Core Principles for Effective
Banking Supervision
有效银行监管的核心原则
What are the Core Principles?
什么是核心原则？
•• The The Core Core Principles Principles are are a a set set of of supervisory supervisory guidelines guidelines or or principles principles
aimed aimed at at providing providing a a general general framework framework for for effective effective banking banking
supervision. supervision. They They are are intended intended for for G-10 G-10 as as well well as as non-G-10 non-G-10
countriescountries
核核心心原原则则是是旨旨在在提提供供有有效效银银行行监监管管总总体体框框架架的的一一套套监监管管指指引引或或原原则则，，
该原则主要为十国集团设计，对其他国家也适用该原则主要为十国集团设计，对其他国家也适用
•• To To be be used used as as a a reference reference document document by by national national supervisors supervisors and and
international institutionsinternational institutions
可供银行监管当局和国际金融机构参考可供银行监管当局和国际金融机构参考
•• Contribution Contribution of of the the Basel Basel Committee Committee to to the the objective objective of of “strengthening “strengthening
supervisory standards in emerging and developing countries”supervisory standards in emerging and developing countries”
是是巴巴塞塞尔尔委委员员会会为为实实现现““强强化化新新兴兴国国家家和和发发展展中中国国家家监监管管标标准准””目目标标
而设计的而设计的
2
What the Core Principles are not
核心原则不是
•• A remedy for economic mismanagementA remedy for economic mismanagement
经济管理不善的补救措施经济管理不善的补救措施
•• A guarantee that no bank will failA guarantee that no bank will fail
银行不会倒闭的保证银行不会倒闭的保证
•• A rigid set of standards A rigid set of standards 一套僵化的标准一套僵化的标准
•• A “quick fix” A “quick fix” 一套能立竿见影的标准一套能立竿见影的标准
3
The Core Principles cover a broad range
of topics
核心原则涉及一系列问题
•• Preconditions for effective banking supervisionPreconditions for effective banking supervision
有效银行监管的先决条件有效银行监管的先决条件
•• Licensing process and approval for changes in structureLicensing process and approval for changes in structure
发照程序和结构变化的审批发照程序和结构变化的审批
•• Arrangements for ongoing banking supervisionArrangements for ongoing banking supervision
对银行实施持续监管的安排对银行实施持续监管的安排
•• Formal powers of supervisors Formal powers of supervisors 监管者享有的法定权力监管者享有的法定权力
•• Cross-border banking Cross-border banking 跨境银行业跨境银行业
4
The Core Principles 核心原则
•• General but comprehensiveGeneral but comprehensive
具有概括性和全面性具有概括性和全面性
•• On On many many issues issues existence existence of of a a Basel Basel Committee Committee
documentdocument
对于许多问题，巴塞尔委员会已有文件对于许多问题，巴塞尔委员会已有文件
•• On On other other issues issues documents documents containing containing more more
detailed guidance are being developeddetailed guidance are being developed
对于其他问题，详细的指引文件正在研究制定对于其他问题，详细的指引文件正在研究制定
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The Compendium 纲要
6
Supervisors Can Not Do It Alone!!
