双语:20 多条妙招让你不再负债
2008-07-08 14:04
This is not a step-by-step guide to reducing debt. Rather, it is a collection of a lot of the wisdom I have read so far on this topic
and a list of some of the things that worked for us.
这并不是一个一步一步教你减少负债的指南方法,相反这是一个智慧的结晶,一个到目前为止我读过的所有关于这个话题
的总结和一个对我们有帮助的建议单。
As you go through the list, I would recommend sorting it out into things that will definitely work for you and things that could
possibly work for you. Start implementing the things that will work for you right away and start working on incorporating the others
when possible. Believe me, soon it will become an obsession (if it already isn’t!) and slowly but surely you will be free of debt. And that
feeling is worth any short-term pain you have to go through.
当你要浏览这份单子的时候,我建议你最好整理出哪些对你绝对有帮助和哪些对你可能有帮助。然后开始实施对你立即起
作用的那些工作,同时有可能的话最好也做一些对其它有帮助的事。请相信我,很快你就会上瘾(如果现在还没有的话)并且慢慢地
你会确信你已经成为无债的人。这种感觉是值得你为之承受一切短暂的痛苦的。
Stop adding more debt: No kidding right? Well, if it's so simple why aren't you doing it? Think of your debt as a small hill of dirt
in your back yard. To get rid of that dirt hill, you need to dig out a shovel at a time. Now imagine for every 2-3 shovels of dirt that you
dig out, you toss 4 shovels back on. How long will it take to get rid of that little hill? Piling on more debt while you are trying to get out
of it doesn’t make much sense either.
不要再增加你的债务了:这不是在开玩笑吧,如果这么简单的话你为什么不去做啊?想想你所欠的债就像你家后院堆积如山
的垃圾。要想除去这座污山,你需要一次性挖走一大铲。试想一下,你每次从垃圾中挖走 2-3 大铲,然后你再拉回家 4 大铲的垃圾。
这样下去你何年马月才能清除掉这座小山?像你那种在还债的同时又欠下债的作法也同样一点也不明智。
Get rid of your credit cards: One of the biggest down falls that most of us have is the reliance on credit cards. Unlike spending
real cash, when you charge it to a card you don’t feel the burn. So if you cannot control how much you spend on your card, then cut up
your cards, leave them locked up at home, freeze them or bury them until you are out of debt. (Note: Don’t close the accounts since that
can result in reducing your credit score!)
杜绝用信用卡:对于大多数的我们来说,最大的败点就是我们太依赖信用卡了。不像花现钞,当你刷卡时你不会感觉象是在
割肉。因此,如果你不能控制刷你的卡,你就要禁用你的信用卡,将它们锁在家里,不管是冷冻还是火烧,直到你还清了你的债。(注意:
不要关掉你的账户,因为这样会减少你的信誉积分!)
When I was in college, I went a little wild with student credit cards. I learned the hard way that I needed some control, so I froze
the cards in a large pan of water. If I wanted or needed something badly enough to wait for the cards to thaw out, then it was probably
worth purchasing. If not, I saved the dough. My mom still laughs about this, but I saved thousands in forgone impulse purchases. -- Kelly
Colucci, Cumming, Ga. - quote source: Kiplinger
当我读大学时,我用学生卡有一点疯狂。我知道要采取些强硬的手段才能控制住,因此我将卡放在一大缸水中。如果我需要
某样东西急得我恨不得我的卡马上干掉,那么我要买的东西就是值得买的。如果不是这样子的话,我就省下了钱。我妈妈经常笑我,
但我确实省掉了因冲动而可能用掉的钱。----Kelly Colucci, Cumming, Ga. 来源:Kiplinger
Change your attitude: Like everything else in life, getting out of debt is heavily dependent on your attitude. Switch to a “Can Do”
attitude. Stop giving into the victim mentality or self-doubts of whether you can do it. Start attacking debt and don’t stop until its all gone.
改变一下你的态度:像生活中其它的事情一样,你要不再负债也大大地由你的态度决定。将你的心态调到“我一定行”上。不
要再从思想上成为债奴或是自己怀疑自己能否做到。相反,你要向债款进行反攻,直到你没了债款为止。
Stay busy: An idle mind is a devil’s work shop and a retailer's dream. If you go to the mall just because you are bored, you are
bound to end up buying stuff you likely don’t need. If you laze in front of the TV doing nothing, then the advertisers are bound to instill a
yearning for something that you wouldn’t have wanted otherwise. Throwing away money to keep yourself entertained when you could be
using that time a lot more productively just won’t cut it if you are serious about getting out of debt.
将自己适度保持在忙碌状态上:悠闲的头脑状态可以说是恶魔的天下和卖家的梦想。如果你仅仅因为无聊了就去购物中心,
那你注定会买一些你不需要的东西。如果你懒散地在电视机面前无事可做,那些广告商们又注定会一点点地挖掘出你的本来根本
不想买的欲望。在你本应用这些大好时光做一些事的时候,你却挥霍着钱来让自己享受,这根本无法使你减少你的负债,如果你正严
肃地思考着如何不再负债的问题的话。
Change your spending habits: Do you always plan before you buy something or do you just pick things up? Do you ask yourself
if you really “need” it, or justify your “wants” and keep indulging yourself? Do you spend an excessive amount of money on showing off
to your friends? Take a long hard look at your spending habits and fix any short comings that you see.
改变你的消费的习惯:你在买东西之前总是有计划的呢,还是你只是随便挑一东西呢?你有没有问过自己是不是真的需要它
或者是将自己的需求“有理化”并一直让自己沉迷于这种快感中呢?你会不会为了向朋友炫耀而多花了钱呢?好好地抽个时间想想自
己的消费习惯,并找出你认为的不好之处。
Cut your spending: Can you still save some money after all of your bills are paid? For instance when you look at your groceries,
can you replace some brands with generics so you can save some cash? Can you stock up during sales to save some money? How about
making sure you use your utilities wisely to save on water, electricity and gas bill? Look at all aspects of your spending to pinch some
more money out that you can throw at debt.
