탂쎳틗샭싛벰쓚짺폫췢짺뇈뷏샻틦 샭싛뗄탂랢햹ꎺ컄쿗ퟛ쫶 퇮킡뾭 냄듳샻퇇쒪쓉쪲듳톧 붲ퟹ뷌쫚 헅폀짺 냄듳샻퇇쒪쓉쪲듳톧 늩쪿뫳퇐뺿풱 훐맺맺컱풺랢햹퇐뺿훐탄 뢱퇐뺿풱 맘볼듊: 튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦ꆢHO뚨샭ꆢ튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯뚨샭ꆢSS뚨샭ꆢ싞뇶쮹믹뚨샭ꆢ쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦ꆢ췢짺뇈뷏샻틦ꆢ럖릤폫튵뮯 Keywords: Factor intensity reversal, HO theorem, Factor price equalization theorem, SS theorem, Rybczynski theorem, Endogenous comparative advantage, Exogenous comparative advantage, Division of labour and specialization. JEL 럖샠: F10, F11 뗚튻룥ꎺ2001쓪7퓂
2 탂쎳틗샭싛벰쓚짺폫췢짺뇈뷏샻틦샭싛뗄탂랢햹ꎺ컄쿗ퟛ쫶 퇮킡뾭 헅폀짺 냄듳샻퇇쒪쓉쪲듳톧 붲ퟹ뷌쫚 냄듳샻퇇쒪쓉쪲듳톧 늩쪿뫳퇐뺿풱 훐맺맺컱풺랢햹퇐뺿훐탄 뢱퇐뺿풱 쎳틗샭싛뗄랢햹폐솽쳵쿟쯷ꎺ튻쳵쫇틔쮹쏜ꎨSmithꎬ1776ꎩ캪듺뇭뗄뻸뛔폅쫆쮵ꎬ떱듺뺭볃톧돆웤캪쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦쮵ꎻ쇭튻훖쫇틔샮볎춼ꎨRicardo, 1817ꎩ췢짺벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뫍뫕뿋킪뛻ꎭ뛭쇖ꎨHecksche, 1919; Ohlin, 1933ꎬ볲돆HOꎩ캪듺뇭뗄�뢳뇈뷏폅쫆쮵ꆣ헢솽쳵쮼슷뗄닮뇰늢늻쫇볲떥뗄췢짺폫쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦뗄닮뇰ꎬ쯼쏇놾훊짏듺뇭ퟅ뺭볃톧뗄늻춬랢햹쮼슷ꆣ잰헟맘힢럖릤췸싧ꆢ뺭볃ퟩ횯뗈췘웋탔훊뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뛸뫳헟퓲맘힢풴뗄럖엤폫쇷쿲뗈럇췘웋탔훊뗄뇤뮯ꆣ뛾햽틔살ꎬ췢짺뇈뷏샻틦쮵튻횱쫇쎳틗샭싛뗄훷쇷ꆣ떫쪵볊짏ꎬ췢짺뇈뷏샻틦쮵훐뗄HO뚨샭퇏룱틢틥짏틑뺭놻췆랭ꎬ뛸샮볎춼뚨샭튲늢늻쿳맽좥죏캪뗄쓇퇹뻟폐튻냣탔ꆣ놾컄릴샕헻룶쎳틗샭싛랢햹뗄듳훂싶싧ꎬ닠훘뷩짜쎳틗샭싛뗄탂랢햹ꆣ좫컄럖컥룶늿럖ꎺ뗚튻늿럖움쫶췆랭췢짺뇈뷏�뢳폅쫆쮵뗄샭싛컄쿗ꎻ뗚뛾늿럖뷩짜럱뚨HO뚨샭뗄뺭퇩횤뻝ꎻ뗚죽늿럖움쫶탂쎳틗샭싛ꎬ벰웤죧뫎춻웆죋쏇뛔췢짺뇈뷏샻틦쒣탍뗄뒫춳죏쪶ꎻ뗚쯄늿럖움쫶쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯컄쿗뛔쎳틗샭싛뗄릱쿗ꎻ뗚컥늿럖쫇볲뛌뗄뷡폯ꆣ 튻ꆢ췆랭뫕뿋킪뛻ꎭ뛭쇖췢짺�뢳뇈뷏폅쫆뚨샭뗄컄쿗 틔샮볎춼캪듺뇭뗄뇈뷏샻틦쮵쫇횸ꎬ솽룶맺볒ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱ꎬ죴A맺짺닺X쿠뛔Y뛸퇔돉놾뇈B맺뷏뇣틋ꎬ퓲A맺펦돶뿚X뛸뷸뿚Yꆣ헢샯폐솽룶쿠뛔룅쓮ꎬ튻룶쫇X폫Y뗄쿠뛔돉놾ꎬ튻룶쫇A폫B맺쿠뛔뛸퇔ꆣ틲듋ꎬ헢솽룶쿠뛔룅쓮늢늻틢캶ퟅA맺짺닺X뗄뻸뛔돉놾튻뚨뗍폚B맺ꎬ폐뿉쓜A맺짺닺X뫍Y뗄뻸뛔돉놾뚼뇈B맺룟ꎬ떫X뛔Y뗄쿠뛔돉놾뿉쓜죔뇈B맺뗍ꎬ헢쪱A맺펦돶뿚X뛸뷸뿚Yꆣ뛔폚횻폐샍뚯튻훖짺닺튪쯘뫍늻뇤맦쒣놨돪뗄샮볎춼쒣탍ꎬ횻튪AꆢB솽맺짺닺X뫍Y뗄쿠뛔샍뚯짺닺싊늻춬ꎬ퓲듋훖뇈뷏샻틦쮵뻍퓚솽룶맺볒솽훖닺욷ꎬ튻훖짺닺튪쯘뗄쒣탍훐ퟜ쫇돉솢ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ횻튪뛠폚솽훖닺욷ꎬ컒쏇뻍뫜죝틗헒떽헢훖뇈뷏샻틦쮵늻돉솢뗄샽ퟓꎨ쿪볻뢽슼샽1ꎩꆣ 떫쫇ꎬ뛔폚폐솽훖짺닺튪쯘뫍늻뇤맦쒣놨돪뗄뫕뿋킪뛻ꎭ뛭쇖쒣탍ꎨHecksche, 1919; Ohlin, 1933ꎬ틔쿂볲돆HO쒣탍ꎩꎬ쟩뿶뻍튪뢴퓓뗃뛠ꆣ뛔헢샠쒣탍ꎬ뇈뷏샻틦쮵폐솽룶냦놾ꆣ튻룶쫇쮵ꎬ튻룶맺볒돶뿚뇈췢맺쿠뛔뇣틋뗄짌욷ꎬ뷸뿚쿠뛔맳뗄짌욷ꆣ튲벴ꎬ죴A맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱X뫍Y뗄쿠뛔볛룱뗍폚B맺X뫍Y뗄쿠뛔볛룱ꎬ퓲A맺돶뿚X뷸뿚Yꆣ헢훖뇈뷏샻틦쮵룹놾늻뿉쓜퓚죎뫎쟩뿶쿂뚼돉솢ꆣ샽1뻍쫇튻룶랴샽ꆣ퓚듋샽훐ꎬ퓚튻뚨닎쫽횵랶캧쓚A맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱닺욷2뗄쿠뛔볛룱룟폚B맺ꎬ떫폐맺볊쎳틗뫳좴믡돶뿚닺욷2ꆣ뇈뷏샻틦쮵뗄쇭튻룶냦놾쫇쯹캽HO뚨샭ꆣ듋뚨샭짹돆ꎬ퓚좱랦샮볎춼췢짺벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆쪱ꎬ횻튪맺볒횮볤듦퓚ퟅ췢짺�뢳닮뇰ꎬ튲뿉쓜믡닺짺럖릤뺭볃ꆣ죧맻튻룶맺볒샍솦폫놾뗄뇈샽듳폚쇭튻룶맺볒ꎬ퓲듋맺돶뿚샍솦쏜벯탍닺욷ꎬ뷸뿚놾쏜벯탍닺욷ꆣ폫HO뚨샭폐맘뗄쇭췢죽룶훷튪뗄쎳틗뚨샭쫇ꎺ튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯ꎨFPEꎬ factor price equalizationꎩ뚨샭ꆢ쮹췐웕뛻뫍죸뛻즭뚨샭ꎨStolper and Samuelsonꎬ1941ꎬ틔쿂볲돆SS뚨샭ꎩ뫍슳뇶탁쮹믹뚨샭ꎨRybczynskiꎬ1955ꎬ볲돆슳쫏뚨샭ꎩꆣFPE뚨샭짹돆ꎬ짌욷뗄ퟔ평맺볊쎳틗붫쪹튪쯘볛룱퓚맺볒횮볤뻹뗈뮯ꆣ쒳훖돌뛈짏ꎬ쯼쫇뛔튪쯘ퟔ평쇷뚯뗄튻훖쳦듺ꆣSS뚨샭짹돆ꎬ죴X쿠뛔Y캪놾쏜벯뗄ꎬ퓲떱X폫Y뗄쿠뛔볛룱짏짽쪱ꎬ놾폫샍뚯뗄쿠뛔볛룱튲믡짏짽ꆣ뛸슳쫏뚨샭짹돆ꎬ떱샍솦쿠뛔놾퓶볓쪱ꎬ샍뚯쏜벯탍닺욷닺솿짏짽뛸놾쏜벯닺욷닺솿쿂붵ꆣ 캪쇋퇏룱횤쏷헢벸룶쏼쳢뗄폐킧탔ꎬ죸뛻즭ꎨSamuelson, 1948, 1949ꎩ뛔HO쒣탍훐뗄벼쫵쳘탔ퟶ쇋죧쿂솽룶볙뚨ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ쎿튻훖짌욷뗄짺닺몯쫽퓚룷뗘뚼쿠춬ꎬ뛸쟒헢킩짺닺몯쫽퓚쫽톧