仅靠监管者并不能做到
•• Sound and sustainable macro-economic policiesSound and sustainable macro-economic policies
良好的可持续的宏观经济政策良好的可持续的宏观经济政策
•• A well-developed public infrastructureA well-developed public infrastructure
完善的公共基础设施完善的公共基础设施
•• Effective market discipline Effective market discipline 有效的市场规则有效的市场规则
•• Procedures for efficient resolution of problems in banksProcedures for efficient resolution of problems in banks
有效解决银行问题的程序有效解决银行问题的程序
•• Mechanisms Mechanisms for for providing providing an an appropriate appropriate level level of of
systemic protectionsystemic protection((or public safety net)or public safety net)
提供良好系统保护的机制（或公共安全网）提供良好系统保护的机制（或公共安全网）
7
Preconditions for Effective Banking
Supervision:
有效银行监管的先决条件
•• Clear responsibilities and objectives for each agencyClear responsibilities and objectives for each agency
每个机构都有明确的职责和目标每个机构都有明确的职责和目标
•• Operational independence and adequate resourcesOperational independence and adequate resources
独立运作并有足够的资源独立运作并有足够的资源
•• A suitable legal framework for banking supervisionA suitable legal framework for banking supervision
合适的银行监管法律框架合适的银行监管法律框架
•• Arrangements Arrangements for for information-sharing information-sharing among among
supervisorssupervisors
监管者信息共享的安排监管者信息共享的安排 8
Licensing Process 发照程序
The The licensing licensing process process is is critical critical to to ensuring ensuring that that participants participants in in the the
banking banking system system have have the the necessary necessary qualifications. qualifications. Although Although the the
licensing licensing process process cannot cannot guarantee guarantee that that a a bank bank will will be be well well run run after after it it
opens, opens, it it can can be be an an effective effective method method for for reducing reducing the the number number of of
unstable unstable institutions institutions that that enter enter the the banking banking system. system. Clear Clear and and objective objective
criteria criteria reduce reduce the the potential potential for for political political interference interference in in the the licensing licensing
.
发发照照程程序序对对确确保保银银行行系系统统的的参参与与者者具具备备必必要要的的条条件件至至关关重重要要。。尽尽管管它它不不
能能保保证证银银行行开开业业后后的的良良好好运运作作，，但但却却是是减减少少银银行行系系统统中中不不稳稳定定机机构构的的有有
效手段。清晰和客观的标准有助于降低发放过程中政治干预的可能性。效手段。清晰和客观的标准有助于降低发放过程中政治干预的可能性。
Supervisors Supervisors should should also also monitor monitor significant significant changes changes in in ownership ownership
structure structure as as well well as as significant significant changes changes in in activities activities (including (including
acquisitions and investments).acquisitions and investments).
监监管管者者在在监监督督重重要要的的业业务务变变化化（（包包括括收收购购和和投投资资））的的同同时时，，还还应应该该监监督督
重大的所有权结构的变动。重大的所有权结构的变动。 9
•• Items to consider Items to consider 需要考虑的事项需要考虑的事项
•• proposed ownership structure proposed ownership structure 所有权结构所有权结构
•• operating plan operating plan 经营计划经营计划
•• suitability suitability of of directors directors and and senior senior managers managers (fit (fit and and proper proper
test) test)
合适的董事及高管人员（资格测试）合适的董事及高管人员（资格测试）
•• financial projections, including capital financial projections, including capital
包括资本金在内的财务预测包括资本金在内的财务预测
•• for for foreign foreign banks, banks, the the prior prior approval approval of of the the home home country country
supervisorsupervisor
对外国银行，首先应获得母国监管当局的批准对外国银行，首先应获得母国监管当局的批准
Licensing Process 发照程序
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Arrangements for Ongoing Banking
Supervision (Section IV)
持续监管的安排（第四部分）
This This section section contains contains 16 16 of of the the 25 25 principles principles and and covers covers
the the essence essence of of ongoing ongoing supervision. supervision. There There are are three three
primary componentsprimary components
该该部部分分包包括括1616条条原原则则，，论论述述了了持持续续监监管管的的基基本本内内容容。。主主要要