减少你的开支:在你的账单都付完了之后,你还会继续省钱吗?举个例子,看看你的东西,你会不会用没什么品牌的东西代替
一些品牌货来省钱呢?你会不会在大甩卖的时候,多买一些存在家里来省钱呢?你有没有明智地使用你的电器来省水费,电费和煤气
费呢?看看这些消费,尽可能地挤出更多的钱将它们从你的债款中踢除。
Embrace a simple, frugal lifestyle: We are in a land of excess. We believe that we need a lot of things to survive. But in reality we
can get on by with very little. The more of the excesses you can trim out the sooner you will be out of debt. Yes, life will seem a bit drab
without some of the indulgences you are used to. It’s your call which one you like more – temporary indulgences and sleepless nights
worrying over debt, or a few sacrifices now to be free of debt issues for the rest of your life!
营造一个简单而又节省的生活模式:我们生活在一个随时会超支的世界。我们相信我们需要许多东西来存活。但是在现实
中我们只需要少许必须品就能生活下去。你减少额外的开支越多,你就越快脱离你的负债。确实,没有了你以往的享受,生活似乎毫
无生机。在这儿由你选择你更倾向于哪一个---短暂的享受但因为负债而失眠的夜晚,或少许的牺牲但轻轻松松无任何牵挂地度过
剩下的生活。
Always lookout to improve your current income: The more the money you make, the more you will have left over to throw at
your debt. So always look for opportunities for picking up tasks with higher commission, or over time pay or something that will result in
a bonus. Take your job seriously and work hard everyday, at some point it will pay off for you.
经常注意改进你现有的收入:你挣得钱越多,就越能偿还你的负债。因此,经常寻找有更多佣金,有加工费或有奖金的工作的
机会。认真做你的工作并踏实工作每一天,从某一点来看,你是会有回报的。
Create additional sources of income: Sometimes it is not easy to simply increase your current income at your day job. If that's the
case, look at means to create additional sources of income. Do you have a hobby that you can monetize? Do you have skills (musician,
carpenter, writer, etc.) that you can use to get some part time gigs? Do you have computer knowledge that you can use online? Creating
additional sources of income not only helps you get out of debt but provides you with better cushion to survive through primary job loss.
给自己创造额外收入来源:有的时候,你要想简简单单地在工作上增加现有的收入,那是不容易的。但如果你想要的话,你可
以找一些方法来增加你的额外收入。你有没有什么特长对你的赚钱有用呢?你有没有什么技能(音乐家,木匠,作家等)能帮你赚一些
兼职费?或你有没有什么电脑技术能在上网时用?制造你额外收入的来源不仅帮你走出负债,还能为你提供一个更好的缓冲物可以
抵消一点你现有的工作损失。
Build an emergency fund: As you attack your debt, remember to put away a small amount for the rainy day. If something
unexpected comes along or if you are forced to borrow money again, you will have a rough time getting out of debt. So stash away small
amounts of money in an emergency fund, and make sure you use it – well, only for emergencies!
准备一个急救资金:当你着手于你的负债时,记住要先挪出少许钱以备有需要的时候用。如果预料之外的事发生了,或是你
不得不再借一些钱,那么你还债的路程就更艰辛了。因此,储存一部分钱当作急救资金,并保证你能很好地用这部分钱,而且只能在
急用的时候用!
Avoid paying fees when possible: Get organized. Make sure you are paying your bills on time. There is no point in paying fees in
addition to interest! Also, look out for other options where you can save on fees – for instance, going into a bank to withdraw money may
seem like a hassle, but is it really worth spending $3 in ATM fees every time you withdraw money? Booking your movie tickets online
may seem convenient, but is it really worth paying an extra dollar for the ticket?
尽可能地避免花多余的钱:要有条理地组织好。确保你每次按时付账单。对于另付利息是毫无意义可言的,同时再做些其它
的选择,这样你可以减少一些不需要的费用---例如去银行提款看起来似乎是一个麻烦,但这是不是真正地值得每次花 3 美元的手续
费在自动取款机上取钱呢?在网上订电影票看起来是方便,但是否真得值得付额外的费用来订票呢?
Use balance transfers: Call up every single one of the credit card companies and ask them if they can lower your interest rate or
offer you special interest on balance transfer. Repeat with all the credit cards you have, and consolidate your loans onto the cards that
offer the best interest rate. Watch out for the “balance transfer fees” and make sure you are really coming out ahead. Again, do NOT close
paid off credit cards because it will lower your credit score!
使用差额转账:给每一个信用证公司打电话,然后问他们是否能降低你的利率或是在差额转账上给你提供特殊利息。反复多
次使用你所有的信用卡,然后将你全部的贷款放在提供最优惠利息的卡上。接着注意你“差额转账费用”并弄清楚你是真正地成功
了。再一次申明一下,不要关掉你付款的信用卡,这样会降低你的信誉积分!
Make a budget: A budget is not really that difficult to make or follow. You don’t need fancy software or tools, just a simple
notebook and pen, or a trusted spreadsheet program. List all your recurring bills like rent/mortgage, groceries, utilities, bills and put a
limit on it. Then create a category for miscellaneous expenses to cover what you cannot plan for and an indulgence category. If you don’t
have enough for paying towards debt, tweak and tune these categories, until you find enough.
学会使用预算:预算并不是真正地难以使用。你不需要什么特别的软件或工具,你只需要一本简单的笔记本和一支笔或可信
的电子数据表。将你经常会用到的账款如租费/抵押费,商品费,日常生活费用,账单列在一个目录上并给这些消费加上一个最大限
额。然后再给其它费用建立一个目录用来涵盖你不能计划的作为你临时享受用的一个目录。如果你认为你没有能力来付这些款
项,那就修改你的目录,直到你有足够的能力来付这些款。
Reuse and recycle: Reuse and recycle whatever you can. I never buy garbage bags. Instead I have small waste bins in my kitchen
and bathrooms that I line with grocery bags. I don’t care if someone thinks that is cheap – it saves me money and is a small way to reduce
my environmental footprint. So why should I bother about what snobs think. And since they are smaller waste bins, they get cleaned our
more regularly, reducing the possibility of stench in the kitchen. You will be amazed at how many different places you can apply the
reuse and recycle principle to save a few bucks!