3 짏쫇튻뷗웫듎뗄ꎨ벴늻뇤맦쒣놨돪ꎩꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ컞싛죎튻맺볒훐릤폫놾뗄쿠뛔볛룱죧뫎ꎬ볗탐튵훐ퟮ폅뗄놾뛔샍뚯뗄뇈싊ퟜ쫇만뚨뗘듳폚믲헟킡폚틒탐튵ꆣ헢뻍쫇쯹캽뗄잿튪쯘쏜벯탍볙뚨ꎨstrong factor-intensity assumptionꎩꆣ헢룶볙뚨쫇늻뫏톧쫵맦랶뗄ꎨnot legitimateꎩꆣ틲캪ퟮ폅샍뚯뫍놾뗄뇈샽쫇쓚짺뻶닟뇤솿ꎬ컒쏇횻쓜퓚뷢돶ퟮ폅뻶닟뫍뻶닟뗄붻뮥ퟷ폃닺짺뗄뻹뫢뫳ꎬ닅쓜에뛏솽룶탐튵훐쿠뛔샍솦/놾뇈싊쫫듳쫫킡ꎬ믲쫇럱튻탐튵뗄듋쿠뛔뇈샽ퟜ쫇듳폚쇭튻탐튵ꆣ죧맻뮹쎻폐뷢돶뻹뫢뻍볙뚨튻룶탐튵훐듋튻뇈샽퓚죎뫎쳵볾쿂뚼듳폚쇭튻탐튵ꎬ헢뻍늻쫇뺭볃럖컶ꎬ뛸쫇튻뾪쪼뻍볙뚨쇋뷡싛ꆣ뗚죽룶볙뚨쫇쎿룶맺볒폀풶짺닺솽훖닺욷ꆣ퓚럖컶횮잰뻍펲탔볙뚨쎿맺뚼짺닺솽훖짌욷ꎬ튲쫇늻럻뫏톧쫵맦랶뗄ꆣ쎿룶맺볒쫇럱튵뮯쫇뻶닟뗄뷡맻ꎬ컒쏇횻폐뷢돶뻶닟뫍뻶닟붻뮥ퟷ폃닺짺뗄뻹뫢뫳닅쓜에뛏ꎬ퓚쪲쎴닎쫽횵랶캧쓚튻룶맺볒쫇짺닺튻훖뮹쫇솽훖짌욷ꆣ퓚ퟶ쇋헢킩펲탔뗄죋캪볙뚨뫳ꎬ죸뛻즭ꆰ횤쏷ꆱꎬ뛭쇖뚨샭ꎨOhlin, 1933ꎩ놳뫳뗄볙뚨틢캶ퟅ튻룶룼잿뗄솽맺횮볤튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯뗄뚨샭ꆣ SS뚨샭놻폃살횧돖놣뮤맘쮰ꆣ헢룶ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ짹돆ꎬ떱샍솦쏜벯닺욷쿠뛔놾쏜벯닺욷헇볛쪱ꎬ릤쿠뛔폚샻싊믡짏짽ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쿠뛔폚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣꎬ랢듯맺폫실뫳맺횮볤뗄쎳틗믡붵뗍랢듯맺볒쫐뎡짏샍솦쏜벯닺욷뗄쿠뛔볛룱ꎬ틲뛸쪹랢듯맺뗄릤쿠뛔샻싊쿂붵ꎬ듲믷샍릤뗄샻틦ꎬ뛸놣뮤맘쮰퓲뿉틔놣뮤랢듯맺볒샍릤뗄샻틦ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뫜뛠폐쪵볊뺭퇩뗄죋뚼엺움SS뚨샭ꆣ쯻쏇횸돶ꎬ놣뮤맘쮰쯤폐뿉쓜뇟볊뗘룄짆랢듯맺볒뗄샍릤뗘캻ꎬ떫좴폐뿉쓜붵뗍맺볊럖릤쮮욽ꎬ쪹헢킩샍릤ퟮ훕쫜쯰ꆣ쯹폐헢킩쯹캽뗄ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ뚼놻횤캱ꎬ벴퓚캬돖ퟮ볲떥뗄HO쒣탍볙뚨뗄쳵볾쿂ꎬ헢킩ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ늢늻튻뚨ퟜ쫇돉솢ꆣ돌컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹뫍퇮킡뾭뗄쒣탍ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yang, 1999ꎩ폃뎬뇟볊럖컶횤쏷쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ쟒늻쮵떱튻룶맺볒톡퓱뷇뗣뷢ꎨ췪좫튵뮯ꎩ쪱SS뚨샭늻돉솢ꎬ벴쪹쯹폐맺볒뚼늻튵뮯ꎨ뻹뫢랢짺퓚쯹캽뛠퇹뮯ힶ훐ꎩ쟒튪쯘쏜뛈쓦ꎨfactor intensity reversalꎩ늻돶쿖쪱ꎬ쯻쏇튲헒돶쇋튻룶랴샽ꎬ벴죧맻짺닺몯쫽닎쫽뇤뮯틽웰튪쯘쿠뛔볛룱뫍닺욷쿠뛔볛룱뇤뮯ꎬ죧맻죋쏇뛔솽훖닺욷뗄쫈뫃쿠닮벫듳ꎬ퓲샍솦쏜벯닺욷헇볛폐뿉쓜폫릤쿠뛔샻싊쿂붵춬쪱랢짺ꆣ뗏뿋쳘뫍싞싼ꎨDixit and Norman, 1980ꎩ튲헒떽쇋SSꆰ뚨샭ꆱ뗄랴샽ꆣ쯻쏇뮹헒돶쇋슳쫏ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ퓚쯹폐쯻뗄볙뚨쳵볾쿂늻돉솢뗄샽ퟓꆣ 죧맻늻볓죋캪맘폚뻶닟뷡뻖뗄볙뚨ꎬ뛸쫇듓짨뚨뗄쒣탍뷢돶ퟮ폅뻶닟벰튻냣뻹뫢ꎬ퓲횻폐퓚짺닺훐튪쯘쳦듺떯탔쿠닮늻듳ꎬ죋쏇뛔늻춬짌욷쫈뫃닮뇰늻듳ꎬ틔벰튪쯘�뢳닮뇰늻듳쪱ꎬ튪쯘쏜뛈쓦닅늻믡돶쿖ꆣ튲횻폐뛔늻춬닺욷쫈뫃ꆢ튪쯘�뢳닮뇰늻듳쪱ꎬ쎿룶맺볒닅믡짺닺솽훖짌욷ꆣ뎬돶헢킩닎쫽횵랶캧쪱ꎬ튪쯘쏜뛈뻍믡랢짺쓦ꎬ믲훁짙튻맺믡튵뮯ꆣ헢쪱ꎬ뇈뷏샻틦쮵ꆢ튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯ꆢSS뚨샭ꆢ슳쫏뚨샭뚼늻돉솢ꆣ 쫬쾤튻냣뻹뫢샭싛뗄뺭볃톧볒뚼뫜죝틗뾴돶헢킩ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ늻뿉쓜돉솢ꆣ퓚튻냣뻹뫢훐ꎬ쎳틗솿ꆢ볛룱뚼쫇평쿠뛔쫈뫃ꆢ쿠뛔풴솿ꆢ쿠뛔짺닺쳵볾벰룷쫐뎡횮볤쫽솿볛룱붻뮥ퟷ폃뗄컞쫽랴삡솴쳵뻶뚨뗄ꎬ뛸HO뚨샭좴짹돆쎳틗솿벰쒣쪽횻폫쿠뛔풴�뢳폐맘ꎬ뛸폫쿠뛔쫈뫃벰늻춬탐튵횮볤짺닺벼쫵닮뇰컞맘ꆣSS뚨샭튲뫶쫓쫈뫃뫍벼쫵뛔튪쯘볛룱뫍닺욷볛룱횮볤맘쾵뗄뢴퓓펰쿬ꆣ평폚솽훖튪쯘횮볤폐쳦듺탔ꎬ쟒솽맺횮볤룶죋뻶닟횮볤ꆢ늻춬짌욷뗄쫐뎡횮볤ꆢ닺욷볛룱뫍튪쯘볛룱벰싲싴솿횮볤폐컞쟮뛠룶랴삡솴쳵ꎬ튻룶맺볒폐뿉쓜퓚뾪럅쎳틗뫳돶뿚놾맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱뷏맳뗄닺욷ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ헢룶맺볒뷏킡ꎬ뛸쫀뷧쫐뎡뛔듋짌욷뗄욫뫃잿ꎬ틲듋쓄엂듋맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱듋훖짌욷뗄쿠뛔볛룱퓚놾맺뫜맳ꎬ퓲놾맺뿉쓜죔돶뿚듋훖짌욷ꎨ틠닎볻뢽슼샽1ꎩꆣ 퓧퓚1961쓪ꎬ쫽샭뺭볃톧볒낢싞뗈죋ꎨArrow, Chenery, Minhas and Solow, 1961; Bhagwati, J. and Dehejia, V., 1994ꎩ뻍횤쏷쇋HO뚨샭뗄듭컳ꆣ쯻쏇횸돶ꎬ뛔폚짺닺몯쫽쫇CES뗄쒣탍ꎬ쓄엂짺닺몯쫽퓚솽맺횮볤쿠춬ꎬ떫횻튪쳦듺떯탔퓚짺닺X뫍Y훐늻튻퇹ꎬ뻍폐뿉쓜닺짺쯹캽ꆰ튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦ꆱꎨfactor intensity reversalꎩꎬ벴X퓚A맺캪샍솦쏜벯뗄닺욷ꎬ퓚B맺좴캪놾쏜벯닺욷ꆣ횻튪폐튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦ꎬ퓲쓄엂늻뇤맦쒣놨돪뗄짺닺몯쫽퓚솽맺췪좫튻퇹ꎬ튻뚨폐튻룶맺볒믡캥랴뇈뷏�뢳폅쫆샭싛ꎬ돶뿚웤쿠뛔튪쯘�뢳쾡좱뗄닺욷ꆣ틲캪떱쳦듺떯탔퓚솽룶닺튵횮볤늻춬쪱ꎬ짺닺X뗄쿠뛔튪쯘쏜뛈쫇럱듳폚짺닺Y뗄쿠뛔튪쯘쏜뛈ꎬ폫쿠뛔튪쯘볛룱폐맘ꆣ죧맻퓚샍뚯/놾쿠뛔볛룱뫜뗍쪱X탐튵뇈Y탐튵룼샍솦쏜벯ꎬ퓲떱듋쿠뛔볛룱뫜룟쪱ꎬ죧맻X탐튵쳦듺떯탔듳듳룟폚Y탐튵ꎬ죋쏇뻍믡퓚X탐튵룼뿬뗘폃놾쳦듺샍뚯ꎬ퓲X탐튵뇤캪놾쏜벯탍탐튵ꎬ뛸Y탐튵랴뛸뇤돉샍솦쏜벯쇋ꆣ볙뚨A맺샍솦ꎭ놾�뢳뇈B맺룟ꎬA맺뗄릤/샻싊뇈뗍폚B맺ꎬ폐뿉쓜X탐튵퓚A맺쫇샍솦쏜벯탍ꎨ듋쪱Y퓚A맺쿠펦뗘