有以下三个方面：有以下三个方面：
–– Prudential regulations and requirements Prudential regulations and requirements 审慎规定及要求审慎规定及要求
–– Methods of ongoing banking supervision Methods of ongoing banking supervision 持续监管的手段持续监管的手段
–– Information requirements Information requirements 信息要求信息要求
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Prudential Regulations and
Requirements
审慎规定及要求
•• Capital adequacy Capital adequacy 资本充足率资本充足率
•• Credit risk management Credit risk management 信用风险管理信用风险管理
•• Market risk management Market risk management 市场风险管理市场风险管理
•• “Other” risk management “Other” risk management 其他风险管理其他风险管理
•• Internal controls Internal controls 内部控制内部控制
12
Methods of Ongoing Banking
Supervision
持续监管的手段
•• On-site and off-site supervision On-site and off-site supervision 现场和非现场检查现场和非现场检查
•• Regular contact with bank management Regular contact with bank management
与银行管理层保持经常性接触与银行管理层保持经常性接触
•• Means of collecting, reviewing and analyzing prudential reports Means of collecting, reviewing and analyzing prudential reports
and statistical returns on a solo and consolidated basis and statistical returns on a solo and consolidated basis
在单个和并表的基础上收集、评估和分析审慎报告和统计报表的手在单个和并表的基础上收集、评估和分析审慎报告和统计报表的手
段段
•• Means of independent validation Means of independent validation 独立核实的手段独立核实的手段
•• Ability of supervisors to supervise consolidated entity Ability of supervisors to supervise consolidated entity
监管者有能力对集团进行并表监管监管者有能力对集团进行并表监管 13
Information Requirements 信息要求
•• Accounting standards Accounting standards 会计准则会计准则
•• Scope and frequency of reporting Scope and frequency of reporting 报告的范围和频率报告的范围和频率
•• Confirmation of the accuracy of information submittedConfirmation of the accuracy of information submitted
确认上报信息的准确性确认上报信息的准确性
•• Disclosure Disclosure 信息披露信息披露
14
Formal Powers of Supervisors (Section V)
监管者的法定权力（第五部分）
Banking Banking supervisors supervisors must must have have at at their their disposal disposal adequate adequate supervisory supervisory
measures measures to to bring bring about about timely timely corrective corrective action action when when banks banks fail fail to to meet meet
prudential prudential requirements, requirements, when when there there are are regulatory regulatory violations, violations, or or where where
depositors are threatened in any other are threatened in any other way.
银银行行监监管管者者必必须须掌掌握握完完善善的的监监管管手手段段，，以以便便在在银银行行违违背背审审慎慎要要求求、、违违
法违规或者存款人受到威胁时，能够及时采取纠正措施法违规或者存款人受到威胁时，能够及时采取纠正措施
Various corrective measures (the punishment should fit the crime)Various corrective measures (the punishment should fit the crime)
不同的纠正措施（惩罚应与罪行相符）不同的纠正措施（惩罚应与罪行相符）
–– Mild (extra reporting, special audits, etc.)Mild (extra reporting, special audits, etc.)
温和处理（特别报告，专项审计等）温和处理（特别报告，专项审计等）
–– More punitive (fines, replacement of managers, suspension of dividends)More punitive (fines, replacement of managers, suspension of dividends)
更具惩罚性的处理（罚款、更换管理人员、暂停分红）更具惩罚性的处理（罚款、更换管理人员、暂停分红）
–– Revocation of license Revocation of license 吊销执照吊销执照
15
Cross-border Banking (Section VI)
跨国银行（第六部分）
•• Obligations of home country supervisors Obligations of home country supervisors
母国监管当局的职责母国监管当局的职责
•• Obligations of host country supervisorsObligations of host country supervisors
东道国监管当局的职责东道国监管当局的职责
–– Based Based on on concepts concepts contained contained in in the the Basel Basel Concordat Concordat
and and the the document document “The “The supervision supervision of of cross-border cross-border
banking”banking”
以以巴巴塞塞尔尔协协议议和和““跨跨国国银银行行监监管管””等等文文件件中中的的相相关关概概
念为基础念为基础
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The challenge for supervisors is QUALITY
implementation of the Core Principles
对监管者而言，面临的挑战是如何高质量地实
施核心原则
•• The The Core Core Principles Principles are are providing providing the the necessary necessary foundation foundation to to
