上海交通大学硕士学位论文外资并购的反垄断规制姓名：姚萍申请学位级别：硕士专业：法律·法理学指导教师：李学尧20090401
췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏맦훆 햪 튪 쯦ퟅ컒맺볓죫쫀뷧쎳틗ퟩ횯ꎬ쫐뎡훰늽뾪럅ꎬ췢늢릺뗄샋뎱웋쏦뛸살ꎬ췢늢릺쯹듸살뗄뢺쏦펰쿬튲퇏뻾뗘냚퓚쇋컒쏇쏦잰ꆣ췢늢릺퓚췆뚯맺쓚웳튵쪵쿖맦쒣뺭볃ꆢ쫐뎡ꆢ훆뛈뒴탂벰퓶잿쫐뎡뺺헹솦뗄춬쪱ꎬ튲듦퓚벷햼맺쓚쫐뎡ꎬ벫솦ퟟ쿲슢뛏뗄쟷쫆ꆣ본폚췢늢릺뛔뺭볃펰쿬뗄솽쏦탔ꎬ컒맺슽탸돶첨쇋췢늢릺춶뗄램싉램맦ꆣ떫컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆듦퓚ퟅ뫜뛠춻돶뗄쓑쳢ꆣꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ쯤틑돶첨ꎬ떫짦벰췢늢릺랽쏦쓚죝뷏짙ꎬ쪵쪩쾸퓲튲늻쪮럖쏷좷ꎬ늻쓜췪좫쫊펦컒맺퓚삩듳컼쫕췢늢릺춶맽돌훐뛔슢뛏뷸탐맦훆뗄쿖쪵탨튪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뇘탫뷨본맺췢솢램뺭퇩ꎬ뺡뿬췪짆컒맺쿠맘솢램쳥훆ꆣ놾싛컄쫔춼듓뛔컒맺췢늢릺쿖ힴ벰슢뛏쟷쫆뷸탐럖컶죫쫖ꎬ닎헕맺볊짧믡뿉릩뷨본뗄램싉쒣쪽ꎬ뛔좷솢ꆢ붡좫ꆢ췪짆컒맺뗄췢늢릺랴슢뛏램싉훆뛈ퟶ돶첽쳖ꆣ컄헂릲럖컥룶늿럖ꆣ 뗚튻헂췢늢릺룅쫶ꆣ쫗쿈럖컶쇋볦늢폫쫕릺뗄몬틥늢뇈뷏쇋쯻쏇뗄틬춬ꆣ퓚듋믹뒡짏뷡뫏뛔췢뗄뚨캻ꎬ뛔췢늢릺뗄몬틥뷸탐쇋뷧뚨ꆣ웤듎뛔췢늢릺뗄뚯틲뷸탐럖컶ꎬ늢뷩짜쇋췢늢릺퓚컒맺뗄랢햹쿖ힴꆣ4
뗚뛾헂컒맺췢늢릺쏦쇙슢뛏쟷쫆ꆣ쫗쿈뛔슢뛏벰랴슢뛏맦훆뗄슢뛏뷸탐쇋뇦컶ꆣ뷸뛸뛔랴슢뛏맦훆췢늢릺뗄볛횵좡쿲뷸탐쇋닻쫶ꆣ뗚죽헂췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆뗄뻟쳥맦퓲ꆣ뷩짜쇋맺췢뛔췢늢릺뷸탐랴슢뛏맦훆뗄뻟쳥맦퓲ꎬ냼삨쪵쳥맦퓲뫍돌탲맦퓲ꆣ춬쪱뷩짜쇋늢릺맦훆뗄랴슢뛏램풭퓲ꎬ냼삨놾짭캥램풭퓲뫍뫏샭풭퓲ꆢ맺쓚랴슢뛏램폲췢킧솦뗄쫊폃풭퓲ꎬ틔벰뛔컒맺뗄랴슢뛏솢램폐쯹뷨본ꆣ뗚쯄헂컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏뗄솢램룅쫶ꆣ춨맽뛔ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ쪵쪩잰뫳뗄췢랴슢뛏맦훆뗄램싉뿲볜뷸탐뷩짜ꎬ뷸뛸럖컶컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆쯹쏦쇙뗄컊쳢ꆣ뗚컥헂췪짆컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆뗄붨틩ꆣ춨맽뾼달컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏솢램쿖ힴ뫍좱쿝ꎬ뷨본맺췢솢램폫쪵볹뺭퇩ꎬ뛔컒맺췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏훆뛈쳡돶쇋솢램틢볻ꆣ 맘볼듊ꎺ췢늢릺 랴슢뛏 5
Foreign M & A Antitrust Regulation ABSTRACT With China's accession to the World Trade Organizationꎬ opening up the market gradually, M & A wave of foreign investment will blow against our faces, and there are the negative effects of Foreign M & A which severely placed before us. At the same time the foreign acquisitions of domestic enterprises in promoting the realization of economies of scale, marketing, system innovation and enhance the competitiveness of the market, there are also crowding out the domestic market, strong trend towards monopoly. In view of the economic impact of foreign capital M & As on the two sides, China's foreign investment M & A have issued investment laws and regulations. But China's foreign investment M & A Antitrust Regulation there are many outstanding problems. Although "Anti-monopoly law" has been introduced, however, the aspects relating to foreign mergers and acquisitions which are less and implementation details are not very clear which can not fully adapt to the expansion of China's foreign investment M & A process for regulation of the monopoly of the practical needs. Therefore, we must learn from the experience of foreign legislation relevant legislation 6
as soon as possible to improve China's system. This paper attempts to the status quo of China's foreign investment M & A trends and analysis of monopoly, reference to the international community can learn from the legal model, To establish, improve, and improve China's legal system for foreign mergers and acquisitions continue to explore the anti-monopoly law. The article is divided into five parts. The first chapter outlines foreign M & A. First of all, an analysis of the meaning of mergers and acquisitions and compare their similarities and differences. Based on this combination of location for foreign capital, foreign investment M & A defines the meaning. Second, foreign investment M & A analysis of the motives, and introduced foreign mergers and acquisitions in the development of our country. Chapter II introduced the j face of China's foreign investment M & A monopolistic tendencies. First of all, analysizing the monopoly of monopolies and anti-monopoly regulations to carry out. And then describing the anti-monopoly regulation of foreign capital M & A values. Chapter III described the acquisition of foreign anti-trust regulation of specific rules. Introducing on foreign mergers and acquisitions abroad, an anti-monopoly regulation of specific rules, including the substantive rules and procedural rules. At the same time, M & A regulations, introduced the principle of the anti-monopoly law, including its principles and reasonable 7
principle of law, effectiveness of domestic anti-monopoly law to apply the principle of extraterritorial, and which has been drawing by China's anti-monopoly legislation. The fourth chapter is devoted to China's foreign investment M & A overview of anti-monopoly legislation. By "anti-monopoly law" before and after the implementation of foreign anti-monopoly regulation of the legal framework to introduce, further analysis of foreign acquisitions by anti-monopoly regulation problems. Chapter V on China's foreign acquisitions to improve anti-monopoly regulation proposals. Through the study of foreign acquisitions of China's anti-monopoly legislation and deficiencies in the status quo, From abroad through the legislative and practical experience, put forward the views of foreign acquisitions of China's anti-monopoly legislation. Key words: Foreign M & A Anti-monopoly 8