4 쫇놾쏜벯뗄ꎩꎬ떫퓚B맺ꎬ평폚놾뛠ꆢ놾볛룱뗍ꎬ뎧짌폃놾듺쳦샍뚯ꎬ쪹뗃X퓚B맺돉캪놾쏜벯탍탐튵ꎨ듋쪱Y퓚B맺쿠펦뗘쫇샍솦쏜벯뗄ꎩꆣ헢퇹ꎬ뿉쓜뗄쎳틗쒣쪽폐솽훖ꆣ뗚튻ꎬA맺돶뿚X닺욷ꆢ뷸뿚Y닺욷ꆣ뛔A맺뛸퇔ꎬ뇈뷏샻틦쮵돉솢ꎬ틲캪A맺샍솦쿠뛔뛠ꎬ돶뿚샍솦쏜벯닺욷ꎻ떫쫇ꎬB맺놾뛠좴뷸뿚퓚놾맺쫇놾쏜벯뗄Xꎬ뻍캥랴뇈뷏샻틦풭퓲ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬA맺돶뿚Y닺욷ꆢ뷸뿚X닺욷ꆣ듋쪱B맺럻뫏뇈뷏샻틦풭퓲ꎬ떫A맺좴캥랴뇈뷏샻틦풭퓲ꎬ틲캪A맺쫇샍솦럡뢻맺볒ꎬ좴돶뿚놾쏜벯뗄Yꆣ틲듋ꎬ횻튪춬튻닺욷퓚튻맺쫇샍솦쏜벯뗄ꎬ뛸퓚쇭튻맺쫇놾쏜벯뗄ꎬ퓲컞싛쓄튻훖쎳틗쒣쪽랢짺ꎬퟜ폐튻맺캥랴뇈뷏샻틦풭퓲ꆣ뛸뻹뫢뗄쿠뛔튪쯘볛룱평풴�뢳ꆢ쿠뛔쫈뫃벰솽룶닺튵쳦듺떯탔뗄닮뇰뻶뚨ꎬ죧맻뛔솽훖닺욷뗄쫈뫃닮뇰뫜듳ꎬ뫍/믲튪쯘쳦듺떯탔퓚탐튵횮볤닮뇰뫜듳ꎬ쿠뛔튪쯘볛룱횮볤뗄닮뇰ퟜ폐뿉쓜쪹뗃쒳튻탐튵퓚튻맺쫇샍솦쏜벯뗄ꎬ뛸퓚쇭튻맺쫇놾쏜벯뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚튻룶뇪ힼ뗄HO쒣탍훐ꎨ벴짺닺몯쫽퓚맺볒횮볤쿠춬ꎬ쿔쪾늻뇤맦쒣놨돪ꎩꎬ뻹뫢뗄쎳틗쒣쪽췪좫뿉쓜캥랴뇈뷏샻틦풭퓲ꎨ쿪볻뢽슼샽2ꎩꆣ 뛔폚쫽샭뺭볃톧볒횸돶뗄듭컳ꎬ듳뛠쫽쎳틗샭싛볒늻풸돐죏ꎬ뛸쫇볡돖ꆰ볙뚨ꆱ헢훖튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦늻돶쿖ꆣ쟭쮹ꎨJones, 1965ꎩ퓚ꆰ횤쏷ꆱHO뚨샭쪱짹돆ꎬ벴쪹컒쏇늻횪뗀쒣탍훐킧폃몯쫽ꆢ짺닺몯쫽뗄뻟쳥탎쪽ꎬHO쒣탍훐뗄뇈뷏샻틦쮵죔좻돉솢ꆣ헢룶ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ횮쯹틔쫇듭컳뗄ꎬ쫇틲캪ퟷ헟볙뚨떱룷맺튪쯘�뢳뇤뮯쪱ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢뗄튪쯘볛룱늻믡뇤뮯ꆣ헢튻볙뚨쿔좻캥랴튻냣뻹뫢뗄룅쓮ꎬ틲캪쯹폐볛룱퓚튻냣뻹뫢훐뚼쫇쓚짺뗄ꎬ튻냣믡쯦ퟅ듺뇭풴�뢳뗄닎쫽뇤뮯뛸뇤뮯ꆣ쟭쮹짹돆쯻폃뗄쫇튻냣뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶램ꎬꆰ횤쏷ꆱ쇋샍솦쿠뛔놾퓶볓쪱ꎬ샍솦쏜벯닺욷쿠뛔놾쏜벯탍닺욷뗄닺솿믡퓶볓ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻볙뚨튪쯘볛룱늻뇤ꎬ헢뻍늻쫇튻냣뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶쇋ꆣ쯻ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ쪱폃떽싞쫏ꆰ뚨샭ꆱꎬ벴튻맺샍솦쿠뛔놾퓶볓쪱ꎬ샍솦쏜벯닺욷퓶볓뛸놾쏜벯닺욷쿂붵ꆣ뛸뗏뿋쳘뫍싞싼ꎨDixit and Normanꎬ 1980ꎬꎩꎬ 돉컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹뫍퇮킡뾭ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yang, 1999ꎩ뚼퇏룱횤쏷ꎬ싞쫏ꆰ뚨샭ꆱ늻뿉쓜돉솢ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ죴짺닺몯쫽쫇CꎭD탍뗄ꎬ떱샍솦퓶볓쪱ꎬ샍솦쏜벯뫍놾쏜벯닺욷뚼믡춬쪱퓶볓ꎬ뛸늻믡죧싞쫏풤볻뗄쓇퇹잰헟퓶볓뫳헟복짙ꆣ평폚쟭쮹듭컳뗘죏캪싞뇶쮹믹뚨샭돉솢ꎬ늢듭컳뗘볙뚨튪쯘볛룱늻믡틲풴뇤뮯뛸뇤뚯ꎬ맊쯻쓜ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ돶ꎬ떱A맺샍솦쿠뛔놾퓶볓쪱ꎬ샍솦쏜벯닺욷짺닺솿믡짏짽ꎬ뛸놾쏜벯짺닺솿믡쿂붵ꎬ틲뛸잰헟뛔뫳헟쿠뛔볛룱쿂붵ꎬ쯹틔듋맺뾪럅쎳틗뫳ꎬ룼뿉쓜돶뿚쿠뛔뇣틋뗄샍솦쏜벯닺욷ꆣ평폚낢싞뗈죋ꎨArrow, Chenery, Minhas and Solow, 1961ꎩꎬ뗏뿋쳘뫍싞싼ꎨDixit and Norman, 1980ꎩ뗈죋퓚HO풭쒣탍뗄볙짨쳵볾쿂헒돶쇋폫HO뚨샭늻쿠죝뗄랴샽ꎬ쯹틔내톧쫵맦랶ꎬHO뚨샭퇏룱틢틥짏틑뺭놻췆랭ꎨ퓚캬돖뚨샭훐볙뚨쪱ꎬ튻룶랴샽ퟣ틔췆랭헻룶뚨샭ꎩꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쟭쮹뗄헢룶듭컳ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ좴튻퓙퓚룷훖뷌뿆쫩훐놻틽폃ꎬ컳떼쇋뫜뛠톧짺ꆣ뛸뗏뿋쳘뫍싞싼퓲퓚웤폐쏻뗄뷌뿆쫩훐뷸튻늽쇐돶쇋벸룶랴샽ꎨDixit and Norman, 1980, , , pp98-99, p102, pp114,115ꎩꎬ횤쏷벴쪹쎻폐풴쏜벯뛈쓦ꎬ쟒쎿룶맺볒짺닺쯹폐닺욷ꎬ뇈뷏샻틦쮵퓚닺욷뫍튪쯘뚼뛠폚2룶쪱늻뿉쓜ퟜ쫇돉솢ꎨ뢽슼샽1튲쫇튻룶폐죽룶닺욷뗄랴샽ꎩꆣ돉컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹뫍퇮킡뾭ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yang, 2000aꎩ튲횤쏷ꎬ쓄엂쎻폐튪쯘쏜뛈쓦ꆢ쎻폐벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꆢ쎿맺뚼짺닺솽훖닺욷ꎬ퓚튻뚨닎쫽횵랶캧쓚SS뚨샭튲늻돉솢ꆣ 캪쇋뷸튻늽횤쏷쎳틗샭싛훐뗄헢킩듭컳ꎬ뗂늼슳ꎨDebreu, 1974ꎩꆢ싼쳘뛻ꎨMantelꎬ1974ꎩꆢ즣죊쮹믹ꎨ Sonnenscheinꎬ1973ꎩ룼쫇횤쏷돶쇋튻룶헦헽뗄ꆰ늻뿉쓜뚨샭ꆱꆣ듋뚨샭쮵쏷ꎬ퓚늻뻟쳥킴돶쒣탍뗄몯쫽쿔쪽뗄쳵볾쿂ꎬ컒쏇늻뿉쓜헒돶튻냣뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬튻냣맦싉ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쎳틗샭싛훐뗄쯄듳훷튪뚨샭뚼쫇쫔춼퓚늻뻟쳥짨뚨쒣탍뗄몯쫽쿔쪽쳵볾쿂헒돶뻹뫢볛룱ꆢ풴ꆢ닺솿횮볤뗄튻냣맘쾵ꎨ뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶ꎩꆣ내ꆰ늻뿉쓜뚨샭ꆱꎬ헢킩ꆰ뷡맻ꆱ쫇늻뿉쓜돉솢뗄ꆣ 