뗄ퟶ램쫇뿉틔뷓쫜뗄ꆣ쇭췢,뺡맜컒쏇튪쟳훆튩릫쮾뛔쯼쏇뗄닺욷뷸탐튻킩쪵퇩,떫컒쏇횪뗀헢킩쪵퇩쫇낺맳뗄ꆣ햹뾪룼뎤룼맣랺뗄쪵퇩튲탭쓜릻췬뻈짺쏼,떫쫇떽쇋튻뚨돌뛈,헢킩맣랺쪵퇩붫믡떼훂맽룟뗄볛룱,헢퇹쏱훚뚼늻뿉뇜쏢뗘돉쇋릩튩욷쪵퇩뗄쫳ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇뻶뚨풸틢뢶돶벸샽쯀췶뗄듺볛틔뮻좡탂튩쯹풤탭뗄뫃뒦ꆣ죧듋뾴살,듓웕쫀싗샭뗄뷇뛈돶랢,뢣쳘맜샭헟쏇맘탄ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵돉놾뗄ퟶ램늢쎻폐듭ꆣ떱컒쏇붫웤탐캪놳뺰뮯늢쪶뇰돶짨볆룃뿮뎵헢튻톡퓱훐쯹짦벰뗄탭뛠짆쪱,컒쏇랢쿖쯻쏇뗄듭컳퓚폚죏캪뗍돉놾쫇쯹폐쿻럑헟뗄쫗짆(primarygood)ꆣ뺡맜폐쪱웻뎵뗄짨볆믡튪쟳퓚뿉돐쫜탔뫍낲좫탔솽훖짆횮볤ퟷ튻헛훐,떫뢣쳘맜샭헟쏇튲탭틑뺭틢쪶떽쇋헢솽훖짆ꆣ췪좫훘탂짨볆룃뿮뎵붫믡첫낺맳,뛸쟒죧
270뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭컒쏇퓧킩쪱뫲쯹뾴떽뗄,맦쒣뛔폚싗샭쮼뾼살쮵좷쪵훘튪ꆣ죧맻룄짆룃뎵붫쪹웤볛룱맽룟,횻폐짙쫽쿻럑헟쓜릻돐쫜뗃웰,쓇쎴컒쏇뿖엂믡듓쇭췢뗄뷇뛈살뾴듽뢣쳘횮톡퓱뗄싗샭탔ꆣ좻뛸ꆰ,뮨십ꆱ뎵뗄좱쿝튲탭쎿뎵뷶탨쫽쏀풪뻍쓜룣뚨,쿻럑헟쏇풸틢뛠뮨벸쏀풪살릺싲룼낲좫뗄뎵ꆣ떫쫇릫쮾늢늻킼톰헒헢퇹뗄탞샭랽램,틲캪쯼틑뺭좷탅,쯼횪뗀쯹튪ힷ쟳뗄짆ꆣ냑톡퓱놳뺰뮯뗄ퟶ램쓜쪹컒쏇뾴떽냑뢣쳘ꆰ뮨십ꆱ낸샽뫍훆튩릫쮾뻶닟낸샽믬쿽웰살뗄컊쳢ꆣ뺡맜컒쏇뗄뻶뚨폐쪱믡짦벰룸죋샠짺쏼뚨볛뗄ퟶ램,떫훆튩릫쮾뗄탐캪뫍뢣쳘릫쮾뗄톡퓱폐튻룶맘볼뗄쟸뇰ꆣ훆튩릫쮾놨룦틑횪뗄뢱ퟷ폃,늢쿲튽짺뫍쿻럑헟엻슶늡죋럾폃듋튩쪱뗄럧쿕ꆣ훆튩릫쮾틢쪶떽,뫍붡뾵믲짺쏼튻퇹,톡퓱ퟔ평튲쫇튻훖죋샠샻틦뫍쪥짆ꆣ늡죋펦룃폐좨톡퓱쓄킩쫇쯻쏇죏캪횵뗃쎰뗄럧쿕ꆣ폫듋탎돉뛔뇈,뢣쳘맜샭헟쏇듓캴쪶뇰퓚웤늻탞샭ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵뗄뻶뚨훐쯹틾몬뗄쯹폐짆ꆣ헢킩맜샭헟쏇늻쫇뻟폐뛱틢뗄죋,튲늻쫇뻟폐랸ퟯ돥뚯뗄룶죋,웤뛱퓚폚쯻쏇뗄닝싊뾴램:쿻럑헟쏇쓾풸튪뇣틋뗄뎵,튲늻튪낲좫뗄뎵ꆣ죧맻뢣쳘맜샭헟쏇뮨럑룼뛠쪱볤쪶뇰뫍쮼뾼쯹틾몬뗄룷훖짆,쯻쏇붫믡틢쪶떽퓚룼듳뗄뿉돐쫜탔뫍룼듳뗄낲좫탔횮볤늢늻듦퓚튻훖뇘좻뗄헛훐ꆣ벴쪹뛾헟횮볤좷쪵듦퓚튻룶쏷쿔뗄헛훐,떫쯼튲늢늻틢캶ퟅ쿻럑헟쏇늻릺싲룼맳떫룼낲좫뗄뎵ꆣ뢣쳘듓캴킼폚폫쿻럑헟쏇쳖싛떱쪱뗄컊쳢,쯼횻쫇볙짨죋쏇늻믡캪낲좫싲떥(헢쫇튻룶뢣쳘붫ퟔ벺뗄뗍돉놾훷떼볛횵맛춶짤떽헻룶쏱훚짭짏뗄샽ퟓ)ꆣ컖뛻컖(웻뎵릫쮾)뗄뺭퇩뛔듋볙짨쳡돶쇋훊틉,컖뛻컖릫쮾틑뺭붨솢쇋튻룶훒쪵뗄뿍뮧좺,헢킩뿍뮧풸틢릺싲쓇킩뷡릹짏볓잿뗄벰뻟폐쮫웸쓒뗄웻뎵ꆣ틲듋퓚뢣쳘ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵낸샽훐,ퟮ뫋탄뗄싗샭컊쳢늢늻쫇맜샭헟좱랦뛔뿍뮧뗄ퟰ훘,뛸쫇맜샭헟쏇벰릤돌쪦쏇뛔ퟔ벺뗄볙짨좱랦짮뛈쮼뾼,벰평듋뛸살뗄뛔탞샭좱쿝톡퓱쯹짦벰뗄탭뛠짆좱랦뾼싇ꆣ죧맻릫쮾맜샭헟쏇뮨럑룼뛠쪱볤ꆢ춨맽얬솦쪶뇰쯹폐틾몬뗄짆(낲좫뫍ퟔ평,뮹폐뿉돐쫜탔)뛸놳뺰뮯ퟔ벺뗄톡퓱,쓇쎴릫쮾뗄뒦샭랽낸뿖엂믡쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭271죧맻컒쏇냑뗂맺죋쪹폃얫틛샍릤뗄탐캪튲놳뺰뮯,쓇쎴컒쏇뛔헢룶샽ퟓ튲믡폐늻춬뗄죏쪶ꆣ쫗쿈죃컒쏇컊헢퇹튻룶컊쳢:쓇킩맍폃얫솥뗄릤뎧맜샭헟쏇퓚뎫떼쓄킩짆?