짏몣붻춨듳톧 톧캻싛컄풭뒴탔짹쏷 놾죋횣훘짹쏷ꎺ쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄ꎬ쫇놾죋퓚떼쪦뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ뛀솢뷸탐퇐뺿릤ퟷ쯹좡뗃뗄돉맻ꆣ돽컄훐틑뺭힢쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄ퟷ욷돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짹쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ튦 욼 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 2
짏몣붻춨듳톧 톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣쇴ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ춬틢톧킣놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨짏몣붻춨듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놣쏜ꇵꎬ퓚 쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ 놾톧캻싛컄쫴폚 늻놣쏜ꇵꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏랽뿲쓚듲ꆰꇌꆱꎩ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ튦 욼 횸떼뷌쪦잩쏻ꎺ샮톧튢 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 3
틽 퇔 룹뻝솪뫏맺쎳랢믡틩랢늼2008쓪ꆶ쫀뷧춶놨룦ꆷ쿔쪾좫쟲컼틽FDI솬탸뗚5쓪돊퓶뎤첬쫆ꆣ뛸좫쟲랶캧쓚뗄뿧맺늢릺죔좻쫇2007쓪컼쫕FDI퓶뎤뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ뿧맺늢릺벺돉캪튻훖쫀뷧탔뗄뎱쇷ꎬ늢쟒벺돉캪뿧맺릫쮾뛔췢횱뷓춶뗄훷튪쫖뛎ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺭볃좫쟲뮯ꆢ횪쪶뺭볃뫍탅쾢뿆벼쪱듺뗄떽살ꎬ룷맺쫐뎡뗄뾪럅돌뛈헽퓚늻뛏뗘쳡룟ꎬ뿧맺릫쮾횮볤뗄뺺헹늻뛏볓뻧ꎬ쫐뎡죝솿듳늢쟒뻟폐맣삫랢햹잱솦뗄훐맺쫐뎡틑뺭늢붫볌탸돉캪뿧맺릫쮾뺺헹뗄훷튪쇬폲ꆣ 퓚뺭볃좫쟲뮯뫍탂뗄뿆벼룯쏼폫닺튵룯쏼뗄췆뚯쿂ꎬퟔ20쫀볍80쓪듺뾪쪼뗄좫쟲늢릺퓋뚯훁뷱죔퓚돖탸ꎬ웳튵늢릺뷰뛮싅뒴샺쪷볍슼ꆣ20쫀볍90쓪듺틔살ꎬ늢릺튻횱쫇췢짌횱뷓춶뗄훷튪췆뚯솦ꆣ퓚맺볊늢릺샋뎱뗄듳놳뺰쿂ꎬ훚뛠췢맺춶헟붫늢릺쒿뇪쏩ힼ쇋쫐뎡잰뺰맣삫뗄훐맺쫐뎡ꆣ 컒맺컼틽몣췢춶뗄ퟮ훕쒿뗄쫇랢햹쏱ퟥ릤튵ꎬ쪵쿖놾맺뺭볃쳚량ꆣ늻뛏뗘틽뷸쿈뷸뗄뿆톧벼쫵ꆢ맜샭뺭퇩뫍믽벫뗄웳튵뺫짱ꎬ퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏뿉틔듙뷸맺쓚닺튵뷡릹뗄뗷헻ꎬ폐샻폚쳡룟컒맺웳튵뗄쫐뎡뺺헹솦ꆣ뛸췢몣췢춶뗄ퟮ훕쒿뗄ꎬ쫇캪쇋ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗘햼뻝맺볊쫐뎡뫍믱뗃샻죳ꎬ캪쪵쿖웤좫쟲햽싔뗬뚨믹뒡ꎬ틲듋쯦ퟅ췢늢릺컒맺웳튵뗄짮죫ꎬ퓚쒳킩탐튵뫍쫐뎡쇬폲튲틑돶쿖쇋놻췢슢뛏뗄쟣쿲ꎬ뷸뛸뿘훆맺쓚쫐뎡ꎬ돥믷컒맺뗄쏱ퟥ릤튵ꎬ뛔맺볒닺튵낲좫뫍뺭볃낲좫릹돉췾킲ꆣ 캪쇋볓잿뛔췢늢릺뗄맜샭ꎬ캬뮤놾맺닺튵낲좫뫍맺볒뺭볃샻틦ꎬ컒맺헾뢮쿠볌훆뚨ꆢ냤늼쇋튻쾵쇐헾닟ꎬ뛔췢퓚뮪춶ퟶ쇋쿞훆탔믲ꆰ틽떼탔ꆱ맦뚨ꎬ늢냤늼쇋웤훐뗄뫋탄램싉뻍쫇ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷꆣꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ뗄돶첨컞틉붫헫뛔뿧맺릫쮾쪵쪩늢릺ꎬ훂쪹웤퓚쒳킩탐튵틑췪좫햼폐뻸뛔슢뛏뗘캻ꎬ벰샄폃쫐뎡폅쫆뗘캻쪵쪩쿞훆뺺헹뗄탐캪뫍슢뛏탐캪뻟폐맦훆킧펦ꆣ떫ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ짦벰췢늢릺랽쏦쓚죝뷏짙ꎬ쪵쪩쾸퓲튲늻쪮럖쏷좷ꎬ틲듋놾컄듓랴슢뛏램맦훆뗄뷇뛈첽쳖췢늢릺ꎬ틢춼듓뿍맛샭탔뗄뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ맛달컒맺쒿잰뗄췢늢릺쿖ힴꎬ첽쳖컒맺쿖뷗뛎맺쟩쿂죧뫎뷨본맺췢랴슢뛏솢램맦훆췢늢릺뗄뺭퇩ꎬ늢뛔컒맺랴슢뛏램맦훆췢늢릺뗄쿠맘맦퓲쳡돶튻킩붨틩ꆣ 1
뗚튻헂 췢늢릺룅쫶 훐맺볓죫WTO뫳ꎬ쫊펦쫀쎳ퟩ횯튪쟳탞뚩쇋폐맘췢짌춶뗄램싉ꎬ훆뚩쇋듙뷸췢짌춶뗄탂헾닟ꎬ냼삨램훆뮷뺳ꆢ헾닟뮷뺳뫍탐헾뮷뺳퓚쓚뗄춶죭뮷뺳뗃떽뷸튻늽룄짆ꆣ뿉틔풤볻뗄쫇ꎬ쯦ퟅ컒맺놾쫐뎡뗄췪짆뫍랢햹ꎬ틔벰컒맺죫쫀뫳헾닟탔헏낭뗄쿻쪧ꎬ췢늢릺붫퓚뷏뎤뗄쪱볤쓚돉캪컒맺컼틽췢뗄훷튪탎쪽ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 췢늢릺뗄믹놾몭틥럖컶 춨쮵죏캪ꎬ췢늢릺쫇횸췢맺웳튵믹폚쒳훖쒿뗄ꎬ춨맽좡뗃맺쓚웳튵뗄좫늿믲늿럖뗄닺믲막럝ꎬ뛔맺쓚웳튵뗄뺭펪맜샭쪵쪩튻뚨뗄믲췪좫뗄쪵볊뿘훆뗄탐캪ꆣퟷ캪췢짌횱뷓춶훐뗄튻훖ꎬ쫇웳튵늢릺퓚맺볊랶캧쓚뗄퇓짬ꎬ쫇랢짺퓚솽룶뛀솢맺볒뗄뺭볃쪵쳥횮볤뗄뫏늢폫쫕릺탐캪ꆣ튪쟥돾뷧뚨헢튻룅쓮ꎬ뿉틔듓ꆰ췢ꆱ뫍ꆰ늢릺ꆱ솽룶랽쏦뾼싇 튻ꆢ췢뗄몭틥 뫎캽ꆰ췢ꆱꆣ튲뻍쫇훷쳥뷧뚨뗄컊쳢ꆣ듓룃훷쳥듓쫂뗄늢릺탐캪살뾴ꎬ펦룃쫇췢맺뗄웳튵램죋ꎬ뛸늻쫇웤쯻듓쫂맺볊춶뗄훷쳥ꆣ훁폚죧뫎좷뚨룃춶헟쫇럱쫴폚췢맺ꎬ컒맺맽좥튻맡닉좡뗄쫇힢닡뗘뇪ힼꎬ헢쳥쿖퓚틑쪵쪩뗄ꆶ췢웳튵램ꆷꆢꆶ훐췢뫏뺭펪웳튵램ꆷ뫍ꆶ훐췢뫏ퟷ뺭펪웳튵램ꆷ짏ꆣ퓚맦랶췢늢릺쪱ꎬ죧볌탸닉폃헢튻뇪ힼꎬ쿔좻쫇맽폚쯀냥ꎬ틲캪헢퇹뻍컞램뛔훮죧췢샻폃춶ꆢ볤뷓뿘막웳튵쫕릺뗈쟩뿶뷸탐맦훆ꆣ폚쫇ꎬ퓚쪵쪩뗄ꆶ췢맺춶헟늢릺뺳쓚웳튵맦뚨ꆷ1뗄뗚뛾쳵훐뻍ퟶ쇋폫횮잰늻춬뗄맦뚨ꎬ뛸닉폃놾뿘훆뇪ힼꎬ벴횻튪췢웳튵퓚늢 1 룃쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ췢맺춶헟늢릺뺳쓚웳튵ꎬ쾵횸췢맺춶헟킭틩릺싲뺳쓚럇췢짌춶웳튵(틔쿂돆ꆮ뺳쓚릫쮾ꆯ)뗄막뚫막좨믲죏릺뺳쓚릫쮾퓶ꎬ쪹룃뺳쓚릫쮾뇤룼짨솢캪췢짌춶웳튵믲헟췢맺춶헟짨솢췢짌뛀웳튵ꎬ늢춨맽룃웳튵킭틩릺싲뺳쓚웳튵닺쟒퓋펪룃닺믲췢맺춶헟킭틩릺싲뺳쓚웳튵닺ꎬ늢틔룃닺춶짨솢췢짌춶웳튵퓋펪룃닺ꆣ 2
릺맽돌훐쪵쿖쇋뛔뺳쓚웳튵뗄뿘훆ꎬ뻍펦룃붫웤쓉죫램싉뗄뗷헻랶캧ꆣ훁폚췢볦늢믲쫕릺뗄뛔쿳ꎬ퓲늻펦횻뻖쿞폚튻맺뺳쓚뗄럇췢웳튵ꎬ횻튪쫇퓚튻맺뺳쓚힢닡뗄뛀솢램죋ꎬ늻싛쫇맺폐웳튵ꎬ뮹쫇췢웳튵ꎬ뚼펦쓉죫췢늢릺뗄랶캧ꆣ 뛾ꆢ늢릺뗄몭틥 뫎캽ꆰ늢릺ꆱꆣ웳튵늢릺볈쫇튻훖뺭볃쿖쿳ꎬ튲쫇튻훖램싉훆뛈ꆣ늢릺튻듊냼삨볦늢폫쫕릺ꎬ늢릺(MergerandAequisitionꎬ볲돆M&A)쫇볦늢폫쫕릺뗄뫏돆ꎬ랺횸튻쟐좡뗃쒿뇪웳튵뿘훆좨뗄탐캪ꆣ볦늢(Merger)벴컼쫕뫏늢ꎬꆶ탂듳늻쇐뗟냙뿆좫쫩ꆷ뛔ꆰmegrerꆱ튻듊뗄뷢쫍쫇:ꆰ횸솽볒믲룼뛠뛀솢뗄웳튵뫏늢ퟩ돉튻볒웳튵ꎬ춨뎣평튻볒햼폅쫆뗄웳튵컼쫕튻볒믲룼뛠뗄웳튵ꆣ볦늢뗄랽램ꎺꎨ1ꎩ폃쿖뷰믲횤좯릺싲웤쯻릫쮾뗄닺ꎻ(2)릺싲웤쯻릫쮾뗄막럝믲막욱ꎻ(3)뛔웤쯻릫쮾막뚫랢탐탂막욱틔2뮻좡웤쯹돖폐뗄막좨ꎬ듓뛸좡뗃웤쯻릫쮾뗄닺뫍뢺햮ꆱꆣ쫕릺튲돆뷓맜ꎬ횸쫕릺릫쮾폃쿖뷰ꆢ햮좯ꆢ막욱닺ꆢ햮좨릺싲쒿뇪릫쮾(놻쫕릺릫쮾)뗄막욱믲닺듓뛸믱뗃뛔쒿뇪릫쮾뗄쪵볊뿘훆좨뗄탐캪ꎬ춨뎣놻쫕릺릫쮾뗄램죋뗘캻늢늻쿻쏰ꆣ샭싛뷧뫍쪵컱뷧웕뇩죏캪ꎬ췢늢릺횻쫇쾰맟쳡램ꎬ틲캪ꆰ뿧맺쫕릺뗄쒿뗄ퟮ훕뷡맻늢늻3쫇룄뇤릫쮾뗄쫽솿ꎬ뛸쫇룄뇤쒿뇪웳튵뗄닺좨맘쾵뫍뺭펪맘쾵ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 췢늢릺뗄뚯틲 늢릺폫탂붨웳튵뗄랽쪽쿠뇈ꎬ췢룼쟠폚늢릺ꎬ틲캪늢릺쓜폐킧뗘쯵뛌춶믘쫕웚쿞ꎬ톸쯙햼쇬쫐뎡늢죆뾪쿠맘쎳틗뇚생ꎬ뻟쳥살쮵폐죧쿂죽듳폅쫆ꎺ 1ꆢ훜웚뛌ꆢ돉놾뗍ꆣ쿠뇈폫싌뗘춶뗄랽쪽춶붨뎧ꎬ늻떫춶훜웚뷏뎤뛸쟒탨튪뮨럑듳솿돉놾붨솢쿺쫛쟾뗀뗈ꆣ춨맽늢릺뷸죫훐맺쫐뎡ꎬ뻍뿉틔듓놻늢릺뗄릫쮾톸쯙믱뗃믺웷뎧랿뗈폐탎닺뫍쿺쫛닺ꆢ짌튵맘쾵ꆢ짌튵탅폾뗈컞탎닺ꎬ헦헽듯떽붵뗍붻틗돉놾ꆢ톸쯙쪵쿖헹뛡탂쫐뎡뗄쒿뗄ꆣ 2 붯퓳훐ꎺꆶ웳튵쫕릺폫볦늢ꆷꎬ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꆣ 3 몫럥ꎺꆶ죫쫀뫳뗄웳튵늢릺ꆷꎬ훐맺짧믡돶냦짧 ꎬ2002쓪냦ꆣ 3
2ꆢ폐킧쳡룟쫐뎡햼폐싊ꆣ퓚뎤웚볆뮮쳥훆쿂엠횲웰살뗄맺폐웳튵뫍쪵탐쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뫳돶쿖뗄쏱펪웳튵ꎬ뺭맽뷼벸쓪맜샭룄룯뫍쫐뎡뺺헹뗄쾴샱ꎬ헽퓚훰늽돉캪룶뇰탐튵뗄ꆰ쇺춷ꆱꎬ폐킩뮹돵늽뻟놸쇋맺볊뺺헹쓜솦ꆣ붫헢킩ꆰ쇺춷ꆱ웳튵춨맽늢릺랽쪽쓉죫ퟔ벺뗄쫆솦랶캧ꎬ뿉틔폐킧복짙뺺헹뛔쫖ꎬ죵뮯쫐뎡뺺헹잿뛈ꎬ쳡룟췢웳튵퓚맺쓚뗄쫐뎡햼폐싊ꆣ 3ꆢ죆뾪헾닟뇚생ꆣ쒿잰뗄튻킩쏴룐믲맘볼탐튵ꎬ쫜맺쓚헾닟쿞훆ꎬ늻퓊탭췢춨맽싌뗘춶랽쪽뷸죫ꎬ횻쓜춨맽늢릺랽쪽닎막ꆣ췢쿖퓚뻍틔늢릺랽쪽뷸죫ꎬ늻뷶뿉틔퓚떱잰뷗뛎럖쿭슢뛏샻죳뗄뫃뒦ꎬ룼뿉틔뷴쪱볤엠퇸죋닅ꆢ믽샛뺭퇩ꎬ틔뇣퓚헾닟럅뾪뫳듳뻙뷸죫ꆣ헢킩탐튵냼삨틸탐ꆢ놣쿕ꆢ횤좯탐튵ꎬ쇣쫛탐튵ꎬ춨탅튵ꎬ웻뎵훆퓬튵ꎬ쪯폍뮯릤탐튵(쳘뇰쫇좼폍)뗈ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 췢늢릺퓚훐맺뗄랢햹쿖ힴ 룄룯뾪럅30쓪틔살ꎬ컒맺맺쏱뺭볃룟쯙퓶뎤ꎬ샻폃췢훰쓪퓶볓ꆣ뻝솪뫏맺쎳랢믡틩2008ꆶ쫀뷧춶놨룦ꆷ춳볆ꎬ훐맺2007쓪컼틽FDI듯835틚쏀풪ꎬ쫤돶캪225틚쏀풪ꆣ훐맺듳슽뫍훐맺쿣룛쫇틑좻돉캪퇇첫뗘쟸틔벰헻룶랢햹훐맺볒훐컼틽4FDIퟮ뛠뗄맺볒뫍뗘쟸ꆣ퓚컒맺ꎬ췢늢릺듳쳥뺭샺컥룶뷗뛎ꆣ 뗚튻뷗뛎ꎺ퓚듋뷗뛎ꎬ컒맺뮹쎻폐맘폚췢늢릺뗄헾닟램맦ꎬ떫튻킩뻟폐햽싔퇛맢뗄췢맺놾뾪쪼쫔첽췢늢릺뗄춾뺶ꆣ1995쓪7퓂5죕ꎬ컒맺뗄횤좯쫐뎡훐돶쿖쇋췢늢릺짏쫐릫쮾뗚튻낸샽ꆪꆰ놱싃램죋막죃ꆱ(죕놾컥쪮쇥뫍틁쳙훒솪뫏틔킭틩랽쪽ꎬ튻듎탔릺싲놱싃릫쮾4002췲럇맺폐램죋막ꎬ햼릫쮾ퟜ막놾뗄25%)ꆣ쯦뫳ꎬ퓚1995쓪9퓂ꎬ쏀맺뢣쳘웻뎵릫쮾틔4000췲쏀풪죏릺붭쇥틚탂랢B막ꎬ햼붭쇥랢탐뫳ퟜ막놾뗄20%ꎬ돉캪붭쇥뗄뗚뛾듳막뚫ꆣ 뗚뛾뷗뛎ꎺꆰ놱싃쫂볾ꆱ틽랢돶튻쾵쇐뗄컊쳢ꎬ냼삨퓚쮰믹좷죏ꆢ움맀랽램ꆢ탅쾢엻슶뗈랽쏦ꎬ뻹탨튪퇐뺿ꎬ볓짏떱쪱컒맺폐맘뗄솢램늻붡좫ꆢ횤좯쫐뎡맦쒣뷏킡ꎬ 4 뫘잿ꎺꆶ컒맺짏쫐릫쮾췢늢릺뗄헾닟쓑뗣럖컶ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃맛달놨ꆷꎬ2003쓪11퓂17죕ꆣ 4
랢햹뮹늻릻췪짆ꆣ폚쫇퓚1995쓪9퓂23죕ꎬ맺컱풺랢늼쇋ꆶ퓝춣쿲췢짌죃짏쫐릫쮾맺볒막뫍램죋막뗄춨횪ꆷꎬ맦뚨퓚맺볒폐맘짏쫐릫쮾맺볒막뫍램죋막맜샭냬램냤늼횮잰ꎬ죎뫎떥캻튻싉늻ힼ쿲췢짌죃짏쫐릫쮾뗄맺볒막뫍램죋막ꆣ췢늢릺듓듋뷸죫뎤듯쯄쓪뗄뗍뎱웚ꆣ 뗚죽뷗뛎ꎺ퓚듋뷗뛎ꎬ췢춨맽늢릺컒맺짏쫐릫쮾횱뷓쟐죫맺쓚쫐뎡뗄쒿뗄룼볓쏷좷ꆣ1999쓪8퓂ꎬ맺볒뺭쎳캯냤늼쇋ꆶ췢짌쫕릺맺폐웳튵뗄퓝탐맦뚨ꆷꎬ쏷좷쇋췢짌뿉틔닎폫늢릺맺폐웳튵ꎬ헾닟쏦뾪쪼얯ꎬ짏쫐릫쮾뗄췢늢릺믮뚯폖훘탂뾪쪼믮풾ꆣ놾뷗뛎랢짺췢늢릺뗄낸샽틑뺭듓웻뎵탐튵췘햹훁뗧ퟓ훆퓬ꆢ늣솧ꆢ쿰붺ꆢ쪳욷뗈탐튵ꆣ 뗚쯄뷗뛎ꎺ캪쇋쫊펦훐맺볓죫쫀뷧쎳틗ퟩ횯헢튻탂탎쫆뗄탨튪ꎬ쿠맘뗄헾닟평쿞훆좫쏦캪횧돖ꎬ쿠맘뗄램맦늻뛏돶첨ꆣ2001쓪11퓂ꎬ췢뺭쎳늿뫍횤볠믡솪뫏랢늼ꆶ맘폚짏쫐릫쮾짦벰췢짌춶폐맘컊쳢뗄죴룉틢볻ꆷ;2002쓪11퓂ꎬ횤볠믡ꆢ닆헾늿뫍뺭쎳캯솪뫏랢늼ꆶ맘폚쿲췢짌죃짏쫐릫쮾맺폐막뫍램죋막폐맘컊쳢뗄춨횪ꆷ;2003쓪3퓂13죕ꎬ췢뺭쎳늿ꆢ맺볒쮰컱ퟜ뻖ꆢ맺볒릤짌탐헾맜샭ퟜ뻖ꆢ맺볒췢믣맜샭ퟜ뻖솪뫏냤랢ꆶ췢맺춶헟늢릺뺳쓚웳튵퓝탐맦뚨ꆷꎬ늢폚2004쓪4퓂12죕뾪쪼쪵쪩ꆣ 뗚컥뷗뛎ꎺ2007쓪8퓂30죕ꎬ뗚쪮뷬좫맺죋쏱듺뇭듳믡뎣컱캯풱믡뗚뛾쪮뻅듎믡틩짏춨맽랴슢뛏램닝낸ꎬ늢폚2008쓪8퓂1죕헽쪽쪵쪩ꆣ샺쪱쪮죽쓪ꎬ쯼폫훐맺쿖쪵뗄쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹뗄첬쫆쿠쫊펦ꎬ폫쫀뷧룷맺랴슢뛏솢램뗄믹놾훆뛈쿠뷓맬ꆣ헢튻쾵쇐램맦뗄돶첨ꎬ놻쫓캪훐맺뗄늢릺쫐뎡훕폚뛔췢좫쏦럅뾪ꆣ 5