돉컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹뫍퇮킡뾭ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yangꎬ1999ꎩ붫샮볎춼뗄벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆틽뷸HO쒣탍ꎬ퇏룱횤쏷쇋뇈뷏샻틦쮵뗄뻖쿞탔ꆣ쯻쏇퓚CD짺닺몯쫽훐틽죫쇋좫튪쯘짺닺싊닎쫽퓚맺볒횮볤뗄닮뇰ꎬ볙뚨맺볒i훐X뫍Y뗄짺닺몯쫽럖뇰쫇x=aLaK1−a뫍iixixixy=aLbK1−biiyiyꆣiy웤훐ꎬa(i=1,2;j=x,y)쫇좫튪쯘짺닺솦쾵쫽ꆣ쯻쏇횤쏷ꎬ죧맻Aij맺볈폐짺닺X닺욷뗄벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ폖폐짺닺X닺욷뗄풴�뢳뗄뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎬ떱헢벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뎬맽풴뇈뷏쇓쫆쪱ꎬ퓲A맺믡돶뿚폐풴뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄닺욷ꆣ샽죧ꎬA맺짺닺놾쏜벯뗄닺욷폐벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫A맺쫇룶샍솦쿠뛔럡뢻뗄맺볒ꎬ죴잰튻벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뎬맽뫳튻짺닺놾쏜벯닺욷뗄풴뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎬ퓲A맺돶뿚놾쏜벯뗄닺욷ꆣ쯻쏇뗄쒣탍횤쏷ꎬ풴뇈뷏폅쫆쮵벴
5 쪹떱쳦듺떯탔퓚늻춬닺튵훐췪좫튻퇹ꎬ벴튪쯘쏜뛈쓦늻랢짺쪱ꎬ튲뿉쓜놻췆랭ꎨ쿪볻뢽슼샽3ꎩꆣ 쯻쏇뗄쒣탍뿉틔ퟜ뷡캪죧쿂쏼쳢ꎺ볙죧붻틗킧싊퓚솽룶맺볒훐뚼늻첫뗍ꎬ퓲떱놾럡뢻뗄맺볒쎻폐짺닺놾쏜벯닺욷뗄뇈뷏벼쫵쇓쫆ꎬ믲헟떱웤뇈뷏�뢳폅쫆뎬맽벼쫵쇓쫆쪱ꎬ룃맺돶뿚놾쏜벯탍닺욷ꆣ럱퓲ꎬ헢룶맺볒돶뿚샍뚯쏜벯탍닺욷ꆣ죧맻웤훐죎튻맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊럇뎣뗍ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢뻍쫇ퟔ룸ퟔퟣꆣ떱붻틗킧싊퓚솽룶맺볒훐뚼싔폐쳡룟쪱ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢뻍쳸떽쎿룶맺볒짺닺솽훖짌욷늢춬쯼맺쎳틗뗄뷡릹ꆣ떱튻룶맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊뷸튻늽쳡룟쪱ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢뻍쳸떽헢퇹튻룶뷡릹ꎬ벴폐룼룟붻틗킧싊뗄맺볒췪좫튵뮯늢뗃떽듳늿럖쎳틗뫃뒦ꎬ뛸쇭튻룶맺볒퓲짺닺솽훖짌욷ꆣ떱솽룶맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊뚼뷸튻늽쳡룟쪱ꎬ뻹뫢뻍쳸떽쎿룶맺볒뚼췪좫튵뮯뗄뷡릹ꆣ퓚룸뚨붻틗킧싊쪱ꎬ뇈뷏벼쫵폅쫆뫍/믲�뢳폅쫆뗄돌뛈뗄퓶볓붫쪹뻹뫢듓ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쿲뗍쮮욽뗄럖릤뫍쎳틗ꎬ좻뫳쿲솽룶맺볒뚼튵뮯뗄췪좫럖릤쮮욽ꆣ 쯻쏇뗄컄헂튲횸돶ꎬ췪좫뫶쫓닎쫽뇤뮯쪱쎳틗뷡릹뗄뎬뇟볊쳸풾튲쫇뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶뗄튻늿럖뗄ퟶ램쫇늻뛔뗄ꆣ죧맻뾼싇헢킩뎬뇟볊뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶ꎬ헽죧늻뿉쓜뚨샭쯹풤볻뗄ꎬ쯄듳쎳틗뚨샭늻뿉쓜퓚죎뫎닎쫽횵랶캧쓚뚼ퟜ쫇돉솢ꆣ 짏쫶쯄룶훷튪쎳틗뚨샭퓚샭싛짏놻횤캱ꎬ룸컒쏇죧쿂뷌통ꎺ뗚튻ꎬ쎳틗솿ꆢ볛룱뫍풴�뢳횮볤뗄맘쾵늻뿉쓜폐쪲쎴럅횮쯄몣뛸뷔ힼ뗄맦싉탔ꎬ헽죧늻뿉쓜뚨샭쯹횤쏷뗄ꎬ죧맻헢킩맘쾵폐쪲쎴맦싉탔뗄뮰ꎬ쯼뚼쫇뛔쳘뚨쒣탍훐쳘뚨뗄몯쫽탎쪽돉솢ꎬ믲횻뛔쳘뚨쒣탍훐쒳튻쳘뚨뗄닎쫽횵랶캧돉솢ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ늻뿉쓜폐컞쳵볾돉솢뗄뇈뷏샻틦쮵ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ헢쯄듳쎳틗뚨샭뗄쳡돶뚼쫇듓볲떥뗄횱룐돶랢ꎬ뛸헢횱룐췹췹틔룶죋뗄뻶닟뺭퇩믲뻖늿뻹뫢쮼뾼캪믹뒡ꎬ돤싺ퟅ싟벭짏뗄쎬뛜ꎬ폗훉뗘컞쫓뫜뛠뇤솿횮볤뢴퓓뗄랴삡솴쳵ꎬ쯹틔늻뿉쓜럻뫏쿖쪵ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ뇈뷏풴폅쫆쮵뻍횻뾴풴쿠뛔펵폐솿뫍쿠뛔닺솿횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ컳틔캪샍솦쿠뛔뛠ꎬ뻍믡뛠폃샍솦ꎬ짺닺룼뛠샍솦쏜벯닺욷ꎬ뛸췼볇쇋샍솦쿠뛔뛠ꎬ샍솦볛룱튲믡뗍ꎬ헢믡쪹풭살놾쏜벯뗄닺욷튲폃뫜뛠샍솦살짺닺ꆣ죧맻헢룶쳦듺킧펦쿔훸ꎬ퓲놾쏜벯닺욷믡쓦돉샍솦쏜벯닺욷ꎬ뛸풭살샍솦쏜벯뗄닺욷랴뛸믡뇤돉놾쏜벯뗄ꆣ룼뢴퓓뗄쫇ꎬ튪쯘쏜벯뛈폫쿠뛔튪쯘ꆢ닺욷볛룱횮볤폐컞쟮뛠랴삡솴ꎬ뛸볛룱뮹폫쫈뫃뫍풴듦솿폐맘ꎬ헢킩뢴퓓뗄맘쾵붻횯퓚튻웰ꎬ뻍늻뿉쓜폐튻룶폫쫈뫃컞맘뗄쿠뛔닺솿뫍쿠뛔튪쯘횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎨ벴풴�뢳뇈뷏샻틦쮵늻뿉쓜ퟜ쫇돉솢ꎩꆣ뗚죽ꎬ헢쯄듳쎳틗샭싛쏼쳢뗄ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ맽돌훐ꎬ뫜뛠죋뚼붫뻶닟뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶폫뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶쿠믬쿽ꆣ샽죧ꎬ쟭쮹ꎨJones, 1965ꎩ퓚횤쏷HO뚨샭ꎬ쮹췐웕뛻뫍죸뛻즭ꎨStolper and Samuelsonꎬ1941ꎩ횤쏷SS뚨샭쪱ꎬ뚼볙뚨쒳킩볛룱쫇췢짺룸뚨뗄ꎬ벴떱쒣탍닎쫽뇤뮯쪱ꎬ헢킩볛룱늻뇤ꆣ헢쿔좻뻍믡듭컳뗘뫶쫓컞쟮뛠볛룱폫쫽솿횮볤뗄랴삡솴쳵ꆣ볛룱쯤퓚뻶닟컊쳢훐쫇췢짺뗄ꎬ떫퓚튻냣뻹뫢훐쯼좴쫇쓚짺뗄ꎬ늻뿉쓜퓚닎쫽뇤뮯쪱폀풶늻뇤ꆣ헢쯄듳쏼쳢뗄쳡뎫헟튲췪좫뫶쫓뎬뇟볊뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶뗄훘튪탔ꎬ췹췹붫힢틢솦췪좫벯훐퓚쓚뗣뷢뫍뇟볊뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶짏ꎬ컞쫓헢킩쏼쳢췪좫폫뎬뇟볊뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶늻쿠죝ꆣ뗚쯄ꎬ맽좥죽쪮뛠쓪ꎬ뫜뛠뺭볃톧볒붫웤듳솿뺫솦샋럑퓚쯄룶듭컳뗄쎳틗쏼쳢뗄ꆰ횤쏷ꆱ짏ꎬ늻떫쫇쯻쏇뛔볲떥뗄횱룐쎤쒿쏔탅뗄뷡맻ꎬ뛸쟒쫇늻훘쫓뒿샭싛퇐뺿뗄튻룶뛱맻ꆣꆰ늻뿉쓜뚨샭ꆱ퓧뻍풤볻쯹폐헢쯄룶쏼쳢뚼늻뿉쓜쫇뛔뗄ꎬ뛸뫜뛠쎳틗샭싛볒좴췪좫늻샭믡헢튻뚨샭ꎬ뮨쇋죽쪮뛠쓪좥쫔춼횤쏷늻뿉쓜돉솢뗄쯄듳ꆰ뚨샭ꆱꆣ뛸뫃뗄뒿샭싛퇐뺿폫룼짮뿌뗄횱룐벰뺭퇩횤뻝췪좫튻훂ꆣ틲듋ꎬퟶ펦폃샭싛퇐뺿ꎨ뇈죧ꎬ폃튻냣뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶풤볻뺭볃훐뗄틲맻맘쾵ꎩꎬ튻뚨늻뿉뫶쫓뒿샭싛퇐뺿훐뗄돉맻ꆣ헢튻뷌통폫19쫀볍뫜뛠죋컞쫓쓜솿쫘뫣뚨싉뛸샋럑듳솿쪱볤랢쏷폀뚯믺뗄뷌통튻퇹짮뿌ꆣ 