쯻쏇뾼싇뗄짆뿉쓜폐솽훖ꆣ쯻쏇춨맽쳡릩릤ퟷ뛸쓜붫죋쏇듓쯀췶벯훐펪훐뷢뻈돶살,틲듋헢킩맜샭헟쏇뿉틔붫ퟔ벺뗄탐캪쫓캪ꆰ캬뮤짺쏼ꆱ뗄탐캪ꆣ쯻쏇뿉틔죏캪,쯻쏇헽퓚춨맽퓋탐짺닺쿟뛸뷸튻늽짮뮯뗂맺벯쳥뗄뢣ꆣ죧맻릤뎧놻맘뇕,쓇쎴쫽틔냙췲볆뗄뗂맺죋붫믡쪧좥릤ퟷ,뷸뛸쿝죫욶쟮ꆣ죧맻컒쏇볙뚨쓇킩놻뷢뻈뗄죋풸틢짺믮뫍릤ퟷ뛸늻풸틢쫜뿠뫍쯀췶뗄뮰,쓇쎴릤뎧뗄맜샭헟쏇쯆뫵틑뺭ퟶ쇋튻킩뫃쫂ꆣ떫쫇짦벰뗄짆늻횹헢솽훖,ퟔ평튲쫇튻훖짆ꆣ얫솥샍릤뗄ퟔ평쫜떽쇋짋몦,헢쫇틲캪릤뎧맜샭헟쏇쿲쯻쏇쳡돶쇋튻룶쳵볾,뛸쯻쏇폖늻룒뻜뻸ꆣ쇭췢,헢킩릤뎧횧돖쇋쓉듢뗄햽헹얬솦,헢쫇튻뎡믙쏰뗂맺뗄햽헹:쯼컼룉쇋풭놾뿉틔럖엤떽뷌폽ꆢ붡뾵튽쇆벰랢햹뗈랽쏦뗄풴;쯼뛡좥쇋쫽냙췲볆뗂맺릫쏱뗄짺쏼;쯼쇋쫀뷧짏뗄탭뛠듳돇쫐ꆣ죧맻쎻폐헢뎡햽헹,뗂맺죋뗄뢣뿖엂믡뇈헢뫃맽잧췲놶,뛸횻폐퓚탭뛠웳튵훷뗄뫏ퟷ횧돖쿂,헢뎡햽헹닅뇤뗃뿉쓜ꆣ틲듋,쓉듢춳훎쿂얫틛샍릤뗄뫋탄싗샭컊쳢늢늻쫇릤뎧맜샭헟캴쓜ퟰ훘릤죋믲쟖랸쇋쯻쏇뗄좨샻ꆣ헢훖틔좨샻캪믹뒡뗄럖컶쪹웤쳽웰살뫃쿱,죧맻헢킩릤뎧맜샭헟뛔헢킩릤죋룼뫃튻킩,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍돉쇋싗샭짏짆뗄맜샭헟ꆣ헢튻뗣쫇횵뗃뮳틉뗄ꆣ퓚쓉듢뗄햽헹얬솦훐,헢킩릤뎧맜샭헟폐춬쒱횮쿓,죧맻컒쏇뾼싇듋낸샽훐뗄룷훖짆,헢튻뗣펦룃폨틔뾼싇ꆣ헢킩릤뎧맜샭헟늻쓜욾웤솼탄붲쯻쏇춨맽헼뻈폌첫죋뛸퓚캬뮤짺쏼,틲캪ퟮ돵헽쫇쯻쏇뗄뫏ퟷ닅횱뷓믲볤뷓뗘횧돖쇋쓇췾킲폌첫죋듦퓚뗄쯀췶벯훐펪ꆣ떱컒쏇짳쫓듋쟩탎쯹짦벰뗄룷훖짆쪱,컒쏇믡랢쿖쓉듢헾좨뫍춬쒱뗄릤뎧튵훷룸릤죋짨훃쇋튻쾵쇐룷훖짆횮볤뗄헛훐:죧맻릤죋쏇럅웺ퟔ벺뗄ퟔ평(뗚튻훖짆)늢ꆰ춬틢ꆱퟶ얫솥,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍뿉틔놣힡ퟔ벺뗄짺쏼(뗚뛾훖짆)ꆣ맘폚헢훖톡퓱,릤죋쏇쎻폐놻헷쟳틢볻,뛸쟒헢킩짆듓살쎻폐놻쳖싛맽ꆣ죧맻릤죋놻헷쟳맽틢볻,헢킩짆놻쳖싛맽쇋,쓇쎴쫂쟩뻍믡뇤뗃뫜쟥돾,얫솥릤죋뫍뗂맺죋뻍믡퓚헢퇹튻룶벫좨춳훎쿂펵폐쇋ퟔ평ꆢ
272뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭짺쏼뫍룼뛠뗄뺭볃짆ꆣ헢뻍쫇웕쫀싗샭뛔짏쏦솽룶샽ퟓ뗄퓙뒦샭,쯼볙쪹룷랽뻍톡퓱뷸탐뛔뮰,늢춨맽쪶뇰쯹짦벰뗄룷훖짆뛸쪹탐캪놳뺰뮯ꆣ헢튲뻍쿔쪾,웕쫀싗샭뛔싗샭컊쳢뗄뒦샭뇈틔맦퓲믲좨샻캪믹뒡뗄싗샭뛔춬튻컊쳢쯹ퟷ뗄뒦샭룼캪쾸쓥캢쏮ꆣ(헽죧컒퓚잰쏦쯹횸돶뗄,뛔뮰헟쓜릻냑쒳훖좨샻ퟶ캪짆뷸탐뇧뮤,샽죧퇔싛ퟔ평좨샻쫇튻훖짆,횻튪퇔싛ퟔ평놾짭쫇튻훖짆ꆣ떫쫇,쯻쏇늻쓜붫좨샻쫓캪뷶폐뗄짆,좻뫳냑뇰죋틽뷸뷩짜웤쯻짆뗄ퟶ램쫓캪럇램얬솦ꆣ)쇭췢,웕쫀싗샭뮹믡횸쿲룼짙짦벰룷훖짆횮볤뷸탐헛훔뗄탐캪ꆣ2.뺡뿉쓜ퟰ훘쯹폐뗄짆죧맻쮵쒳쫂컯쫇짆뗄,쓇쎴뻍뗈폚쮵,헢룶쫂컯횵뗃웚췻폫쳡뎫ꆣ틲듋,죧맻뛠훘짆쫇듦퓚뗄,쓇쎴쎿훖짆뚼폐좨쫜떽ퟰ훘ꆣ틲뛸,웕쫀싗샭뻍튪쟳컒쏇늻뷶얬솦쪶뇰탭뛠짆,뛸쟒뮹튪쟳컒쏇뺡뿉쓜뛠뗘쪵쿖헢킩짆ꆣ샽ퟓ횮튻죃컒쏇뾼싇쓇킩퓚늻랢듯맺볒맍폃춯릤뗄뿧맺릫쮾ꆣ폐킩늻랢듯맺볒쓜릻쳡릩뫜짙뗄뻍튵믺믡,튻킩볒춥럇뎣샖틢죃ퟔ벺뗄몢ퟓ릤ퟷ,틲캪몢ퟓ쏇뗄릤뿉쓜믡뛔뻶뚨볒춥돉풱뗄튻죕튻닍뫍튻죕죽닍웰떽훘튪ퟷ폃,벴쪹쯻쏇뗄릤쮮욽풶풶뗍폚컷랽맺볒뗄뇪ힼꆣ틲캪욶쟮,볒춥ퟜ믡죃쯻쏇뗄몢ퟓ릤ퟷ,횻늻맽탎쪽늻춬냕쇋ꆣ릤뎧릤ퟷ뛔몢ퟓ쏇뗄짋몦톷폚쳯볤릤ퟷ뛔몢ퟓ쏇뗄짋몦,늢쟒웤냾쿷탔튲풶톷폚춯볋ꆣ릤뎧릤ퟷ뗄볨뿠돌뛈춨뎣튪뗍폚쳯볤샍ퟷ,뛸쟒릤뎧뗄쳵볾폐쪱룼캪붡뾵,죧헕쏷솼뫃ꆢ쟥뷠컀풡벰쫦쫊뿕뗷뗈뗈ꆣ몢ퟓ쏇퓚릤뎧샯릤ퟷ냋킡쪱뗄쫕죫튪룟폚쳯볤릤ퟷ쪮쯄킡쪱뗄쫕죫ꆣ늻맽,웤좱뗣쫇,죧맻헢킩몢ퟓ쏇헻죕릤ퟷ,쯻쏇뿉쓜쪧좥쫜뷌폽뗄믺믡ꆣ튻랽쏦캪볒춥헵잮쫇튻훖짆,뛸쫜뷌폽튲쫇튻훖짆ꆣ쓇킩놻웈퓚릤뎧릤ퟷ뗄몢ퟓ쏇늻쓜짏톧틲뛸ퟮ훕믡돉캪컄쎤ꆣ죧맻릤뎧맘