뗚뛾헂 컒맺췢늢릺쏦쇙뗄슢뛏쟷쫆 뗚튻뷚 슢뛏뗄뷧뚨 슢뛏튻듊캪펢컄ꆰMonopolyꆱ,뻍ꆰMonopolyꆱ튻듊뗄놾틥살뾴ꎬ웤훐폐슢뛏ꆢ뛀햼ꆢ싴ꆢ샻좨ꆢ뛀햼헟뗈훚뛠쿠뷼뗄몬틥ꆣ퓚뺭볃톧뗄틢틥짏ꎬ슢뛏춨뎣폐솽훖몬틥ꎺ웤튻캪슢뛏ힴ첬ꆣ횸퓚슢뛏놾훷틥뷗뛎ꎬ뺺헹뗄랢햹떼훂놾뗄벯훐ꎬ떱놾벯훐떽튻뚨돌뛈뻍믡돶쿖튻볒웳튵뛀햼쫐뎡믲벸볒웳튵럖햼쫐뎡뗄뻖쏦ꎻ웤뛾쫇슢뛏ퟩ횯ꎬ쾵횸뾨쳘뛻ꎨCartelꎩꆢ탁뗏볓ꎨSyndicatꎩꆢ췐삭쮹ꎨTrustꎩ뗈슢뛏ퟩ횯탎쪽ꆣ죧뺭볃톧볒태뇋뗃쯹퇔ꎺꆰ슢뛏헢룶룅쓮ꎬ쿲죎뫎웤쯻룅쓮튻퇹놻쪹폃뗃뫜늻퇏룱ꆣ짵훁쯹쳖싛뗄닺튵쫇룟뛈뺺헹탔뗄닺튵뗄쪱뫲ꎬ죋쏇튲믡쮵떽튻룶맺5볒뛔헢퇹믲쓇퇹뚫컷쪵탐쇋슢뛏ꆱꆣ틲듋ꎬ퇐뺿슢뛏ꎬ뇘탫쫗쿈헽좷뛸퇏룱뗄뷧뚨슢뛏ꆣ뒫춳뗄슢뛏룅쓮횻쫇뻖쿞폚튻훖벫뛋뗄슢뛏탎쪽ꆪ췪좫슢뛏ꎬ폫ꆰ췪좫뺺헹ꆱ뷘좻뛔솢ꎬ춨맽뛔슢뛏뗄룷훖탎첬뫍쫴탔뗄좫쏦ퟛ뫏ꎬ뿉붫슢뛏뗄튻냣뚨틥룅삨캪ꎺ쳘뚨뺭볃훷쳥캪쇋쳘뚨쒿뗄춨맽릹훾쫐뎡뇚생듓뛸뛔쒿뇪쫐뎡쯹ퟷ뗄튻훖업쯻탔뿘6훆ힴ첬ꆣ 뻍슢뛏뗄쓚퓚뷡릹살뾴ꎬ슢뛏폐슢뛏탐캪뫍슢뛏뷡릹횮럖ꆣ슢뛏뷡릹쫇횸춬튻쒿뇪쫐뎡짏뎧볒쫽솿뛠ꆢ맦쒣듳뗄훷쳥ힴ첬ꎬ뛸슢뛏탐캪횸춬튻쒿뇪쫐뎡짏뗄뎧볒캪믱뗃슢뛏샻죳뛸뛔릩룸쫽솿뫍볛룱쮮욽뗄쪵볊뿘훆뫍횧엤믮뚯ꎬ뿉떼훂풴컳엤ꎻ슢뛏뷡릹폫슢뛏탐캪쎻폐뇘좻솪쾵ꎬ벴슢뛏탐캪볈뿉틔평슢뛏뷡릹닺짺ꎬ튲뿉틔평뺺헹뷡릹닺짺ꆣ슢뛏탐캪ퟔ맅틔살뻍폐ꎬ뛸슢뛏뷡릹횻쫇쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹떽튻뚨샺쪷뷗뛎뗄닺컯ꎬ쫇짧믡뮯듳짺닺뫍벼쫵뷸늽뗄뇘좻뷡맻ꆣ죋쏇뎤웚틔살욬쏦잿뗷슢뛏 5 ꆾ냂ꆿ태뇋뗃ꎺꆶ놾훷틥ꆢ짧믡훷틥뫍쏱훷훷틥ꆷꎬ럣틫ꎬ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1978쓪냦ꎬ뗚125튳ꆣ 6 웝뚫ꎺꆶ훐맺뺭볃퓋탐훐뗄슢뛏폫뺺헹ꆷꎬ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꎬ뗚7튳ꆣ 6
뗄뇗뛋ꎬ뛔폚슢뛏쳘뇰쫇뺭볃벯훐탍슢뛏뗄믽벫ퟷ폃죏쪶늻ퟣꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ퓚릤튵뮯맽돌훐ꎬ믹폚놾믽샛뫍놾벯훐뛸탎돉뗄슢뛏뷡릹ꎬ뛔폚쳡룟맦쒣뺭볃ꆢ랶캧뺭볃ꆢ벼쫵뒴탂뫍뺭퇩킧펦뗈랢믓ퟅ늻뿉쳦듺뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ뛔폚튻맺뺭볃퓶뎤ꆢ컈뚨볛룱ꆢ맺볊쫕횧ꆢ뷡릹뮻뫍짽벶ꆢ맺볊뺺헹솦뗈뫪맛랽쏦튲폐튻뚨듙뷸ퟷ폃ꆣ틲듋ꎬ슢뛏뷡릹놾짭늻쫇맽듭ꎬ슢뛏뺭펪쳥훆폫랴슢뛏탐캪늻쫇튻믘쫂ꆣ쯹틔랴슢뛏늻쫇헫뛔슢뛏뷡릹ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 랴슢뛏램쯹맦훆뗄슢뛏 랴슢뛏램쯹맦훆뗄슢뛏쫇횸쳘뚨훷쳥퓚뺭볃믮뚯훐쿞훆뫍ퟨ낭뺺헹뗄ힴ첬믲탐캪ꎬ뻟쳥쫇횸웳튵믲웤쯻ퟩ횯떥뛀믲헟솪뫏뗘닉좡뺭볃뗄믲헟럇뺭볃뗄쫖뛎ꎬ퓚쳘뚨쫐뎡쪵탐업쯻탔뿘훆ꎬ듓뛸쿞훆믲ퟨ낭뺺헹뗄ힴ첬믲탐캪ꆣ쯼늻뷶뇭쿖캪쪵훊탔쿞훆뺺헹뗄ힴ첬ꎨ슢뛏ힴ첬ꎩꎬ뛸쟒룼뛠뗘믲짵훁췪좫뇭쿖캪룷훖쪵훊탔쿞훆뺺헹뗄탐캪ꎨ슢뛏탐캪ꎩꎻ쯼뿉틔쫇떥룶웳튵뗄떥뛀탐캪ꎬ튲뿉틔쫇솽룶믲헟솽룶틔짏웳튵횮볤뗄솪뫏믲헟쒬웵탐캪ꎻ쯼뿉틔쫇웳튵믲헟웤쯻쫐뎡뺭펪훷쳥틔뺭볃쫖뛎ힷ쟳믲샄폃슢뛏뗘캻뗄탐캪ꎬ벴쯹캽뗄뺭볃탔슢뛏ꎬ튲뿉틔쫇럇쫐뎡뺭펪훷쳥틔럇뺭볃쫖7뛎ꎨ뎬뺭볃쫖뛎ꎩ듓쫂뗄슢뛏탐캪ꎬ벴쯹캽뗄탐헾탔슢뛏ꆣ듋췢ꎬ평폚랴슢뛏램뚼폐돽췢맦뚨ꎬ틲듋맣랺틢틥짏뗄슢뛏돽냼삨램싉쯹뷻횹믲쿞훆뗄럇램슢뛏틔췢ꎬ뮹냼삨램싉쯹퓊탭뫍놣뮤뗄뫏램슢뛏ꎬ헢뫳헟돽쇋램싉튻냣캴폨틔쏷좷맦뚨뗄슢뛏ힴ첬췢ꎬ뮹냼삨램싉쏷좷맦뚨뗄쒳킩슢뛏탐캪ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ헢샯뗄슢뛏뚨틥쫇뛔랴슢뛏램훐룷훖뻟쳥슢뛏뗄튻냣탔뗄룅삨ꆣ떱좻ꎬ죧맻쒳룶맺볒뗄랴슢뛏램췪좫쫇닉좡탐캪훷틥뗄ꎬ퓲웤랴슢뛏램쯹맦훆뗄슢뛏뻍뿉틔뷶뷧뚨캪슢뛏탐캪ꆣ룹뻝컒맺ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ쿠맘맦뚨ꎬ컒쏇붫슢뛏뷧뚨캪ꆰ뺭펪헟캥랴놾램맦뚨ꎬ퓚쳘뚨쫐뎡쓚샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻믲헟폫웳튵뺭펪헟뫏쒱ꎬ업돽믲쿞훆뺺헹ꎬ쯰몦쿻럑헟좨틦ꎬ캥랴릫릲샻 7 훓쏷ꎺꆶ뺺헹램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꎬ뗚294튳ꆣ 7
8틦뗄탐캪ꆱꆣ 뗚죽뷚 랴슢뛏맦퓲췢늢릺뗄볛횵좡쿲 뷼벸쓪살ꎬ쒳킩췢늢릺뻟폐튻뚨횪쏻뛈뗄맺쓚욷없웳튵뗄ꎬ웤ퟮ훕쒿뗄늻쫇놣뮤뫍랢퇯맢듳헢튻욷없ꎬ좴쫇쿷죵헢튻욷없ꎬ듓뛸쿻쏰잱퓚뗄뺺헹뛔쫖ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ컒맺뗄쏱펪웳튵쳘뇰쫇훐킡웳튵ꎬ랢햹뒦폚웰늽뷗뛎ꎬ룷훖훆뛈폐듽췪짆ꆣ뛔폚맺쓚탭뛠짐쿔훉쓛떫랢햹잱솦뫜듳뗄폅훊쏱펪웳튵살쮵ꎬ펵폐탛뫱뗄닆솦ꆢ쫀뷧돛쏻뗄욷없ꆢ잿듳뗄쿺쫛췸싧뫍맣룦탻뒫틔벰쿈뷸뗄짺닺벼쫵뗄뿧맺릫쮾뿉쟡뛸틗뻙뗘붫헢킩쏱펪웳튵쫕릺믲업벷ꎬ웈쪹헢킩웳튵듓쫐뎡짏맽퓧돶뻖ꎬퟨ뛏웤돉뎤ힳ듳뗄믺믡ꆣ룼훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ췢늢릺퓚뮪늢릺뗄뛔쿳틑뺭쿲뻟폐튻뚨벼쫵슢뛏ꆢ쟸폲쫐뎡슢뛏ꆢ풴슢뛏ꆢ탐헾슢뛏뗄맺쓚웳튵ꆣ헢킩웳튵쫇맺볒햽싔샻틦뗄훷쳥ꎬ맘쾵떽닺튵낲좫벰맺볒뺭볃낲좫ꆣ죴놻듳솿늢릺ꎬ붫볓듳쯹퓚닺튵뗄럧쿕ꎬ죵뮯닺튵뺺헹솦ꎬ쪹컒맺닺튵퓚맺볊럖릤훐뒦폚늻샻뗘캻ꎬ튲췾킲떽컒맺뗄뺭볃낲좫ꆣ틲듋ꎬ늻볓맦랶췢늢릺뫜뿉쓜뛔컒맺웳튵뗄ퟔ훷뒴탂ꆢ쏱훷욷없뫍쏱펪뺭볃뗄돉뎤폐잿쇒뗄틖훆ퟷ폃ꎬ뷸뛸틽랢맺볒뺭볃낲좫컊쳢ꆣ 랢듯쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄뺭퇩쿔쪾ꎬ튪놣돖쫐뎡뗄뺺헹탔ꎬ럀횹맽뛈뗄뺭볃벯훐늢캬뮤맺볒뺭볃낲좫ꎬ맺볒뻍뇘탫뛔췢늢릺뷸탐폐킧뗄뿘훆ꆣ헢뻍튪쟳춨맽뿆톧뗄솢램ꎬ뿍맛뗘랴펳뺭볃랢햹뛔췢늢릺뗄튪쟳ꎬ볈튪퓊탭웳튵쫊뛈늢릺ꎬ돤럖랢믓웤맦쒣뺭볃킧틦뗈믽벫릦쓜ꎬ폖튪럀횹늢릺컞뛈랢햹떼훂슢뛏ꎬ듓뛸웆뮵릫욽뺺헹훈탲ꆣ헢뻍쫇쮵ꎬ듓췢늢릺뿉쓜닺짺뗄슢뛏뷡맻훐닺짺쇋뛔웤뷸탐램싉맦훆뗄뇘튪탔ꎬ뛸쟒뻶뚨쇋맦훆뗄훘뗣뫍훷튪쒿뗄쫇럀횹뫍뛴훆슢뛏ꎬ럀횹웤샻폃슢뛏뗘캻쯰몦컒맺뗄맺볒뺭볃낲좫뫍붡뾵돖탸뗄랢햹ꎬ캬뮤뫍듙뷸폐킧뗄쫐뎡뺺헹ꆣ 틔랴슢뛏램맦훆췢늢릺뗄볛횵좡쿲뻍쫇캪쇋캬뮤폐킧뺺헹ꆣ쿖쪵짺믮훐뗄뺺 8ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺랴슢뛏램ꆷ맦뚨뗄슢뛏탐캪냼삨ꎺꎨ튻ꎩ뺭펪헟듯돉슢뛏킭틩ꎻꎨ뛾ꎩ뺭펪헟샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎻꎨ죽ꎩ뻟폐믲헟뿉쓜뻟폐업돽ꆢ쿞훆뺺헹킧맻뗄뺭펪헟벯훐ꆣ 8
헹췹췹쫇뷩폚췪좫뺺헹폫췪좫슢뛏횮볤뗄늻췪좫뺺헹ힴ첬ꎬ튻쟐뺭볃짺믮뚼쫇뺺헹돉럖폫슢뛏돉럖뗄믬뫏컯ꆣ춨탐뗄랽쪽쫇늻췪좫뺺헹ꎬ뛸늻쫇췪좫뺺헹ꎬ짧믡쯹쓜9헹좡뗄뷶뷶쫇ퟮ뷓뷼췪좫뺺헹뗄ힴ첬ꎬ틲듋ꎬ랴슢뛏헾닟펦얬솦듙뷸뗄쫇폐킧뺺헹ꆣ폐킧뺺헹뗄쫐뎡쒣쪽펦ퟷ캪쫐뎡뺺헹쒣쪽뗄뇘좻톡퓱ꎬ쯼쫇붫뺺헹폫맦쒣뺭볃킭뗷뗄뺺헹ꎬ헢훖쒣쪽튻랽쏦튪쟳웳튵뻟폐튻뚨뗄맦쒣ꎬ쪵쿖맦쒣뺭볃ꎬ쳡룟웳튵뺺헹솦ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뮹튪쟳쫐뎡짏놣돖폐ퟣ릻뗄뺺헹헟ꎬ틔놣횤쫐뎡뺺헹듯떽튻뚨뗄잿뛈ꎬ쪹웳튵쫜떽ퟣ릻뗄쫐뎡톹솦ꎬ틽랢뒴탂뫍룄짆짺닺뺭펪뗄믽벫탔ꆣ맾런톧엉퓸틔쫐뎡뷡릹ꆢ쫐뎡탐캪벰쫐뎡퓋탐죽룶랽쏦쳡돶움볛쫐뎡폐킧뺺헹뗄뇪ힼꎬ떫쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄늻뛏랢햹ꎬ쿖퓚폐킧뺺헹틑쪧좥쇋좷쟐뗘뫢솿뇪ힼꎬ폐죋죏캪ꎺꆰ폐킧뺺헹쫇뺭볃톧볒쯹룸돶뗄쫵폯ꎬ쫇횸튻훖짧믡뿉뷓쫜뗄늻뫃뷧뚨뗄쫐뎡ힴ첬ꆣꆱꎬ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ랴슢뛏램뗄ퟷ폃뮹쫇튪춨맽쪵쿖폐킧뺺헹뇭쿖돶살ꎬ훷튪뇭쿖퓚ꎺ캬돖뫏샭뗄쫐뎡뷡릹ꎬ쳡룟풴엤훃킧싊ꎻ캬뮤뫍듙뷸폐킧뗄쫐뎡뺺헹ꎬ췆뚯뺭볃뫍벼쫵뗄랢햹뗈랽쏦ꎬ틲뛸듙뷸ꆰ폐킧뺺헹ꆱ펦ퟷ캪랴슢뛏램맦훆뗄볛횵좡쿲횮튻ꆣ 쇭췢ꎬ듓랴슢뛏램뗄풭퓲뷇뛈튲펦폐ퟔ짭뗄볛횵움에뇪ힼꆣ뒫춳죏캪ꎬ랴슢뛏램춨맽솽룶풭퓲살쫊폃ꎬ벴놾짭캥램풭퓲뫍뫏샭풭퓲ꆣ놾짭캥램풭퓲쫇횸쒳킩쯰몦뺺헹뗄탐캪틑뺭놻쮾램에샽믲훆뚨램쏷좷뗘맦뚨캪놾짭뻍쫇캥램뗄ꎬ컞탫춨맽웤쯻틲쯘뗄뾼싇살에뛏ꆣ헢퇹퓚룶낸훐뛔쯰몦뺺헹탐캪뗄캣몦탔늻탫횤쏷ꎬ횻튪횱뷓쪹폃놾짭캥램풭퓲벴뿉ꎬ뷸뛸평쿠맘믺릹횱뷓ퟶ돶뒦샭ꎬ듯떽뷚풼횴램뫍쮾램돉놾ꆣ폐놾짭캥램풭퓲뇘좻폐뫏샭풭퓲ꎬ쫇횸쒳킩탐캪릹돉쇋뛔뺺헹뗄쿞훆ꎬ떫폖늻쓜쫊폃놾짭캥램풭퓲ꎬ쫇럱릹돉캥램뇘탫짷훘뾼달웳튵뗄탐캪틢춼ꆢ탐캪랽쪽틔벰탐캪뫳맻횮뫳ꎬ닅쓜ퟶ돶에뛏ꆣ뫏샭풭퓲쿔좻뻟폐뫜잿뗄쇩믮탔뫍컱쪵탔ꎬ캪컷랽쫐뎡뺭볃랢듯맺볒웕뇩쫊폃ꎬ듓뛸캬뮤쇋맺볒샻틦ꆣ듋췢ꎬ떱잰컷랽쫐뎡뺭볃랢듯맺볒뮹웕뇩ퟱ톭ꆰ뗍뛈솢램풭퓲ꆱꎬ헢튲쫇컒맺톧헟뗄훷헅ꆣ쯹캽뗍뛈솢램풭퓲ꎬ벴랴슢뛏램놾짭늢늻맦훆쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻놾짭ꎬ횻폐샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎬ쿞훆쇋뺺헹ꎬ닅폨틔맦훆ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ뗍뛈솢램틑돉캪떱잰쫀뷧룷맺랴슢뛏솢램뗄뎱쇷ꎬ뗂맺ꆢ몫맺ꆢ늨삼ꆢ탙퇀샻ꆢ첨췥뗈듳뛠쫽맺볒뫍뗘쟸뗄랴슢뛏솢램뻹닉폃뗍뛈솢램ꎬ뷶뛔웤샄폃 9 ꆾ쏀ꆿ죸뛻즭ꎬꆶ뺭볃톧ꆷꎬ룟뫨튵틫ꎬ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1979쓪냦ꎬ뗚69튳ꆣ 9
쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄탐캪ퟶ돶풼쫸ꆣ벴쪹틔잰뛔랴슢뛏솢램뷏캪퇏샷뗄쏀맺ꆢ죕놾뗈맺ꎬ튲뾪쪼닉쓉뫏샭풭퓲살뛔풭쿈뗄퇏샷맦퓲뷸탐늹돤탞룄ꎬ벴쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻놾짭늢늻캥램ꎬ횻폐떱웤샄폃쇋횧엤쫖뛎쿞훆뺺헹닅쫴캥램ꆣ랴슢뛏램뗄쒿뗄ꎬ쫇캪쇋캬뮤쫐뎡뺭볃훈탲ꎬ늻쫇폃살쿞훆쫐뎡솼탔뺺헹ꎬ룼늻쫇캪쇋쿞훆쿈뷸짺닺솦뗄랢햹ꎬ헢퇹닅쓜릻퓚럻뫏맺볊맦퓲쿂ퟶ잿ꆢퟶ듳컒맺뗄웳튵늢뻟폐뺺헹솦ꎬ쪵쿖맺볒샻틦ꆣ 10