뛾ꆢ럱뚨HO뚨샭뗄뺭퇩횤뻝 쪹뇈뷏샻틦쮵늻돉솢뗄튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦늢늻쫇튻훖뒿샭싛뿉쓜탔ꎬ쿖쪵뺭볃훐쯼뗄좷믡랢짺ꆣ퓧퓚1950쓪듺ꎬ뺭볃톧볒뻍랢쿖쇋늻짙횧돖튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뗄뺭퇩횤뻝ꆣ쳘샕뢱샕뛻ꎨTrefler, 1995ꎩ쳡릩쇋쾵춳뗄뺭퇩횤뻝럱뚨HO뚨샭ꆣ쯻뗄뺭퇩횤뻝쮵쏷ꎬ튪쯘�뢳싛헽좷풤볻쎳틗랽쿲뗄뇈샽횻폐50ꎥꎬ웤돉릦싊헽뫃춬엗훀펲뇒뗄룅싊쿠떱ꆣ튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯뗄볙쮵튲춬듳솿뗄뺭퇩횤뻝늻쿠럻뫏ꆣ럱뚨HO뚨샭뗄뺭퇩횤뻝뮹냼삨샯낺쳨럲ꎨLeontief, 1953ꎩꆢ쏷몲쮹ꎨMinhas, 1962ꎩꆢ십쮹뿢쮼ꎨMaskus, 1985ꎩꆢ냍죰뿋뫍쟰뗂샯ꎨBrecher and Choudhri, 1988ꎩꆢ쮹첫룱뛻ꎨ Staiger, 1988ꎩꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ
6 샯낺쳨럲횮쏕ꎨLeontief Paradoxꎩ뻍쫇웤훐뗄튻룶훸쏻샽ퟓꆣ샯낺쳨럲ꎨLeontief, 1953ꎩ랢쿖ꎬ죧맻폃춬뗈짺닺솦뗄랽램닢솿샍뚯ꎬ퓲폐ퟅ룟벼쫵ힰ놸뗄쏀맺릤죋뗄1죋*쓪쿠떱폚벼쫵실뫳뗄쯻맺샍뚯솦뗄벸룶죋*쓪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쏀맺쫇샍뚯솦풴럡뢻뗄맺볒ꆣ샯낺쳨럲폃쏀맺1947쓪뗄쫽뻝랢쿖ꎬ쏀맺뷸뿚닺욷뗄놾/샍뚯뇈싊튪듳폚웤돶뿚닺욷뗄놾/샍뚯뇈싊ꆣ돌컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹뫍퇮킡뾭ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yangꎬ1999ꎩ뗄쒣탍퇏룱횤쏷쇋샯낺쳨럲뗄뺭퇩횤뻝폫폐풴뫍벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뗄쒣탍뗄풤볻췪좫쿠죝ꎨ쿪볻뢽슼샽3ꎩꆣ 컒쏇쿂쏦벯훐뷩짜쏷몲쮹ꎨMinhas, 1962ꎩ벰낢싞뗈죋ꎨArrow, Chenery, Minhas and Solow, 1961ꎩ뗄싛컄ꆣ1962쓪ꎬ쏷몲쮹퓚ꆰ헾훎뺭볃웚뾯ꆱ짏랢뇭쇋튻욪싛컄ꎬ듓샭싛뫍뺭퇩솽룶랽쏦럱뚨쇋HO뚨샭뫍죸뛻즭뗄튪쯘볛룱뻹뗈뮯뚨샭ꆣ듋컄틔낢싞뫍쏷몲쮹뗈죋틽죫뗄탂CESꎨ벴늻뇤쳦듺떯탔ꎩ짺닺몯쫽탎쪽캪믹뒡ꆣ룃몯쫽캪ꎺV=[AK−b+−b−1/biaL]iiꆣ웤훐ꎬiiiV쫇탐튵i뗄닺돶ꎬK뫍L럖뇰뇭쪾놾뫍샍뚯ꎬ뛸Aꎬa뫍b퓲쫇닎쫽ꆣ헢튻몯쫽탎쪽볙iiii뚨탐튵i훐놾뫍샍뚯뗄쳦듺떯탔1/(b+1)=s캪뎣쫽ꆣ룃몯쫽폐죧쿂쳘뗣ꎺꎨ1ꎩ튻뷗웫듎ii탔ꎻꎨ2ꎩ놾뫍샍뚯횮볤뻟폐늻뇤쳦듺떯탔ꎬ쯼뿉쓜늻캪1ꎻꎨ3ꎩ쯤좻쯹폐맺볒뗄짺닺몯쫽튻퇹ꎬ떫늻춬탐튵횮볤뗄쳦듺떯탔뿉쓜룷늻튻퇹ꆣ폃룃짺닺몯쫽럖컶쎳틗튪잿폚솽룶뎣볻뗄몯쫽탎쪽ꎬ벴샯낺쳨럲뫍뿂늼ꎭ뗀룱삭쮹짺닺몯쫽ꎬ뫳헟샍뚯뫍놾뗄쳦듺떯탔럖뇰캪0뫍1ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ헢솽룶몯쫽탎쪽횻늻맽쫇CES짺닺몯쫽뗄솽룶쳘샽ꆣ폃헢룶탂짺닺몯쫽탎쪽뗃돶뗄뷡싛춬틔췹뗄샭싛퇐뺿뷡싛쫇튻훂뗄ꎬ벴컞싛쫇쎳틗뗄쇷쿲ꎬ뮹쫇쎳틗횮폚튪쯘볛룱뗄펰쿬뚼쫇늻좷뚨뗄ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ뺭퇩퇐뺿뮹쿔쪾ꎬ럱뚨HO뚨샭뗄뺭퇩횤뻝늢늻뷶뷶쫇튻룶샽췢뗄쟩탎ꆣ 쏷몲쮹ꎨMinhas, 1962ꎩ횤쏷ꎬ떱솽룶탐튵뗄놾뫍샍뚯쳦듺떯탔s=s쪱ꎬ탐튵i뗄쿠뛔튪ij쯘쏜벯뛈쫇럱룟폚탐튵j닅폫릤싊뫍놾돉놾뗄뇈싊컞맘ꆣ죧맻솽룶탐튵뗄쳦듺떯탔s=s=1ꎨ쯹폐탐튵뚼쫇CꎭD짺닺몯쫽탎쪽ꎩꎬ믲헟떱s=s=0ꎨ쯹폐뗄탐튵뚼쫇ijij만뚨춶죫쾵쫽짺닺몯쫽ꎩ쪱ꎬ퓲뛔폚잿튪쯘쏜벯탍볙뚨쳵볾뗄쪵쿖틑뺭ퟣ릻ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ떱s≠s쪱ꎬCES짺닺몯쫽뻍듦퓚헢퇹튻훖뿉쓜탔ꎬ벴퓚w/r듯떽쒳튻쇙뷧뗣쪱ꎬ탐튵i뫍jij뗄쿠뛔튪쯘쏜벯뛈믡랢짺쓦ꆣ틲듋ꎬ늻뾼싇w/r뛸붫쒳룶탐튵뗄쳘헷뚨틥캪ꆰ놾쏜벯탍ꆱ믲ꆰ샍뚯쏜벯탍ꆱ쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ뛔폚죎틢솽룶뻟폐늻춬쳦듺떯탔뗄탐튵i뫍jꎬ떱솽쳵듺뇭쳦듺떯탔폫쿠뛔튪쯘볛룱맘쾵뗄뻟폐늻춬킱싊뗄횱쿟쿠붻쪱ꎬ쿠뛔튪쯘쏜벯뛈랢짺쓦뻍쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄ꎨ볻춼1ꎩꆣ퓚춼1훐ꎬ탐튵i 뫍j뗄놾/샍뚯쳦듺떯탔늻춬ꎬ솽쳵늻춬킱싊뗄쿟쿠붻폚c뗣ꎬ폫횮쿠뛔펦뗄w/r캪w∗(/r)ꆣ떱w/r듳폚∗(w/r)쪱ꎬ탐튵i뷏횮탐튵j쫇쿠뛔놾쏜벯탍탐튵ꎻ뛸떱w/r킡폚∗(w/r)쪱ꎬ탐튵i뷏횮탐튵j퓲쫇쿠뛔샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵ꆣ틲듋ꎬ∗(w/r)뻍쫇뻶뚨튪쯘쏜뛈쓦뗄튻룶쇙뷧뗣ꆣ K/L i j c h ∗ 0 (w/r) w/r
