第五章运输战略运输战略z运输方式库存战略z承运人路线/时间客户服务z运输批量/集运选址战略
内容 运输在物流中的作用 运输系统概况 运输成本 运输费率 运输决策王晓东,胡瑞娟2
运输在物流中的作用z对多数公司来说，运输通常是物流管理中最重要的一个要素。据观察，运输成本占物流总成本的比重约为1/3到2/3。z运输的功能: z联系生产和消费z实现产品的空间效用和时间效用z高效低廉的运输系统能极大地增强企业市场竞争力，扩大生产的规模经济效益，降低经营成本。王晓东,胡瑞娟3
联系生产和消费MovementMovementMovement/Movement/transport/transporttransport/transportwarehousestoragePlant3Plant2storagewarehousePlant1ValueDelivery to Customer’s customerIn DCvalue stockFinished transitProductiongoodsRaw Material stock王晓东,胡瑞娟Down the supply chain4
降低运输成本vs.拓展企业市场边界new market boundary between Market boundary between A & B: determined by the A & B: determined by the intersection of new supply intersection of “supply curve of A and old supply curve”of A & Bcurve of BTransport cost of Market Price P’are products: d*tlowered by d*(t’-t)Production Cost = CDistancefacility A facility B王晓东,胡瑞娟market extension5
运输系统概况内河运输水运沿海运输海上运输近洋运输空运基本远洋运输铁路运输运输陆运方式公路运输管道运输多式联运王晓东,胡瑞娟6
各运输方式运输线路在延长200180160140120100806040200RailwaysHighwaysInland WaterwayCivil Aviation RoutesPipelines王晓东,胡瑞娟7Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook,
300220021002000299918991799169915991499139912991199109919891589108918791运量快速增长6000050000400003000020000100000total freight tonkmrailwayshighwayswaterwayscivil aviationpipeline王晓东,胡瑞娟8Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook,
全社会货运周转量增长121086420567890123456789012888889999999999000999999999999999000111111111111111222-2RailRoadWaterCivil AviationPipeline王晓东,胡瑞娟9grouth
全社会货运周转量的构成100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%railwayshighwayswaterwayscivil aviationpipeline王晓东,胡瑞娟10Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook,
铁路运输王晓东,胡瑞娟11
Rail运行速度快：1998年磁悬浮列车在日本539公里实验时速适应性强：全天候，受地理条件和天气影响小，可运送各种货物，通用性强运输能力大；环境污染少：电力机车修建铁路要大量金属，资金需要提货、送货，短途运输成本高受轨道限制，灵活性差王晓东,胡瑞娟12
铁路基础设施的发展40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%-5%1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002-10%Railways lengthRailways outputGDP王晓东,胡瑞娟13Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2004.
铁路货物构成Breakdown of Cargo by rail0% Coal 10%5%1% Coke 3%43% Petroleum Steel and Iron 2% Metal Ores Nonmetal Ores 2%Mineral Building Material Cement Timber 4% Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides Grain Cotton 8%4%4%5%9% Salt Others 王晓东,胡瑞娟14
水路运输王晓东,胡瑞娟15
水运运输能力大无通道投资通过能力强适货性强，适合运大件货物运输成本低（运距长，运量大）对地理环境要求高，适应性差路线迂回速度慢风险大，破损多王晓东,胡瑞娟16
海运货物构成Breakdown of Cargo by Sea Coal 23% Petroleum 30% Metal Ores Steel and Iron Mineral Building Material Cement Timber 4% Nonmetal Ores 15% Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides0% Salt1% Grain 12%7%4% Others 2%1%1%王晓东,胡瑞娟17
沿海主要货物港口吞吐量（万吨）港 口19851990199519992000200120022003 总 计311544832180166105162125603142634166628201126 上 海1129113959165671864120440220992638431621 宁 波104025546853966011547128521539818543 广 州1772416372991015711128128231532417187 天 津18562063578772989566113691290616182 青 岛26113034510372578636103981221314090 大 连43814952641785059084100471085112602 秦 皇 岛44196945838282619743113021116712562 日 照925145220032674293331364507 营 口98237115619452268252031274009 连 云 港9291137171620172708305833163752 烟 台689668136116461774219026892936 湛 江12311557188517512038220526272866 汕 头20127971611911284130913801470 海 口17028846867480888810731329 八 所388431275380378342343425 三 亚7837422748714961 其他港口509214687237493147936228446455698418
公路运输普遍性，全球公路网密度居五种运输方式之首机动灵活，可门到门服务通用性强，可运送几乎所有货物快捷可控，在中短途运到速度快，与其他方式结合也可提供长途快运服务投资少，市场开放单车平均运载量小，能耗大安全、舒适性差公路拥挤，污染日益严重19
公路基础设施的发展40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002-5%Highways lengthHighways outputGDP王晓东,胡瑞娟20Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2004.