achieve a sound supervisory systemachieve a sound supervisory system
核心原则为打造良好的监管系统提供了必要的基础核心原则为打造良好的监管系统提供了必要的基础
•• Local Local characteristics characteristics need need to to be be taken taken into into account account in in the the specific specific
way in which the Principles are implementedway in which the Principles are implemented
实施核心原则应考虑本国国情实施核心原则应考虑本国国情
•• The The Principles Principles may may not not be be sufficient, sufficient, on on their their own, own, in in many many
countriescountries
对许多国家而言，核心原则也许并不足够对许多国家而言，核心原则也许并不足够
•• Each Each country country should should therefore therefore consider consider to to what what extent extent the the
Principles Principles need need to to be be supplemented supplemented to to address address particular particular
conditions or risks prevailing in the local marketconditions or risks prevailing in the local market
因因此此，，每每个个国国家家都都应应该该思思考考如如何何完完善善这这些些原原则则，，以以便便解解决决本本国国特特有有
的一些问题的一些问题
17
In many countries QUALITY implementation
will be a long process, as it requires
对许多国家而言，高质量地实施核心原则将是一
个长期过程 ，因为它需要
•• A competent and motivated body of professional supervisorsA competent and motivated body of professional supervisors
一支高素质的专业监管队伍一支高素质的专业监管队伍
•• A A banking banking regulatory regulatory framework framework that that supports supports sound sound banking banking
practicespractices
一个推动银行稳健经营的监管框架一个推动银行稳健经营的监管框架
•• A sound credit culture that includes reasonable lending practicesA sound credit culture that includes reasonable lending practices
包含合理贷款实践的良好信用文化包含合理贷款实践的良好信用文化
•• Adequate Adequate accounting, accounting, reporting reporting and and disclosure disclosure requirements requirements that that
support financial transparencysupport financial transparency
有助于提高财务透明度的会计、报告和信息披露要求有助于提高财务透明度的会计、报告和信息披露要求
18
What has been happening since 1997?
1997年以来发生了什么？
""L'éxécution c'est tout" – NapoleonL'éxécution c'est tout" – Napoleon
““执行就是一切执行就是一切”—”—拿破仑拿破仑
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Steps to Achieving Implementation
实施步骤
•• First First step: step: fact fact finding finding - - identification identification of of areas areas where where
changes will be necessary changes will be necessary
第一步：实况调查第一步：实况调查——确认必须变革的领域确认必须变革的领域
•• In In many many countries, countries, substantive substantive changes changes in in the the legislative legislative
framework framework are are necessary necessary (this (this can can be be a a lengthy lengthy process process as as it it
is in the hands of the politicians!)is in the hands of the politicians!)
许许多多国国家家还还有有必必要要对对法法律律框框架架进进行行重重大大变变革革（（由由于于立立法法
掌控在政治家手中，因此这一过程可能比较漫长）掌控在政治家手中，因此这一过程可能比较漫长）
•• Establishment of a timetable Establishment of a timetable 确立时间表确立时间表
•• External pressures (especially market forces)External pressures (especially market forces)
外部压力（特别是市场力量）外部压力（特别是市场力量）
20
Role of the Basel Committee in the
implementation process
巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用
•• Creation of the Core Principles Liaison Group Creation of the Core Principles Liaison Group
建立核心原则联络小组建立核心原则联络小组
•• 1998 Survey (and follow-up surveys)1998 Survey (and follow-up surveys)
1998 1998年调查（以及随后的调查）年调查（以及随后的调查）
•• Further detailed papers to provide support to the Core PrinciplesFurther detailed papers to provide support to the Core Principles
为支持核心原则，进一步细化了有关文件为支持核心原则，进一步细化了有关文件
•• Development Development of of criteria criteria for for determining determining adequacy adequacy of of
implementation (“Core Principles Methodology”)implementation (“Core Principles Methodology”)
制定了确定充分实施程度的标准（核心原则方法论）制定了确定充分实施程度的标准（核心原则方法论）
•• Creation of the FSI Creation of the FSI 创立了创立了FSIFSI
•• Issuance of the Self-Assessment Guide Issuance of the Self-Assessment Guide 发布了自我评估指引发布了自我评估指引 21
Role of the Basel Committee in the