뗚죽헂 췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆뗄뻟쳥맦퓲 20쫀볍90쓪듺틔살ꎬ룷맺럗럗훆뚩믲탞룄놾맺랴슢뛏램ꎬ폃틔맦훆늢릺듸살뗄뿉쓜탎돉슢뛏탔쫐뎡뷡릹뛸뛔뺺헹훈탲퓬돉뗄웆뮵ꆣ헽쫇믹폚뛔캬뮤쫐뎡뺺헹훈탲뗄뷴웈탔뗄죏쪶ꎬ룷맺랴슢뛏램짦벰췢늢릺뗄뻟쳥쓚죝춨뎣냼삨쪵쳥탔뫍돌탲탔맦퓲솽룶랽쏦ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆뗄쪵쳥맦퓲 쯹캽쪵쳥맦퓲ꎬ쫇횸뛔폚튻쿮췢늢릺탐캪쫇럱릹돉뛔뺺헹뗄쿞훆뛸펦폨뷻횹뗄에뛏뇪ힼꆣ룷맺춨뎣쫇춨맽뾼달웤쫐뎡햼폐싊ꆢ쫐뎡벯훐돌뛈벰쫐뎡뺺헹ힴ뿶뗈ꎬ춬쪱튲춨맽뛔췢늢릺뫳웳튵뗄퓋ퟷힴ뿶뾼달웤쫇럱샄폃쇋쿞훆뺺헹탔ퟶ램뫍뷸탐슢뛏ꎬ늢퓚뇘튪쪱폨틔맦훆ꆣ쒳킩쪱뫲ꎬ맺볒뮹믡뾼싇떽튻킩웤쯻틲쯘ꎬ죧웳튵맺볊뺺헹솦ꆢ맺볒닺튵헾닟뗄탨튪ꆢ맺볒엌믮늿럖맺폐닺뗄탨튪ꎬ뛔쳘뚨탐튵ꆢ뗘폲뫍쇬폲뗄떼훂슢뛏뗄늢릺쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈뛸폨틔믭쏢ꎬ뛔폚쇭튻킩볈뿉쓜쿷죵뺺헹폖뿉쓜쳡룟쳘뚨믲뻟쳥킧틦뗄늢릺ꎬ뿉틔쫊폃뫏샭풭퓲퓚랴뺺헹뫍킧틦횮볤좡뗃욽뫢ꆣ뻍룷맺맦훆늢릺뗄쪵쳥탔뺺헹맦퓲뛸퇔ꎬ튻냣냼삨틔쿂쓚죝: 튻ꆢ쿠맘쫐뎡뗄뷧뚨 뻍쿱폐뗄톧헟쯹뇭쫶뗄쓇퇹ꎬꆰ듓쒳훖돌뛈짏살쮵ꎬ닺욷뗄쎿튻룶릩펦헟뚼믡돉10캪슢뛏헟ꎬ죧맻쫐뎡맦뚨뗃쿠떱쿁햭뗄뮰ꆣꆱ틲듋ꎬ쿠맘쫐뎡뗄뷧뚨쫇에뛏쒳튻늢릺쫇럱닺짺믲볓잿쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄잰쳡쳵볾ꎬ죎뫎웳튵뗄쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뚼쫇틀뢽폚믲헟쮵훃짭폚튻뚨뗄쿠맘쫐뎡뗄ꎬ샫뾪쇋쳘뚨뗄믲헟쿠맘쫐뎡ꎬ쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻쫇컞듓첸웰뗄ꆣ늢쟒ꎬ쿠맘쫐뎡랶캧뗄좷뚨횱뷓뻶뚨쇋웳튵뗄쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄릹돉폫럱ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ뮮럖쿠맘쫐뎡쫇볬닢쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄뗚튻늽훨ꆣ퓚뷧뚨쫐뎡쪱ꎬ튻냣붫쫐뎡럖캪닺욷쫐뎡뫍뗘폲쫐뎡ꆣ랲쫇짺닺춬튻닺욷믲뻟폐뿉쳦듺탔뗄닺욷뗄쫐뎡ꎬ뻍뷧뚨캪춬튻뗄닺욷쫐뎡;뗘폲쫐뎡뗄뮮럖퓲좡뻶폚늢릺웳튵뗄닺욷벰폫웤폐뺺헹맘쾵 10 ꆾ펢ꆿ풼몲ꆤ퇇룱얦ꎺꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷꎬ탬몣뗈틫ꎬ쓏뺩듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ1992쓪냦ꎬ뗚56튳ꆣ 11
뗄닺욷뗄쿺쫛뗘폲ꎬ뮹튪춬쪱뾼싇떽싲랽뗄릺싲쾰맟뫍릺싲쟾뗀ꆣ퓚뷧뚨쿠맘쫐뎡쪱ꎬ쏀맺ꆶ1992쓪뗄뫡쿲늢릺ힼ퓲ꆷ맦뚨ꎬ튻룶ힷ쟳샻죳ퟮ듳뮯뗄뎧짌ퟷ캪룃뗘폲믲룃닺욷쒿잰믲캴살캨튻뗄짺닺헟믲쿺쫛헟ꎬ퓚웤쯻쯹폐쳵볾늻뇤뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쪩볓튻훖ꆰ킡뛸쿔훸탔쟒럇퓝쪱탔뗄ꆱ헇볛펰쿬ꎬ쪹쿻럑헟쿲릺싲웤쯻뗘폲믲뎧짌짺11닺뗄춬튻훖닺욷ꆣ헢솽훖탨쟳랴펳뗄뷡맻뫍돌뛈뻍쫇닺욷쫐뎡뫍뗘폲쫐뎡뗄랶캧ꆣ뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뛔쿠맘쫐뎡늢쎻폐쏷쿔뷧뚨ꎬ떫퓚뻟쳥쪵볹맽돌훐ꎬ뗂맺램풺룹뻝뻟쳥뗄에샽튲랢햹쇋튻킩뷧뚨닺욷쫐뎡뫍뗘폲쫐뎡뗄뇪ힼꆣ샽죧ꎬ퓚kmapffmyeer/plnage튻낸훐ꎬ냘쇖짏쯟램풺늻뷶쿪쾸뷢쫍쇋죧뫎뷧뚨닺욷쫐뎡ꎬ뛸12쟒뮹뷢쫍쇋펦죧뫎뷧뚨뗘폲쫐뎡ꆣ 뛾ꆢ쫐뎡뷡릹뗄죏뚨 움볛늢릺쫇럱닺짺믲뿉쓜닺짺쇋랴뺺헹뗄킧맻ꎬ춨뎣틀뻝쿠맘쫐뎡뗄쫐뎡뷡릹살뫢솿ꆣ뛸뫢솿쫐뎡뷡릹뗄뻟쳥횸뇪냼삨늢릺웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮ꆢ쿠맘쫐뎡뗄쫐뎡벯훐뛈ꆢ쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꆢ쫐뎡뷸죫뇚생뗈ꆣ맘폚쫐뎡벯훐뛈ꎬ쏀맺ퟔ1982쓪ꆶ늢릺횸쓏ꆷ냤늼틔살뻍쪹폃쇋뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽ꎨ벴HHI)뗄욽랽볆쯣램ꎬ벴붫쫐뎡짏쯹폐웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮욽랽뫳퓙쿠볓ꆣ룹뻝헢룶랽램ꎬ붫웳튵늢릺뫳뗄쫐뎡짏뗄HHI횸쫽쟸럖캪죽룶쟸볤:1000틔쿂ꆢ1000-1800ꎬ1800틔짏ꎬ폫횮쿠뛔펦뗄쫐뎡캪쎻폐벯훐뗄쫐뎡ꆢ훐뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡뫍룟뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡죽샠ꆣ춬쪱뷸튻늽맦뚨ꎬ퓚훐뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡샯ꎬ죧맻HHI횸쫽퓚늢릺뫳쳡룟100뗣틔짏ꎬ뻍죏뚨뻟폐랴뺺헹킧맻ꎬ랴횮ꎬ퓲쎻폐ꆣ퓚룟뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡샯ꎬ죧맻늢릺뫳HHI횸쫽쳡룟50뗣틔짏ꎬ뻍죏뚨캪뻟폐랴13뺺헹킧맻ꎬ랴횮ꎬ퓲쎻폐ꆣ 11ꆶ룷맺랴슢뛏램믣뇠ꆷꎬꆶ1992쓪뫡쿲늢릺맦퓲ꆷꎬ죋쏱램풺돶냦짧2000쓪냦ꎬꆶ룷맺랴슢뛏램죫뇠ꆷ뇠톡ퟩꎬ뗚129-130튳ꆣ 12 헅퇇?ꎺꆶ릫쮾늢릺램싉훆뛈ꆷꎬ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2000쓪냦ꎬ뗚139튳ꆣ 13 뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽쫇튻훖욽랽볆쯣램ꎬ벴붫쿠맘쫐뎡짏쯹폐웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮욽랽뫳퓙쿠볓ꆣ틲듋ꎬ룹뻝뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽뗄볆쯣랽램ꎬ듳웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮뛔쫐뎡벯훐뛈믡닺짺뷏듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ샽죧ꎬ죧맻튻룶쫐뎡폐1룶맦쒣쿠춬뗄웳튵ꎬ쎿룶웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮캪10%ꎬ룃쫐뎡뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽벴캪ꎬ뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽ꎽ10ꇁ1ꇁ10=1000ꆣ죧맻쫐뎡짏폐4룶웳튵ꎬ쯼쏇뗄쫐뎡럝뛮럖뇰캪40%ꆢ30%ꆢ20%뫍10%ꎬ헢룶쫐뎡뗄뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽ꎽ40ꇁ40ꎫ30ꇁ30ꎫ20ꇁ20ꎫ10ꇁ10ꎽ3000ꆣ뛸퓚뛀볒웳튵슢뛏쫐뎡뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ룃웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮캪100%ꎬ뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽뻍뗈폚10000ꆣ룹뻝횸쓏ꎬ퓚쫐뎡뗄뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽늻ퟣ1000뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ룃쫐뎡쫇튻룶쎻폐벯훐뗄쫐뎡ꎻ죧맻뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽캪1000훁1800ꎬ헢쫇튻룶훐뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡ꎻ죧맻뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽뎬맽1800ꎬ헢룶쫐뎡뻍쫇튻룶룟뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡ꆣ죧맻튻룶뫏늢떼훂쫐뎡돉캪튻룶룟뛈벯훐뗄쫐뎡ꎬ뛸쟒룃뫏늢쪹쫐뎡뗄뫕뛻럒듯뛻횸쫽퓶뎤100룶뗣틔짏ꎬ떱뻖뻍뿉쓜뷻횹헢쿮뫏늢ꆣ 12
맘폚쫐뎡럝뛮ꎬ룹뻝쏀맺쮾램늿뫍솪냮쎳틗캯풱믡1992쓪ꆶ늢릺횸쓏ꆷ뗄맦뚨ꎬ짺닺쿠춬닺욷뗄웳튵늢릺뫳ꎬ죴늢릺웳튵뗄쫐뎡럝뛮훁짙듯떽35%ꎬ웳튵뻍폐쓜솦퓚복짙짺닺쫽솿뗄춬쪱뛔닺욷뷸탐떥랽헇볛ꆣ죧맻짺닺춬샠닺욷뗄웳튵퓚늢릺뫳뗄쫐뎡럝뛮훁짙듯떽쇋35ꎥꎬ뛸쿻럑헟붫늢릺웳튵훐튻랽웳튵뗄닺욷ퟷ캪뗚튻톡퓱ꎬ붫쇭튻랽웳튵뗄닺욷ퟷ캪뗚뛾톡퓱ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ헢룶폐맘쫐뎡럝뛮뗄쫽뻝뻍ퟣ틔뿉뾿뗘쮵쏷ꎬ헢룶늢릺뛔헢킩쿻럑헟폐ퟅ퇏훘뗄늻샻펰쿬ꆣ헢뇭쏷퓚쏀맺좡뗃쇋35ꎥ뗄쫐뎡럝뛮뗄웳튵뻍뻟폐쿔훸뗄쫐뎡쫆솦ꆣꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷ뗚2쳵뗚7뿮뗚1쿮맦뚨ꎬ퓚튻쓪쓚ꎬ튻룶쫂튵죋퓚쿠맘짌욷믲샍컱쫐뎡뗄햼폐싊뎬맽1/2ꎬ믲헟솽룶쫂튵죋룷14ퟔ뗄쫐뎡햼폐싊뗄ퟜ뫍뎬맽3/4뗄ꎬ벴뿉죏뚨룃쫂튵뻟폐쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎻ쫐뎡뷸죫뇚생ꎬ벴룸웤쯻쫂튵죋뷸죫룃쿠맘쫐뎡퓬돉쏷쿔뗄삧쓑ꆣ릹돉뷸죫뇚생뗄춨뎣쟩탎폐:뷸죫쫐뎡뗄뻞뛮뷰탨쟳ꆢ랢듯뗄벼쫵ꆢ릤틕탨쟳ꆢ닺욷튵틑뾪랢췪뇏ꆢ럖엤쟾뗀벺뺭럢뇕ꆣ쿠맘쫐뎡뫍쫐뎡벯훐뛈뗄죏뚨ꎬ뮹탨튪뾼싇늢릺뗄쫐뎡뇗몦ꎬ벴쫇럱폐쯰몦폐킧뺺헹뗄뿉쓜ꎬ튻쫇뻶뚨늢릺쏼퓋뗄맘볼ꆣ뛔폚ꆰ쯰몦폐킧뺺헹뗄뿉쓜ꆱꎬ룷맺랴슢뛏램뻹폐샠쯆뇭쫶ꎬ죧쏀맺ꆶ뿋삳뛙램ꆷ돆횮캪ꆰ놾훊짏복짙뺺헹믲뻟폐탎돉슢뛏뗄쟷쫆ꆱꎬ뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뗚36쳵맦뚨캪ꆰ뿉틔풤볻붫닺짺믲볓잿튻룶쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꆱꆣ뛔폚늢릺뗄쿞훆뺺헹펰쿬ꎬ룷맺폐늻춬뗄뻟쳥에뛏뇪ힼꆣ샽죧쏀맺ꆶ늢릺ힼ퓲ꆷ내늢릺탎쪽뮮럖ꎬ룹뻝뫡쿲늢릺ꆢퟝ쿲늢릺뫍믬뫏늢릺룷ퟔ뛔뺺헹뗄쿞훆탔펰쿬살볓틔맦훆ꆣꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷ뗚2쳵뗚7뿮뗚뛾쿮ꆢ뗚죽쿮럖뇰맦뚨쇋슢뛏웳튵뗄쫐뎡뇗몦쟩탎ꆣ벴:ꆰ뛾ꆢ듦퓚룸웤쯻쫂튵죋탂뺭펪쫴폚룃쫂튵쇬폲뗄쫂튵듸살쿔훸삧쓑뗄쟩뿶ꎻ죽ꆢ룃쫂튵죋쳡릩뗄튻뚨뗄짌욷믲헟샍컱ꎬ퓚뷏뎤뗄웚볤쓚ꎬ룹뻝릩쟳맘쾵뇤뚯틔벰릩룸쯹탨럑폃뗄뇤뚯ꎬ볛룱쏷쿔짏헇믲헟뻓룟늻쿂ꎬ쟒룃쫂튵죋퓚듋웚볤쓚ꎬ폐쿂쇐탐캪횮튻뗄:A.룃쫂튵죋퓚헾쇮맦뚨뗄쫂튵훖샠랶캧쓚ꎬ좡뗃쿔훸뎬맽헾쇮맦뚨뗄룃쫂튵뇪ힼ샻죳싊뗄샻틦뗄;B.룃쫂튵죋쯹횧뢶뗄쿺쫛럑뫍튻냣맜샭럑ꎬ놻죏캪쿔훸뎬맽웤쯹쫴쫂튵쇬폲뗄뇪ힼ쿺쫛럑뫍튻냣맜샭럑15뗄ꆣꆱ 14 췵뎤뫓ꆢ훜쮮쪤ꆢ쇵럧뺰틫ꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪냦ꎬ뗚4튳ꆣ 15 췵뎤뫓ꆢ훜쮮쪤ꆢ쇵럧뺰틫ꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪냦ꎬ뗚4ꆪ5튳ꆣ 13