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭273뇕,헢킩몢ퟓ쏇뻍믡틲좱짙벼쓜뫍벼쟉뛸쎻폐첫뛠뗄톡퓱ꆣ쯻쏇뿉쓜뻟폐뗄벼쟉튲쫇헫뛔쒳룶릤뎧뗄벼쟉ꆣ헢킩몢ퟓ쏇벰웤뫳듺쯆뫵힢뚨튪퓚짧믡뇟풵볨쓑쒱짺ꆣ삳췾릫쮾(LeviStraussandCo.)튻횱럇뎣킡탄뗘쪶뇰헢랽쏦뗄뛠훘짆ꆣ퓚ퟐ쾸짳닩횮뫳,쯻쏇틑뺭톰헒떽쇋튻훖ퟰ훘헢킩짆뗄랽램ꆣ룃릫쮾붫틂럾뗄짺닺췢냼룸떱뗘뗄돐냼짌ꆣ떱삳췾릫쮾뗃횪쯼퓚냍믹쮹첹뗄솽룶럖냼짌헽퓚맍폃캴떽램뚨쓪쇤뗄춯릤쪱,릫쮾쎻폐십짏퇽쒧뮯쯼뗄럖냼짌ꆣꋙ쿠랴,룃릫쮾폫럖냼짌튻웰릤ퟷ,톰헒튻훖쓜릻쪵쿖쯹짦벰뗄뛠훘짆뗄낲업ꆣ럖냼짌춬틢쿲쓇킩짏톧뗄몢ퟓ쏇횧뢶웤죧맻퓚릤뎧릤ퟷ펦룃헵뗃뗄킽쮮ꆣ돉쓪릤죋뗄킽쮮볌탸뫍틔잰듯돉뗄킭틩튻퇹ꆣ삳췾릫쮾탭억횧뢶몢ퟓ쏇뗄톧럑ꆢ뿎놾럑뫍컄뻟럑ꆣ뺭맽헢훖낲업,볒춥쓜릻퓶볓쫕죫,틲캪쯼쏇쓜쫕떽몢ퟓ쏇뗄쓇럝킽쮮,뛸몢ퟓ쏇튲쓜릻듴퓚톧킣믱뗃헤맳뗄뷌폽ꆣ헢킩럖냼짌뮹듰펦몢ퟓ쏇뇏튵뫳붫뗃떽튻럝릤ퟷꆣ뻍헢퇹,삳췾릫쮾뫍떱뗘뗄럖냼짌쏇펮뗃쇋떱뗘볒춥뗄훒돏뫍뫃룐,틲뛸튲뻍퓶볓쇋쇭췢튻훖뿉쓜탔,벴쿂튻듺릤죋튲믡풸틢캪쯼쏇릤ퟷ,뛸늻캪웤쯻뺺헹춬퇹릤죋뗄뿧맺릫쮾릤ퟷꆣ샽ퟓ횮뛾뗚뛾룶샽ퟓ쫇맘폚훐맺뗄솽룶뺺헹헟볗뫍틒,쯼쏇뚼쫇짺닺쿤냼뗄웳튵ꆣ릫쮾볗랢쿖훐맺톧짺뗄쫩냼뫜싒,몢ퟓ쏇횻쫇붫폃뻟쯦뇣죻뷸쫩냼샯,헢훖ퟶ램늻폚샻엠퇸몢ퟓ쏇뗄헻뷠쾰맟ꆣ폚쫇릫쮾볗랢쏷쇋튻훖뻟폐탭뛠뿚듼뗄쫩냼,늢캪웤짪쟫쇋튻룶쏻캪ꆰ뫃쾰맟ꆱ뗄샻ꆣ릫쮾틒뗄뎧뎤뫍릫쮾볗뗄뎧뎤쫇뛠쓪뗄뫃엳폑,쯻틢쪶떽,쯤좻릫쮾볗틑뺭캪닺욷짨볆짪쟫쇋샻,떫쯼췼볇쇋힢닡헢룶짌뇪ꆣ폚쫇릫쮾틒뗄뎧뎤룏뷴엜떽짌뇪뻖힢닡ꆰ뫃쾰맟ꆱ짌뇪,붫웤ퟷ캪릫쮾틒뗄닆닺ꆣ떱릫쮾볗뗄뎧뎤쿲틒놧풹늢쳡떽쯻쏇횮볤뗄뛠쓪ꋙConfucius,Analects,14/29.
274뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭폑틪쪱,떫릫쮾틒뗄뎧뎤좴믘듰쮵ꆰ:폑틪쫇폑틪,짺틢쫇짺틢ꆣ쯼쏇쫇솽룶늻춬뗄뚫컷ꆣꆱ듋샽ퟓ쯹짦벰쓄킩짆쓘?폑틪쫇튻훖룶죋볤뗄ꆢ짧믡짆ꆣ뎧뎤볗뗄퓰놸쯟훮폚뿗ퟓ뗄뿉탅삵횮짆,떱컒쏇톡퓱틔뿉탅삵뗄랽쪽탐캪ퟶ쫂쪱,컒쏇엠퇸뫍듙뷸뫍킳벰죊짆훈탲ꆣ뎧뎤틒쯆뫵뷶뷶캪쇋ퟔ벺뗄튻벺쮽샻뫍릫쮾뗄샻틦뛸웆뮵쇋탅삵뫍뛠쓪뗄폑틪ꆣ죧맻뎧뎤틒쳡탑뎧뎤볗쯻뮹쎻폐힢닡ꆰ뫃쾰맟ꆱ뗄짌뇪,쓇쎴뎧뎤틒뻍쿔뗃룼볓죊짆ꆣ뎧뎤틒폖죧뫎쓘?쯻쯹ힷ쟳뗄쫇럱냼몬튻킩짆?믲헟쯻뗄탐캪뻍쫇튻훖싗샭짏싹뫡쟒늻뿉뷓쫜뗄탐캪?떱좻,헢캻뎧뎤튲퓚ힷ쟳튻훖짆ꆣ쯻헽좷뗘틢쪶떽짌뇪쫇릫쮾뗄폐볛횵뗄닺,쿻럑헟췹췹뛔닺욷닺짺튻훖틀솵룐ꆣ캪닺욷좷뚨튻룶짌뇪쓜릻쪹짺닺짌믲쇣쫛짌뒴퓬튻훖욷없킧펦,늢듙뷸쿻럑헟뛔욷없뗄훒쪵ꆣ헢훖훒쪵랴맽살쓜캪릫쮾듸살샻죳ꆣ컒쏇튲탭뫜쿫붫듋쟩탎쫓캪튻훖볛횵뗄돥춻:돥춻뗄튻랽쫇뿗ퟓ볛횵맛,돥춻뗄쇭튻랽쫇컷랽뗄볛횵맛ꆣ뿗ퟓ볛횵맛튪쟳죋쏇쿲엳폑쳡릩냯훺,헢쫇튻훖뿉탅삵뗄탐캪랽쪽;컷랽볛횵맛맄샸죋쏇샻폃램싉릤뻟(죧짌뇪)살볓잿짺틢ꆣ늻맽,죧맻컒쏇뛔짦벰뗄룷훖짆뷸탐룼짮쮼뾼늢쟒붫쿻럑헟뗄맛뗣튲쓉죫컒쏇뗄뾼싇랶캧,컒쏇믡랢쿖쟩탎믡폐쯹늻춬ꆣ듓쒳훖틢틥짏붲,솽캻뎧뎤뚼퓚잿뗷뿉탅삵탔헢훖짆ꆪꆪꆪ엳폑쏇뚼쾣췻탅삵뇋듋;짌뇪쓜릻쪹릫쮾뒴퓬튻훖쿻럑헟뛔욷없뗄탅삵,틲뛸짌뇪쫇튻훖짆ꆣ뿉탅삵탔틔뗚죽훖뷏캪늻쏷쿔뗄랽쪽돶쿖,쿻럑헟쏇횻릺싲쯻쏇죏뿉뗄짌욷,횻폐쿻럑헟쏇쓜릻뛔룷훖짌욷뷸탐쟸럖쪱,쯻쏇닅쓜쪵쿖쯻쏇뗄헢훖샻틦ꆣ죧맻볗뗄짌욷뻟폐튻훖놻쿻럑헟죏뿉뗄쳘헷(죧탭뛠뿚듼),뛸틒뗄짌욷좴쎻폐헢훖쳘헷,쓇쎴쿻럑헟쏇캪쇋싺ퟣ쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄탨튪믲풸췻,쯻쏇뇘탫쓜릻뛔짌욷뷸탐뇦뇰ꆣ뛔쓇퓊탭쿻럑헟헽좷쟸럖짌욷뗄쾵춳,쿻럑헟쫇탅삵뗄ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쓜릻힢틢떽틔짏룷뗣,컒쏇믡뾴떽,늻맜듓뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄뷇뛈,뮹쫇듓컷랽싗샭뗄뷇뛈,틒컞좨쪹폃ꆰ뫃쾰맟ꆱ헢룶짌뇪ꆣ듓웕