公路运输在陆路运输的地位越来越重要运输技术越来越先进重载车辆、托挂运输、专用车辆大量使用大中型车辆柴油化、智能化已经基本形成全国公路网络，高速公路越来越多王晓东,胡瑞娟21
陆路运输基础设施的国际比较density oftraffic densitylength of lineroadroad networkof railCountry or Area(km/square km) (traffic units per km) 王晓东,胡瑞娟22Data Source: World Bank.
航空运输王晓东,胡瑞娟23
航空运输机动性好，不受地表条件限制速度快，航班密依赖地面运输完成门到门服务安全、舒适，对包装要求少受天气影响大运量小，运价高运输能力有限，无法运大件货物以客运为主的局面仍然继续王晓东,胡瑞娟24
管道运输运量大，24x365小时工作能耗低，安全无污染不受气候影响占地少，节约能源，劳动力，货物无须包装，损耗少，没有空返问题投资少，管理简单，单位运营成本低适应性、通用性差、灵活性差初期建设成本高王晓东,胡瑞娟25
几种运输方式之间的比较Economic MotorRailAir Water Pipeline characteristicsCost ModerateLowHighLowLow(cent/ton-mile in )Terminal-Point-to-Terminal-to-Terminal-Terminal-to-Market coverageto-pointterminalto-terminalterminalterminalDegree of ManyFewModerateFewFewcompetitionLow/moderatHigh value, Low Predominant e value, low-value, Low value, high All typestrafficmoderate moderate high densityhigh densitydensitydensityAverage length of 605to 8299931424444to552haul(kms)2200617602251339王晓东,胡瑞娟In China194026
几种运输方式之间的比较（续）Service characteristicsMotorRailAir Water Pipeline 50 to 1000 to 30000 to 5 to 12510 to 2512000600002500000Equipment capacity(tons)Average weight in (time-in-transit) Moderate to fastModerateFastSlowSlowAvailabilityHighModerateModerateLowLowConsistency(delivery time Low to HighModerateHighHighvariability)moderateLow to Loss and damageLowModerateLow LowmoderateFlexibility (adjustment to Moderate Low to HighModerateLowshipper’s needs)to highmoderateSource: Douglas M. Lambert,etc. Fundamentals of Logistics Management, McGraw Hill, 1998. Statistic Yearbook, 2003王晓东,胡瑞娟27
基本运输方式的结合使用零担运输（LTL）和整担运输（TL/CL）散货运输包裹运输危险品运输工程运输Project transportation大陆桥运输成组运输（集装箱运输）多式联运王晓东,胡瑞娟28
Bulk transportationTL/CLDeliveryOrigin/Destination/PickupTL/CL terminal terminal ShipperConsignee (agent)(agent)LTLLTLLong HaulParcel ContainerizationserviceDesti-OriginnationMulti-modal transportation王晓东,胡瑞娟29
成组运输指采用一定的方法将分散的单件货物组合在一起，成为一个规格化、标准化的大的运输单位进行运输，以适于机械化、自动化操作。常见的成组化运输方式包括：托盘运输集装箱运输王晓东,胡瑞娟30
多式联运（国际多式联运公约）国际多式联运是按照多式联运合同，以至少两种不同的运输方式，由多式联运经营人将货物从一国境内接管货物的地点送至另一国境内交付货物的地点多式联运也经常采用集装箱运输方式完成王晓东,胡瑞娟31
运输成本特征运输服务成本一般包括:起点站、终点站产生的货物装卸、处理成本运输途中产生的运送成本中转站的转运成本运输起点站、终点站产生的取货、送货成本制单成本（Billing cost）等王晓东,胡瑞娟32
运载工具的规模与平均成本$/ton mile or$/shipment mileOperation costs and plane sizeDC9727747Stage length in miles王晓东,胡瑞娟33
运输距离与平均成本铁路：$铁路：$公路：$公路：$铁路：$公路：$平均成本$/吨英里公路平均成本铁路平均成本吨英里（吨数=10）550英里800英里2550英里王晓东,胡瑞娟34
载运比率与平均成本平均成本$TRProfit 运量TCLosses Variable costsFixed costsBELFLoad factor 100%王晓东,胡瑞娟Break even load factor35
联合成本或共同成本zForward haul & backward haulzByproduct王晓东,胡瑞娟36
总成本和平均成本某运输企业运送每单货物产生制单费用5元，每吨货物装卸费8元，甲乙两地相距100公里，每公里燃油消耗3元。问：现有一车, 某日装运7吨货物由甲地到乙地，再空车返回甲地，当天的运输总成本是多少？如果该车可同时装运两单货物（分别为7吨和3吨）由甲地到乙地，再空车返回甲地，当天的运输总成本是多少：如果同一辆车回程时还可以运送10吨由乙地到甲地货物，则当天的运输总成本是多少？另请计算在上述情况下的平均成本，请分别用元/王晓东,胡瑞娟37吨·公里、元/吨来表示。