죽ꆢ쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈 퓚룷맺랴슢뛏램쳥쾵훐ꎬ튻냣뚼맦뚨폐쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈ꆣ랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈튲쫴폚랴슢뛏램뗄쪵쳥램훆뛈쳥쾵랶돫ꆣ쯼쫇횸맺볒믹폚짧믡릫릲샻틦ꆢ짧믡헻쳥샻틦뫍맺볒샻틦뗄뾼싇ꎬ뛔쳘뚨탐튵뗄웳튵뗄슢뛏탐캪뫍슢뛏ힴ첬틀램늻쫊폃랴슢뛏램쿠맘훆뛈뗄쟩뿶ꆣ춨뎣쟩뿶쿂ꎬ맺볒뗄붻춨퓋쫤튵ꆢ춨톶폊헾튵틔벰릩뗧ꆢ릩쮮ꆢ릩웸뗈릫폃웳튵캪듺뇭뗄ퟔ좻슢뛏탐튵틔벰폫맺볒낲좫ꆢ짧믡컈뚨쏜쟐쿠맘뗄틸탐ꆢ놣쿕ꆢ맺럀뻼릤뗈탐튵뚼쫴폚랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢쇬폲ꆣ떫룷룶맺볒춨뎣튪룹뻝놾맺뺭볃랢햹뗄뷗뛎ꆢ뛔췢뾪럅뗄돌뛈틔벰떱잰뗄뺭볃헾닟ퟔ훷뻶뚨놾맺랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢쇬폲ꆣ듓쫀뷧랶캧뾴ꎬ튻킩랢듯맺볒ꎬ죧뗂맺ꆢ죕놾뗈ꎬ틑뺭훰늽좡쿻믲복죵랴슢뛏램쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈퓚릫폃쫂튵쇬폲쓚뗄횴탐ꎬ뛸쫇퓚짏쫶쇬폲틽죫쇋쫊뛈뺺헹ꎬ듓뛸좡뗃쇋뷏뫃뗄뺭볃킧틦뫍짧믡킧틦ꆣ 룷맺뛔랴슢뛏램쫊폃믭쏢쇬폲뗄램싉맦뚨뗄탎쪽훷튪폐죽훖:튻쫇퓚랴슢뛏램훐헂믲뷚맦뚨랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢ꆣ죧죕놾ꆶ뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷ뗚6헂ꆢ뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뗚28쳵훁31쳵벴쏅맦뚨쇋쫊폃믭쏢뗄쇬폲;뛾쫇훆뚨쏅뗄랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢램ꆣ죧죕놾뻍훆뚨폐ꆶ맘폚뷻횹쮽죋슢뛏벰좷놣릫헽붻틗뗄램싉뗄쫊폃믭쏢뗄램싉ꆷ벴ꆶ쫊폃믭쏢램ꆷꎻ죽쫇퓚웤쯻쏅탔램싉훐쏷좷맦뚨랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢쳵뿮ꎬ죧죕놾뗄ꆶ놣쿕튵램ꆷ뗈ꆣ떱좻ꎬ짏쫶벸훖탎쪽탭뛠맺볒뚼쫇뷡뫏웰살쪹폃ꎬퟮ뎣볻뗄뷡뫏탎쪽뻍쫇튻랽쏦퓚랴슢뛏램훐뛔쫊폃믭쏢ퟷ쇋쏅탔뗄풭퓲탔뗄맦뚨ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦폖퓚웤쯻쏅탔램싉훐뛔랴슢뛏램뗄쫊폃믭쏢ퟷ뻟쳥뗄맦뚨ꆣ퓚쫊폃믭쏢뗄뻟쳥쓚죝짏ꎬ뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뗚2훁8쳵맦뚨쇋뿉틔뗃떽엺ힼ뗄뾨쳘뛻뗄훖샠ꆣ쏀맺랴췐삭쮹램훐쎻폐뻟쳥쇐돶쓄킩늢릺뿉틔믭쏢ꎬ뛸쫇틔ꆰ뫏샭풭퓲ꆱ뻟쳥에뛏쒳튻뾨쳘뛻쫇럱뻟폐램싉탭뿉뗄뫏램샭평ꎬ죧맻놻횤쏷쫇늻뫏샭뗄ꎬ뻟폐랴뺺헹킧맻ꎬ퓲펦쫜떽램싉뷻횹ꆣ죕놾ꆶ뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷ뗚6헂쏷좷맦뚨쇋쫊폃믭쏢뗄7훖쟩뿶ꎬ듋췢ꎬ뮹훆뚩폐쏅뗄쫊폃믭쏢램ꎬ벴ꆶ맘폚뷻횹쮽죋슢뛏벰좷놣릫헽붻틗뗄램싉뗄쫊폃믭쏢뗄램싉ꆷꎬ퓚웤쯻튻킩쿠맘램싉뫍탐튵램훐튲맦뚨14
16폐룷훖돽췢쳵볾ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 늢릺맦훆뗄돌탲탔맦퓲 돽쇋짏쫶맦훆늢릺뗄쪵쳥맦퓲ꎬ룷맺랴슢뛏램훐춨뎣튲냼삨탭뛠쪮럖훘튪돌탲탔맦퓲ꆣ훷튪폐틔쿂벸룶랽쏦: 튻ꆢ짪놨훆뛈 짪놨럖캪쫂잰뫍쫂뫳솽늿럖ꆣ쫂잰짪놨쫇튻훖풤럀탔뗄램싉맦훆쫖뛎ꎬ캪짙늢릺떱쫂죋틔벰맦훆믺맘뗄뢺떣ꎬ붵뗍맦훆뗄돉놾ꎬ쯼훷튪헫뛔뗄쫇폐듳웳튵닎볓뗄늢릺ꎬ틲듋췹췹맦뚨폐튻뚨뗄맦쒣튪볾ꎻ쫂뫳짪놨쫇튻훖돖탸탔뫍늹뻈탔뗄램싉맦훆쫖뛎ꎬ쒿뗄쫇캪쇋볠뚽쫕릺췪돉횮뫳쿠맘쫐뎡쇬폲쓚뗄뺺헹ힴ뿶ꎬ럀횹평폚쫐뎡뷡릹랢짺뇤뮯뛸떼훂웤퓚쫐뎡훐뒦폚슢뛏뗘캻ꆣ짪놨뗄쓚죝춨뎣냼삨짪놨죋ꆢ짪놨죋뗄틥컱ꆢ짪놨쫂쿮ꆢ짪놨뗄웚쿞뗈뗄쫊폃랶캧ꆣ 쏀맺웳튵짪놨뗄뛔쿳냼삨:볦늢웳튵쓪뺻쿺쫛뛮믲ퟜ닺뎬맽1틚쏀풪ꎬ놻늢릺웳튵뗄쓪뺻쿺쫛뛮믲ퟜ닺뎬맽1000췲쏀풪ꎻ믲헟늢릺웳튵뺻쿺쫛뛮믲ퟜ닺뎬맽1000췲쏀풪ꎬ놻늢릺웳튵쓪뺻쿺쫛뛮믲ퟜ닺뎬맽1틚쏀풪ꆣ퓚잰튻쟩뿶쿂ꎬ놻늢17릺웳튵냼삨훆퓬웳튵뫍럇훆퓬웳튵ꎬ뫳튻쟩뿶쿂놻늢릺웳튵뷶횸훆퓬웳튵ꆣ 맘폚짪놨쫂쿮ꎬ룷맺춨뎣뚼폐쏅맦뚨ꎬ샽죧죕놾릫욽붻틗캯풱믡퓚1953쓪냤늼뗄ꆶ폐맘틀뻝뷻횹슢뛏램뗚9훁16쳵뗄맦뚨믱뗃죏뿉벰돐죏뗄짪쟫ꆢ놨룦뫍짪놨뗄맦퓲ꆷ훐맦뚨ꎬ돽짪놨쫩췢ꎬ짪놨죋뮹펦쳡릩릫쮾헂돌ꆢ늢릺뫏춬ꆢퟮ뷼죽룶펪튵쓪뛈뗄펪튵놨룦ꆢ닺뢺햮뇭벰펯뿷볆쯣쫩ꆢ돖폐뎬맽폐맘릫쮾틑랢탐막럝1%틔18짏뗄막뚫쏻닡ꆢ맘폚늢릺뗄막뚫듳믡뻶틩뗈ꆣ 뛾ꆢ짳닩훆뛈 16룹뻝죕놾릫헽붻틗캯풱믡릫늼뗄닄쇏ꎬ쿖폐40뛠룶램싉짦벰떽늢릺믭쏢ꎬ웤훐훷튪폐ꎺ뷻횹슢뛏램ꆢ훐킡웳튵췅쳥ퟩ횯램ꆢ훐킡웳튵킭춬ퟩ횯램ꆢ쫤죫붻틗램ꆢ뷻횹슢뛏램뗄쫊폃돽췢램뗈ꆣ 17 췵캪얩ꎺꆶ뫏늢벯훐맦훆믹놾램샭튻쏀맺ꆢ죕놾탽얷쏋뗄랴슢뛏뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2001쓪냦ꎬ뗚200튳ꆣ 18 쇵뫣ꎺꆶ췢늢릺탐캪폫헾뢮맦훆ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2000쓪냦ꎬ뗚144튳ꆣ 15
짳닩훆뛈냼삨짳닩믺릹ꆢ짳닩웚쿞ꆢ짳닩뷡맻뗈ꆣ맘폚늢릺뗄쿞훆뺺헹짳닩튻냣뚼쫇평쏅뗄랴슢뛏믺릹횴탐ꎬ죧쏀맺쫇쮾램늿랴췐삭쮹뻖뫍솪냮쎳틗캯풱믡ꎬ뗂맺쫇뾨쳘뛻뻖ꎬ죕놾쫇릫욽붻틗캯풱믡ꆣ맘폚램싉뫳맻ꎬ룷맺랴슢뛏램춨뎣쏷좷맦뚨ꎬ뛔쿞훆뺺헹뗄늢릺닉좡뷻횹뫍업돽듫쪩ꆣ뻟쳥냼삨틔쿂죽샠:ꎨ1ꎩ뛔폚뿉쓜쿞훆뺺헹뗄웳튵늢릺ꎬ짳닩믺맘늻폨엺ힼ믲쏷좷뷻횹웤늢릺ꎬ죧뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뗚36쳵맦뚨:(2)뛔폚틑췪돉뗄쿞훆뺺헹뗄늢릺ꎬ평랴슢뛏믺릹랢돶틔업돽듫쪩캪훷튪쓚죝뗄뷻횹쇮ꎬ죧죕놾ꆶ뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷ뗚17쳵맦뚨;(3)죧늢릺뗄떱쫂죋뻜늻싄탐폐맘뷻쇮ꎬ램싉맦뚨쇋쿠펦뗄뒦랣듫쪩ꎬ샽죧뗂맺ꆶ랴쿞훆뺺헹램ꆷ뗚32쳵ꆪ34쳵뗄맦뚨ꆣ 죽ꆢ쮾램뻈볃돌탲 늢릺랽죧뛔짳닩떱뻖뗄뻶뚨늻럾ꎬ펦폐좨춨맽탐헾뢴틩믲쮾램쯟쯏돌탲틔믱뗃쮾램뻈볃ꆣ샽죧퓚얷쏋쓚ꎬ떱쫂웳튵죧맻뛔랴슢뛏떱뻖ퟶ돶뗄뒦랣뻶뚨늻럾ꎬ뿉틔쿲얷쏋램풺쳡돶쯟쯏ꎬ튪쟳뷸탐쮾램짳닩틔믱뗃쮾램뻈볃ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 늢릺맦훆뗄랴슢뛏풭퓲 퓚랴슢뛏램맦훆뗄샺쪷뫍쪵볹훐ꎬ짳닩믺맘훰늽랢햹돶탭뛠훘튪뗄풭퓲ꎬ뛔폚늢릺믮뚯뗄맦훆틀뻝ꆢ맦훆랶캧뻟폐훘튪틢틥ꆣ헢킩풭퓲훷튪벯훐퓚짳닩뫍쫊폃솽룶뮷뷚: 튻ꆢ놾짭캥램풭퓲(perserule)뫍뫏샭풭퓲(Ruleofreason) ퟛ뫏쫀뷧훷튪맺볒랴슢뛏램뗄솢램벰쮾램뺭퇩ꎬ튻냣쟩뿶쿂ꎬ죧맻쿞훆뺺헹뗄탐캪뛔뺺헹늻닺짺쪵훊탔뗄늻솼펰쿬ꎬ믲헟쿞훆뺺헹탐캪쯤좻퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뫍랶캧짏쿞훆뺺헹ꎬ떫듓쇭튻닣쏦짏쯼좴뿉틔룄짆뺺헹뗄쳵볾ꎬ췆뚯뺺헹퓚룼룟닣듎짏뷸탐ꎬ믲헟쿞훆뺺헹탐캪쯤퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쿞훆뺺헹ꎬ떫좴뿉틔쪹웳튵쳡룟뺭볃킧틦믲쳡룟맺볊뺺헹솦ꎬ믲헟쿞훆뺺헹탐캪쯤뛔뺺헹폐뷏캪퇏훘뗄늻솼펰쿬ꎬ떫웤쪵쪩좴폐샻폚헻쳥뺭볃ꆢ맺볒샻틦뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦뗈ꎬ럻뫏짏쫶쟩뿶횮튻뗄쿞훆뺺헹탐캪ꎬ16
횻튪웤늻쫇뎹뗗뗘득믙쫐뎡뺭볃삵틔듦퓚뗄뺺헹믺훆ꎬ뺭ퟛ뫏뫢솿웤쿞훆뺺헹듸살뗄틦뒦듳폚웤쿞훆뺺헹뗄뇗뒦뗄ꎬ뚼뿉쫓캪뫏샭뗄쿞훆뺺헹탐캪뛸뗃떽탭뿉ꎻ쿠랴ꎬ죧맻웤쿞훆뺺헹뗄뇗뒦듳폚쿞훆뺺헹뗄틦뒦뗄ꎬ퓲뿉죏뚨캪늻뫏샭쿞훆뺺헹탐캪ꎬ튲뻍쫇럇램탐캪ꎬ펦폨뷻횹ꆣ놾짭캥램풭퓲뫍뫏샭풭퓲쿈뫳뒴솢폚쏀맺뗄에샽램훐ꎬ헢솽쿮풭퓲쫇짳닩믺릹에뛏쫇럱퓊탭늢릺붻틗뗄틀뻝ꆣ 퓚늢릺떼훂웳튵뗄쫐뎡맦쒣뎬맽튻뚨뇈샽믲쫽뛮쪱ꎬ짳닩믺릹틀뻝룃솽쿮풭퓲횮튻믲뛾헟뮥캪늹돤ꎬퟶ돶쿞훆붻틗뗄뻙듫믲늻폨룉풤뗄뻶뚨ꆣ놾짭캥램풭퓲쫇횸:탐캪놾짭뻟폐뫜쏷쿔뗄슢뛏탔훊ꎬ램싉뛔듋튲폐쏷컄뷻횹맦뚨ꎬ퓲룃탐캪튻뺭놻횸뿘ꎬ벴뿉에뚨캪럇램ꎬ컞탨퓙뻙횤쮵쏷듋훖탐캪뗄뫏샭폫럱틔벰뛔쫐뎡뺺헹늻솼펰쿬뗄듳킡ꆣ쫊폃놾짭캥램풭퓲뗄훷튪폐만뚨쿺쫛볛룱킭틩뫍럖쿭쫐뎡킭틩뗈탐캪ꆣ틀뻝놾짭캥램풭퓲ꎬ웳튵늢릺뗄맦쒣햼폐쫐뎡뗄뇈샽뎬맽튻뚨쫽뛮ꎬ믲늢릺놾짭쫴폚램싉뷻횹뗄랶캧ꎬ뻍쫴캥램ꎬ컞탫뾼싇쯼쏇뛔쫐뎡뺺헹뗄뻟쳥펰쿬ꆣ쏀맺뗄ꆶ킻19뛻싼램ꆷ뗚1ꆢ2쳵뻍쫇놾짭캥램풭퓲뗄풨풴ꆣ1898쓪ꎬ쯾럲췐램맙뛔놾짭캥램풭퓲뗄뷢쫍쫇:ꆰ쿞훆쎳틗뗄쯹폐웵풼놾짭쫇캥램뗄ꎬ뚼늻쓜싄탐ꆣ웵풼뗄쒿뗄늢컞닮뇰ꎬ죴튻볒웳튵늻쫇춨맽돉놾ퟮ킡뮯뗄랽램뛸믱뗃슢뛏뗘캻ꎬ헢뇣놻뾴ퟷ쫇럇램탐20캪ꆣꆱ놾짭캥램풭퓲뻸뛔뷻횹쿞훆뺺헹뗄웳튵볤킭틩뫍릲쒱ꎬ떫쫂쪵짏죎뫎짦벰쎳틗뗄킭틩믲낲업ꎬ쳘뇰쫇웳튵볤뗄늢릺믮뚯ꎬ뚼폐업돢웤쯻뺺헹헟뗄틢춼ꎬ튲뚼폐뿉쓜퓬돉쿞훆뺺헹뗄뫳맻ꎬ죧맻쯼쏇뫁컞샽췢뗘쫜떽쿞훆ꎬퟔ평쫐뎡뺭볃튲뻍컞램헽뎣퓋탐ꆣ평듋ꎬ쏀맺ퟮ룟램풺퓚1911쓪ꆰ뇪ힼ쪯폍릫쮾낸ꆱ(Satndardoilcase)훐폖랢햹튻쳵탂뗄풭퓲ꎬ벴ꆰ뫏샭풭퓲ꆱꎬ틔ퟷ캪뛔놾짭캥램풭퓲뗄늹돤뫍쿞훆ꎬ늢ퟮ훕랢햹돉캪퓚랴슢뛏램쇬폲쓚펦폃ퟮ맣랺뗄튻쿮믹놾풭퓲ꆣ뫏샭풭퓲쫇횸:쒳훖쫐뎡탐캪쯤좻몬폐튻킩쿞훆뺺헹틲쯘ꎬ떫죧맻쎻폐뎬돶램싉짏뫍짌튵짏죏캪뫏샭뗄쿞뛈ꎬ늻믡떼훂쪵훊탔뗘복짙쫐뎡짏뗄뺺헹ꎬ뻍늻에뚨캪캥랴랴슢뛏램ꆣ쫊폃뫏샭풭퓲뗄훷튪폐웳튵늢릺뫍ퟝ쿲쿞훆탔킭틩뗈ꆣ룹뻝뫏샭풭퓲ꎬ늢럇쯹폐뗄쿞훆뺺헹탐 19 1890쓪ꎬ쏀맺ꆶ킻뛻싼램ꆷ뗚l쳵맦뚨ꎬ벴ꆰ죎뫎죋틔웵풼ꆢ췐삭쮹탎쪽믲웤쯻탎쪽뗄솪뫏ꆢ릲쒱ꎬ쿞훝볊믲췢맺횮볤뗄쎳틗믲짌튵ꎬ쫇럇램뗄ꆣꆱ춬램뗚2쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ죎뫎듓쫂슢뛏ꎬ웳춼뷸탐슢뛏ꎬ믲폫죋솪뫏ꎬ릲쒱틔슢뛏훝볊쎳틗믲뛔췢쎳틗믲짌튵믮뚯뗄죎뫎늿럖헟뻹쫴탌쫂랸ퟯꆣꆱ 20 닜쪿뇸ꎺꆶ랴슢뛏램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1996쓪냦ꎬ뗚201튳ꆣ 17