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭275쫀싗샭살뾴,컷랽볛횵맛뫍뿗ퟓ볛횵맛뾪쪼죚뫏ꆣ짌뇪뗄쒿뗄쫇퓊탭튻룶릫쮾쓜릻뒴퓬튻훖뚨캻,튻룶뫍놻쿻럑헟죏뿉뗄닺욷쳘헷쿠뛔펦뗄쏻ퟖꆣ듓듋샽ퟓ뾴살,볗뎧닺욷ꆰ뫃쾰맟ꆱ틑뺭뗃떽쇋쿻럑헟뗄죏뿉뫍탅삵ꆣ죧맻틒뎧놻엺ힼ쪹폃룃짌뇪,쓇쎴쿻럑헟쏇뫜뿉쓜놻얪뫽춿ꆣ쿻럑헟쏇뿉쓜믡릺싲틒뗄닺욷뛸춬쪱죏캪헢쫇볗뗄짨볆ꆣ죧맻헢훖쟩뿶돶쿖,쓇쎴틒뻍쎻폐폃ퟔ벺닺욷뗄뎤뒦폫볗햹뾪뺺헹;쿠랴,틒뗁폃쇋볗뗄닺욷뗄뎤뒦폫볗햹뾪뺺헹,틲캪쯼룸ퟔ벺뗄닺욷맚틔볗뗄쏻ퟖꆣ횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇,뺡맜볗틒솽캻뎧뎤쫇벤쇒뗄뺺헹헟,떫쯻쏇죔뿉놣돖쯻쏇횮볤뗄엳폑맘쾵,횻튪쯻쏇횮볤뗄뺺헹놣돖릫욽뻍뿉틔,튲뻍쫇쮵,쯻쏇뷶뷶샻폃룷ퟔ닺욷뗄폅쫆뷸탐뺺헹ꆣ틒뗁폃볗닺욷짌뇪뗄ퟶ램늻쫇튻훖릫욽뺺헹뗄탐캪ꆣ틒쎻폐틔ퟔ벺뗄닺욷뫍볗뗄닺욷뷸탐뺺헹,쯻좴웳춼쪹쿻럑헟믬쿽뛔쯻쏇솽볒짌욷뗄죏쪶ꆣ듓웕쫀싗샭뗄뷇뛈살뾴,뎧뎤틒뗄탐캪늻럻뫏싗샭,틲캪쯻뗄탐캪쯆뫵쿔쪾횻폐튻훖짆,벴캪ퟔ벺뗄릫쮾펮샻ꆣ쯻뫶싔쇋릫욽뺺헹헢훖짆,뛸릫욽뺺헹볈횧돖볗틒횮볤뗄폑틪,튲캬돖짌뇪쾵춳ꆣ춨맽쪶뇰뫍쮼뾼듋낸샽훐쯹짦벰뗄룷훖짆,웕쫀싗샭쓜릻돐죏뫍ퟰ훘뿗ퟓ싗샭뫍램싉훷틥뗄컷랽싗샭쯹쯌퇯뗄룷훖짆ꆣ샽ퟓ횮죽ퟮ뷼죕놾죋퓚죕놾뗄튻룶쪡붨솢쇋튻쯹탂톧킣,좻뛸횻폐튻룶톧짺닎볓헢룶톧킣,헢룶톧짺뿉쓜쫇뿉풤횪붫살뗄캩튻튻룶톧짺ꆣ죋쏇뛔헢쯹톧킣뗄엺움쫇,쯼뗄샻폃싊늻룟ꆣ죋쏇뿉틔붫룃톧짺폃킣뎵뷓돶룃쪡뛸쯍떽쇚뷼뗄튻쯹톧킣,뛸듋쇚뷼톧킣튲늢늻죋싺캪뮼,쓜죝틗낲훃쯻,쿲쯻쳡릩튻룶솼뫃뷌폽,뺡맜쯻퓚쓇샯늻믡쫜떽죧듋뛠뗄룶죋힢틢솦ꆣ떱ꆶ얦풼쪱놨ꆷ뗄튻쏻볇헟뻍떥룶톧짺톧킣뗄컊쳢닉럃뷌폽늿
276뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭쪱,헢캻맙풱믘듰쮵ꆰ:샻폃싊늻쫇캩튻뗄튻훖볛횵ꆣꆱꋙ헢캻맙풱뗄뮰쿠떱폐뗀샭:캪쪲쎴샻폃싊펦룃쫇캩튻뗄볛횵?뺡맜헢룶낸샽늢늻짦벰웳튵,떫짌튵뷧뗄볛횵헽풽살풽뛠뗘놻폃살훘탂쯜퓬뫍펰쿬쏀맺뫍죕놾뗄뷌폽ꆣ탭뛠죕놾ꆢ쏀맺뫍얷훞뗄짌뷧죋쪿뚼늻믡춬틢캪짙쫽톧짺붨짨탂톧킣ꆣ뺡맜웕쫀싗샭튪쟳컒쏇퇏쯠뛔듽헢훖뛔킧싊뗄맘힢,떫쯼춬퇹튲튪쟳컒쏇뾼싇헢캻맙풱뗄맛뗣,벴퓚듋낸샽훐샻폃싊늻쫇캩튻뗄짆,믲짵훁늻쫇튻훖룹놾뗄짆(쫗짆,primarygood)ꆣ죕놾뗄듳뛠쫽톧짺뚼퓚놾뗘짧쟸뗄톧킣샯뷓쫜뷌폽,쓇쎴쿧듥톧짺놻냾뛡헢훖놻춬퇹헤쫓뗄쳘좨쫇럱릫욽쓘?죧맻헢킩몢ퟓ놻쯍떽뫜풶뗄뗘랽톧쾰,쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍튪퓧웰췭맩ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇틲듋뛸뎤웚뒦폚튻훖삧뻫뗄ힴ첬훐,쯻쏇뗄톧튵뻍뒦폚튻훖쇓쫆ힴ첬ꆣ본폚죕놾뷌폽쾵춳뗄룟뛈뺺헹놾훊,헢훖쇓쫆늻펦룃쟡틗뫶쫓ꆣ춷쓔볲떥뗘붫킧싊뫍뗘랽짧쟸뷌폽뛔솢웰살뗄ퟶ램믡얤쟺컒쏇뗄톡퓱ꆣ컒쏇펦룃뾼싇탭뛠웤쯻뗄짆,몢ퟓ쏇탨튪믱뗃짧붻벼쟉ꆣ듓뎤풶살뾴,죃헢룶톧짺폫웤쯻뻟폐늻춬놳뺰뗄톧짺ퟸ퓚춬튻룶뷌쫒샯뗄ퟶ램믡룼캪붡뾵ꆣ헢훖짧붻헏낭뗄펰쿬탨튪폫ퟸ뎤춾킣뎵뗄쇓쫆ퟛ뫏웰살뾴듽ꆣ좻뫳,죋쏇뮹펦룃폫헢룶톧짺짌솿,튲탭쯻퓚쇭췢튻쯹톧킣펵폐튻룶튪뫃뗄엳폑,쮭횪뗀쓘!쯻튲탭풸틢뎤춾냏짦떽쇚뷼톧킣뻍뛁ꆣ컊쳢뗄맘볼냼삨죽룶랽쏦ꆣ뗚튻ꆢ돽럇컒쏇뾼싇놾톡퓱쯹짦벰뗄쯹폐뗄뿉쓜뗄짆,컒쏇붫늻쓜믱뗃컒쏇쯹ퟷ톡퓱뗄틢틥ꆣ쓇훖붫샻폃싊믲뷓쫜뗘랽뷌폽횮좨샻ퟷ캪캩튻쿠맘볛횵뗄ퟶ램쫇늻쓜뷓쫜뗄ꆣ헢훖ퟶ램컞틬폚뢣쳘ꆰ뮨십ꆱ뎵뗄릤돌쪦뗄ퟶ램,쯻쏇횻뾴떽쇋탞샭좱쿝맽돌훐돉놾뗄퓶볓,뛸쎻폐뾼싇맋뿍뗄낲좫뫍ퟔ평ꆣ뗚뛾ꆢ틲캪컒쏇늢늻펵폐욽뫢쯹폐헢킩짆뗄돟뛈,쯹틔퓚늻춬뗄쳵볾쿂뿉쓜믡폐늻춬떫뫏뫵싗샭뗄웤쯻톡퓱ꆣ샽죧,죧맻킣뎵붫뒩ꋙ,ꆰEmptyIslesAreSignsJapanꆯsSunMightDim,ꆱNewYorkTimes(1August1999),