运输成本的构成Variable Cost +FixedCost:Output Units:zton-mileTTCztonszshipmentscostVTCzshipment-mileFTCCostoutputTATCAVTCHow to reduce transport AFTCcosts？output王晓东,胡瑞娟38
降低平均成本运输成本决定于：本批次运输使用运载工具的数量，而单位运输工具所承载货物的数量受到：运输工具容积和额定载重量的限制运输的距离中转等特殊服务节约运输成本，可以：尽量提高所运输货物的密度——改进包装方式增加单位运载工具所运输货物的重量——集拼作业缩短运输距离——寻找最短路径避免多次中转、装卸作业王晓东,胡瑞娟39
Break in bulkconsolidation集拼作业collectiondeliverycargoshipper1receiver1collectiondeliverycarrierreceiver2shipper2collectiondeliveryreceiver3shipper3Transport forwarder王晓东,胡瑞娟40
最短路径问题Given a network with (non-negative) costs on the arcs, find a “shortest-path”from a given origin node to a destination minutesB8484AI13866120132C90348F60126H1561261324848Note:All link timesJare in minutesD150DESTINATIONGFort Worth王晓东,胡瑞娟41
举例: Fort Worth 食品工厂FromFort WorthDay 1Day 2Day 3ConsolidatedTOTopeka5,00025,00018,00048,000Kansas7,00012,00021,00040,000Wichita42,00038,00061,000141,000rate levelDay 1Day 2Day 3ConsolidatedTo decide whether To decide whether not the not the is consolidation is desirable, the effect desirable, the effect cost comparisonon revenues of a on revenues of a Day 1Day 2Day 3Consolidatedlengthened order Topeka82,,,, order cycle time has to be Kansas111,,,, time has to be Wichita265,,,, with the compared with the Total459,,,,506, cost transportation cost Totals1,974, in transportation costs468,王晓东,胡瑞娟42
运输费率Product-related factorsProduct-related factorsBulk Density: weight-bulk ratioBulk Density: weight-bulk ratioStowability: utilization of spaceStowability: utilization of spaceEasiness of handlingEasiness of handlingRisk characteristicsRisk characteristicsService CharacteristicsMarket-related factorsService CharacteristicsMarket-related factorsReliability: consistence, Inter/Intra mode Reliability: consistence, Inter/Intra mode continuitycompetitioncontinuitycompetitionDelivery timeDistance to the marketDelivery timeDistance to the marketCoverageRegulatory factorCoverageRegulatory factorFlexibilityPricingSeasonalityFlexibilitySeasonalityLoss and damageDirection,etc.Loss and damageDirection,etc.Capability of providing related Capability of providing related serviceservice王晓东,胡瑞娟43
运价种类与距离相关的运价Distance related rate与需求相关的运价Demand related rate等级运价Class rate王晓东,胡瑞娟44
rate与距离相关的运价Uniform rate -postcardTapering rates -rail ratesRaterateDistanceDistanceBlanket rate Anticipated rateProportional raterateRate blanket backRate established to meet competitionDistanceXYDistance王晓东,胡瑞娟Rate minimum45