7 춼1.솽룶뻟폐늻춬놾/샍뚯쳦듺떯탔뗄탐튵뗄쿠뛔튪쯘쏜벯뛈죧뫎랢짺쓦 쏷몲쮹ꎨMinhas, 1962ꎩ뗄뺭퇩횤뻝쿔쪾ꎬ퓬횽탐튵퓚웤w/r듳폚ꇧ2,136쪱ꎬ쿠뛔쓌훆욷탐튵쫇놾쏜벯탍뗄ꎬ뛸퓚웤w/r킡폚ꇧ2,136쪱ꎬ퓲쫇쿠뛔샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵ꆣ퓚쓦뗣C짏ꎬ폫w/rꎽꇧ2,136쿠뛔펦뗄K/L횵캪$4,117ꆣ 떱릤싊쿠뛔놾돉놾쳡룟쪱ꎬ폐룼룟놾/샍뚯쳦듺떯탔뗄탐튵ꎬ튪뇈폐룼뗍쳦듺떯탔뗄탐튵뇤뗃쿠뛔룼볓놾쏜벯ꎬ벴쪹듋쪱뛾헟뗄놾쏜벯뛈뚼퓚짏짽튲쫇죧듋ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻쿠뛔놾쏜벯뛈튪퓚튪쯘볛룱쿠맘랶캧쓚랢짺쓦ꎨ벴듓킡폚붻뗣쮮욽떽듳폚붻뗣쮮욽ꎩꎬ퓲솽룶쳵볾쫇뇘놸뗄ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ폐룼뗍쳦듺떯탔뗄탐튵퓚놾/샍솦쏜벯훡ꎨퟝ훡ꎩ짏뇘탫폐튻룶룼룟뗄웰쪼뗣ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ춼1훐탐튵h뗄쳦듺떯탔뗍ꎬ웤퓚ퟝ훡짏뗄웰뗣튲뫜뗍ꎬ쯼튪뇤뗃뇈탐튵i믲탐튵j쿠뛔룼볓놾쏜벯탍뻍늻뿉쓜ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ솽룶탐튵쳦듺떯탔뗄닮뇰튪쫊떱뗘듳ꆣ죧맻닮뇰뫜킡ꎬ퓲쓦뗣뗄w/r붫럇뎣횮룟ꆣ헢퓚쿖쪵훐늻첫뿉쓜돶쿖ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쏷몲쮹뗄쫽뻝뇭쏷ꎬ솸쪳볓릤탐튵뗄놾/샍뚯쳦듺떯탔횻뇈뮯릤탐튵뗄쳦듺떯탔듳ꎬ튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦튪퓚w/r듯떽$20,400쪱닅쓜릻랢짺ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ퓬횽튵뫍쓌훆욷튵뗄쳦듺떯탔횮닮쫇ꎬ웤튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦퓚w/r듯떽ꇧ2,136쪱뻍랢짺쇋ꆣ뛸퓬횽튵뫍솸쪳볓릤튵횮볤뗄튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뻍벸뫵늻뿉쓜랢짺ꎬ틲캪헢솽룶탐튵맀볆뗄놾/샍뚯쳦듺떯탔닮뇰늢늻쿔훸ꎬ솽쳵횱쿟뇋듋벸뫵욽탐ꎬ퓚쿖쪵훐늻뿉쓜쿠붻ꆣ뇭1쳡릩쇋벸뛔탐튵횮볤튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦쪱뗄쇙뷧w/r뫍K/L횵ꆣ 뇭1. 늻춬탐튵횮볤튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뗄쇙뷧w/r뫍K/L횵 탐튵 w/r ꎨꇧꎩ K/Lꎨꇧꎩ 럄횯ꎭ럇쳺뷰쫴 1,350 1,720 쓌훆욷ꎭ횽붬뫍퓬횽튵 2,136 4,117 쓌훆욷ꎭ럇쳺뷰쫴 8,665 11,308 횽붬뫍퓬횽튵ꎭ믹뒡뮯릤 5,370 9,997 믹뒡뮯릤ꎭ솸쪳볓릤튵 20,400 30,410 짏쫶맛닢횵뗄릤싊랶캧듓뗍쫕죫퇇훞맺볒뗄ꇧ250쎿죋쓪ꎬ떽쏀맺뫍볓쓃듳뗄ꇧ3,600쎿죋쓪ꆣ뺭퇩횤뻝훐뗄쓪놾믘놨싊듓22ꎥ떽15ꎥꆣ헢퇹ꎬ쿠맘뗄w/r랶캧뻍듓뷼쯆뗄$1,100떽$2,400ꆣ듓헢룶틢틥짏뾴ꎬ짏뇭쇐돶뗄튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뻍랢짺퓚뺭퇩짏뿉탅뗄랶캧횮쓚ꆣ퇏룱뛸퇔ꎬ춼1훐뗄횱쿟펦룃쫇쟺쿟ꎨ볻뢽슼샽2ꎩꎬ쯹틔쟺쿟i뫍j 쫇럱믡쿠붻뇈헢솽룶쳵볾튪뢴퓓뗃뛠ꆣ평폚w/r평늻춬맺볒뗄풴ꆢ벼쫵ꆢ쫈뫃쯹뻶뚨ꎬ튪쯘쏜뛈쫇럱믡랢짺쓦튲늻쓜떥평쳦듺떯탔닮틬쯹뻶뚨ꎬ뛸쫇폫솽맺뛔늻춬닺욷뗄쫈뫃ꆢ쯹폐탐튵훐뗄짺닺벰룷맺풴쳵볾쿠맘ꎨ볻뢽슼훐샽2ꎩꆣ 듋췢ꎬ쏷몲쮹뮹뛔ꆰ잿튪쯘쏜벯ꆱ뗄볙뚨뷸탐쇋룼캪맣랺뗄볬퇩ꆣ쯻뗄횤뻝쿔쪾ꎬ폫ꆰ잿튪쯘쏜벯ꆱ볙뚨쿠쎬뛜뗄횤뻝뻶늻뷶뷶쫇튻룶샽췢ꎬ뛸쫇뻟폐맣랺탔ꆣ죧맻죸뛻즭뗄뗚뛾룶볙뚨벴잿튪쯘쏜벯뛈볙뚨캪헦ꎬ퓲튻뚨뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ벴쪹퓚죎틢솽룶샍뚯뫍놾쿠뛔돉놾쿠닮뫜듳뗄맺볒ꎬ룹뻝놾쏜벯뛈뷸탐뗄닺튵업탲튻뚨쫇쿠떱튻훂뗄ꆣ쏷몲쮹룹뻝쏀맺뫍죕놾1947쓪뫍1951쓪뗄춶죫닺돶뇭볆쯣돶쇋쯼쏇룷ퟔ뗄닺튵쏜벯뛈업탲뇭ꎨ볻뇭2ꎩꎬ뷸튻늽횧돖쇋뇭1훐튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뗄횤뻝ꆣ샽죧ꎬ퓚죕놾ꎬ쪳욷볓릤튵튪뇈퓬횽튵뗄놾쏜벯뛈업탲룟돶8캻ꎬ떫퓚쏀맺ꎬ놾쏜벯뛈룼룟뗄좴쫇퓬횽튵ꆣ 뇭2.룹뻝놾쏜벯뛈ꎨ횱뷓뗄놾뫍샍뚯ꎩ뷸탐뗄닺튵업탲 닺튵 쏀맺 죕놾 쪯폍 1 1 쎺첿 2 2 얩튵 3 14 솸쪳볓릤 9 6 쪳욷볓릤 10 7
8 뮯톧 6 4 럇쳺뷰쫴 4 3 룖쳺 5 5 퓬횽 7 15 럇뷰쫴뿳닺욷 8 11 럄횯 18 12 붻춨ힰ놸 11 9 믺킵 12 10 쿰붺 14 16 퓬뒬 13 8 쒾닄 15 17 웤쯼탐튵 17 20 펡쮢돶냦 16 18 훆룯 19 19 럾ힰ 20 13 쏷몲쮹뮹횤쏷쇋튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦뛔짌욷뫍튪쯘볛룱뇈싊횮볤맘쾵뗄펰쿬ꆣ늻춬맺볒뗄짌욷뫍튪쯘볛룱뇈늢늻쫇떥뗷맘쾵ꎬ떱w/r뗍폚튻쇙뷧횵쪱ꎬ닺욷쿠뛔볛룱쯦튪쯘쿠뛔볛룱짏짽뛸퓶볓ꎻ맽쇋헢튻쇙뷧뗣뫳ꎬ솽훖쿠뛔볛룱횮볤돊뢺맘쾵ꎨ벴SS뚨샭늻돉솢ꎩꆣ퓚폐늻뇤맦쒣놨돪벼쫵뫍뺺헹쳵볾쿂ꎬ닺욷볛룱뇈싊쫇w/r뗄몯쫽ꆣ떱w/r쳡룟쪱ꎬ룹뻝짌욷1뇈짌욷2쫇뗍뮹쫇룟놾쏜벯뛈ꎬ짌욷1뛔짌욷2뗄볛룱뇈싊믡쳡룟믲쿂붵ꆣ솽훖짌욷퓚릤싊듯떽쒳튻뗣쪱뗄튪쯘쏜벯뛈쓦ꎬ쪹뗃춬퇹뗄짌욷볛룱폫맺볒횮볤늻춬뗄튪쯘볛룱뇈싊쓜릻춬쪱릲듦ꆣ틲듋ꎬ솽맺짌욷볛룱춨맽쎳틗듯떽뻹뗈뮯ꎬ춨뎣늢늻쓜놣횤룷맺튪쯘볛룱뗄뻹뗈뮯ꎨ벴FPE뚨샭늻돉솢ꎩꆣ 튪쯘쏜뛈쓦뛔훐맺뗄쪵볊틢틥뿉틔폃쿂샽쮵쏷ꆣ훐맺쫇췁뗘쿠뛔샍솦쾡좱뗄맺볒ꎬ뛸늻짙얩닺욷뾴살쯆뫵쫇췁뗘쏜벯뗄ꎬ뇈죧퓚쏀맺뻍쫇죧듋ꆣ내헕HO뚨샭ꎬ훐맺볓죫WTO뫳뫃쿳펦룃듓쏀맺뷸뿚얩닺욷ꆢ돶뿚샍솦쏜벯뗄릤튵욷ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ평폚훐맺샍솦뛠ꆢ릤뗍ꎬ얩닺욷퓚훐맺좴쓦돉샍솦쏜벯탍닺욷ꆣ틲듋ꎬ훐맺뷸죫WTO뫳ꎬ랴뛸뿉쓜믡듳솿돶뿚얩닺욷ꆣ샽죧ꎬ훐맺뗄욻맻ꆢ쏖뫯쳒뗈얩닺욷ꎬ쿖퓚틑뛔랢듯맺볒얩닺욷릹돉잿듳뺺헹ꆣ튻떩훐맺뷸죫WTOꎬ 뫜뿉쓜늻쫇훐맺엂췢맺얩닺욷뷸뿚ꎬ랴뛸뿉쓜쫇랢듯맺엂훐맺뗄얩닺욷뷸뿚ꆣퟮ뷼뗄훐죕얩닺욷쎳틗햽뻍쫇튻룶횤쏷ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ평폚얩닺욷퓚쏀맺쫇췁뗘쏜벯뗄ꎬ뛸훐맺볓죫WTO쪹쏀맺헢룶췁뗘럡뢻뗄맺볒폐뿉쓜듓훐맺뷸뿚듳솿뛔쏀맺뛸퇔쫇췁뗘쏜벯뗄얩닺욷ꆣ헢훖쎳틗쒣쪽뻍캥랴쇋뇈뷏�뢳폅쫆쮵ꆣ 죽ꆢ탂쎳틗샭싛뗄랢햹 1980쓪잰ꎬ듳뛠쫽뺭볃톧볒죏캪틔샮볎춼캪듺뇭뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆쮵뇈쮹쏜뗄뻸뛔폅쫆쮵룼뻟폐튻냣탔ꎬ틲캪뻸뛔폅쫆쫇뇈뷏폅쫆뗄쫇룶쳘샽ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ폐뻸뛔폅쫆쪱ꎬ튻뚨폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎻ뛸폐뇈뷏폅쫆쪱ꎬ좴늻튻뚨폐뻸뛔폅쫆ꆣ퓚쮹쏜ꎨSmith, 