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭277맽튻뛎캣쿕뗄즽슷,쓇쎴컒쏇뿉쓜믡톡퓱붨솢릩짙쫽죋짏톧뗄톧킣,뛸늻풸죃몢ퟓ쏇쎰짺쏼캣쿕ꆣ믲헟컒쏇뛔뛠훘짆뗄움맀붨틩컒쏇닉좡헢퇹튻훖랽램:볈붵뗍럑폃(튲뻍쫇,뷚쪡럑폃,좻뫳붫웤펦폃폚볓잿헻룶죕놾뗄뷌폽),폖퓊탭쿧듥톧짺떽쇚킣뛁쫩ꆣ튲탭ꆶ얦풼쪱놨ꆷ쳘킴훐뗄쓇룶톧짺뿉틔춨맽풶돌뷌폽뗄랽쪽췪돉톧튵ꆣ춨맽쪹폃탂뿆벼,쯻튲탭쓜폫웤쯻톧짺튻웰뫏ퟷ췪돉톧킣샯뗄뿎튵,틲뛸쓜릻엠퇸뫍랢햹쯻뗄쳽솦틔벰쯻폫춬냩뫏ퟷ뗄쓜솦ꆣ뗚죽ꆢ퓚컒쏇쳽떽늻춬죋쏇뗄맛뗣뫍싛뗣횮잰,컒쏇붫늻쓜뗃돶헽좷뗄탐캪랽쪽ꆣ컒쏇뇘탫헷쟳죋쏇뗄틢볻:뷌폽헟ꆢ뷌쪦ꆢ톧짺ꆢ톧짺뗄뢸쒸ꆢ벯쳥돉풱ꆢ뢺퓰탞붨톧킣뷰뗄헾뢮맙풱ꆢ쓇킩캪쿧듥톧짺뇧뮤뗄죋틔벰쓇킩맘탄쿂튻듺톧짺뗄죋,뗈뗈ꆣ죃컒쏇룼캪ힼ좷뗘뇭듯헢튻뗣뻍쫇:퓚컒쏇쳽룷랽틢볻횮잰,컒쏇늻쓜샭뷢쪵볊쟩탎,틲캪룷랽뚼뿉쓜컕ퟅ튻늿럖듰낸ꆣ듓헢훖틢틥짏붲,웕쫀싗샭퓞춬컒쏇퓚뗚쇹헂훐쯹쏨쫶뗄낢싗쳘뫍맾놴십쮹뗄릫릲랶돫샭싛ꆣ컒쏇탨튪튻룶릫릲뿕볤ꆪꆪꆪ퓚듋뿕볤훐,춨맽죈쇒뛸엺에탔뗄쳖싛,죋쏇늻뷶뷶뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄탋좤뫍샻틦,뛸쟒랢쿖ퟔ벺뗄탋좤뫍샻틦ꆣ늻춬맺볒뗄헾뢮뇘탫춨맽좷놣쎽쳥뗄릫욽ힼ죫ꆢ춨맽닉좡듫쪩놣뮤짙쫽뇟볊죋좺뗄샻틦뛸캬돖헢퇹뗄뿕볤ꆣ듓싗샭짏붲,헾뢮뫍컒쏇뚼늻쓜쫂쿈죏뚨쒳킩죋뗄짹틴쫇늻쿠맘뗄뛸폨틔업돽ꆣ퓚컒쏇쳽쯻쏇횮잰,컒쏇늻펦룃튲늻쓜쇋뷢쯻쏇붲뮰뗄쿠맘탔ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔헢퇹붲,짳짷뗄솼뫃닃에헟붫믡톰헒뫍쇴틢탭뛠죋뗄뚴쪶ꆣ(죃컒쏇샎볇,벴쪹킡죋듖쇓횮죋튲쓜냑컕튻킩뻟폐훘튪틢틥뗄쫂컯ꆣ)헢킩솼뫃닃에붫믡놳뺰뮯죋쏇뗄싛뗣ꆢ믘펦벰맽좥뗄톡퓱,듓뛸쪵쿖뺡뿉쓜뛠뗄짆ꆣ늻맽,본폚컒쏇좱랦튻룶뫢솿짳짷닃에뗄뇪돟,컒쏇튲횻쓜뗣떽캪횹ꆣ퓚컒쏇뒴퓬쇋튻룶뛔뮰헟뗄벯쳥횮뫳,퓚컒쏇뇋듋쳽ꆢ놳뺰뮯죎뫎럖웧벰쪶뇰낸샽쯹짦벰뗄탭뛠짆횮뫳,컒쏇튲탭죔믡랢쿖컒쏇뒦폚럖웧횮훐ꆣ컒튻횱퓚뇧뮤뗄헢킩돌탲횸떼풭퓲늢늻믡놣횤컒쏇ퟮ훕믡듯돉릲쪶ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻컒쏇ퟱ톭헢킩맦랶,컒쏇룼뿉쓜쫔ퟅ쮵럾뇋듋ꆣ튲탭쮫랽뚼뫶싔쇋쒳훖짆,믲헟쮫랽틑뺭듭컳에뛏쇋쯻쏇
278뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭뚼쾣췻엠퇸뫍캬뮤뗄룷훖짆뗄ퟮ병쪵쿖뫍듙뷸랽쪽ꆣ뇦뇰헢훖뫶싔믲컳뷢튲탭쓜릻냯훺듲웆헢훖싗샭붩뻖ꆣ믲헟튲탭쫂쟩믡뇤뗃쏷샊,컒쏇헢킩뛔뮰헟쯹쳡돶뗄튻훖짆뿉쓜믡폫뗚뛾훖짆쫇돥춻뗄,룷랽뚼폐좨쪶뇰헢킩돥춻뫍쎬뛜ꆣ죧맻튻랽좷쪵헤쫓헢훖돥춻뗄짆,쓇쎴쯻믲쯽폐샭평쳽뛔랽뗄싛뗣;랴횮틠좻ꆣ죧맻뛔뮰뗄죎뫎튻랽펦폃쒳훖볙뚨뗄웕뇩맦랶살뫢솿뛔랽뗄탐캪늢쟒횸퓰뛔랽캥랸쇋헢룶맦랶,쓇쎴놻횸퓰헟쎻폐샭평볌탸쳽놻횸퓰헟ꆣ헢훖틔맦퓲캪믹뒡뗄랽램뿉쓜믡쫨풶컒쏇뗄뛔뮰랽,컒쏇쎻폐헦헽얬솦쳽쯻쏇뗄탐뚯뫍헾닟,좻뛸컒쏇떨룒뛔쯻쏇뗄싗샭짆탔췽볓횸퓰ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,쯻쏇캪쪲쎴펦룃볌탸뫍컒쏇뛔뮰?