implementation process
巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用
•• The Core Principles Liaison Group consists of: The Core Principles Liaison Group consists of:
核心原则联络小组包括：核心原则联络小组包括：
–– representatives representatives from from 7 7 G-10 G-10 countries countries (France, (France, Germany, Germany, Italy, Italy, Japan, Japan, the the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States)Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States)
1010国集团中国集团中77个成员国的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）个成员国的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）
–– representatives representatives from from 15 15 non-G-10 non-G-10 countries countries (Argentina, (Argentina, Australia, Australia, Brazil, Brazil,
Chile, Chile, China China and and Hong Hong Kong, Kong, the the Czech Czech Republic, Republic, Korea, Korea, India, India, Mexico, Mexico,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and West Africa)Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and West Africa)
非非1010国国集集团团1515个个国国家家代代表表（（阿阿根根廷廷、、澳澳大大利利亚亚、、巴巴西西、、智智利利、、中中国国和和香香
港、捷克、韩国、印度、墨西哥、俄罗斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）港、捷克、韩国、印度、墨西哥、俄罗斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）
–– representatives from the IMF and World Bankrepresentatives from the IMF and World Bank
国际货币基金组织和世行的代表国际货币基金组织和世行的代表
•• The Liaison Group provides critical feedback on implementation issuesThe Liaison Group provides critical feedback on implementation issues
联络小组对实施中遇到的问题提供重要的反馈联络小组对实施中遇到的问题提供重要的反馈
22
Role of the Basel Committee in the
implementation process
巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用
•• 1998 1998 Survey - 127 countries responded (80% response rate)Survey - 127 countries responded (80% response rate)
1998 1998年的调查年的调查——共有共有127127个国家给予了反馈（反馈率为个国家给予了反馈（反馈率为80%80%））
–– Problems with self assessments Problems with self assessments 自我评估遇到问题自我评估遇到问题
–– Quality of responses varied greatly Quality of responses varied greatly 反馈质量参差不齐反馈质量参差不齐
–– Lack of direction on what constitutes “implementation”Lack of direction on what constitutes “implementation”
缺乏对于如何缺乏对于如何““实施实施””的指导的指导
–– Significant Significant changes changes are are presently presently taking taking place place in in the the majority majority of of
supervisory systemssupervisory systems
目前，大多数国家的监管体系正历经着重大变革目前，大多数国家的监管体系正历经着重大变革
–– Need for adequate resources, training Need for adequate resources, training 需要充足的资源和培训需要充足的资源和培训
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•• Further Further detailed detailed papers papers to to provide provide support support to to the the Core Core
PrinciplesPrinciples
为支持核心原则，对有关文件进行了细化为支持核心原则，对有关文件进行了细化
–– Internal controls Internal controls 内部控制内部控制
–– Credit risk management Credit risk management 信用风险管理信用风险管理
–– Liquidity risk management Liquidity risk management 流动性风险管理流动性风险管理
–– Corporate governance Corporate governance 公司治理公司治理
–– Accounting standards Accounting standards 会计准则会计准则
Role of the Basel Committee in the
implementation process
巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用
24
The Assessment Process and
the Core Principles Methodology
评估程序和核心原则方法论
25
Initial Problems with Assessments
评估的基本问题
•• Self-assessments found to be unsatisfactorySelf-assessments found to be unsatisfactory
发现自我评估不尽如意发现自我评估不尽如意
•• Basel Committee lacked willingness and resources to do assessmentsBasel Committee lacked willingness and resources to do assessments
巴塞尔委员会缺乏进行评估所需的意愿和资源巴塞尔委员会缺乏进行评估所需的意愿和资源
•• Peer review was politically charged Peer review was politically charged 同行评估被认为具有政治目的同行评估被认为具有政治目的
•• Private consultants could not be strictly objectivePrivate consultants could not be strictly objective
私人顾问不可能非常客观私人顾问不可能非常客观