1776ꎩ뾴살ꎬ죋쏇뿉쓜쳬짺닮뇰늢늻듳ꎬ떫쫇평폚뫳쳬톡퓱늻춬뗄튵ꎬ틲뛸닺짺쇋짺닺늻춬닺욷뗄늻춬짺닺솦ꎬ헢훖룹풴폚샍뚯럖릤뗄뻸뛔폅쫆쫇쎳틗뫃뒦뗄룹풴ꆣ뛸샮볎춼ꎨRicardo, 1817ꎩ퓲죏캪ꎬ헢훖뻸뛔폅쫆쯤좻쫇닺짺쎳틗뫃뒦뗄돤럖쳵볾ꎬ떫좴늻쫇뇘튪쳵볾ꆣ틔펢맺뫍램맺캪샽ꎬ쯤좻떱쪱펢맺짺닺릤튵욷뫍얩닺욷뗄킧싊뚼뇈램맺튪룟ꎬ떫죧맻릤튵욷짺닺훐뛾헟짺닺솦뗄닮뻠듳폚얩닺욷훐뗄닮뻠ꎬ퓲펢맺뿉틔튵짺닺릤튵욷ꎬ램맺튵짺닺얩닺욷좻뫳춨맽쎳틗뮥샻ꆣ헢뻍쫇쯹캽벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꎨ믲샻틦ꎩ쮵ꆣ뛸풴�뢳뇈뷏샻틦쮵늢늻춬폚벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆싛ꎬ쯼쫇횸샍솦/놾�뢳뇈싊룟뗄맺볒펦돶뿚샍솦쏜벯닺욷ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ솽훖뇈뷏샻틦쮵뚼틔솽맺횮볤폐쳬짺뗄짺닺쳵볾ꎨ벼쫵믲풴뗄ꎩ닮뇰캪쎳틗뗄믹뒡ꆣ뛔쎳틗샭싛뗄훘탂쮼뾼ꎬ뻍쫇듓췆랭헢룶뒫춳맛뗣뾪쪼뗄ꆣ 1977쓪ꎬ뗏뿋쳘뫍쮹뗙룱샻듄ꎨDixit and Stiglitz, 1977ꎩ솪쏻랢뇭쇋튻욪컄헂ꆣ쯻쏇랢쿖ꎬ벴쪹솽맺뗄돵쪼쳵볾췪좫쿠춬ꎬ쎻폐샮볎춼쯹쮵뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫죧맻듦퓚맦쒣뺭볃ꎬ퓲솽맺
9 뿉틔톡퓱늻춬뗄튵ꎬ듓뛸닺짺쓚짺뗄ꎨ뫳쳬뗄ꎩ뻸뛔폅쫆ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔헒떽튻킩샽ퟓꎬ웤훐폐쮹쏜뗄풴ퟔ튵뮯뗄뻸뛔폅쫆ꎬ떫좴쎻폐샮볎춼뗄뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ퓚쒳훖쳵볾쿂ꎬ샮볎춼뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆룅쓮늻쓜냼몬쮹쏜뗄쓚짺뻸뛔폅쫆룅쓮ꆣ듓뛸ꎬ쮹쏜뗄샍뚯럖릤쮵폐뿉쓜뇈샮볎춼뗄뇈뷏샻틦쮵룼뻟폐튻냣탔ꆣ 죋쏇붫뗏뿋쳘ꎭ쮹뗙룱샻듄쒣탍ꎨ틔쿂볲돆DS쒣탍ꎩ돆캪탂쎳틗샭싛ꆣ쯼붲쫶뗄쫇튻룶맦쒣뺭볃뫍뛠퇹뮯쿻럑횮볤솽쓑돥춻뗄맊쫂ꆣ쯻쏇볙뚨ꎬ쯹폐죋뚼쳬짺튻퇹ꎬ짺닺훐듦퓚ퟅ컞횹뺳뗄맦쒣뺭볃ꎬ뛸쿻럑헟쾲뫃뛠퇹뮯쿻럑ꆣ듓쿻럑랽쏦뾼싇ꎬ닺욷뗄훖샠풽뛠풽뫃ꎻ떫쫇ꎬ듓짺닺뗄뷇뛈뾼싇ꎬ닺욷뗄훖샠좴쫇풽짙풽뫃ꎬ틲캪닺욷뗄짺닺맦쒣풽듳뻍틢캶ퟅ돉놾풽뗍ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ평폚짺닺훐뗄맦쒣뺭볃뫍풴뗄쾡좱탔ꎬ떱쿻럑욷훖샠퓶볓쪱ꎬ쎿훖쿻럑욷뗄짺닺맦쒣뻍믡쯵킡ꆣ쯼폫맦쒣뺭볃쿠뷡뫏ꎬ뻍틢캶ퟅ쎿훖닺욷뗄짺닺돉놾뫍볛룱짏짽ꎬ쿻럑헟뗄킧폃쿂붵ꆣ쫐뎡뺺헹뻍믡좥헛훔헢훖솽쓑돥춻ꎬ듯떽쒳훖슢뛏뺺헹뗄뻹뫢ꆣ헢룶뻹뫢쯤좻횻쫇듎폅뗄ꎬ떫쫇쯼좴퓚슢뛏늻뿉뇜쏢뗄풼쫸쿂쓜붫쿻럑헟뗄뺻뢣샻ퟮ듳뮯ꆣ죴죋뿚맦쒣믲뿉폃풴퓶볓ꎬ퓲쫐뎡헛훔헢훖솽쓑돥춻뗄폠뗘뻍퓶듳ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ튻룶맦쒣삩듳뗄춳튻쫐뎡ꎬ믡쪹짺닺싊뫍닺욷훖샠쫽춬쪱퓶볓ꆣ평폚맺볊쎳틗쓜퓶볓헻룶쫀뷧쫐뎡뗄맦쒣ꎬ뻍쪹뗃헛훔헢훖솽쓑돥춻뗄뿕볤볓듳ꎬ쯹폐죋뚼붫폐룼뛠믺믡쿻럑룼뛠퇹뮯뫍룼솮볛뗄닺욷ꆣ퓚헢룶쒣탍훐ꎬ늻듦퓚샮볎춼쯹쮵뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ평폚맦쒣뺭볃뗄듦퓚ꎬ죧맻죋쏇뫳쳬톡퓱늻춬뗄튵ꎬ퓲쮹쏜쯹쮵뗄뫳쳬뇈뷏폅쫆뻍믡돶쿖ꆣ 뿋슳룱싼ꎨKrugman, 1979ꎩ헽쫇뾴떽DS쒣탍럖컶맺볊쎳틗뗄잱솦ꎬ틲뛸붫웤펦폃떽맺볊쎳틗럖컶뛸듳폐햶믱ꆣ쯻폃헢룶쒣탍뫜뫃뗘뷢쫍쇋쇖듯쎳틗쒣쪽ꎬ벴캪쪲쎴맺볊쎳틗훷튪랢짺퓚쿈쳬쳵볾쿠뷼뗄랢듯맺볒횮볤ꎬ뛸뇈뷏샻틦뷏뛠뗄랢듯맺볒폫실뫳맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗ꎬ랴뛸듳듳킡폚쳵볾뮥쿠샠쯆뗄랢듯맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗ꆣ헽쫇퓚뿋슳룱싼뗈죋뗄췆뚯쿂ꎬ맦쒣뺭볃ퟔ1970쓪듺쒩틔살돉캪맺볊쎳틗샭싛훐뗄죈쏅뮰쳢ꆣ죋쏇붫헢훖풴ퟔ맦쒣뺭볃뗄뇈뷏샻틦돆캪뫳쳬믱뗃뗄뇈뷏샻틦ꆣ헢훖폐맦쒣뺭볃뗄쒣탍ꎬ평폚좥뗴쇋뒫춳뗄늻뇤맦쒣놨돪뗄볙뚨ꎬ맊쓜뷢쫍짺닺솦뫍쎳틗틀듦뛈춬쪱쳡룟틔벰쎳틗솿뇈쫕죫퓶뎤룼뿬뗈쿖쿳ꆣ평폚쯼뷒쪾쇋짺닺솦쳡룟폫쎳틗틀듦뛈쳡룟횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ헢샠쒣탍뗃돶쇋튻킩럇뎣랴뒫춳뗄뷡싛ꆣ샽죧ꎬ헢샠쒣탍풤닢ꎬ죋뿚뗄퓶볓믡쪹맦쒣뺭볃폫뛠퇹뮯쿻럑솽쓑돥춻뗄헛훔폠뗘퓶듳ꎬ듓뛸쳡룟짺닺싊뫍쿻럑욷훖샠ꆣ헢훖뷡싛ꎬ춬쯷싥ꎨSolow, 1956ꎩ뗄퓶뎤쒣탍틬ꆣ내헕쯷싥뗄쒣탍ꎬ죋뿚퓶볓믡톹훆뛸늻쫇듙뷸뺭볃뗄퓶뎤1ꆣ DS쒣탍뛔뒫춳쎳틗샭싛뗄훘탂쮼뾼ꎬ뛔훘탂쮼뾼뺭볃퓶뎤샭싛웰떽쇋훘듳뗄웴랢ퟷ폃ꆣ평폚쿈쳬뇈뷏폅쫆늻뿉쓜퇝뷸ꎬ쯼튲뻍짙폐뺭볃퓶뎤랽쏦뗄몬틥ꎻ뛸뫳쳬뇈뷏폅쫆퓲틀삵폚헽좷뗄뻶닟ꎬ쓜췆뚯짺닺싊뗄뷸튻늽쳡룟ꆣ틲듋ꎬ헢훖뫳쳬뗄뇈뷏폅쫆뻍뿉틔폃살뷢쫍뺭볃퓶뎤ꆣ낣죻뛻ꎨEthier, 1982ꎩ퓲퓚헢랽쏦ퟶ쇋뷸튻늽뗄랢햹ꆣ쯻폃뗏뿋쳘뗄랽램ꎬ붲쫶쇋튻룶맘폚맦쒣뺭볃뫍훐볤닺욷훖샠쫽퓶볓횮볤솽쓑돥춻뗄맊쫂ꆣ쯻뗄쒣탍뿉틔폃살뷢쫍짺닺싊ꆢ쎳틗틀듦뛈뫍믺웷훖샠쫽뗄춬쪱퓶볓ꎬ뛸믺웷훖샠쫽뗄퓶볓ꎬ퓲폫탂벼쫵뗄랢쏷ꆢ쓚짺뗄벼쫵뷸늽폐맘ꆣ틲듋ꎬ낣죻뛻뗄쒣탍ꎬ뻍돉쇋웴랢싞쒬ꎨRomer, 1990ꎩꆢ룱싞쮹싼뫍뫕뛻웕싼ꎨGrossman and Helpman 1989,1990ꎩ랢햹돶쓚짺뺭볃퓶뎤쒣탍뗄듟뮯볁ꆣ 떫쫇ꎬDS쒣탍폐튻룶뫜듳뗄늻ퟣꎬ쯼늻쓜쓚짺맺쓚쎳틗쿲맺볊쎳틗뗄뇤ꆣ내헕쯻쏇뗄샭싛ꎬ볈좻맺볊쎳틗뗄뫃뒦쫇죧듋쏷쿔ꎬ캪쪲쎴죋쏇튻뾪쪼늻횱뷓톡퓱맺볊쎳틗ꎬ뛸욫튪듓맺쓚쎳틗뾪쪼ꎿ틲듋ꎬ쯻쏇횻쓜붫죋쏇캪쪲쎴ퟮ뾪쪼믡뻜뻸맺볊쎳틗뗄풭틲맩뷡폚ꆰ쒳훖헏낭ꆱꆣ평폚헢훖헏낭쪹뗃맺볊ퟔ평쎳틗컞램뷸탐ꎬ죋쏇놻웈뻜뻸맺볊쎳틗ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯻쏇뗄쒣탍훐늢쎻폐듺뇭헢훖헏낭뗄뇤솿믲닎쫽ꆣ퓚헢훖쒣탍훐ꎬ쯹폐쿻럑헟폀풶믡퓚튻룶춳튻뗄쫐뎡훐릺싲쯹폐닺욷ꎬ쎿룶슢뛏탔뎧짌믡쿲쎿룶쿻럑헟싴쯻뗄닺욷ꎬ쯹틔쿠뮥쟸룴뗄뗘랽쫐뎡폀풶늻믡퓚뻹뫢훐돶쿖ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ쫐뎡튻쳥뮯ꆢ좫쟲뮯돌뛈쎻폐쓚짺ꎬ벴쪹붻틗킧싊룄뷸ꆢ죋뿚퓶볓ꎬ쫐뎡튻쳥뮯돌뛈튲늻믡퇝뷸ꆣ헢훖쒣탍튲늻쓜뷢쫍룶죋뫍뎧짌튵뮯쮮욽뗄뇤뮯ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ쮹싵쮼ꎨSmythe, 1994ꎩ돆DS쒣탍캪췢짺쎳틗쒣탍ꎬ뛸돆틔퇮킡뾭캪듺뇭뗄쎳틗샭싛캪쓚짺쎳틗샭싛쒣탍ꆣ룼캪훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ뺡맜DS쒣탍쓜뷢쫍뫜뛠틔잰늻쓜뷢쫍뗄랢햹쿖쿳ꎬ떫웤 1 퇮킡뾭ꎨYang, 1991ꎬ1996ꎩ퓲횤쏷ꎬ죋뿚퓶볓뛔뺭볃볈뿉틔웰떽듙뷸ퟷ폃ꎬ폖뿉틔웰떽ퟨ낭ퟷ폃ꎬ맘볼쫇뾴붻틗킧싊뗄룟뗍ꆣ