再使用和再回收:再使用和回收一切你能够做到的。我从来不买垃圾袋。相反在我厨房和浴室里用的垃圾袋是我买东西的
袋子。我不在乎谁说我这是便宜货---这确实帮我省了钱也是让我减少对环境损害的一个小方法。因此,我不必烦恼那些势力的人
所说的话。由于那些是比较小的垃圾袋,我能够更有规律地将它们及时清理干净,减少它们在厨房的逗留时间。不久你将会很惊异
地发现你可以在很多地方运用这个再使用和再回收的原则来帮你节省少许钱!
Make your intentions public: When you start digging into your debt, make your intentions public. Say it out loud - maybe to your
spouse or your family or friends. When people know that you are tackling debt, they will give you dirty looks and lectures when you slip
up :) It may be an unsavory experience, but if it keeps you on track and gets you out the hole faster, why not? Maybe it will also stop
them from enticing you to eat out or buy that new pair of pants!
让你的目标公众化:当你开始着手于你的债务中,你要将你的目标公众化。大声地说出来-----对你的配偶,家人或你的朋友。
当人们知道你要处理你的债务时,如果你中途有所怠慢,他们会给你不好的脸色看并给你做思想:这可能是一个不太愉悦的过程,但
这可以让你保持下去并更快地脱离债务的深渊,那你为什么不试一试呢?他们也可能诱惑你让你出去吃一顿或买一条新的牛仔裤!
Start a blog about your effort: If you are not comfortable about sharing it with the people you know, share it with strangers! The
internet makes it so easy to have an anonymous public image! Use it! Create a blog and chart your progress. You can create free blogs
using software like blogger - it is fairly easy and you don’t need to be tech-savvy to be able to do it. Nothing makes you obsessive about
getting rid of your debt like encouragement from a bunch of strangers whom you have never met! Besides, depending on your success,
you may be able to monetize your blog and make it an additional source of income. Here are a few blogs to get you started Blogging
Away Debt, No Credit Needed, The Simple Dollar. A simple search for “blog debt” on Google will show you many more if you are
interested.
创建一个博客对你每天的努力作一个报告:如果你觉得将这些与你认识的人分享感到不太舒服,那就与陌生人分享这一切!
因特网让你拥有一个虚拟形象变得非常容易。就用它!创建一个博客然后见证你的成功。你可以用像 blogger 这样的软件来创建
一个免费博客---这确实很简单,而且你不需要是一个技术专家来使用它。从来没有什么像来自一群你没遇见过的陌生人的鼓励那
样让你如此着迷。此外,依赖你这种成功,你可以将你的博客成为你赚钱的工具来做为你额外的收入。你可以从以下几个博客开
始:Blogging Away Debt、No Credit Needed、The Simple Dollar。如果你有兴趣的话,在 Google 网上简单地搜寻一下“blog debt”这
几个字,你将会得到更多信息。
Surround yourself with the right type of people: If you are surrounded by people who keep spending, then it is difficult to get out
of the consumerist mentality and slip into the more sensible mentality of living within your means. This may mean changing friends or
keeping your distance from those that influence you negatively. It is a very difficult tip to follow, but a necessary one, if you want to
really get out of debt.
让自己的生活圈子里住满“正确”的人:如果你周围的朋友全都不停地在花钱,那你很难从消费的心理状态中清醒出来,也很难
进入到更明智的生活方式之下。这就可能意味着你要换掉你的朋友们或远离那些对你有消极影响的朋友。这条建议很难做,但又
很必要,如果你是真的想要摆脱债款。
Move! Drastic times require drastic measures! If you are really deep into debt you might want to consider more drastic steps like
moving to a city with lower cost of living, to a smaller house, to an apartment with lower rent etc.
行动!极端的时代需要极端的方法!如果你确实深处债务中,那你得考虑考虑是否要搬到消费低一点的城市,小一点的房子,房
租便宜一点的公寓,等等。
If something is available for free, don’t pay for it. Throw the money at your debt instead! If you can take public transportation to
get around, skip the driving. Better yet, ride your bike and get a little workout at the same time. At the end of the month you may have
used one less tank of gas. Make sure you bump up your debt repayment by that amount. It may not seem like much, but over a course of
time, this can add up beautifully to free you from debt a lot sooner.
如果有的东西可以不要钱,那就不要付它,而让这些钱花在偿还你的债务上!如果你可以用公共交通工具去某个地方,那就不
要开汽车。最好是骑自行车,同时还能健身。在月底你用的汽油就可能少于一油箱。确保你用这些钱来偿还一些负债。这看起来
似乎不太多,但长时间下去,你就可以完美地并更快地偿还所有的债款。
Always pay more than the minimum payment toward your debt. If you only pay minimum payments, you will be old and gray
before you pay off a the debt. Here is a calculator that shows the true cost of paying minimum. For example, if you only pay the minimum
payment on a credit card loan of just $1000, at an APR of 18%, then it will take you around 13 years to pay off that debt. In that time you
would have paid $1, in interest. That is more than the principal borrowed! Imagine how much worse it is with larger loans. So
always try to make more than the minimum payments if you are serious about getting rid of debt.
经常在偿还你的债款时,多付一点你能承受的最低量。如果你只是一味地每次偿还最低量,那你直到老的那天才会还清所有
的债。下面就每次只付最低量做的一个计算。例如,你信用卡上欠了 1000 美元,你仅付最低量,大概 18%来偿还,那你要花 13 年来
还债,而这段期间,你要付 美元来还利息费。这比你借的本金还要多。试想一下,如果欠了更多的债,那是多么地严重。因此,
如果你是认认真真地对待还债这件事,那你最好试着每次偿还你能付的最低量的多一点的金额。
Don’t hesitate to take help from loved ones: When you are down and battling with debt, if loved ones offer to help don’t hesitate
to accept. This could be in cash or kind. For instance, can your mother baby sit your kids so you can save some money that is spent on
daycare and apply it to your debt? Can your parents loan you some money at low or zero interest that will help you reduce the amount you
pay in debt? If you are just starting out, can you move back with your parents for a few months and throw the rent money towards your
debt? These may be very tough but they can save you several years of slaving to pay off your debt.