캪뚼쫴캥램ꎬ쫗쿈탨튪뛔쿞훆뺺헹ퟷꆰ뫏샭ꆱ믲ꆰ늻뫏샭ꆱ뗄쟸럖ꎬ횻폐늻뫏샭뗄쿞훆뺺헹닅쫴폚ꆶ킻뛻싼램ꆷ뗚1쳵뗄뷻횹랶캧ꆣ 뛾ꆢ쓚맺랴슢뛏램폲췢킧솦뗄쫊폃풭퓲 랴슢뛏램뗄폲췢킧솦쫇평쏀맺램풺퓚짳에쪵볹훐쫗뾪쿈뫓뗄ꎬ웤틀뻝쫇킧맻풭퓲(EffectDoctrine)ꆣ틀뻝듋쿮풭퓲ꎬ횻튪쿞훆뺺헹뗄탐캪퓚쏀맺맺쓚쫐뎡짏닺짺쇋킧맻ꎬ쓇쎴늻맜헢훖탐캪쫇퓚쪲쎴뗘랽랢짺뗄ꎬ뚼뿉틔쫊폃쏀맺뗄랴췐삭쮹램ꆣ헢뻍쫇랴슢뛏램뗄폲췢킧솦믲폲췢쫊폃ꆣ킧맻풭퓲좷솢폚1945쓪ꆰ쏀맺싁릫쮾낸ꆱ(UnitedState America)훐ꆣ퓚룃낸훐ꎬ쏀맺ퟮ룟램풺쏷좷쳡돶쇋ꆰ죎뫎맺볒뻹뿉뻍랢짺퓚뺳췢떫폖퓚웤뺳쓚닺짺펰쿬뗄죋뫍탐캪ꎬ짵훁늻뛔웤뢺21폐훒돏틥컱뗄죋탐쪹맜쾽좨ꆱ뗄훷헅ꆣ평낸샽램좷뚨뗄킧맻풭퓲튲놻킴뷸쏀맺뗄늢릺램ꎬ죧퓚1976쓪뗄ꆶ볦늢(뫏늢)짪놨램ꆷ훐맦뚨죧췢맺춬튵릫쮾뗄볦늢뛔폚쏀맺쫐뎡닺짺튻뚨펰쿬헟ꎬ튲탫돐떣쿲쏀맺짪놨뗄틥컱ꆣ듓췢늢릺뗄펰쿬살뾴ꎬ췢늢릺믮뚯뗄엮늪랢햹쪹뗃웤뛔뺺헹뗄펰쿬랶캧좷쪵듦퓚죕틦삩듳뗄쟷쫆ꆣ샽죧ꎬ랢짺폚쒳튻닺욷쇬폲뗄훷튪뺺헹웳튵횮볤뗄늢릺ꎬ늻뷶뛔뚫뗀맺뗄쫐뎡뷡릹ꎬ뛸쟒튲믡뛔웤쯻맺볒맺쓚쫐뎡뗄춬샠닺욷뺺헹퓬돉뻞듳펰쿬ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뛔폚헢훖펰쿬펦듯떽쪲쎴퇹뗄랶캧뫍돌뛈ꎬ룷맺쓑틔훆뚩돶솿뮯뗄뫏샭뇪ힼꆣ돽쇋킧맻풭퓲틔췢ꎬ얷릲쳥캯풱믡뫍얷훞램풺뮹랢햹쇋쇭췢튻쿮랴슢뛏램폲췢쫊폃뗄풭퓲ꎬ벴쫴뗘훷틥폫웳22튵튻쳥뮯풭퓲ꆣꆰ룃풭퓲쫊폃폚ퟓ릫쮾폫쒸릫쮾횮볤ꎬ벴ퟓ릫쮾퓚릲춬쳥쫐뎡쓚폐펪튵뎡쯹(쫴뗘)ꎬ쒸릫쮾좴퓚릲춬쳥쫐뎡횮췢뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뛔폚ퟓ릫쮾뗄캥램슢뛏탐캪ꎬ얷릲쳥캯풱믡뫍얷훞램풺횱뷓퓋폃쫴뗘훷틥폫웳튵튻쳥뮯풭퓲ꎬ죏뚨쒸릫쮾폫ퟓ릫쮾쫴폚ꆰ튻쳥ꆱꎬ늢틔ퟓ릫쮾뗄ꆰ쫴뗘ꆱ(릲춬쫐뎡쓚)훷헅쒸릫쮾뗄ꆰ쫴뗘ꆱꎬ에뚨릲춬쫐뎡횮췢뗄쒸릫쮾돐떣램싉퓰죎,쫜얷릲쳥뺺헹램뗄ힷ뺿ꆣ횻폐횤쏷ퟓ릫쮾퓚쫐뎡믮뚯훐뻟폐헦헽뗄ퟔ훎뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ닅뿉틔뛔뾹헢훖맜쾽훷헅ꆣ 21 듷뿼짺ꆢ짛붨뚫ꆢ돂솢뮢ꎺꆶ뺺헹램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훐맺듳냙뿆좫쫩돶냦짧ꎬ1993쓪냦ꎬ뗚75ꎭ76튳ꆣ 22 닜쪿뇸ꎺꆶ랴슢뛏램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1996쓪냦ꎬ뗚75튳ꆣ 18
뗚쯄헂 컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏솢램룅쫶 뗚튻뷚ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺랴슢뛏램ꆷ쪵쪩잰램싉뿲볜 뛔폚췢늢릺훐뗄슢뛏ꎬ1999쓪11퓂ꆶ맘폚췢짌춶웳튵뫏늢폫럖솢뗄맦뚨ꆷ뗚24쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ릫쮾뫏늢뗄짳엺믺맘캪췢뺭쎳늿ꎬ죧맻췢뺭쎳늿죏캪릫쮾뫏늢뻟폐탐튵슢뛏뗄쟷쫆믲헟뿉쓜탎돉쒳훖쳘뚨짌욷믲럾컱뗄쫐뎡뿘훆뗘캻뛸럁낭릫욽뺺헹ꎬ뿉폚뷓떽쯹쫶폐맘컄볾뫳ꎬ헙벯폐맘늿쏅뫍믺릹ꎬ뛔쓢뫏늢뗄릫쮾뷸탐쳽횤늢뛔룃릫쮾벰웤쿠맘쫐뎡뷸탐뗷닩ꆣ잰뿮쯹쫶짳엺웚쿞뿉퇓뎤떽180쳬ꆣꆱ2002쓪11퓂맺볒뺭쎳캯ꆢ닆헾늿ꆢ맺볒릤짌뻖ꆢ맺볒췢믣맜샭뻖솪뫏랢늼뗄ꆶ샻폃췢룄ퟩ맺폐웳튵퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ폐솽룶쳵뿮짦벰떽슢뛏컊쳢ꆣ튻쫇뗚쇹쳵맦뚨쇋샻폃췢룄ퟩ맺폐웳튵펦떱ퟱ톭뗄풭퓲ꎬ벴샻폃췢룄ퟩ맺폐웳튵펦떱ꆰ듙뷸릫욽뺺헹ꎬ늻뗃떼훂쫐뎡슢뛏ꆱꆣ뛾쫇뗚뻅쳵ꎬꆰ뷓쫜짪쟫뗄뺭볃쎳틗훷맜늿쏅펦떱틀헕ꆶ횸떼췢짌춶랽쿲맦뚨ꆷ뗄좨쿞뫍폐맘램싉램맦뷸탐짳뫋ꆣꆭꆭ뛔뿉쓜떼훂쫐뎡슢뛏ꆢ럁낭릫욽뺺헹뗄ꎬ퓚짳뫋잰ퟩ횯쳽횤ꆣ뺭볃쎳틗훷맜늿쏅퓚쫕떽룄ퟩ짪쟫닄쇏뫳45쳬쓚펦떱ퟶ돶쫇럱춬틢뗄엺뢴ꎻ탨튪쳽횤뗄ꎬ퓚3룶퓂쓚ퟶ돶쫇럱춬틢뗄엺뢴ꆣꆱ떫쫇헢킩램싉맦랶쯹냼몬뗄맦퓲횻쫇풭퓲탔뗄맦뚨ꎬ퓚맦훆췢늢릺뗄쿞훆뺺헹킧맻쪱좱랦뿉닙ퟷ탔ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룃맦뚨뷶쫊폃폚췢짌춶웳튵뛔늿럖쓚웳튵뗄늢릺ꎬ뛔웤쯻샠탍췢늢릺늢늻쫊폃ꆣ랴늻헽떱뺺헹램튲횻맦뚨쇋탐헾슢뛏ꆢ릫폃쫂튵슢뛏뗈늻헽떱뺺헹탐캪ꎬ뛔췢틲늢릺랽쪽틽웰탐튵맽뛈벯훐쯹탎돉뗄슢뛏쎻폐맦뚨ꆣ 퓚2002쓪뷸죫훐맺뗄300틚쏀풪뗄췢맺놾훐ꎬ횱뷓춶뗄뇈훘햼떽쇋85%ꎬ듓쫂늢릺뗄놾횻햼15%ꆣ헢퇹뗄쿖쪵늻샻폚훐맺샻폃췢맺놾헻뫏쏱ퟥ닺튵ꎬ뛸좱랦쟥컺쏷좷뗄췢늢릺맦뚨쫇퓬돉헢훖쿖쿳뗄훘튪풭틲횮튻ꎬ틲듋훐맺헾뢮2003쓪돶첨쇋ꆶ퓝탐맦뚨ꆷꎬ쏷좷쇋늢릺랴슢뛏짳닩쫜샭믺릹ꆢ쿠펦뗄짳닩돌탲ꆢ랴슢뛏짳19
닩뗄맦쒣튪볾ꆢ랴슢뛏쫊폃믭쏢훆뛈뗈ꆣꆶ퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ뗄냤늼짨솢쇋훐맺뗚튻룶웳튵늢릺랴슢뛏짪놨쾵춳ꎬ쫇훐맺뺺헹헾닟랢햹쪷짏뗄튻룶샯돌놮ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ평폚뛔췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏뿘훆쫇췢맜샭뗄탂뿎쳢ꎬꆶ퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ뗄맦뚨죔좻쫇뇈뷏풭퓲탔뗄맦뚨ꎬ횼틔짏솢램뗄훷튪쒿뗄쫇듙뷸뫍맜샭췢짌횱뷓춶ꎬ뛸늻쫇맦랶췢늢릺훐뗄뺺헹컊쳢놾짭ꎬ틲듋헢킩솢램훐뗄랴슢뛏쓚죝죔좻쫇쇣즢뗄ꆢ늻쾵춳뗄ꆣ틲듋맦뚨뗄훆뚩헟튲횸돶퓚쪵볊쫊폃헢킩맦뚨쪱ꎬ죔탨뢨횮틔룼뻟닙ퟷ탔뗄램싉맦랶ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺랴슢뛏램ꆷ뷢뛁 컒맺ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺랴슢뛏램ꆷ뗄솢램샺돌ꎺ1994쓪ꎬ평짌컱늿뢺퓰웰닝뫍뗷퇐릤ퟷꎬ랴슢뛏램놻쇐죫뗚냋뷬좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡솢램맦뮮ꆣ1998쓪ꎬ퓙듎놻쇐죫뗚뻅뷬좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡솢램맦뮮ꆣ2003쓪12퓂ꎬ좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡폖붫룃램쇐죫쪮뷬좫맺죋듳솢램맦뮮ꆣ2004쓪ꎬ맺컱풺붫룃램쇐죫솢램볆뮮ꆣ2005쓪2퓂ꎬꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ폖튻듎놻좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡쇐죫솢램볆뮮ꆣ2005쓪12퓂ꎬ짌컱늿돆ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ탞룄짳닩틑믱뷏듳뷸햹ꆣ2006쓪3퓂ꎬ헾킭캯풱뫴폵뺡뿬돶첨ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷꆣ2006쓪6퓂ꎬ랴슢뛏램닝낸쳡붻좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡쫗듎짳틩ꆣ2007쓪6퓂25죕ꎬ쪮뷬좫맺죋듳뎣캯믡뛾짳랴슢뛏램닝낸ꎬ퓶볓쇹쿮탂맦뚨ꆣ2007쓪8퓂29죕ꎬ좫맺죋듳램싉캯춨맽랴슢뛏램닝낸ꆣ2007쓪8퓂30죕ꎬ뗚쪮뷬좫맺죋쏱듺뇭듳믡뎣컱캯풱믡뗚뛾쪮뻅듎믡틩짏춨맽랴슢뛏램닝낸ꎬ늢폚2008쓪8퓂1죕헽쪽쪵쪩ꆣ샺쪱쪮죽쓪ꎬ쯼폫훐맺쿖쪵뗄쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹뗄첬쫆쿠쫊펦ꎬ폫쫀뷧룷맺랴슢뛏솢램뗄믹놾훆뛈쿠뷓맬ꆣ ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ릲럖캪8헂57쳵ꎬ냼삨ꎺퟜ퓲ꆢ슢뛏킭틩ꆢ샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꆢ뺭펪헟벯훐ꆢ샄폃탐헾좨솦업돽ꆢ쿞훆뺺헹ꆢ뛔짦쿓슢뛏탐캪뗄뗷닩ꆢ램싉퓰죎뫍뢽퓲ꆣퟚ횼ꎺ캪쇋풤럀뫍훆횹슢뛏탐캪ꎬ놣뮤쫐뎡릫욽뺺헹ꎬ쳡룟뺭볃퓋탐킧싊ꎬ캬뮤쿻럑헟샻틦뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦ꎬ듙뷸짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃붡뾵랢햹ꆣ튪뗣ꎺ랴슢뛏램맦뚨뗄슢뛏탐캪냼삨ꎺ뺭펪헟듯돉슢뛏킭틩ꎻ뺭펪헟샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎻ뻟폐믲20
헟뿉쓜뻟폐업돽ꆢ쿞훆뺺헹킧맻뗄뺭펪헟벯훐ꆣ웤훐쏷좷맦뚨ꎺ뷻횹듳탍맺웳뷨뿘훆뗘캻쯰몦쿻럑헟샻틦ꎬ맺폐뺭볃햼뿘훆뗘캻뗄맘쾵맺쏱뺭볃쏼싶뫍맺볒낲좫뗄탐튵틔벰틀램쪵탐펪싴뗄탐튵ꎬ맺볒뛔뺭펪헟뗄뺭펪탐캪벰웤짌욷뫍럾컱뗄볛룱틀램쪵쪩볠맜뫍뗷뿘ꎬ캬뮤쿻럑헟샻틦ꎻ뻟폐쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄뺭펪헟ꎬ늻뗃샄폃쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎬ업돽ꆢ쿞훆뺺헹ꎻ맺컱풺짨솢랴슢뛏캯풱믡ꎬ뢺퓰ퟩ횯ꆢ킭뗷ꆢ횸떼랴슢뛏릤ퟷꎬ싄탐틔쿂컥듳횰쓜ꎺ퇐뺿쓢뚩폐맘뺺헹헾닟ꎻퟩ횯뗷닩ꆢ움맀쫐뎡ퟜ쳥뺺헹ힴ뿶ꎬ늢랢늼움맀놨룦ꎻ훆뚨ꆢ랢늼랴슢뛏횸쓏ꎻ킭뗷랴슢뛏탐헾횴램릤ퟷꎻ맺컱풺맦뚨뗄웤쯻횰퓰ꎻ랴슢뛏램뮹맦뚨ꎬ맺컱풺맦뚨뗄돐떣랴슢뛏횴램횰퓰뗄믺릹ꎨ맺컱풺랴슢뛏횴램믺릹ꎩ틀헕놾램맦뚨ꎬ뢺퓰랴슢뛏횴램릤ퟷꆣ 뗚죽뷚 컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏램싉쳥쾵듦퓚뗄컊쳢 컒맺헽퓚훰늽붨솢쫐뎡뺭볃믺훆ꎬ쿠펦뗄솢램뮹뫜놡죵ꎬ뛔췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏맦훆훷튪틀뾿짦벰떽닺튵헾닟뗄췢솢램ꎬ춨맽뷻횹뫍쿞훆쫐뎡ힼ죫뫍쿞훆막좨뇈샽뗈랽쪽볤뷓뗘듯떽뛔췢늢릺뷸탐랴슢뛏맦훆뗄쒿뗄ꆣꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ쿠뇈뷏랢듯맺볒뗄랴슢뛏램뮹럇뎣볲떥ꎬ폐듽뷸튻늽췪짆ꆣ뛸쒿잰떣떱럀횹췢탎돉슢뛏훘죎뗄췢솢램ꎬ평폚쳥쾵즢싒엓퓓ꆢ쓚죝벫늻맦랶뗈컊쳢퓚쪵볊훐쓑틔헆컕늢돶쿖닙ퟷ쪵쪩짏뗄삧쓑ꆣ컒맺맘폚췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏솢램훷튪듦퓚틔쿂죽룶랽쏦뗄좱쿝ꆣ 튻ꆢ쿠맘솢램늻췪짆 췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏램싉맦훆탨튪쿠맘램싉램맦뗄뮥쿠엤뫏ꎬ뾼달튻킩맺췢뗄솢램ꎬ뿉틔랢쿖퓚췪짆뗄췢늢릺솢램쳥쾵훐ꎬ랴슢뛏램ꆢ췢늢릺짳닩램ꆢ릫쮾램ꆢ횤좯램뗈뚼냧퇝ퟅ럇뎣훘튪뗄뷇즫ꆣ헢킩램싉램맦쿠뮥엤뫏킭뗷틔듯떽맦훆췢늢릺믮뚯뗄쒿뗄ꎬ놣횤쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆쿂뗄ퟔ평뺺헹ꆣꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺횤좯램ꆷ뗚쯄헂쯤좻쏅헫뛔짏쫐릫쮾쫕릺컊쳢ퟶ돶쇋쿪쾸ꆢ뻟쳥뗄맦뚨ꎬ떫늢캴짦벰떽췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏컊쳢ꎬꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺릫쮾램ꆷ뗚뻅헂뛔릫쮾뫏늢폐쏷좷뗄맦뚨ꎬ떫쓚죝맽폚풭퓲ꎬ쳘뇰쫇헫뛔췢늢릺뗄뿉닙ퟷ탔뷏닮ꆣ 21