헽죧뿗ퟓ쯹횸돶뗄,헢퇹튻훖쳖싛싗샭뗄랽램늻쓜햹쪾컒쏇쫇뿉탅삵뗄,튲늻쓜붨솢쿠뮥탅죎ꆣ뺡맜웕쫀싗샭늻쓜놣횤듯돉릲쪶,떫쯼쟐쪵쓜릻쳡릩듯돉릲쪶뗄쾣췻ꆣ헽죧컒퓚잰쏦헂뷚샯쯹쳖싛뗄,컷랽싗샭샭싛훐뗄탭뛠룅쓮뚼쓜늹돤뚫랽쮼쿫볒(죧뿗ퟓ뫍뫍헜색)싗샭샭싛훐뗄뛔펦룅쓮ꆣ샽죧,떱컒쏇얬솦쪶뇰짆쪱,컒쏇뷒쪾쇋튻킩볈횧돖ꆰ컷랽ꆱ램훎맛쓮뫍ꆰ뚫랽ꆱ죋훎맛쓮뗄샭평ꆣ뛸떱컒쏇뷸튻늽첽쯷쪱,컒쏇랢쿖헢솽훖짆뚼뮥캪잰쳡(볻뗚튻헂뫍뗚쯄헂)ꆣ볈좻쫇헢퇹,컒쏇폐샭평쾣췻랢쿖헾훎럗헹뗄릲춬믹뒡,죧훐쏀횮볤뗄헾훎럗헹ꆣ쇭췢,컒쏇늻펦룃췼볇,헢룶쫀뷧쫇쯦ퟅ쪱볤늻뛏뇤뮯뗄ꆣ헢훖뇤뮯쓜릻쪹룷랽뛔짆훘탂움맀ꆣ퓚맽좥,탭뛠퇇훞죋뚼쾲뮶폫볒춥돉풱뫍엳폑틔튻훖럇헽쪽뗄랽쪽ퟶ짺틢ꆣ폫엳폑뷸탐뗄놳뫳붻틗뻟폐뫜뗍뗄붻틗돉놾(헢퇹튻룶릫쮾늻탨뮨럑듳솿쪱볤뫍럑폃본뇰뫏ퟷ믯냩),늢쟒헢훖럇헽쪽킭틩쓜쪹짌튵죋쪿랴펦톸쯙ꆣ퓚1990쓪듺뗄퇇훞뷰죚캣믺횮잰,닆컱춸쏷뫍벯췅맜샭쾵춳뗄쿠뮥훆풼믺훆쎻폐쫜떽룱췢헤쫓ꆣ퓚캣믺랢짺횮뫳,퇇훞짌튵죋쪿뾪쪼헤쫓닆컱춸쏷탔ꆣ쓇킩뗖훆쿠뮥훆풼믺훆뫍짳볆듫쪩뗄짌뷧쇬탤뾪쪼룄뇤ퟔ벺뗄첬뛈ꆣ쯻쏇틢쪶떽,죧맻쯻쏇쓜릻쿲춶헟쳡릩룼뛠뗄닆컱탅쾢,쯻쏇튲탭퓚붫살믡펵폐룼뛠뗄탐뚯ퟔ평ꆣ퓸뺭뾴웰살돥춻뗄솽훖짆(벴닆컱춸쏷뫍탐뚯ퟔ평)쿖퓚늻퓙쿔뗃쓇쎴늻뿉뗷뫍ꆣ
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭2793.뻸늻뿉뗍맀튻룶컄뮯랢햹뗄쓜솦뗚죽쳵풭퓲,뻸늻뿉뗍맀튻룶컄뮯쿲잰랢햹뗄쓜솦ꆣ헽죧컒퓚놾쫩틽퇔늿럖쯹쳖싛뗄,헜톧볒ꆢ볇헟틔벰짌뷧죋쪿쟣쿲폚붫쒳룶컄뮯뗈춬폚쒳훖볛횵,샽죧,붫컷랽뗈춬폚룶죋훷틥,뛸붫뚫랽뗈춬폚벯쳥훷틥ꆣ헢퇹뗄뗈춬ퟶ램뫶싔쇋떥튻컄뮯쓚쯹듦퓚뗄탭뛠엉뇰,뛸늻춬쇷엉폖믡냼몬뫜뛠쳵볛횵ꆣ죃컒쏇뾼싇튻쿂쏀맺췁훸죋쓚쯹듦퓚뗄쯹폐늻춬뗄볛횵맛뚼잿뗷맜볒뺫짱,퓚뾪쪼죎뫎탐뚯횮잰,쎿룶죋뚼펦룃뾼싇쯻믲쯽뗄탐캪뛔틔뫳웟듺죋뗄펰쿬ꆣ탂뷌춽쟣쿲폚잿뗷얬솦릤ퟷ틔벰쓇훖캪ퟔ벺뗄붫살뢺퓰뗄탨튪ꆣ폃놾뷜쏷ꆤ뢥삼뿋쇖뗄뮰붲뻍쫇ꆰ:쪡튻럖잮뗈폚헵튻럖잮ꆣꆱ쓏늿쏀맺죋뛔폚죙폾뗄잿뗷쪤맽놱늿쏀맺죋,뷇뚷듓뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇쓏랽뗄튻훖쾰쯗ꆣ샠쯆뗄뛠퇹탔튲듦퓚폚얷훞ꆢ훐맺ꆢ죕놾ꆢ몫맺ꆢ뎯쿊ꆢ쓏럇ꆢ뿏쓡퇇ꆢ틔즫쇐뗈뗈ꆣ샽죧,퓚짧믡훷틥훐맺쓚뗘뫍쫀뷧짏ퟮퟔ평뺭펪뗄쿣룛뛾헟횮볤듦퓚뻞듳닮틬ꆣ헢킩뛠퇹뮯볛횵믲볛횵맛횮볤뎣뎣믡쿠뮥뛔솢ꆣ룷ퟔ뗄쏱볤훇믛훐튲쳥쿖돶헢훖헅솦ꆣ떱쏀맺죋뺯룦닝싊탐캪쪱,쯻쏇쮵ꆰ:폻쯙퓲늻듯(Hastemakeswaste)ꆣꆱ좻뛸쯻쏇튲퓞퇯뿬쯙랴펦,틲캪ꆰ럀캢뛅붥(Astitchintimesavesnine)ꆣꆱ샠쯆뗄헅솦튲듦퓚폚웤쯻컄뮯훐ꆣ죕놾죋쟐쪵튪쟳쿠뮥럾듓,틲뛸튲뻍폐쇋ꆰ돶춷뚤ퟓ놻쟃믘(샠쯆훐맺뗄퇨폯ꆰ:잹듲돶춷쓱ꆱ벰ꆰ돶춷뗄뒪ퟓ쿈샃ꆱ,Thenailthatsticksoutgetshammereddown)뗈쮵램ꆣ떫쫇죕놾죋춬퇹튲ퟰ훘죋쏇랢쿖ퟔ벺뗀슷뗄탨튪ꆰ:죧맻쓣낮쓣뗄몢ퟓ,쓣뻍죃쯻돶쏅뛀탐(Ifyouloveyourchild,letittravelalone)ꆣꆱ쇭췢,쯻쏇뮹탻퇯듳떨탐캪:ꆰ늻웆늻솢(믲ꆰ웆뢪돁훛ꆱ,Gocollideandsmashintopieces)ꆣꆱ쏀맺죋잿뗷룶죋훷틥,떫랴맽살튲폐튻킩붨틩럾듓뇰죋뗄룱퇔,죧ꆰ늻튪쿱튻룶랢퇗쫖횸짬돶살쓇퇹룱룱늻죫(믲ꆰ늻튪뫗솢벦좺ꆱ,Donꆯtstickoutlikeasorethumb)ꆣꆱ믲헟ꆰ늻튪탋럧ퟷ샋(Donꆯtmakewaves)ꆣꆱ쎻폐죎뫎떥튻룱퇔쓜릻붫튻룶컄뮯훐뗄훚뛠뛸뎣뎣쎬뛜뗄볛횵뗄쾸쓥컆슷룅삨돶살ꆣ
280뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭떫헢튲늢늻틢캶ퟅ,튻룶컄뮯훐뗄룷훖볛횵뚼쫇늻럖쟡훘쿈뫳뗄ꆣ컞틉,쏀맺죋뫍얷훞죋뛔룶죋훷틥뗄헤쫓퓚탭뛠랽쏦뚼뎬맽십살컷퇇죋뫍훐맺쓚뗘죋ꆣ떫헢늢늻틢캶ퟅ,헢훖볛횵붫ퟜ쫇튻훖쿔탔볛횵(thedominantvalue)ꆣ컄뮯횮쯹틔퇝뷸,훷튪쫇틲캪쯼쏇놾짭냼몬쇋탭뛠틾탔볛횵(latentvalue)ꆣꋙ폃뫍헜색뗄뮰살붲,컄뮯횮쯹틔늻뛏뇤뮯,훷튪쫇틲캪룶죋펵폐탭뛠샻틦폫탋좤,떱죋쏇뻍쒳훖쇷탐짧믡맦랶뇭듯ퟔ벺뗄틢횾늢뛔웤랴엑쪱,헢킩샻틦폫탋좤튲뻍쿔슶돶살ꆣ쫀뷧짏쯆뫵늻듦퓚