不要犹豫接受来自你亲人的帮助:当你处于劣势并与债款作斗争时,如果你的亲人为你提供帮助,你不要犹豫地去接受。这
种帮助不仅体现在现金上也体现在关爱上。比如,你的妈妈是否可以照顾你的孩子,这样你就可以省掉一笔花在照顾上的钱而可以
将这些钱花在债务上?你的父母是否能以低率或免率来借你一笔钱来减少你在债款上付的钱?如果你是刚搬出去住的,你能否搬回
去和你父母住来免掉房租费?这些可能让你很为难,但这确可以帮你省好几年来还债。
Make it automatic/manual: I know that’s ambiguous, but pick what works for you. If it hurts you every month to go over the bills
and make the payments, then just set up automatic payments so that a fixed portion of your income goes towards paying debt. Your sole
responsibility then is to make sure that your bank balance stays above the required amount and to avoid overdraft fees. On the other hand,
if it gives you pleasure to watch your debt shrink and motivates you to keep at it, then make it manual. Pay your bills by yourself each
month.
自动化或手动化还债:我知道这很模棱两可,但选择一个对你最适用的。如果每个月去查账款付款让你觉得很麻烦,那就设
定一个自动每月付款,这样你收入中的一个定额就会自动地拿去偿还债款。你唯一的任务就是去确认一下你银行的余额仍处在最
低点之上,免得要去付透支费。另一方面,如果看着你的债款渐渐减少让你觉得很爽并激励你继续保持下去,那你就人为地去还债。
每个月自己去偿还。
Ultimately, getting rid of debt is like going on a financial diet; it is not easy and the temptations to give in are high. There will be
that tiny voice in your head that says, “what’s the point of money if you can’t enjoy life?” But if you are in debt, and constantly worrying
about it, you are in fact enslaved to your financial miseries. Unless you make some sacrifices, it is unlikely that you will be able to get out
of it. Not all of these tips will work for you, so pick what does and stick to it!
总之,脱离债款就像是减钱的肥;这一点也不容易,你所遇到的诱惑也是很大的。有一个小小的声音总是在你的头脑你回
荡,“如果不可以享受生活,那钱还有什么用呢?”但是你如果欠债,并不断地担心着,那你实际上就成了钱奴。如果你不做出一点牺牲,
你是不可能脱离债谷的。不是所有的建议对你都是有用的,所以你要挑出几个并坚持做下去。
人力资源术语英汉对照
人力资源管理：(Human Resource Management ，HRM)
人力资源经理：( human resource manager)
高级管理人员：(executive)
职业：(profession)
道德标准：(ethics)
操作工：(operative employees)
专家：(specialist)
人力资源认证协会：(the Human Resource Certification Institute，
HRCI)
外部环境：(external environment)
内部环境：(internal environment)
政策：(policy)
企业文化：(corporate culture)
目标：(mission)
股东：(shareholders)
非正式组织：(informal organization)
跨国公司：(multinational corporation，MNC)
管理多样性：(managing diversity)
工作：(job)
职位：(posting)
工作分析：(job analysis)
工作说明：(job description)
工作规范：(job specification)
工作分析计划表：(job analysis schedule，JAS)
职位分析问卷调查法：(Management Position Description
Questionnaire，MPDQ)
行政秘书：(executive secretary)
地区服务经理助理：(assistant district service manager)
人力资源计划：(Human Resource Planning，HRP)
战略规划：(strategic planning)
长期趋势：(long term trend)
要求预测：(requirement forecast)
供给预测：(availability forecast)
管理人力储备：(management inventory)
裁减：(downsizing)
人力资源信息系统：(Human Resource Information System，
HRIS)
招聘：(recruitment)
员工申请表：(employee requisition)
招聘方法：(recruitment methods)
内部提升：(Promotion From Within ，PFW)
工作公告：(job posting)
广告：(advertising)
职业介绍所：(employment agency)
特殊事件：(special events)
实习：(internship)
选择：(selection)
选择率：(selection rate)
简历：(resume)
标准化：(standardization)
有效性：(validity)
客观性：(objectivity)
规范：(norm)
录用分数线：(cutoff score)
准确度：(aiming)
业务知识测试：(job knowledge tests)
求职面试：(employment interview)
非结构化面试：(unstructured interview)
结构化面试：(structured interview)
小组面试：(group interview)
职业兴趣测试：(vocational interest tests)
会议型面试：(board interview)
组织变化与人力资源开发
人力资源开发：(Human Resource Development，HRD)
培训：(training)
开发：(development)
定位：(orientation)
训练：(coaching)
辅导：(mentoring)
经营管理策略：(business games)
案例研究：(case study)
会议方法：(conference method)
角色扮演：(role playing)
工作轮换：(job rotating)
在职培训：(on-the-job training ，OJT)
媒介：(media)
企业文化与组织发展
企业文化：(corporate culture)
组织发展：(organization development，OD)
调查反馈：(survey feedback)
质量圈：(quality circles)
目标管理：(management by objective，MBO)
全面质量管理：(Total Quality Management，TQM)
团队建设：(team building)
职业计划与发展
职业：(career)
职业计划：(career planning)
职业道路：(career path)
职业发展：(career development)
自我评价：(self-assessment)
职业动机：(career anchors)
绩效评价
绩效评价：(Performance Appraisal，PA)
小组评价：(group appraisal)
业绩评定表：(rating scales method)
关键事件法：(critical incident method)
排列法：(ranking method)
平行比较法：(paired comparison)
硬性分布法：(forced distribution method)
晕圈错误：(halo error)
宽松：(leniency)
严格：(strictness)
360°反馈：(360-degree feedback)
叙述法：(essay method)
集中趋势：(central tendency)
报酬与福利
报酬：(compensation)
直接经济报酬：(direct financial compensation)
间接经济报酬：(indirect financial compensation)
非经济报酬：(no financial compensation)
公平：(equity)
外部公平：(external equity)
内部公平：(internal equity)
员工公平：(employee equity)
小组公平：(team equity)
工资水平领先者：(pay leaders)
现行工资率：(going rate)
工资水平居后者：(pay followers)
劳动力市场：(labor market)
工作评价：(job evaluation)
排列法：(ranking method)
分类法：(classification method)
因素比较法：(factor comparison method)
评分法：(point method)
海氏指示图表个人能力分析法：(Hay Guide Chart-profile
Method)
工作定价：(job pricing)
工资等级：(pay grade)
工资曲线：(wage curve)
工资幅度：(pay range)
12. 福利和其它报酬问题
福利(间接经济补偿)
员工股权计划：(employee stock ownership plan，ESOP)
值班津贴：(shift differential)
奖金：(incentive compensation)
利润分享（分红制）：(profit sharing)
安全与健康的工作环境
安全：(safety)
健康：(health)
频率：(frequency rate)
紧张：(stress)