뛾ꆢ솢램맽폚볲떥ꆢ뿉닙ퟷ탔닮ꆢ킭뗷삧쓑 ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ횻폐컥쪮웟쳵ꎬ헢킩쳵컄뚼쫇룟뛈룅삨뗄ꎬ맽폚풭퓲뮯ꎬ뛸쟒쯼뗄쪵쪩쾸퓲튲쎻폐돶첨ꎬ헢뻍떼훂쇋쒿잰쯤좻냤늼쇋ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷꎬ떫좴틲캪좱랦닙ퟷ탔맦뚨뛸쓑틔쪵쪩ꆣ뻟쳥랴펳퓚뛔쿠맘쫐뎡ꆢ쫐뎡럝뛮ꆢ쫐뎡럖컶뗈믹놾컊쳢짏좱랦죏뚨뗄뇪ힼꎬ뫜쓑췆뛏튻쿮늢릺탐캪쫇럱쿞훆쇋폐킧뺺헹ꎬ쯹틔튲뻍뫜쓑에뛏웤뫏램폫럱ꆣꆶ퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ짦벰떽슢뛏뗄쳵뿮튲쫇짙뛸볲뛌ꎬ좱랦쪵볊닙ퟷ탔ꆣ컒맺쒿잰뗄췢솢램뛠쫽캪늿쏅맦헂ꎬ램싉뫍탐헾램맦횻햼짙쫽ꎬ램싉킧솦뗄닣듎늻룟ꆣ뛸쟒맺컱풺틔벰웤룷늿캯뚼뿉틔랢늼ꎬ쿠뮥볤좱랦킭뗷ꎬ떼훂룷맦뚨붻뗾훘훘ꆣ평폚램돶뛠쏅ꎬ늻뛏뗄돶쿖쳵뿮쓚죝뗄돥춻ꎬ짵훁춬튻룶늿쏅돶첨뗄늿쏅맦헂튲믡죧듋ꎬ틔훁늻뛏탞뚩솢램쳥쾵믬싒ꆣ 죽ꆢ솢램쮼쿫듦퓚컳쟸 췢늢릺뛔폚컒맺살쮵ꎬ듸살뗄늻뷶뷶쫇뷰뫍벼쫵ꎬ춬쪱튲쫇훆풼뫍뿘훆ꆣ췢늢릺췹췹풴폚췢맺웳튵뗄좫쟲햽싔뫍쫐뎡폅쫆ꎬ쫇췢맺웳튵쪵쿖맺볊탔짺닺뫍슢뛏뗄ퟮ뇣뷝랽쪽ꆣ웤쯻맺볒뗄늢릺솢램훷튪쫇캧죆랴슢뛏램붨솢웰살뗄ꎬ쒿뗄쫇캬뮤쫐뎡훐뗄ퟔ평뺺헹ꆣ뛸컒맺뗄췢늢릺솢램쮼쿫쫇틔죧뫎틽뷸췢살췆뚯맺폐웳튵룄룯캪쒿뗄ꎬ헢뻍듦퓚ퟅ튻룶컳쟸ꎬ벴맺폐웳튵횻튪쓜컼틽떽췢ꎬ튻냣뚼폨틔엺ힼꎬ뛔폐킩뗘쟸돶쿖뗄췢늢릺슢뛏쿖쿳튲쫇늻컅늻컊ꆣ퓚헢훖솢램쮼쿫뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ췢늢릺돶쿖쇋뎬뎣맦뗄랢햹쫆춷ꆣ 폈웤쫇뷼벸쓪살ꎬ췢짌춶훷쳥틑평훐킡놾뇤캪맺볊훸쏻뗄웳튵ꎬ춶쇬폲튲듓튻냣닺튵뷸죫룟탂벼쫵닺튵뫍뗚죽닺튵ꆣ룼캪퇏훘뗄쫇ꎬ췢짌춶틑늻뻖쿞폚튻룶룶떥뛀뗄웳튵ꎬ뛸돊쿖맦쒣뮯ꆢ쾵춳뮯뗄쟷쫆ꎬ폐뗄짵훁돶쿖뛱틢늢릺탐캪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ틔듙뷸췢늢릺캪쒿뗄뗄솢램횸떼쮼쿫틑늻쫊펦떱잰뇤뮯쇋뗄췢늢릺탎쫆ꆣ뷨본웤쯻맺볒뗄솢램뺭퇩ꎬ뛔췢늢릺뿉쓜닺짺뗄슢뛏쟣쿲뷸탐램싉맦훆ꎬ펦떱돉캪컒맺췢늢릺솢램뗄쫗튪죎컱ꆣ 22
뗚쇹헂 췪짆컒맺췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆뗄붨틩 뗚튻뷚 뷸튻늽췪짆ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ쪵쪩쾸퓲 튻ꆢ쪵쳥탔맦퓲 컒맺뿉틔닎헕쏀맺ꆢ뗂맺뗄폐맘솢램뫍쪵볹ꎬ맦뚨듓뷧뚨쿠맘쫐뎡ꆢ쫐뎡뷡릹죏뚨ꆢ뛔캥램탐캪뗄볠뚽뫍램싉퓰죎뗈랽쏦ퟛ뫏맦훆췢늢릺탎돉슢뛏믲쪵훊짏쿞훆뺺헹ꎬ듓뛸듯떽듙뷸뺺헹ꎬ컈뚨쫐뎡ꎬ랱죙뺭볃뗄ퟮ훕쒿뇪ꆣ 1ꆢ쿠맘쫐뎡뷧뚨 컒맺뗘폲쇉삫ꆢ뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢ꎬ뿉쓜떼훂퓚좫맺뺭볃훐늻짦쿓슢뛏뗄늢릺ꎬ떫퓚튻뚨쟸폲훐튲탭믡퓬돉퇏훘뗄쟸폲슢뛏ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚컒맺뷸탐쿠맘쫐뎡뷧뚨뗄쪱뫲ꎬ펦ퟛ뫏뾼싇뗘폲ꆢ탐튵ꆢ붻춨벰쿻럑헟뗄릺싲쾰맟ꆢ쟾뗀벰쿻럑쓜솦뗈룷랽쏦틲쯘ꎬ쇩믮헆컕ꆣ 쪵볹횤쏷ꎬ쫐뎡뷧뚨쫇튻룶럇뎣뢴퓓뗄벼쫵탔릤ퟷꎬ죧맻솢램맦뚨뗃맽폚룕탔ꎬ퓲럁낭쇋훷맜믺맘믲램맙룹뻝룶낸쇩믮에뛏ꎬ뻟쳥뮮뚨쿠맘쫐뎡ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚컒맺뗄뻟쳥솢램짏ꎬ뿉틔퓚ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ훐죧뫎뮮럖쫐뎡뷸탐쿪쾸맦뚨ꎬ늢놣쇴튻뚨뗄떯탔ꎬ룸랴슢뛏믺릹쇴폐튻뚨뗄ퟔ평닃솿좨ꎬ룹뻝룶낸뗄쟩뿶뷸탐뻟쳥뗄죏뚨ꎬ돤럖힢틢컒맺쫐뎡ퟔ짭뗄뛀쳘탔폫뢴퓓탔ꆣ 2ꆢ쫐뎡뷡릹뗄죏뚨 퓚닢쯣쫐뎡벯훐뛈쪱ꎬ듓뎤풶뗄뷇뛈뾴살ꎬ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뗄췪짆뫍춳볆쫂튵뗄뷸늽ꎬ닉폃HHI횸쫽룼쓜뺫좷랴펳쫐뎡뗄벯훐뛈ꎬ쫇컒맺캴살쫐뎡뷡릹죏뚨뗄랢햹랽쿲ꆣ쓇쎴쿖뷗뛎퓚컒맺ꎬ늢릺웳튵햼폐쇋뛠짙쫐뎡럝뛮닅쯣좡뗃쇋쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻듓뛸뻟폐쿞훆뺺헹뗄뿉쓜쓘ꎿ뇊헟죏캪ꎬ컒맺탐튵랢햹늻욽뫢ꎬ탐튵뺺헹헟쫽솿ꆢ쪵솦룷늻쿠춬ꆣ틲듋ꎬ듓컒맺쒿잰뗄헢훖쿖쪵돶랢ꎬ뻟쳥탐튵뻟쳥럖컶ꎬ튻냣탐튵뿉틔좷23
뚨캪30%ꎬ쳘쫢탐튵ퟷ샽췢맦뚨ꆣ뻟쳥뗄뇈샽럝뛮ꎬ탨튪뛔컒맺쪵볊쟩뿶ퟶ돶뗷닩뫳ꎬ퓚ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ훐ퟶ돶쿠펦뗄맦뚨ꆣ 3ꆢ뛔캥램탐캪뗄볠뚽뫍램싉퓰죎 뗚튻ꎬ뻙놨훆뛈ꆣ평폚컒맺럹풱맣삫ꎬ뛸랴슢뛏믺릹폖뷏캪벯훐ꎬ늻뿉쓜뛔쯹폐뗄웳튵늢릺탐캪뚼볠맜뗃쏦쏦뻣떽ꎬ틲듋ꎬ틽죫짧믡볠뚽믺훆ꆢ랢뚯짧믡솦솿뷸탐볠뚽뻍쪮럖뇘튪ꆣ뿉틔뷨본컒맺횤좯볠맜훐짨솢뻙놨뗄뻙놨훆뛈ꎬ쪵볹횤쏷웤킧맻쪮럖쿔훸ꆣ 뗚뛾ꎬ램싉훆닃ꆣꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ쓜럱폐킧뗘뗃떽쪵쪩ꎬ벴맺볒쓜럱폐킧뗘놣뮤뺺헹뫍틖훆슢뛏ꎬ퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏좡뻶폚쓜럱뛔캥램탐캪뷸탐폐킧뗘램싉훆닃ꆣꆶ췢맺춶헟늢릺뺳쓚웳튵퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ훐뛔폚훆닃컊쳢쎻폐맦뚨ꎬ틲듋퓚쪵볹훐닙ퟷ탔듳듳붵뗍ꆣ뷨본룷맺램뗄맦뚨ꎬ램싉훆닃펦냼삨훷튪펦냼삨ꎺ쫂잰ퟨ횹췢늢릺ꎬ벴랴슢뛏믺릹뛔폚쫂잰짪놨뗄늢릺죏캪릹돉슢뛏뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뿉틔랢늼뷻쇮ꎬ뷻횹늢릺ꎻ쫂뫳뷸탐웳튵럖룮ꎬ벴뛔폚틀램뺭뗷닩좷죏릹돉캥랴랴슢뛏램뗄ꎬ틀램탻늼슢뛏킭틩컞킧ꆢ퓰쇮춣횹짺닺뺭펪ꆢ잿훆럖닰퓚훐맺뗄늢릺웳튵ꆢ뒦틔랣뷰ꎻ틔벰뛔떱쫂웳튵벰웤쇬떼죋뗄뒦랣뗈ꆣ 뗚죽ꎬ쯟쯏믺훆ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ컒맺뗄쯟쯏쳥훆훐ꎬ짐캴맦뚨릫틦쯟쯏믺훆ꆣ뺭펪헟ꆢ쿻럑헟뗄뫏램좨틦쫜떽슢뛏탐캪쯰몦쪱ꎬ폖틲쫆떥솦놡쓑틔쳡웰쯟쯏ꆣ틲듋폐뇘튪짨솢쮫훘뗄쯟쯏믺훆ꎬ튻랽쏦퓊탭쮽죋쳡웰쯟쯏ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦튲퓊탭랴슢뛏훷맜믺맘뢺퓰쳡웰맺볒쯟쯏ꆣ뛸쟒뿉틔짨솢쮫놶엢뎥훆뛈벤샸죋쏇뛔랴슢뛏뗄낸볾쳡돶쳴햽ꆣ 뛾ꆢ돌탲탔맦퓲 튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ놨룦훆뛈훷튪펦냼삨ꎺ좷뚨짪놨뗄쫜샭쪱볤ꎬ좷뚨짪놨틥컱죋ꎬ좷뚨짪놨뗄쫜샭믺맘ꎬ좷뚨짪놨뗄쓚죝ꎬ좷뚨짳엺웚쿞ꆣ 1ꆢ짪놨쫜샭뗄쪱볤 췢늢릺랴슢뛏짪놨훆뛈럖캪쫂잰짪놨ꆢ쫂뫳짪놨뫍쫂뫳놸낸죽훖ꆣ죽훖훆뛈룷폐웤폅좱뗣ꆣ쫂잰짪놨ꎬ폐샻폚랴슢뛏횴램믺릹뗄볠뚽ꎬ떫쫇믡퓶볓횴램믺맘뗄릤ퟷ톹솦뫍웳튵뗄늢릺돉놾ꎬ뮹뿉쓜믡떼훂퇓컳늢릺뗄햽믺ꆣ쫂뫳짪놨ꎬ뿉틔폐킧럀횹늢릺웳튵쫂뫳샻폃막좨죃뗄랽쪽좡뗃웳튵뗄뿘훆좨ꎬ떫쫇닰럖튻룶틑뺭뫏늢24
뗄웳튵폖튪뾼싇훮죧닺죧뫎럖룮뗄컊쳢ꆣ쫂뫳놸낸ꎬ뿬뷝볲뇣랽뇣닙ퟷꎬ떫쫇뛔랴슢뛏횴램믺릹뗄튪쟳뇈뷏룟ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒맺퓚짨볆짪놨훆뛈뗄쪱뫲ꎬ펦쟸럖늻춬뗄짪놨뛔쿳벰웤펰쿬랶캧ꎬ펦떱닉좡ꆰ늿럖짪놨풭퓲ꆱꎬ듯떽쇋튻뚨뗄맦쒣뗄웳튵쪵쪩뗄튻뚨펰쿬솦뗄늢릺탐캪ꎬ닅뇘탫폚쫂잰쳡돶짪놨ꆣ늢릺췪돉뫳쇋솽쓪쓚ꎬ뮹탨튪놨룦웤막좨뇤뚯쟩뿶ꆣ뛸웤쯻킡맦쒣웳튵뷸탐뗄킡펰쿬뗄늢릺ꎬ퓲횻닉폃쫂뫳놸낸ꆣ헢퇹닅쓜벯훐솦솿뛔뿉쓜탎돉슢뛏췢늢릺탐캪뷸탐폐킧뗘볠뿘ꆣ 2ꆢ짪놨틥컱죋 틲늢릺뗄뻟쳥쟩탎뗄늻춬뛸폐쯹쟸뇰ꆣ틲웳튵컼쫕뫏늢뫍탂짨뫏늢뛸쪵쿖뗄늢릺ꎬ짪놨틥컱죋캪뫏늢룷랽;틲좡뗃쯻웳튵횮훘튪늿럖닆닺믲돖폐ꆢ좡뗃쯻웳튵튻뚨쫽솿뗄막럝뗈랽쪽횱뷓믲볤뷓뿘훆쯻웳튵뗄뺭펪쪵쿖늢릺뗄ꎬ짪놨틥컱죋펦캪쓢늢릺맺쓚웳튵뗄췢맺춶헟ꆣ 3ꆢ짪놨뗄쫜샭믺맘 맺췢맘폚짪놨뗄쫜샭믺맘뫜뛠뚼맦뚨쇋쏅뗄랴슢뛏믺맘ꎬ죧쏀맺뗄솪냮붻틗캯풱믡뫍쮾램늿랴슢뛏뻖ꆢ뗂맺뗄솪냮뾨쳘뛻뻖ꆢ죕놾뗄릫헽붻틗캯풱믡ꆢ램맺뗄뺺헹짳틩캯풱믡뗈ꆣ컒맺뿉틔뷨본탭뛠랢듯맺볒뗄ퟶ램ꎬ헫뛔췢늢릺짨솢좫맺춳튻뗄랴슢뛏짳닩믺릹ꆣ붨틩퓚ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ훐뛔췢늢릺뗄짳닩믺릹ퟶ돶쏅뗄맦뚨ꎬ뾼싇짨솢뻟폐룟뛈뛀솢탔뫍좨췾탔뗄쏅랴슢뛏횴탐믺릹ꆣ 4ꆢ짪놨뗄쓚죝 컒맺ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ펦쏷좷짪놨뗄뻟쳥쓚죝ꆣ뿉틔뷨본뗂맺뗄ퟶ램ꎬ맦뚨짪놨뗄쓚죝펦냼삨틔쿂벸랽쏦:뗚튻ꎬ닎폫뫏늢뗄뺭펪헟뗄쟩뿶ꎬ냼삨웳튵쏻돆ꆢ짺닺믲뺭펪뗄닺욷ꆢ횰릤죋쫽ꆢ닺ꆢ짏튻펪튵쓪뛈뗄쫐뎡쿺쫛뛮ꆢ샻쮰쟩뿶뗈ꎻ뗚뛾ꎬ닎폫뫏늢뗄뺭펪헟퓚짏튻믡볆쓪뛈뗄닆컱놨뇭벰펪튵놨룦ꎻ뗚죽ꎬ닎폫뫏늢뗄뺭펪헟짪쟫뫏늢뗄짌욷뗄짺닺믲뺭펪돉놾ꆢ쿺쫛볛룱벰닺솿뗈쇏ꎻ뗚쯄ꎬ쪵쪩뫏늢뛔헻쳥뺭볃뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦뗄펰쿬ꎻ뗚컥ꎬ뫏늢뗄샭평ꆣ헢퇹쏷좷쇐뻙뛔떱쫂죋룼캪랽뇣ꆣ 5ꆢ짳닩뗄웚쿞 25
늢릺짳닩웚쿞뇘탫뫏샭ꆣ웚쿞맽뎤ꎬ뇘붫쯰몦웳튵뗄샻틦ꎻ뛸웚쿞맽뛌ꎬ뿉쓜떼훂짳닩늿쏅맽폚닖듙ꎬ늻쓜좫쏦짳닩ꆣꆶ퓝탐맦뚨ꆷ훐90쳬뗄맦뚨쿔뗃쇩믮탔늻릻ꆣ닎헕뗂맺뗄솢램뺭퇩ꎬ뿉틔냑쯼럖솽룶뷗뛎ꆣ뗚튻뷗뛎캪30쳬ꎬ뗚뛾뷗뛎캪60쳬ꆣ랴슢뛏늿쏅뇘탫퓚쫕떽짪쟫횮죕웰30쳬쓚뛔늢릺쫇럱뛔쫐뎡뺺헹퓬돉퇏훘쯰몦ퟶ돶에뛏ꆣ죏캪폐슢뛏뗄뿉쓜뗄룦횪웳튵ꎬ뷸죫뗚뛾뷗뛎뗄뗷닩ꎬ럱퓲뿉죏캪늢릺놻엺ힼꆣ 죽ꆢ믭쏢쳵뿮 컒맺ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷ훐맦뚨쇋뛔웳튵늢릺뗄쳘쫢짳엺훆뛈ꆣ뗚28쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ뺭펪헟벯훐뻟폐믲헟뿉쓜뻟폐업돽ꆢ쿞훆뺺헹킧맻뗄ꎬ맺컱풺랴슢뛏횴램믺릹펦떱ퟶ돶뷻횹뺭펪헟벯훐뗄뻶뚨ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뺭펪헟쓜릻횤쏷룃벯훐뛔뺺헹닺짺뗄폐샻펰쿬쏷쿔듳폚늻샻펰쿬ꎬ믲헟럻뫏짧믡릫릲샻틦뗄ꎬ맺컱풺랴슢뛏횴램믺릹뿉틔ퟶ돶뛔뺭펪헟벯훐늻폨뷻횹뗄뻶뚨ꆣꆱ룃쳵뿉틔뾴ퟷ쫇뛔늢릺맦훆믭쏢뗄풭퓲탔맦뚨ꎬ떫쫇룃쳵컄뛔믭쏢샭평맦뚨늻ퟣꎬ좱랦뻟쳥뗄뇪ힼꆣ뾼싇떽췢늢릺뿉쓜뛔컒맺짧믡뺭볃닺짺뗄믽벫펰쿬ꎬꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷ뿉붫쿂쇐쟩탎펦돉캪랴슢뛏램맦훆믭쏢뗄샭평ꆣ 1ꆢ늢릺뿉틔룄짆쫐뎡뺺헹쳵볾 퓚컒맺뺭볃쳥훆탍쪱웚ꎬ쫐뎡뺺헹맘쾵ꎬ뺭볃탎쫆뢴퓓뛠뇤ꆣ퓚쫐뎡뺺헹훷쳥떱훐ꎬ듳탍웳튵ꆢ웳튵벯췅컞틉쫇훷뷇ꎬ뛸훐킡웳튵좴튲쫇늻뿉좱짙뗄뷇즫ꎬ뛸쟒ퟷ폃풽살풽훘튪ꎬ좻뛸훐킡웳튵뗄룷훖뺺헹쳵볾좴폫듳탍웳튵컞램뾹뫢ꎬ컞싛놾ꆢ죋솦ꆢ컯솦짏뒦폚죵쫆뗘캻ꎬ짺듦삧쓑ꆣ헢쪱ꎬ죧맻튻룶햼쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄듳웳튵퓚쇭튻쫐뎡짏좡뗃튻룶킡웳튵믲놾쫐뎡훐튻룶쫐뎡럝뛮럇뎣킡뗄웳튵ꎬ헢쯤좻튻랽쏦삩듳쇋늢릺웳튵뗄닆솦ꎬ삩듳폫웤쯻웳튵퓚뺭볃벼쫵랽쏦뗄솪쾵ꎬ퓶볓쇋웤쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎬ떫춬쪱튲믡쳡룟놻좡뗃웳튵뗄닆솦ꎬ룄짆웤닉릺뫍쿺쫛뗄쟾뗀ꎬ듓뛸퓶잿웤퓚쿠맘쫐뎡뗄뺺헹솦ꎬ늻믡탎돉슢뛏ꎬ뻍늻펦뷻횹ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ퓚튻뚨쳵볾쿂ꎬ튻룶햼쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻뗄웳튵볦늢뇴쇙웆닺뗄웳튵튲믡퓚ퟜ쳥짏룄짆쫐뎡뗄뺺헹쳵볾ꆣ떱늢릺횻쫇폐쿞뛈뗘쳡룟쇋좡뗃웳튵뗄쫐뎡횧엤뗘캻ꎬ볙죧쎻폐늢릺ꎬ놻늢릺뗄웳튵뻍믡퓚쫐뎡짏놻쳔청뗴ꎬ듓뛸퓚쫐뎡짏쪧좥튻룶뺺헹헟뗄쪱뫲ꎬ늢릺뻍뿉틔26