0523-10030572-10520522-10020571-10510521-1001057-105002-0举例: 中国铁路特快运费tapering rate-CRERail freight tariff76Y=a +bX543Y is rate in CNY 2per ton10X is distancea, b are coefficients distancedetermined by the regulatory DistanceorigindestinationRate(CNY)Service levelauthority (MOR) 2300王晓东,胡瑞娟46rate
与需求相关的运价: 竞争因素Production A= $ =?CTransportation =$ = $ = $
等级运价A function of the distance between shipment origin and destination points as well as other factors.Shippers do not always pay the rates for the quantities exactly as shown in tariff list. The quantity at which the break occurs can be found by the following formula:Rate×WeightNextNextBreakweight=RateCurrentWhereBreak weight= weight above which the next higher weight-break rate should be used for lower transport costsRate= Rate for next higher weight breakNextWeight= Minimum weight of next higher weight breakNextRate= Rate for true weight of shipmentNext王晓东,胡瑞娟48
举例: 中国航空的货物运费DistanceBasic rateairlineMinimum(km)(CNY/kg) much do you anticipate to pay for 90kg cargo？Price you pay = 30+90×=453CNYWhat is the break weight？Rate××100NextNextBreakweight===, the airline will charge as if you checked in 100kg cargo?Price you actually pay = 30+100×=440CNY < 453CNY王晓东,胡瑞娟49
运输决策自营运输的优劣：使用外部运输服务：选择承运人运输方式、线路；费率谈判；其他（其中多项决策可能同时作出）王晓东,胡瑞娟50
影响自营或外包的因素一次性投资One-time investment日常维护成本Maintenance cost对货物控制、管理的力度Control of goods and management运输技术的专业性Specialized technology运输工具的利用率Utilization of vehicle其他王晓东,胡瑞娟51
评价运输服务的主要指标价格：端点费用+途中运费平均运送时间：门到门运送时间的波动：衡量服务的可靠程度破损情况运力运输服务的频率货物信息的可得性其他特殊服务52
对运输服务的选择Selection User implicationdeterminantsTransport costLanded costsTransit timeInventory, stockout costs, marketingReliabilityInventory, stockout costs, marketingAccessibilityTransit time, freight costsCapability Meet physical/marketing needsSecurity / SafetyInventory, stockout costs王晓东,胡瑞娟53Source: The Management of Business Logistics, pp342
成本因素尽管客户往往不愿意承认，在承运人选择中，运输成本是最重要的决定因素。运输成本因素又包括费率（Rates）、起码计费重量（Minimum Weights）、装卸费用（Loading and Unloading）、包装费用（Packaging）、破损情况（Loss and Damage）和所提供的特殊服务等因素（Special Services Available）。上述因素会因不同企业、产品、情况而异。随着一体化物流管理概念的普及，运输成本因素的要重性有所下降，企业将从总成本角度重新评估运输服务王晓东,胡瑞娟54
运输时间与可靠性运输时间（Transit time ）是从托运人（consignor）托运货物到承运人将货物送到收货人（consignee）手中其间所经过的所有时间。包括装卸、中转服务和从始发站到终点站运送服务所需要的所有时间可靠性（Reliability）之承运人所提供的运输服务所用运输时间的一致性王晓东,胡瑞娟55
运输时间与可靠性（2）运输时间与可靠性会影响库存水平和缺货成本。运输时间缩短可以降低库存，可靠性水平提高可以降低库存（安全库存）和缺货成本如果提前期稳定，企业很容易使库存成本最小化，但如果运输时间不一致，企业就不得不增加库存水平。王晓东,胡瑞娟56
运输服务的可得性指客户是否可以使用承运人提供的运输服务运输服务的可得性决定于运输方式的特点，也取决于承运人服务网络的地理范围、服务种类的多样性和服务的频率王晓东,胡瑞娟57
运输服务的安全性多指货物载运输过程中出现的灭失或损坏的情况不同的运输方式、运输线路、运载工具、运输包装方式，以及货物的固有属性、承运人对服务质量的管理能力都会影响货物的破损率和丢失率王晓东,胡瑞娟58