춳튻릫릲샻틦(asinglepublicinterest)ꆢ춳튻쏱ퟥ틢횾(asinglenationalwill)믲춳튻컄뮯쮼캬뚨쪽(asingleculturalmindset)횮샠뗄뚫컷(볻뗚컥헂뫍뗚쇹헂)ꆣ웤쪵,컒쏇폶떽뫜뛠틾탔볛횵,헢킩틾탔볛횵뿉틔놻죏캪쫇컄뮯뗄잱틢쪶(thesubconsciousoftheculture),뛸컄뮯볤뷓뒥폫붻쇷쓜릻죃헢킩틾탔볛횵뢡쿖돶살ꆣ떱쏀맺웳튵닉쓉쇋탭뛠죕놾웳튵뗄ꆢ틔췅쳥캪훐탄뗄맜샭쪵볹쪱,쯼쏇뻍퓚룸쏀맺뗄웳튵컄뮯듸살뇤룯ꆣ좻뛸,헢훖쯹캽뗄뛔췅뛓뺫짱뗄ꆰ탂ꆱ잿뗷뛔쏀맺죋살쮵튲늢늻쫇좫좻뗄늰살욷ꆣ쯤좻쏀맺죋잿뗷룶죋뗄퓰죎,떫쯻쏇튲럇뎣쾲낮췅쳥쳥폽쿮쒿,죧냴쟲뫍쟲ꆣ훐맺뗄뇤뮯튲쿔쪾쇋틾탔볛횵춨맽컄뮯볤붻쇷폫뮥뚯뛸뢡쿖돶살ꆢ좻뫳폫웤쯻룼뛠쿔탔볛횵뷡뫏웰살뗄헢튻춬퇹맽돌ꆣ훐맺죋뢳폨맘쾵뫜룟뗄볛횵,떫쫇헢룶볛횵튲늢늻쫇맂솢뗄,쯼듦퓚폚뿗ퟓ싗샭뗄놳뺰쳵볾훐,뿗ퟓ싗샭늻뷶잿뗷맘쾵,뛸쟒잿뗷듙뷸벯쳥뗄짆ꆣ춨맽폫췢맺죋듲붻뗀,훐맺죋틑뺭훰붥틢쪶떽램훎뗄탨튪ꆣ쯤좻뿗ퟓ싗샭뗖훆쓇훖붫쯹폐싗샭뚼뮹풭캪램싉컊쳢뗄ퟶ램,떫ퟰ훘램훎죔ퟷ캪튻훖틾탔볛횵뛸듦퓚폚뿗ퟓ싗샭훐ꆣ짌튵ퟰ훘뿉풤닢탔뫍컈뚨탔ꆣ죧맻튻룶쾵춳췪좫내헕룶죋쟗쏜맘쾵뛸퓋ퟷ뗄뮰,쓇쎴쯼뻍늻쓜퓙캪뎤웚뗄벯쳥샻틦뛸럾컱ꆣ헢훖죏쪶튲췪좫럻뫏뿗ퟓ뛔벯쳥ꋙXiaoheLu,ꆰTheGlobalizationoftheEconomyandtheValueOrientationofCorporationsinChina,ꆱOnlineJournalofEthics,2:3(1999),
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭281샻틦뗄훘쫓ꆣ틲뛸,훐맺죋뾪쪼잿뗷ꆰ뫏램맘쾵ꆱ뗄훘튪탔,벴춨맽뫏뫵램맦뗄랽쪽뛸쪹폃맘쾵ꆣ컞틉,탭뛠훐맺죋죔붫볌탸퓚맘쾵짏쿂릤럲,볌탸ꆰퟟ뫳쏅ꆱꆣꋙ좻뛸,컒쏇뇘탫돐죏,헢훖복짙쮽쿂붻틗뫍뇜쏢맙랽헽쪽쟾뗀뗄쾵춳늢늻쫇뿗ퟓ쪽뗄쾵춳ꆣ뫳쏅붻틗퓚컄뮯듳룯쏼횮훐벰횮뫳랢햹웰살,틲캪퓚헢뛎쪱볤샯,맦퓲폫램훆뇀삣쇋,죋쏇횻폐춨맽쮽죋맘쾵닅쓜믱뗃짌욷뫍럾컱ꆣ폐쮼쿫뗄훐맺죋떱쪱뛔뫳쏅맘쾵뗄랢햹짮뇭폇싇,틲캪ퟀퟓ뗗쿂뗄붻틗믡퇸돉뢯냜뗄쾰맟ꆣ헢킩죋쏇횮쯹틔뗖훆뫳쏅맘쾵,쫇틲캪쯼늻럻뫏뿗ퟓ싗샭ꆣꋚ뫏램맘쾵쫇웕쫀싗샭퓋ퟷ뗄튻룶샽ퟓꆣ웕쫀싗샭톰쟳쪶뇰뫍킳뗷탭뛠짆,퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,벴캬돖쟗쏜맘쾵ꆢ엠퇸릫릲샻틦벰횧돖웳튵퓚훐맺붨솢뫍랢햹쯹탨튪뗄램훎뗈뗈ꆣ떱튻룶퓚훐맺퓋ퟷ뗄쏀맺웳튵랢늼맣룦뛸톰쟳튻룶듸폐ꆰ맘쾵ꆱ뗄횰풱쪱,탭뛠훐맺짌뷧죋쪿뫍톧헟뚼룐떽헰뺪,늢뻵뗃쫜떽쇋짋몦ꆣ쯻쏇죧듋랴펦쫇췪좫헽좷뗄,틲캪쏀맺웳튵쯆뫵퓚붨틩,맘쾵횻쫇튻훖뿉틔놻폃폚ퟮ듳뮯웳튵샻죳뗄뺭볃풴,뛸헢훖죏쪶캥랴쇋웕쫀싗샭뗄뺫짱,헢훖웕쫀싗샭폖퓚잱틆쒬뮯뗘펰쿬뫍뿘훆ퟅ탭뛠훐맺죋뗄탐캪ꆣퟮ뷼죕놾웳튵뗄뇤뮯튲쿔쪾쇋웕쫀싗샭퓋ퟷ뗄쟩탎ꆣ내헕뫍헜색싗샭,죕놾웳튵내헕볈뚨뷇즫낲업풱릤,쎿룶뷇즫뚼폐만뚨뗄탐캪맦랶ꆣ퇏룱ퟱ쫘헢킩뷇즫놻뾴ퟷ튻훖짆,틲캪쯼뿉틔냯훺죕놾풱릤뇜쏢삧믳ꆣ헽죧폑쪶쒾뷓뫍낲뗂즭쯹쿔쪾뗄,죕놾웳튵잿뗷내헕맘쾵맦랶뛸퓋ퟷ뗄돌탲맽돌,쪤맽뛔뺭볃뷡맻뗄잿뗷ꆣꋛퟮ훘튪뗄,ꋙ,ꆰAnIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePRC,ꆱInternationalBusinessAgreementsinthePeopleꆯsRepublicofChina,(London:KluwerLawInternational,1997),.ꋚNienChien,LifeandDeathinShanghai(London:HarperCollins,1986),-502.ꋛYoshimuraandAnderson,InsidetheKaisha,.