角色冲突：(role conflict)
催眠法：(hypnosis)
酗酒：(alcoholism)
员工和劳动关系
工会：(union)
地方工会：(local union)
行业工会：(craft union)
产业工会：(industrial union)
全国工会：(national union)
谈判组：(bargaining union)
劳资谈判：(collective bargaining)
仲裁：(arbitration)
罢工：(strike)
内部员工关系：(internal employee relations)
纪律：(discipline)
纪律处分：(disciplinary action)
申诉：(grievance)
降职：(demotion)
调动：(transfer)
晋升：(promotion)
目标 mission/ objective
集体目标 group objective
内部环境 internal environment
外部环境 external environment
计划 planning
组织 organizing
人事 staffing
领导 leading
控制 controlling
步骤 process
原理 principle
方法 technique
经理 manager
总经理 general manager
行政人员 administrator
主管人员 supervisor
企业 enterprise
商业 business
产业 industry
公司 company
效果 effectiveness
效率 efficiency
企业家 entrepreneur
权利 power
职权 authority
职责 responsibility
科学管理 scientific management
现代经营管理 modern operational management
行为科学 behavior science
生产率 productivity
激励 motivate
动机 motive
法律 law
法规 regulation
经济体系 economic system
管理职能 managerial function
产品 product
服务 service
利润 profit
满意 satisfaction
归属 affiliation
尊敬 esteem
自我实现 self-actualization
人力投入 human input
盈余 surplus
收入 income
成本 cost
资本货物 capital goods
机器 machinery
设备 equipment
建筑 building
存货 inventory
经验法 the empirical approach
人际行为法 the interpersonal behavior approach
集体行为法 the group behavior approach
协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach
社会技术系统法 the social-technical systems approach
决策理论法 the decision theory approach
数学法 the mathematical approach
系统法 the systems approach
随机制宜法 the contingency approach
管理任务法 the managerial roles approach
经营法 the operational approach
人际关系 human relation
心理学 psychology
态度 attitude
压力 pressure
冲突 conflict
招聘 recruit
鉴定 appraisal
选拔 select
培训 train
报酬 compensation
授权 delegation of authority
协调 coordinate
业绩 performance
考绩制度 merit system
表现 behavior
下级 subordinate
偏差 deviation
检验记录 inspection record
误工记录 record of labor-hours lost
销售量 sales volume
产品质量 quality of products
先进技术 advanced technology
顾客服务 customer service
策略 strategy
结构 structure
领先性 primacy
普遍性 pervasiveness
忧虑 fear
忿恨 resentment
士气 morale
解雇 layoff
批发 wholesale
零售 retail
程序 procedure
规则 rule
规划 program
预算 budget
共同作用 synergy
大型联合企业 conglomerate
资源 resource
购买 acquisition
增长目标 growth goal
专利产品 proprietary product
竞争对手 rival
晋升 promotion
管理决策 managerial decision
商业道德 business ethics
有竞争力的价格 competitive price
供货商 supplier
小贩 vendor
利益冲突 conflict of interests
派生政策 derivative policy
开支帐户 expense account
批准程序 approval procedure
病假 sick leave
休假 vacation
工时 labor-hour
机时 machine-hour
资本支出 capital outlay
现金流量 cash flow
工资率 wage rate
税收率 tax rate
股息 dividend
现金状况 cash position
资金短缺 capital shortage
总预算 overall budget
资产负债表 balance sheet
可行性 feasibility
投入原则 the commitment principle
投资回报 return on investment
生产能力 capacity to produce
实际工作者 practitioner
最终结果 end result
业绩 performance
个人利益 personal interest
福利 welfare
市场占有率 market share
创新 innovation
生产率 productivity
利润率 profitability
社会责任 public responsibility
董事会 board of director
组织规模 size of the organization
组织文化 organizational culture
目标管理 management by objectives
评价工具 appraisal tool
激励方法 motivational techniques
控制手段 control device
个人价值 personal worth
优势 strength
弱点 weakness
机会 opportunity
威胁 threat
个人责任 personal responsibility
顾问 counselor
定量目标 quantitative objective
定性目标 qualitative objective
可考核目标 verifiable objective
优先 priority
工资表 payroll
策略 strategy
政策 policy
灵活性 discretion
多种经营 diversification
评估 assessment
一致性 consistency
应变策略 consistency strategy
公共关系 public relation
价值 value
抱负 aspiration
偏见 prejudice
审查 review
批准 approval
主要决定 major decision
分公司总经理 division general manager
资产组合距阵 portfolio matrix
明星 star
问号 question mark
现金牛 cash cow
赖狗 dog
采购 procurement
人口因素 demographic factor
地理因素 geographic factor
公司形象 company image
产品系列 product line
合资企业 joint venture
破产政策 liquidation strategy
紧缩政策 retrenchment strategy
战术 tactics
追随 followership
个性 individuality
性格 personality
安全 safety
自主权 latitude
悲观的 pessimistic
静止的 static
乐观的 optimistic
动态的 dynamic
灵活的 flexible
抵制 resistance
敌对 antagonism
折中 eclectic
激励 motivation
潜意识 subconscious
地位 status
情感 affection
欲望 desire
压力 pressure
满足 satisfaction
自我实现的需要 needs for self-actualization
尊敬的需要 esteem needs
归属的需要 affiliation needs
安全的需要 security needs
生理的需要 physiological needs
维持 maintenance
保健 hygiene
激励因素 motivator
概率 probability
强化理论 reinforcement theory
反馈 feedback
奖金 bonus
股票期权 stock option
劳资纠纷 labor dispute
缺勤率 absenteeism
人员流动 turnover
奖励 reward
特许经营 franchise
热诚 zeal
信心 confidence
鼓舞 inspire
要素 ingredient
忠诚 loyalty
奉献 devotion
作风 style
品质 trait
适应性 adaptability
进取性 aggressiveness
热情 enthusiasm
毅力 persistence
人际交往能力 interpersonal skills
行政管理能力 administrative ability
智力 intelligence
专制式领导 autocratic leader
民主式领导 democratic leader
自由放任式领导 free-rein leader
管理方格图 the managerial grid
工作效率 work efficiency
服从 obedience
领导行为 leader behavior
支持型领导 supportive leadership
参与型领导 participative leadership