评估承运人的主要指标DeterminantImportance rankTransit time reliability or consistency1Door-to-door transportation rates or costs2Total door-to-door transit time3Willingness of carrier to negotiate rate changes4Financial stability of the carrier5Equipment availability6Frequency of service7Pickup and delivery service8Freight loss and damage9Shipment expediting10Quality of operating personnel11Shipment tracing12Willingness of carrier to negotiate service changes13Scheduling flexibility14王晓东,胡瑞娟59Source: Edward, J. Bardi, Prabir Bagchi, and . Raghurathan, ‘Motor Carrier Seletionin a Deregulated Environment,’Transport Jounal 29, (Fall 1989):4-11.
Case1 : Carry-All CompanyAnnual demand: 700,000 units of luggageInventory carrying cost: 30% of unit value ($30)Current distribution plan:21 daysWest Coast WarehouseEast Coast PlantInventory=200,000unitsInventory=200,000unitsAverage inventory can be reduce by 1% with one day reduction of the transit time.The company can use the following transport service:Transport ServiceRailPiggybackTruckAirRate,$/-to-DoorTransit Time,Days21145260Size of Shipments200,000100,000100,00050,000
SolutionModal ChoiceMethod ofCost TypecomputationRailPiggybackTruckAirTransportationR**700,000=*700,000=*700,000=*700,000=70000105000140000980000In-transit(*30*700,000*21)/(*30*700,000*14)/3(*30*700,000*5)/365(*30*700,000*2)/365inventoryICDT/365365=65===362,,,, inventoryICQ/*30*200,000/2=*30*100,000/2=*30*100,000/2=*30*50,000/2=$900,000$450,000$450,000$225,*(30+)*200,000/*(30+)*100,*(30+)*100,000/2Field InventoryIC'Q/22=/2=*=*(30+)*50,000/2=$903,000$452,250$453,000$235,500Total cost2,235,,248,,129,,475, expensivecheapestNote:Demand is uniform distributed, thus 王晓东,胡瑞娟61average inventory = 1/2 (beginning inventory + ending inventory)or 1/2 shipment
成本之间的权衡Trade-off between transportation costsand inventory costs---the most frequenttrade-off in logisticsdecisions25000002000000150000010000005000000RailPiggybackTruckAirTransportationIn-transit inventoryPlant inventoryField Inventory王晓东,胡瑞娟Total cost62
Case 2:Appliance manufacturertotal purchases3,000value per case$100supplier A1,500when uses railsupplier Bwhen uses rail1,5005% of total purchase or 150 cases will be shifted to supplier for each day's reduction of average delivery timeaverage margin before transportation charges20%Transport modeTransport rate (per case)Delivery time (days)Rail$$64Air$ Comparison for Supplier A's Transport Modal ChoicesTransport ModeCases SoldGross ProfitTransport CostNet ProfitRail1500$30,$39,$45,王晓东,胡瑞娟63
成本之间的权衡Trade-off between the transportation cost and sales.$50,000$45,000$40,000$35,000$30,000$25,000$20,000$15,000$10,000$5,000$0RailTruckAirGross ProfitTransport CostNet Profit王晓东,胡瑞娟64
思考题如何理解运输在物流管理中的重要作用五大基本运输方式是什么？各有什么特征？运输成本都受哪些因素影响？企业该如何降低运输成本？哪些因素可以决定运价？常见的运价有哪几种？运输决策都包括哪些内容？如何选择合适的承运人？评估运输服务的指标有哪些？他们如何影响客户的物流成本？王晓东,胡瑞娟65