282뗘랽훇믛폫좫쟲짌튵싗샭죕놾죋잿뗷뿉풤닢뗄ꆢ뿉뾿뗄탐캪ꆣꋙ좻뛸,늻쓜펮샻뗄웳튵쫇늻쓜짺듦쿂좥뗄,뺺헹틑뺭떼훂죕놾웳튵뗄짺틢랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꆣ탭뛠맘볼탐튵뚼듓듳맦쒣짺닺쿲쇋뿍뮧뚩훆럾컱ꆣ쇭췢쯦ퟅ뗧쓔뗄틽뷸,릵춨뇤뗃룼볓폐킧,튻킩웳튵랢쿖쯼쏇펵폐첫뛠뗄훐닣맜샭헟ꆣ헽죧컒쏇쯹뾴떽뗄,튻킩웳튵틑뺭춣횹잿뗷훕짺맍폃훆뗄훘튪탔,틑뺭뾪쪼잿뗷틔튵벨뾼움캪믹뒡뗄킽돪훆,뾪쪼붱샸ퟮ폅탣풱릤,뛸늻퓙맄샸쿲듳볒뾴웫뗄풱릤ꆣ춬퇹헢킩웳튵죔늻쿫럅웺쯼쏇뗄춨맽샺쪷탔맘쾵맦랶뷸탐맜샭뗄쾵춳(샽죧,릫욽뗄ퟶ램튪쟳,쓇킩캪웳튵럾컱뷏뎤쪱볤뗄풱릤쿠돆놻럖엤떽룼훘튪뗄횰캻)ꆣ틲뛸,헢킩웳튵죧뫎쪵쿖헢훖쿲튵벨뾼움킽돪뗄뮯쓘?폑쪶쒾삭뫍낲뗂즭죧듋훷헅쮵ꆰ:뇭쏦뾴살,죕놾웳튵늻첫뿉쓜럂킧컷랽웳튵뛸닉좡쓇훖틔솿뮯뗄쒿뇪캪믹뒡뗄붱샸믺훆,틲캪죕놾죋뛔돌탲맽돌뗄잿뗷쪤맽뛔뷡맻뗄잿뗷ꆣ쇭췢,웳튵붫룼쓜닙ퟝ죋쏇뗄웚췻,틲뛸늻춬뗄쒣쪽붫놻펦폃폚뻟폐늻춬뺭퇩뗄풱릤ꆣ쏷쳬뗄룟닣맜샭헟쏇뿉쓜믡춨맽랢쿖튻킩붫풱릤맩죫늻뿉뇈뷏뗄랶돫쓚뗄ퟶ램뛸헒떽튻훖죕놾죋ퟔ벺뗄볈붱샸튵벨뛸폖늻믡뒴퓬짧믡삧믳뗄뷢뻶랽낸ꆣꆱꋚ퓚훐맺,컒쏇뾴떽뗄쫇컄뮯볤뷓뒥죧뫎쪹볛횵랢짺뇤뮯뗄ꆣ퓚죕놾,컒쏇뾴떽뗄쫇죕놾뫍컷랽뗄뺺헹쪹뻟폐뫜룟짺닺솦뗄틾탔볛횵뢡쿖돶살ꆣ쯦ퟅ죕놾맜샭헟뛔듋볛횵훘튪탔뗄죏쪶뗄볓짮,쯻쏇틑뺭ퟅ쫖붫듋짆뫍웤쯻튻킩훘튪뗄짆뷡뫏웰살,죧캬돖룟뛈늻춬뗄짧믡맘쾵벰쏷좷뚨틥뗄뷇즫웚췻헢훖짆ꆣ4.잫톷ퟷ싗샭에뛏뗄ퟮ뫳튻쳵횸떼풭퓲:튻뚨튪잫톷ꆣ듓쒳훖돌뛈짏붲,잫톷틢캶ퟅ돐죏에뛏맽돌훐뗄삧쓑ꆣ틲캪퓚컒쏇톡퓱맽돌훐컒쏇늻펵폐튻룶퓋쯣램퓲믲좨샻업탲,쓇쎴컒쏇뻍튪놻웈볡돖떽뗗,뺡솿쳽뇰죋,늢내헕훚뛠늻춬뗄뾼싇살뾼솿움맀룷훖룷퇹뗄짆ꆣ컒ꋙYoshimuraandAnderson,InsidetheKaisha,.ꋚIbid.,-207.
뗚웟헂 붨솢튻룶웕쫀짌튵싗샭283쏇뇘탫튪ퟣ릻뎤쪱볤뗘뿘훆ퟔ벺뗄돥뚯,틔뇣헦헽쳽뇰죋뛔룷훖짆뗄뾴램ꆣ웕쫀싗샭쓜릻냯훺컒쏇볬퇩벰뿘훆컒쏇뗄욫볻,늢쟒쓜뮺폚에뛏ꆣ떱컒쏇쾰맟폚톰헒뛠훘짆쪱,컒쏇톧믡쇋늻ퟶ닝싊에뛏ꆣ좻뛸,퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇죔믡뫶싔튻킩짆;퓚쇭췢쒳킩쟩뿶쿂,컒쏇죔믡쏔쎣죧뫎뇈뷏뫍움맀룷훖짆뗄쟡훘뮺벱ꆣퟜ횮,컒쏇죔믡랸듭컳ꆣ뺡맜듭컳춨뎣믡쫜떽잴퓰,떫웕쫀싗샭듓믽벫뗄뷇뛈뾴듽헢킩듭컳ꆣ죧맻컒쏇쓜릻에뛏쒳룶맽좥톡퓱쫇듭컳뗄,쓇쎴컒쏇튻뚨쇙쪱쇋뷢쇋쪲쎴뚫컷ꆣ볈좻맽좥퓸놻죏뿉뗄쫂컯쿖퓚쿔뗃늻첫뫏쫊,쓇쎴컒쏇뗄맛뗣튻뚨랢짺쇋퇝뷸ꆣ쓇쎴컒쏇쫇죧뫎톧쾰뷸늽뗄쓘?춨맽쇴틢컒쏇쯹폐탐캪뫍톡퓱뗄틢틥뫍뫳맻,냼삨쓇킩듭컳뗄톡퓱뫍탐캪,컒쏇톧쾰뷸늽ꆣ듭컳쓜쪹죧맻컒쏇쿫튪뇜쏢퓚붫살돶쿖늻뿉뷓쫜뗄뫳맻,컒쏇뻍튪볬퇩쒳킩볙뚨,뛸듭컳쓜쪹헢킩탨튪볬퇩뗄볙뚨뢡쿖돶살ꆣ컒쏇톧믡퓚붫살늻ퟷ춬퇹뗄볙뚨ꆣ싗샭톧볒춨뎣붫뫃뗄닃에쏨뮭캪튻캻쓜릻맻뛏뛸ퟔ탅뗘쪶뇰쯹폐쿠맘틲쯘ꆢ좻뫳펦폃헽좷뗄맦퓲뛸뗃돶헽좷뗄뷡싛폫톡퓱ꆣ헽좷뗄뷡싛폫톡퓱붫놻볙뚨캪쯹폐샭탔믲폐뗂횮죋뚼퓞춬뗄뷡싛폫톡퓱ꆣ웕쫀싗샭붫믡췆랭훮죧듋샠뗄죏쪶폫쒣쪽,뗂탔늢늻틔릲쪶캪잰쳡쳵볾,뛸쫇틔뛔뛠퇹짆뗄럖웧캪쳵볾ꆣ솼뫃에뛏늻쫇튻룶컈췗믱뗃헽좷듰낸뗄뺲횹맽돌,뺡맜컒쏇쓜릻횸돶솼뫃에뛏뗄튻킩ퟜ쳥캬뛈,떫컒쏇ퟜ튪볌탸얬솦ퟶ뗃룼뫃ꆣ솼뫃에뛏냼삨랸듭뗸떹,룼냼삨퓚뗸떹훐톧쾰잰뷸ꆣ
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