指导型领导 instrumental leadership
成就取向型领导 achievement-oriented leadership
Action learning：行动学习
Alternation ranking method：交替排序法
Annual bonus：年终分红
Application forms：工作申请表
Appraisal interview：评价面试
Aptitudes：资质
Arbitration：仲裁
Attendance incentive plan：参与式激励计划
Authority：职权
Behavior modeling：行为模拟
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (bars)：行为锚定等级评
价法
Benchmark job：基准职位
Benefits：福利
Bias：个人偏见
Boycott：联合抵制
Bumping/layoff procedures：工作替换/临时解雇程序
Burnout：耗竭
Candidate-order error：候选人次序错误
Capital accumulation program：资本积累方案
Career anchors：职业锚
Career cycle：职业周期
Career planning and development：职业规划与职业发展
Case study method：案例研究方法
Central tendency：居中趋势
Citations：传讯
Civil Rights Act：民权法
Classes：类
Classification (or grading) method：归类（或分级）法
Collective bargaining：集体谈判
Comparable worth：可比价值
Compensable factor：报酬因素
Computerized forecas：计算机化预测
Content validity：内容效度
Criterion validity：效标效度
Critical incident method：关键事件法
Davis-Bacon Act (DBA)：戴维斯─佩根法案
Day-to-day-collective bargaining：日常集体谈判
Decline stage：下降阶段
Deferred profit-sharing plan：延期利润分享计划
Defined benefit：固定福利
Defined contribution：固定缴款
Department of Labor job analysis：劳工部工作分析法
Discipline：纪律
Dismissal：解雇；开除
Downsizing：精简
Early retirement window：提前退休窗口
Economic strike：经济罢工
Edgar Schein：艾德加．施恩
Employee compensation：职员报酬
Employee orientation：雇员上岗引导
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ：雇员
退休收入保障法案
Employee services benefits：雇员服务福利
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)：雇员持股计划
Equal Pay Act：公平工资法
Establishment stage：确立阶段
Exit interviews：离职面谈
Expectancy chart：期望图表
Experimentation：实验
Exploration stage：探索阶段
Fact-finder：调查
Fair day's work：公平日工作
Fair Labor Standards Act：公平劳动标准法案
Flexible benefits programs：弹性福利计划
Flex place：弹性工作地点
Flextime：弹性工作时间
Forced distribution method：强制分布法
Four-day workweek：每周 4 天工作制
Frederick Taylor：弗雷德里克．泰罗
Functional control：职能控制
Functional job analysis：功能性工作分析法
Gain sharing：收益分享
General economic conditions：一般经济状况
Golden offerings：高龄给付
Good faith bargaining：真诚的谈判
Grade description：等级说明书
Grades：等级
Graphic rating scale：图尺度评价法
Grid training：方格训练
Grievance：抱怨
Grievance procedure：抱怨程序
Group life insurance：团体人寿保险
Group pension plan：团体退休金计划
Growth stage：成长阶段
Guarantee corporation：担保公司
Guaranteed fair treatment：有保证的公平对待
Guaranteed piecework plan：有保障的计件工资制
Halo effect：晕轮效应
Health maintenance organization (HMO) ：健康维持组织
Illegal bargaining：非法谈判项目
Impasse：僵持
Implied authority：隐含职权
Incentive plan：激励计划
Individual retirement account (IRA) ：个人退休账户
In-house development center：企业内部开发中心
Insubordination：不服从
Insurance benefits：保险福利
Interviews：谈话；面谈
Job analysis：工作分析
Job description：工作描述
Job evaluation：职位评价
Job instruction training (JIT) ：工作指导培训
Job posting：工作公告
Job rotation：工作轮换
Job sharing：工作分组
Job specifications：工作说明书
John Holland：约翰．霍兰德
Junior board：初级董事会
Layoff：临时解雇
Leader attach training：领导者匹配训练
Lifetime employment without guarantees：无保证终身解雇
Line manager：直线管理者
Local market conditions：地方劳动力市场
Lockout：闭厂
Maintenance stage：维持阶段
Management assessment center：管理评价中心
Management by objectives (MBO)：目标管理法
Management game：管理竞赛
Management grid：管理方格训练
Management process：管理过程
Mandatory bargaining：强制谈判项目
Mediation：调解
Merit pay：绩效工资
Merit raise：绩效加薪
Mid career crisis sub stage：中期职业危机阶段
Nondirective interview：非定向面试
Occupational market conditions：职业市场状况
Occupational orientation：职业性向
Occupational Safety and Health Act：职业安全与健康法案
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)：职
业安全与健康管理局
Occupational skills：职业技能
On-the-job training (OJT) ：在职培训
Open-door：敞开门户
Opinion survey：意见调查
Organization development(OD)：组织发展
Outplacement counseling：向外安置顾问
Paired comparison method：配对比较法
Panel interview：小组面试
Participant diary/logs：现场工人日记/日志
Pay grade：工资等级
Pension benefits：退休金福利
Pension plans：退休金计划
People-first values："以人为本"的价值观
Performance analysis：工作绩效分析
Performance Appraisal interview：工作绩效评价面谈
Personnel (or human resource) management：人事（或人力
资源）管理
Personnel replacement charts：人事调配图
Piecework：计件
Plant Closing law：工厂关闭法
Point method Policies：政策
Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) ：职位分析问卷
Position replacement cards：职位调配卡
Pregnancy discrimination act：怀孕歧视法案
Profit-sharing plan：利润分享计划
Programmed learning：程序化教学
Qualifications inventories：资格数据库
Quality circle：质量圈
Ranking method：排序法
Rate ranges：工资率系列
Ratio analysis：比率分析
Reality shock：现实冲击
Reliability：信度
Retirement：退休
Retirement benefits：退休福利
Retirement counseling：退休前咨询
Rings of defense：保护圈
Role playing：角色扮演
Salary surveys：薪资调查
Savings plan：储蓄计划
Scallion plan：斯坎伦计划
Scatter plot：散点分析
Scientific management：科学管理
Self directed teams：自我指导工作小组
Self-actualization：自我实现
Sensitivity training：敏感性训练
Serialized interview：系列化面试
Severance pay：离职金
Sick leave：病假
Situational interview：情境面试
Skip-level interview：越级谈话
Social security：社会保障
Speak up! ：讲出来！
Special awards：特殊奖励
Special management development techniques：特殊的管理
开发技术
Stabilization sub stage：稳定阶段
Staff (service) function：职能（服务）功能