•• IMF IMF and and World World Bank Bank took took on on the the responsibility responsibility of of conducting conducting
assessments but their initial assessments revealed additional problemassessments but their initial assessments revealed additional problem
国国际际货货币币基基金金组组织织和和世世界界银银行行承承担担了了评评估估职职责责，，但但是是他他们们初初步步评评
估揭露出其他问题估揭露出其他问题
26
Problems encountered by IMF and
World Bank
国际货币基金组织和世行遇到的问题
•• Too many Principles were subject to interpretationToo many Principles were subject to interpretation
太多的原则需要解释太多的原则需要解释
•• Comparability among assessments lackingComparability among assessments lacking
评估缺乏可比性评估缺乏可比性
•• Non-supervisors needed more guidance in making determinationsNon-supervisors needed more guidance in making determinations
非监管人员在决策时需要更多的指导非监管人员在决策时需要更多的指导
•• No clear method for presenting their findingsNo clear method for presenting their findings
没有明确的展现结果的方法没有明确的展现结果的方法
•• So, CP Methodology was agreedSo, CP Methodology was agreed
因此，因此， 核心原则方法论被接受核心原则方法论被接受
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The Core Principles Methodology
核心原则方法论
•• Development Development of of criteria criteria for for determining determining adequacy adequacy of of
implementationimplementation
制定确定充分实施程度的标准制定确定充分实施程度的标准
•• Criteria divided into two categories: Criteria divided into two categories: 标准分为两类标准分为两类
–– Essential criteria Essential criteria 基本标准基本标准
–– Additional criteria Additional criteria 附加标准附加标准
•• IMF/World Bank agreement on approach to assessments IMF/World Bank agreement on approach to assessments
国际货币基金组织国际货币基金组织//世行同意评估的方法世行同意评估的方法
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Objectives of the IMF/World Bank Core
Principles Assessments:
国际货币基金组织/世行核心原则评估的目标
•• Determine Determine whether whether banking banking supervisors supervisors are are able able to to supervise supervise
the banking industry in an adequate and effective mannerthe banking industry in an adequate and effective manner
确确定定银银行行监监管管者者是是否否能能够够以以充充分分有有效效的的方方式式对对银银行行业业实实
施监管施监管
•• Propose a course of action to address identified weaknessesPropose a course of action to address identified weaknesses
建议采取一系列行动去解决发现的薄弱环节建议采取一系列行动去解决发现的薄弱环节
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Requirements for Assessors
对评估人员的要求
•• Four eyes principle a must Four eyes principle a must 必须具备四只眼原则必须具备四只眼原则
•• At least one highly experienced supervisorAt least one highly experienced supervisor
至少有一位经验丰富的监管人员至少有一位经验丰富的监管人员
•• The second must have some supervisory knowledgeThe second must have some supervisory knowledge
另外一名人员必须有一定的监管知识另外一名人员必须有一定的监管知识
•• Knowledge of language and culture also importantKnowledge of language and culture also important
语言和文化知识也很重要语言和文化知识也很重要
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Key Elements of the Assessment
Process
评估程序的关键要素
•• Genuine cooperation of supervisory authority is criticalGenuine cooperation of supervisory authority is critical
监管机构的诚意合作至关重要监管机构的诚意合作至关重要
•• Assessments must take into account the specifics of each countryAssessments must take into account the specifics of each country
评估必须考虑各国的特点评估必须考虑各国的特点
•• The The assessment assessment consists consists of of a a combination combination of of off-site off-site and and on-site on-site
analysisanalysis
评估包括非现场和现场分析评估包括非现场和现场分析
•• Assessment Assessment is is done done Principle Principle by by Principle Principle with with NO NO overall overall
assessment or grade givenassessment or grade given
评估应该按照原则逐条进行，不进行总体评估和评级评估应该按照原则逐条进行，不进行总体评估和评级
–– IFIs IFIs do do not not want want to to become become rating rating agencies agencies IFIsIFIs不不想想成成为为评评级级
机构机构
–– Overall assessment can be very political Overall assessment can be very political 总体评估可能政治化总体评估可能政治化
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The Five Building Blocks 五个基础
•• Legal framework Legal framework 法律框架法律框架