듓ퟜ쳥짏룄짆쫐뎡뗄뺺헹쳵볾ꆣ헢훖쟩뿶ꎬ퓚컒맺쒿잰뺭볃쳥훆룄룯훐폈캪춻돶ꆣퟔ듓웆닺훆뛈ퟔ1988쓪11퓂퓚컒맺좷솢틔살ꎬ웆닺웳튵듓짙떽뛠ꎬ웳튵웆닺돉캪쫐뎡뺺헹훐폅쪤쇓청뗄튻룶뷡맻ꆣ뛸죧맻평뻟폐뺺헹솦뗄웳튵늢릺튻볒뇴폚웆닺뗄웳튵ꎬ퓲뿉틔뇜쏢듳솿쪧튵ꆢ쟥쯣틽웰뗄풴샋럑뗈평폚웆닺뛸뛔짧믡뺭볃듸살뗄뢺쏦펰쿬ꆣ떫쫇웆닺웳튵뷓쫜볦늢튲늻쫇좫늿뗃틔믭쏢ꎬ펦룹뻝뻟쳥쟩뿶뛸뚨ꆣ 2ꆢ늢릺폐샻폚헻쳥뺭볃뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦 뿘훆웳튵늢릺뗄룹놾쒿뗄쫇놣뮤뺺헹뫍럀횹슢뛏ꎬ웤ퟅ퇛뗣퓚폚캬뮤뺺헹탔뗄쫐뎡뷡릹ꆣ듓뛌웚뾴ꎬ뺺헹붫췆뚯웳튵얬솦붵뗍돉놾뫍볛룱ꎬ룄뷸닺욷뗄훊솿ꎬ룄짆럾컱ꎻ듓뎤풶뫍랢햹뗄퇛맢뾴ꎬ뺺헹퓲믡뗷뷚쫐뎡뗄릩쟳ꎬ폅뮯엤훃짺닺풴ꎬ듓뛸쫇듙뷸뫍췆뚯맺쏱뺭볃랢햹뗄룹놾뚯솦ꆣ듓헢룶틢틥짏살쮵ꎬ뿘훆웳튵늢릺폫캬뮤맺볒헻쳥뺭볃뗄샻틦뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦쫇췪좫튻훂뗄ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ틔캬뮤헻쳥뺭볃믲짧믡릫릲뗄샻틦캪샭평ꎬ튪쟳뛔퇏훘쿞훆뺺헹뗄늢릺뷸탐믭쏢쫇늻췗떱뗄ꎬ쯤좻웳튵뗄맦쒣풽듳ꎬ웳튵풽폐뿉쓜틔헻쳥뺭볃뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦캪평ꎬ튪쟳헾뢮뛔늢릺룸폨쳘쫢엺ힼꎬ뷡맻믡룸듳웳튵뗄늢릺뾪쇋싌뗆ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ솢램죔평뇘튪맦뚨ꎬ퓚쳘쫢쟩뿶쿂ꎬ죧늢릺폐샻폚헻쳥뺭볃믲짧믡릫릲샻틦ꎬ뿉틔뗃떽쳘쫢뇪ힼꆣ틲캪뺭볃쫇뢴퓓뗄ꎬ컞싛듓쿖쪵뮹쫇듓랢햹뗄퇛맢뾴ꎬ뺺헹헾닟춬맺볒헻쳥뺭볃뫍짧믡릫릲샻틦뚼폐랢짺돥춻뗄쪱뫲ꎬ샽죧ꎬ듓뷚풼짺닺풴믲놣뮤뮷뺳뗄헾닟돶랢ꎬ맺볒폐쪱뻍폐뇘튪붫헻룶탐튵쫚좨룸튻룶웳튵뷸탐슢뛏뺭펪ꎬ헢훖뇈뷏쇩믮뗄맦뚨뿉틔룸횴램믺릹쇴폐폠뗘ꎬ쪹쯻쏇퓚맺볒뗄뺺헹헾닟뫍닺튵헾닟랢짺돥춻쪱폐톡퓱뗄믺믡ꆣ 3ꆢ늢릺폐샻폚쳡룟맺볊뺺헹솦 쫜뺭볃좫쟲뮯뗄펰쿬ꎬ맺볊뺺헹솦컊쳢틑돉캪랴슢뛏램훐뗄죈뗣컊쳢ꎬ탭뛠맺볒뚼늻풼뛸춬뗘틔맺볊뺺헹솦캪평엺ힼ쇋튻킩놾펦쫜뷻횹뗄뫏늢ꎬ헢ퟣ틔횤쏷룷맺뛔맺볊뺺헹솦뗄훘쫓돌뛈ꆣ훐맺뗄맺볊뺺헹솦컞싛틔웳튵캪떥캻뮹쫇맺볒캪떥캻ꎬ룺쫀뷧쿈뷸쮮욽짐듦퓚ퟅ늻짙뗄닮뻠ꆣ헢짮뿌뗘쮵쏷쇋쳡짽컒맺뗄맺볊뺺헹솦뮹폐뫜뎤뗄슷튪ퟟꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇룼폐샭평퓚랴슢뛏램훐틔맺볊뺺헹솦캪평믭쏢튻킩웳튵뫏늢ꎬ떱좻ꎬ컒쏇튲랴뛔죎뫎틔쳡룟맺볊뺺헹솦캪뷨뿚뛸쪵볊짏쯰몦맺쓚뺺헹뗄웳27
튵뫏늢ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 붨솢췢늢릺랴슢뛏뗄쏅횴탐믺릹 죎뫎램싉뗄짺쏼솦뚼쾵폚웤쪵쪩짏ꎬ랴슢뛏램싉놾짭늢늻쓜뒴퓬릫욽뺺헹뗄쫐뎡뮷뺳ꎬ뛸튪틀삵폚웤퓚쪵볹훐뗄폐킧횴탐ꆣ췢늢릺랴슢뛏맦훆쯹짦벰뗄맺볊뺭볃맘쾵뢴퓓ꎬ펰쿬랶캧맣랺ꎬ뛔횴램뗄쮮욽뫍킧싊튪쟳뫜룟ꎬ틲듋짨솢뻟폐룟뛈뛀솢탔뫍좨췾탔뗄랴슢뛏횴램믺릹폈캪뇘튪ꆣ듓맺볊쪵볹뺭퇩뾴ꎬ듳뛠쫽맺볒믲뗘쟸뚼돉솢쇋랴슢뛏램뗄쏅횴탐믺릹ꆣ죧뗂맺뗄솪냮뾨쳘뛻뻖뫍랴슢뛏캯풱믡ꎬ죕놾뗄릫헽붻틗캯풱믡ꎬ쏀맺뗄쮾램늿랴췐삭쮹뻖뫍솪냮쎳틗캯풱믡ꎬ펢맺뗄릫욽쎳틗뻖틔벰슢뛏폫볦늢캯풱믡뗈ꆣ헢킩랴슢뛏횴램믺릹돽쇋쿭폐튻냣탐헾좨쿞췢ꎬ뮹쿭폐ힼ쮾램좨뫍ힼ솢램좨ꎬ퓚랴슢뛏낸볾뗄닃뻶짏폐쿠떱뗄뛀솢탔ꎬ퓚캬뮤쫐뎡릫욽뺺헹ꆢ폐킧맦훆췢늢릺랽쏦랢믓쇋훘튪ퟷ폃ꆣ룹뻝맺췢뺭퇩뫍컒맺뗄쿖쪵맺쟩ꎬ컒맺펦룃짨솢튻룶뛀솢뗄랴슢뛏횴램믺릹ꆣ룃믺릹뿉닉좡캯풱믡훆ꎬ횱뷓솥쫴폚맺컱풺ꎬ늢쟒뾼싇떽췢늢릺훐랴슢뛏뗄쪵볊탨튪ꎬ뇘탫뢳폨랴슢뛏횴램믺릹쿠펦뗄횰좨ꎬ죧펦룃펵폐쿠펦뗄뗷닩볬닩좨ꆢ짳뫋엺ힼ좨ꆢ탐헾뒦랣좨ꆢ탐헾잿훆좨ꆢ탐헾닃뻶좨ꆢ맦헂훆뚨좨뫍릫틦쯟쯏좨뗈ꆣ웤훐ꎬ탐헾닃뻶좨쫇횸랴슢뛏횴램믺맘펦떱쿭폐뛔룸뺺헹뫍쫐뎡뺭볃퓬돉캣몦뗄뺭볃쪵쳥폨틔훆닃뗄좨샻ꆣ쯼뻟폐횴탐탔ꎬ떫늻뻟폐훕뻖탔ꎬ 춬쪱펦떱좷뚨램풺뛔헢훖닃뻶뗄쮾램짳닩좨ꆣ맦헂훆뚨좨쫇캪쇋쫊펦뺭볃뗄뇤뚯탔ꎬ늢릺뗄뫢솿뇪ힼ튲펦쯦횮ퟶ돶뗷헻ꎬ캪쇋뇜쏢램싉맦랶뗄뺭뎣탔탞룄ꎬ놣돖램뗄컈뚨탔ꎬ펦떱뢳폨횴램믺맘튻뚨뗄탐헾솢램좨ꆣ헢뻍뿉틔퓚랴슢뛏램훐늻ퟷ뻟쳥뗄맦뚨ꎬ닉폃랴슢뛏램횴램믺릹랢늼뫏늢횸쓏뗄랽쪽살맦뚨뫏늢뇪ힼꆣ릫틦쯟쯏좨쫇평폚슢뛏탐캪뗄쫜몦헟췹췹쫇늻쳘뚨뗄뛠쫽죋ꎬ캪캬뮤릫릲샻틦ꎬ뿉틔맦뚨랴슢뛏횴램믺맘듺뇭쫜몦뗄쿻럑헟쳡웰쏱쫂쯟쯏ꆣ평폚컒맺룷뗘뺭볃랢햹뗄늻욽뫢ꎬ퓚짨훃좫맺탔랴슢뛏믺릹뗄춬쪱ꎬ뿉내뺭볃쟸뮮짨훃폐맘뗄럖횧믺릹ꎬ늻맩쫴폚뗘28
랽헾뢮쇬떼ꎬ틔뇣퓚뒦샭랴슢뛏낸볾쪱놣돖웤좨췾탔뫍뛀솢탔ꆣ ퟜ횮ꎬ캪쇋췪짆췢늢릺뗄랴슢뛏램맦뚨ꎬ훆횹튻킩뿧맺릫쮾죕틦퇏훘뗄슢뛏탐캪뫍쟷쫆ꎬ컒쏇뇘탫뷴훆뚨ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪꆪ췢늢릺쿠맘맦뚨ꆷꎬ늢좷놣웤뗃떽폐킧쪵쪩ꆣ튻떩뿧맺릫쮾닉좡뗄늢릺랽쪽놻램싉죏뚨릹돉슢뛏ꎬ뻍믡쫜떽램싉뗄훆닃ꎬ헢퇹뿉틔쪹췢늢릺훷쳥ퟔ컒풼쫸웤슢뛏탐캪ꆣ듋췢ꎬ평폚췢늢릺믡짦벰떽닺움맀ꆢ닺좨붻틗ꆢ횰릤낲훃짧믡놣쿕뗈튻쾵쇐컊쳢ꎬ틲듋뮹탨튪볓잿쿠맘랽쏦뗄램훆붨짨ꆣ횻폐뒴짨튻헻쳗퇏룱뗄램싉훆뛈쳥쾵ꎬ늢탎돉튻룶퓋탐솼뫃뗄쾵춳ꎬ랢믓램싉뗄쳥쾵뮯릦쓜ꎬ닅쓜쪹췢늢릺헦헽늽죫맦랶뮯ꆢ램훎뮯뗄맬뗀ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ컒쏇뮹펦힢훘볓잿췢늢릺랴슢뛏뗄맺볊킭뗷ꆣ떱뷱룷맺뺭볃뗄쿠뮥째춸ꆢ쿠뮥틀듦ꆢ쿠뮥죚뫏죕틦볓짮ꎬ맺볊쇬폲훐뗄붻쇷폫뫏ퟷ듯떽쇋뿕잰뗄룟뛈뫍맣뛈ꆣ평폚췢늢릺짦벰떽폐맘맺볒횮볤뗄뺭볃맘쾵ꎬ웤쯹뿉쓜닺짺뗄뢺쏦킧펦헽살풽뛠뗘쫜떽맺볊맦퓲뗄훆풼ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇펦떱죏헦퇐뺿헢킩맺볊맦퓲ꎬ훷뚯닎폫쮫뇟뫍뛠뇟뗄맺볊킭뗷뫏ퟷꎬ헢퇹볈폐샻폚컒맺뗄랴슢뛏램싉훆뛈뺡뿬폫맺볊뷓맬ꎬ튲폐샻폚뷨훺맺볊솦솿뛔췢늢릺뿉쓜룸컒맺듸살뗄뢺쏦펰쿬뷸탐뿘훆ꎬ쪹췢늢릺믮뚯쓜릻퓚랴슢뛏램뗄뿲볜쿂뗃떽폐킧뗄맦훆ꆣ 29
뷡 싛 췢늢릺췆뚯쇋컒맺웳튵쪵쿖맦쒣킧틦ꆢ퓶잿웳튵뺺헹솦ꎬ퓚볓쯙틽뷸맺췢쿈뷸뿆벼뫍맜샭뺭퇩ꆢ헻뫏쫐뎡풴뗈쇬폲랢믓쇋믽벫ퟷ폃ꎬ떫춬쪱튲듸살쇋튻쾵쇐업벷쏱ퟥ닺튵ꆢ퓬돉뷰죚럧쿕ꆢ짵훁췾킲컒맺뗄맺볒뺭볃낲좫뗄뢺쏦컊쳢ꆣ헢킩컊쳢뚼풴폚췢늢릺듸살뗄슢뛏ꆣ튻떩탎돉슢뛏ꎬ믡퓬돉업벷맺쓚웳튵ꎬ얤쟺쫐뎡믺훆ꎬ붵뗍쫐뎡믺훆ꆣ헫뛔컒맺쒿잰췢슢뛏탔늢릺뗄잱퓚췾킲벰랴슢뛏솢램쿠뛔훍뫳뗄쿖ힴꎬ컒쏇탨튪뷨본맺췢돉쫬뗄솢램뺭퇩ꎬ쟐쪵햹뾪뗷닩퇐뺿ꎬ솢ퟣ컒맺쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ뺡뿬췪짆쿠맘솢램ꎬ쳘뇰튪뺡뿬돶첨ꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆪ췢늢릺쪵쪩쾸퓲ꆷꆣ 놾컄춨맽뛔맺췢쿠맘솢램뺭퇩뗄럖컶ꎬ뷡뫏컒맺뗄쿖쪵쟩뿶ꎬ뗃돶죧쿂뷡싛ꎺ튻ꆢ틔랴슢뛏램맦훆췢늢릺튪볡돖쪵쿖폐킧뺺헹뗄볛횵좡쿲ꎻ뛾ꆢ퓚솢램풭퓲짏닉좡뫏샭탔풭퓲벰캬뮤맺볒샻틦뗄풭퓲ꎻ죽ꆢ퓚죏뚨췢슢뛏탔늢릺뗄럖컶쳵볾훐튪뷡뫏놾맺쿖ힴꎬ듓쪵쳥맦퓲뫍돌탲맦퓲살맦훆췢늢릺ꎻ틔랴슢뛏램맦훆췢늢릺뗄믭쏢샭평튪뾼싇ꎺ튻쿮췢늢릺쫇럱룄짆쇋컒맺쫐뎡뺺헹쳵볾ꎬ듋쿮늢릺쫇럱폐샻폚컒맺헻쳥뺭볃벰짧믡릫릲샻틦뗈ꆣ쯄ꆢ퓚횴램믺릹뗄짨솢짏튪돤럖놣횤횴램믺맘뗄뛀솢탔폫좨췾탔ꎬ퓚믺릹짨훃짏ꎬ튪짨뛀솢뗄랴슢뛏횴램믺릹ꆣ 30
닎뾼컄쿗ꎺ 1ꆢ붯퓳훐ꎺꆶ웳튵쫕릺폫볦늢ꆷꎬ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꆣ 2ꆢ몫럥ꎺꆶ죫쫀뫳뗄웳튵늢릺ꆷꎬ훐맺짧믡돶냦짧ꎬ2002쓪냦ꆣ 3ꆢ뫘잿ꎺꆶ컒맺짏쫐릫쮾췢늢릺뗄헾닟쓑뗣럖컶ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃맛달놨ꆷꎬ2003쓪11퓂17죕ꆣ 4ꆢꆾ냂ꆿ태뇋뗃ꎺꆶ놾훷틥ꆢ짧믡훷틥뫍쏱훷훷틥ꆷꎬ평럣틫ꎬ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1978쓪냦ꎬ뗚125튳ꆣ 5ꆢ웝뚫ꎺꆶ훐맺뺭볃퓋탐훐뗄슢뛏폫뺺헹ꆷꎬ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꎬ뗚7튳ꆣ 6ꆢ훓쏷훷뇠ꎺꆶ뺺헹램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2004쓪냦ꎬ뗚294튳ꆣ 7ꆢꆾ쏀ꆿ죸뛻즭ꎺꆶ뺭볃톧ꆷꎬ룟뫨튵틫ꎬ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1979쓪냦ꎬ뗚69튳ꆣ 8ꆢꆾ펢ꆿ풼몲ꆤ퇇룱얦ꎺꆶ랴슢뛏램ꆷꎬ탬몣뗈틫ꎬ쓏뺩듳톧돶냦짧1992쓪냦ꎬ뗚56튳ꆣ 9ꆢꆶ룷맺랴슢뛏램믣뇠ꆷꎬꆶ1992쓪뫡쿲늢릺맦퓲ꆷꎬ죋쏱램풺돶냦짧ꎬ2000쓪냦ꎬꆶ룷맺랴슢뛏램죫뇠ꆷ뇠톡ퟩꎬ뗚129튻130튳ꆣ 10ꆢ헅퇇?ꎺꆶ릫쮾늢릺램싉훆뛈ꆷꎬ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2000쓪냦ꎬ뗚139튳ꆣ 11ꆢ췵뎤뫓ꆢ훜쮮쪤ꆢ쇵럧뺰틫ꎺꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪냦ꎬ뗚4튳ꆣ 12ꆢ췵뎤뫓ꆢ훜쮮쪤ꆢ쇵럧뺰틫ꎺꆶ죕놾뷻횹슢뛏램ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪냦ꎬ뗚4ꆪ5튳ꆣ 13ꆢ룹뻝죕놾릫헽붻틗캯풱믡릫늼뗄닄쇏ꎬ쿖폐40뛠룶램싉짦벰떽늢릺믭쏢ꎬ웤훐훷튪폐ꎺ뷻횹슢뛏램ꆢ훐킡웳튵췅쳥ퟩ횯램ꆢ훐킡웳튵킭춬ퟩ횯램ꆢ쫤죫붻틗램ꆢ뷻횹슢뛏램뗄쫊폃돽췢램뗈ꆣ 14ꆢ췵캪얩ꎺꆶ뫏늢벯훐맦훆믹놾램샭튻쏀맺ꆢ죕놾탽얷쏋뗄랴슢뛏뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2001쓪냦ꎬ뗚200튳ꆣ 15ꆢ쇵뫣ꎺꆶ췢늢릺탐캪폫헾뢮맦훆ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ2000쓪돶냦ꎬ뗚144튳ꆣ 16ꆢ1890쓪ꎬ쏀맺ꆶ킻뛻싼램ꆷ뗚l쳵맦뚨ꎬ벴ꆰ죎뫎죋틔웵풼ꆢ췐삭쮹탎쪽믲웤쯻탎쪽뗄솪뫏ꆢ릲쒱ꎬ쿞훝볊믲췢맺횮볤뗄쎳틗믲짌튵ꎬ쫇럇램뗄ꆣꆱ춬램뗚2쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ죎뫎듓쫂슢뛏ꎬ웳춼뷸탐슢뛏ꎬ믲폫죋솪뫏ꎬ릲쒱틔슢뛏훝볊쎳틗믲뛔췢쎳틗믲짌튵믮뚯뗄죎뫎늿럖헟뻹쫴탌쫂랸ퟯꆣ 17ꆢ닜쪿뇸ꎺꆶ뺺헹램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ1996쓪냦ꎬ뗚201튳ꆣ 31
18ꆢ듷뿼짺ꆢ짛붨뚫ꆢ돂솢뮢ꎺꆶ뺺헹램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훐맺듳냙뿆좫쫩돶냦짧ꎬ1993쓪냦ꎬ뗚75튻76튳ꆣ 19ꆢ닜쪿뇸ꎺꆶ랴슢뛏램퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧1996쓪냦ꎬ뗚75튳ꆣ 32