Standard hour plan：标准工时工资
Stock option：股票期权
Straight piecework：直接计件制
Strategic plan：战略规划
Stress interview：压力面试
Strictness/leniency：偏紧/偏松
Strikes：罢工
Structured interview：结构化面试
Succession planning：接班计划
Supplement pay benefits：补充报酬福利
Supplemental unemployment benefits：补充失业福利
Survey feedback：调查反馈
Sympathy strike：同情罢工
System Ⅳ：组织体系Ⅳ
System I：组织体系
Task analysis：任务分析
Team building：团队建设
Team or group：班组
Termination：解雇；终止
Termination at will：随意终止
Theory X：X 理论
Theory Y：Y 理论
Third-party involvement：第三方介入
Training：培训
Transactional analysis (TA) ：人际关系心理分析
Trend analysis：趋势分析
Trial sub stage：尝试阶段
Unclear performance standards：绩效评价标准不清
Unemployment insurance：失业保险
Unfair labor practice strike：不正当劳工活动罢工
Unsafe acts：不安全行为
Unsafe conditions：不安全环境
Validity：效度
Value-based hiring：以价值观为基础的雇佣
Vroom-Yetton leadership trainman：维罗姆-耶顿领导能力
训练
Variable compensation：可变报酬
Vestibule or simulated training：新雇员培训或模拟
Vesting：特别保护权
Voluntary bargaining：自愿谈判项目
Voluntary pay cut：自愿减少工资方案
Voluntary time off：自愿减少时间
Wage carve：工资曲线
Work samples：工作样本
Work sampling technique：工作样本技术
Work sharing：临时性工作分担
Worker involvement：雇员参与计划
Worker's benefits：雇员福利
Adaptability 适应性
Aligning Performance for Success 协调工作以求成功业绩
Applied Learning 应用的知识
Building a Successful Team 建立成功团队
Building Customer Loyalty 对客户忠诚
Building Partnerships 建立合作关系
Building Strategic Working Relationships 建立战略性工作关系
Building Trust 建立互信关系
Coaching 辅导
Communication 沟通
Continuous Learning 不断学习
Contributing to Team Success 对团队成功的贡献
Customer Focus 以客户为中心
Decision Making 决策
Delegating Responsibility 授权
Developing Others 发展他人
Drive for Results 注重实效
Energy 精力充沛
Facilitation Change 推动变革
Follow-up 跟进
Formal Presentation 专业演讲技巧
Gaining Commitment 具有使命感
Impact 影响力
Information Monitoring 采集信息
Initiating Action 主动采取行动
Innovation 创新
Job Fit 胜任工作
Leading Through Mission and Values 在使命与价值的认同中
的领导才能
Managing Conflict 解决冲突
Managing Work (Includes Time Management) 管理工作（时间
管理）
Meeting Leadership 会议组织能力
Meeting Participation 分享
Negotiation 谈判
Planning and Organizing 编制计划与组织能力
Quality Orientation 质量定位
Risk Taking 勇于冒险
Safety Awareness 安全意识
Sales Ability / Persuasiveness 销售能力/说服能力
Strategic Leadership / Decision Making 战略性领导/决策制定
Stress Tolerance 压力忍受能力
Technical / Professional Knowledge and Skills 技术专业知识和
技能
Tenacity 坚忍不拔
Work Standards 操作规范
Action learning：行动学习
Alternation ranking method：交替排序法
Annual bonus：年终分红
Application forms：工作申请表
Appraisal interview：评价面试
Aptitudes：资质
Arbitration：仲裁
Attendance incentive plan：参与式激励计划
Authority：职权
Behavior modeling：行为模拟
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (bars)：行为锚定等级评价法
Benchmark job：基准职位
Benefits：福利
Bias：个人偏见
Boycott：联合抵制
Bumping/layoff procedures：工作替换/临时解雇程序
Burnout：耗竭
Candidate-order error：候选人次序错误
Capital accumulation program：资本积累方案
Career anchors：职业锚
Career cycle：职业周期
Career planning and development：职业规划与职业发展
Case study method：案例研究方法
Central tendency：居中趋势
Citations：传讯
Civil Rights Act：民权法
Classes：类
Classification (or grading) method：归类（或分级）法
集体谈判 Comparable worth：可比价值
Compensable factor：报酬因素
Computerized forecast：计算机化预测
Content validity：内容效度
Criterion validity：效标效度
Critical incident method：关键事件法
Davis-Bacon Act (DBA)：戴维斯―佩根法案
Day-to-day-collective bargaining：日常集体谈判
Decline stage：下降阶段
Deferred profit-sharing plan：延期利润分享计划
Defined benefit：固定福利
Defined contribution：固定缴款
Department of Labor job analysis：劳工部工作分析法
Discipline：纪律
Dismissal：解雇；开除
Downsizing：精简
Early retirement window：提前退休窗口
Economic strike：经济罢工
Edgar Schein：艾德加•施恩
Employee compensation：职员报酬
Employee orientation：雇员上岗引导
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ：雇员退休
收入保障法案
Employee services benefits：雇员服务福利
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) ：雇员持股计划
Equal Pay Act：公平工资法
Establishment stage：确立阶段
Exit interviews：离职面谈
Expectancy chart：期望图表
Experimentation：实验
Exploration stage：探索阶段
Fact-finder：调查
Fair day’s work：公平日工作
Fair Labor Standards Act：公平劳动标准法案
Flexible benefits programs：弹性福利计划
Flex place：弹性工作地点
Flextime：弹性工作时间
Forced distribution method：强制分布法
Four-day workweek：每周天工作制
Frederick Taylor：弗雷德里克•泰罗
Functional control：职能控制
Functional job analysis：功能性工作分析法
沟通 Communication
个人发展 Personal Development
电子学习 e-Learning
项目管理 Project Management
领导艺术 Leadership
团队建设 Team Building
管理 Management
商务管理类
行政管理 Administrative Support
人力资源 Human Resources
商法 Business Law
行业 Industry
客户服务 Customer Service
知识管理 Knowledge Management
电子商务 e-Business
市场 Marketing
金融/财会 Finance & Accounting
企业运营 Operations
财务服务 Financial Services
销售 Sales
able 有才干的，能干的 adaptable 适应性强的
active 主动的，活跃的 aggressive 有进取心的
ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的
amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的
apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的
audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能
的
careful 办理仔细的 candid 正直的
competent 能胜任的 constructive 建设性的
cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富创造力的