•• Prudential regulatory framework Prudential regulatory framework 审慎监管框架审慎监管框架
•• Organization Organization 组织组织
•• Resources Resources 资源资源
•• Enforcement Enforcement 执行执行
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Assessment Categories 评估结果
•• Compliant Compliant 合规合规
•• Largely Largely compliant, compliant, and and efforts efforts to to achieve achieve full full compliance compliance
underwayunderway
大部分合规，正向完全合规方面努力大部分合规，正向完全合规方面努力
•• Largely compliant Largely compliant 大部分合规大部分合规
•• Materially Materially non-compliant, non-compliant, and and efforts efforts to to achieve achieve compliance compliance
underwayunderway
基本不合规，正向合规方向努力基本不合规，正向合规方向努力
•• Materially non-compliant Materially non-compliant 基本不合规基本不合规
•• Non-compliant, and efforts to achieve compliance underwayNon-compliant, and efforts to achieve compliance underway
不合规，正向合规方向努力不合规，正向合规方向努力
•• Non-compliant Non-compliant 不合规不合规
•• [Not applicable] [[Not applicable] [不适用不适用]]
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Report of Findings 评估结果报告
•• Assessors’ views on capacity and willingness to complyAssessors’ views on capacity and willingness to comply
评估人员对合规能力和意愿的评价评估人员对合规能力和意愿的评价
•• Main aspects of compliance and non-complianceMain aspects of compliance and non-compliance
合规和不合规合规和不合规 的主要内容的主要内容
•• Action plan proposed Action plan proposed 对行动计划的建议对行动计划的建议
•• Supervisory agency’s views on assessment issuesSupervisory agency’s views on assessment issues
监管机构对评估问题的意见监管机构对评估问题的意见
•• Results Results of of assessments assessments are are considered considered the the “property” “property” of of the the
country country being being assessed assessed - - disclosure disclosure is is permitted permitted on on a a voluntary voluntary
basisbasis
评评估估结结果果视视为为被被评评估估国国家家的的““财财产产”—”—自自主主决决定定是是否否对对其其进进
行披露行披露
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IMF/World Bank Observations to Date
国际货币基金组织/世行目前的发现
•• Regulatory frameworks need further improvementsRegulatory frameworks need further improvements
监管框架需要进一步改进监管框架需要进一步改进
•• Keeping up with industry changes is keyKeeping up with industry changes is key
与银行业改革保持一致是关键与银行业改革保持一致是关键
•• Supervision Supervision is is too too often often compliance-oriented compliance-oriented and and insufficiently insufficiently
risk-basedrisk-based
银行监管经常以合规性为基础，而不是以风险为基础银行监管经常以合规性为基础，而不是以风险为基础
•• Enforcement Enforcement is is weak: weak: supervisors supervisors often often lack lack authority authority and/or and/or
credibilitycredibility
执行不力：监管者缺少权威和执行不力：监管者缺少权威和//或可信度或可信度
•• Inadequate staffing and staff capacity is a major concernInadequate staffing and staff capacity is a major concern
人员缺乏或能力不足是大问题人员缺乏或能力不足是大问题
•• IT systems need major upgrading IT systems need major upgrading 信息系统需要大幅更新信息系统需要大幅更新 35
Frequently Asked Questions 常见问题
•• Will the Core Principles be amended periodically? Will the Core Principles be amended periodically?
核心原则会定期修改吗？核心原则会定期修改吗？
–– Supervisors are worried about the goal posts movingSupervisors are worried about the goal posts moving
监管者担心监管目标变动监管者担心监管目标变动
–– There There is is more more possibility possibility for for changes changes in in the the Methodology Methodology
documentdocument
方法文件更有可能发生变化方法文件更有可能发生变化
•• Are some Principles more important than others?Are some Principles more important than others?
各条原则的重要性是否一样？各条原则的重要性是否一样？
•• Will the results of the external assessments ever be made public?Will the results of the external assessments ever be made public?
外部评估结果是否会公开？外部评估结果是否会公开？
•• What are the most common impediments to full implementation?What are the most common impediments to full implementation?
全面实施的最常见阻碍是什么？全面实施的最常见阻碍是什么？
–– Lack Lack of of resources, resources, training, training, autonomy autonomy 缺缺少少资资源源，，培培训训和和自自
主权主权
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