dedicated 有奉献精神的 dependable 可靠的
diplomatic 老练的，有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的
dutiful 尽职的 well--educated 受过良好教育的
efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的
expressivity 善于表达 faithful 守信的，忠诚的
frank 直率的，真诚的 generous 宽宏大量的
genteel 有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的
humorous 有幽默 impartial 公正的
independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的
ingenious 有独创性的 motivated 目的明确的
intelligent 理解力强的 learned 精通某门学问的
logical 条理分明的 methodical 有方法的
modest 谦虚的 objective 客观的
precise 一丝不苟的 punctual 严守时刻的
realistic 实事求是的 responsible 负责的
sensible 明白事理的 sporting 光明正大的
steady 踏实的 systematic 有系统的
purposeful 意志坚强的 sweet-tempered 性情温和的
temperate 稳健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的
name 姓名 in. 英寸
pen name 笔名 ft. 英尺
alias 别名 street 街
Mr. 先生 road 路
Miss 小姐 district 区
Ms （小姐或太太） house number 门牌
Mrs. 太太 lane 胡同，巷
age 年龄 height 身高
bloodtype 血型 weight 体重
address 地址 born 生于
permanent address 永久住址 birthday 生日
province 省 birthdate 出生日期
city 市 birthplace 出生地点
county 县 home phone 住宅电话
prefecture 专区 office phone 办公电话
autonomous region 自治区 business phone 办公电话
nationality 民族；国籍 current address 目前住址
citizenship 国籍 date of birth 出生日期
native place 籍贯 postal code 邮政编码
duel citizenship 双重国籍 marital status 婚姻状况
family status 家庭状况 married 已婚
single 未婚 divorced 离异
separated 分居 number of children 子女人数
health condition 健康状况 health 健康状况
excellent （身体）极佳 short-sighted 近视
far-sighted 远视 ID card 身份证
date of availability 可到职时间 membership 会员、资格
president 会长 vice-president 副会长
director 理事 standing director 常务理事
society 学会 association 协会
secretary-general 秘书长 research society 研究会
work experience 工作经历 occupational history 工作经历
professionalhistory 职业经历 specific experience 具体经历
responsibilities 职责 second job 第二职业
achievements 工作成就，业绩 administer 管理
assist 辅助 adapted to 适应于
accomplish 完成（任务等） appointed 被认命的
adept in 善于 analyze 分析
authorized 委任的；核准的 behave 表现
break the record 打破纪录 breakthrough 关键问题的解决
control 控制 conduct 经营，处理
cost 成本；费用 create 创造
demonstrate 证明，示范 decrease 减少
design 设计 develop 开发，发挥
devise 设计，发明 direct 指导
double 加倍，翻一番 earn 获得，赚取
effect 效果，作用 eliminate 消除
enlarge 扩大 enrich 使丰富
exploit 开发（资源，产品） enliven 搞活
establish 设立（公司等）；使开业 evaluation 估价，评价
execute 实行，实施 expedite 加快；促进
generate 产生 good at 擅长于
guide 指导；操纵 improve 改进，提高
initiate 创始，开创 innovate 改革，革新
invest 投资 integrate 使结合；使一体化
justified 经证明的；合法化的 launch 开办（新企业）
maintain 保持；维修 modernize 使现代化
negotiate 谈判 nominated 被提名；被认命的
overcome 克服 perfect 使完善；改善
perform 执行，履行 profit 利润
be promoted to 被提升为 be proposed as 被提名（推荐）为
realize 实现（目标）获得（利润） reconstruct 重建
recorded 记载的 refine 精练，精制
registered 已注册的 regenerate 更新，使再生
replace 接替，替换 retrieve 挽回
revenue 收益，收入 scientific 科学的，系统的
self-dependence 自力更生 serve 服务，供职
settle 解决（问题等） shorten 减低……效能
simplify 简化，精简 spread 传播，扩大
standard 标准，规格 supervises 监督，管理
supply 供给，满足 systematize 使系统化
test 试验，检验 well-trained 训练有素的
valuable 有价值的 target 目标，指标
working model 劳动模范 advanced worker 先进工作者
education 学历 educational history 学历
educational background 教育程度 curriculum 课程
major 主修 minor 副修
educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程
包括
specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程
special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践
part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作
vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程
extracurricularactivities 课外活动 physical activities 体育活动
recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动
social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励
scholarship 奖学金 excellent League member 优秀团员
excellent leader 优秀干部 student council 学生会
off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训
educational system 学制 cademic year 学年
semester 学期（美） term 学期（英）
supervisor 论文导师 pass 及格
fail 不及格 marks 分数
examination 考试 degree 学位
post doctorate 博士后 doctor() 博士
master 硕士 bachelor 学士
graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生
abroad student 留学生 undergraduate 大学肆业生
government-supportedstudent 公费生 commoner 自费生
extern 走读生 intern 实习生
prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生
graduate 毕业生 guest student 旁听生（英）
auditor 旁听生（美） day-student 走读生
objective 目标 position desired 希望职位
job objective 工作目标 employment objective 工作目标
career objective 职业目标 position sought 谋求职位
position wanted 希望职位 position appliedfor 申请职位
for more specializedwork 为更专门的工作
for prospectsof promotion 为晋升的前途
for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任
for wider experience 为扩大工作经验
due to close-downof company 由于公司倒闭
due to expiryof employment 由于雇用期满
sought a betterjob 找到了更好的工作
to seek a betterjob 找一份更好的工作
hobbies 业余爱好 play the guitar 弹吉他
reading 阅读 play chess 下棋
play 话剧 long distance running 长跑
play bridge 打桥牌 collecting stamps 集邮
play tennis 打网球 jogging 慢跑
sewing 缝纫 travelling 旅游
listening to symphony 听交响乐 do some clay scultures 搞泥塑