10 풤볻뗄죋뿚맦쒣킧펦뫍뎧짌맦쒣킧펦폫뺭퇩횤뻝늻쿠럻뫏ꎨJones, 1995a,b; Zhang, 2001ꎩꆣ쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯뗄샭싛컄쿗ꎬ퓲럅웺쇋DS쒣탍훐뗄탂맅뗤럖컶뿲볜ꎬ틽죫쇋쿻럑헟ꎭ짺닺헟뫏튻벰폐붻틗럑폃뗄럖컶뿲볜ꎬ늢폃튵뮯뺭볃쳦듺맦쒣뺭볃ꎬ듓뛸뿋럾쇋탂맅뗤럖컶뿲볜뗄뻖쿞ꆣ컒쏇뷓쿂살뷩짜헢샠쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯뗄쎳틗샭싛벰웤ퟮ탂랢햹ꆣ 쯄ꆢ쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯쎳틗컄쿗뗄랢햹 퓚퇮킡뾭ꎨYang, 1991, 1996ꎩ뗄쓚짺쎳틗쒣탍훐ꎬ쎿룶죋뗄쳬짺쳵볾뿉쓜쿠춬ꎬ죋쏇횮볤늻튻뚨폐폫짺뻣살뗄닮뇰ꎬ벴뿉쓜늻듦퓚췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ죋쏇쾲뫃뛠퇹뮯쿻럑ꎬ튵뮯짺닺쓜듸살룟킧싊ꎬ떫좴믡퓶볓붻틗듎쫽ꆣ헢뻍닺짺쇋튻뛔솽쓑돥춻ꎺ죧맻샻폃튵뮯뺭볃ꎬ짺닺킧싊뿏뚨믡쳡룟ꎬ떫쫇쯼좴듸살쇋붻틗럑폃뗄퓶볓ꆣ헢훖솽쓑돥춻뗄뷡맻ꎬ믡닺짺ퟮ폅럖릤쮮욽ꆣ헢훖럖릤뺭볃떱좻쫇틔쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ떱죋쏇폚늻춬탐튵쪱ꎬ쯻쏇뻍믡춨맽튵뮯뛸쓚짺뗘ꎨ믲뫳쳬뗘ꎩ믱뗃뇈췢탐룟뗄짺닺싊ꆣ쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯뗄쎳틗쒣탍닺짺쇋죧쿂쏼쳢ꎺ쯦ퟅ붻틗킧싊늻뛏룄뷸ꎬ샍뚯럖릤퇝뷸믡랢짺ꎬ뛸뺭볃랢햹ꆢ쎳틗뫍쫐뎡뷡릹뇤뮯쿖쿳뚼쫇헢룶퇝뷸맽돌뗄늻춬닠쏦ꆣ냩쯦ퟅ럖릤뗄퇝뷸ꎬ쎿룶죋뗄튵뮯쮮욽ꆢ짺닺싊ꆢ쎳틗틀듦뛈ꆢ짌튵뮯돌뛈ꆢ쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦ꆢ짺닺벯훐뛈ꆢ쫐뎡튻쳥뮯돌뛈ꆢ뺭볃뷡릹뛠퇹뮯돌뛈ꆢ쎳틗욷훖샠벰쿠맘쫐뎡룶쫽뚼믡퓶볓ꎬ뛸춬쪱ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ싊쿂붵ꆣ 컒쏇살뾴쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦죧뫎쯦ퟅ럖릤쮮욽쳡룟뛸쳡룟뗄ꆣ럖릤뫳뗄ퟜ뫏짺닺솦쮮욽횮쯹틔룟폚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쮮욽ꎬ풭틲퓚폚럖릤뿉틔뷚쪡훘뢴톧쾰뗄럑폃ꆣ컒쏇볙뚨쎿룶죋뿉틔짺닺솸쪳뫍틂컯솽훖닺욷ꎬ뛾헟뚼튪뺭맽톧쾰닅쓜헆컕쳘뚨뗄벼쓜ꆣ캪럖컶랽뇣ꎬ컒쏇볙뚨쎿룶죋퓚쎿훖짺닺믮뚯훐뗄톧쾰럑폃뻹캪Aꆣ럖릤뺭볃뗄닺짺쫇틔쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ샽죧ꎬ죧맻볗볒짺닺솸쪳ꎬ퓲쯻짺닺솸쪳뗄샍뚯짺닺싊쫇1ꎭAꎬ벴뗈폚쯻뗄뿉폃샍뚯쪱볤ꎨ볙뚨캪1ꎩ복좥톧쾰쪱볤Aꎬ좻뫳퓙돽틔뿉폃샍뚯쪱볤1ꆣ뛔튵짺닺틂컯뗄죋살쮵ꎬ쯻짺닺솸쪳뗄샍뚯짺닺싊뻍캪쇣ꆣ짺닺틂컯뗄튵틒뗄쟩뿶헽뫃쿠랴ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻쫇ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄쟩뿶ꎬ퓲볗짺닺솸쪳뫍짺닺틂컯뗄짺닺싊뚼캪ꎨ-Aꎩ/ꎽ1ꎭ2Aꆣ듋뒦컒쏇볙뚨쎿룶죋퓚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱룷폃튻냫벴뗄쪱볤짺닺쎿훖닺욷ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ볗퓚튵짺닺솸쪳쪱ꎬ웤샍뚯짺닺싊뻍듓1ꎭ2A짏짽떽1ꎭAꎬ뛸틒튵짺닺솸쪳쪱ꎬ웤샍뚯짺닺싊튲믡듓1ꎭ2A짏짽떽1ꎭAꆣ틲듋ꎬ쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦믡쯦ퟅ럖릤뗄랢햹뛸늻뛏놻뒴퓬뫍퓶뷸ꆣ헢튲쫇쮹쏜맘폚늻춬볒횮볤짺닺싊닮뇰쫇럖릤뗄뷡맻뛸늻쫇럖릤뗄풭틲맛뗣뗄헽쪽뇭쫶ꆣ 탂탋맅뗤쎳틗샭싛뗄랢햹ꎬ캪맺쓚쎳틗뫍맺볊쎳틗쳡릩쇋튻룶춳튻뗄샭싛쓚뫋ꆣ뒫춳쎳틗샭싛죏캪ꎬ맺볊쎳틗웰틲폚맺폫맺횮볤뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆뫍풴�뢳닮뇰뗈풭틲ꆣ내헕헢훖샭싛ꎬ랢듯맺볒뫍랢햹훐맺볒뻟폐룷ퟔ늻춬뗄짺닺뫍�뢳쳵볾ꎬ쯼쏇횮볤펦룃뇈뻟폐쿠춬짺닺쳵볾뗄랢듯맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗솿룼듳ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쪵볊짏ꎬ랢듯맺볒춬랢햹훐맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗솿ꎬ튪풶풶킡폚랢듯맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗솿ꆣ헢뻍쫇폐쏻뗄쇖듯쎳틗쒣쪽ꎨLinder pattern of tradeꎩꆣ헢훖쿖쿳닺짺뗄헦헽풭틲퓚폚ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊튪뇈랢듯맺볒뗍ꆣ룹뻝쓚짺럖릤폫튵뮯뗄쎳틗샭싛ꎬ붻틗킧싊뗄쳡룟믡삩듳쫐뎡죝솿ꎬ듙뷸쫐뎡튻쳥뮯ꎬ쿠뮥럖룮뗄뻖늿쫐뎡붫훰붥랢햹돉튻쳥뮯뗄쫐뎡ꆣ헢쪱뫲ꎬ튻룶듳뗄쫐뎡뻍캪헛훔럖릤뫃뒦폫붻틗럑폃횮볤뗄솽쓑돥춻쳡릩쇋룼듳폠뗘ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ맺볊쎳틗쫇맺쓚쎳틗랢햹뗄뷡맻ꎬ웤쫐뎡죝솿좡뻶폚붻틗킧싊뗄룟뗍ꆣ맺볊쎳틗횮쯹틔튻냣퓚맺쓚쎳틗횮뫳랢햹웰살ꎬ쫇틲캪춬맺쓚쎳틗쿠뇈ꎬ맺볊쎳틗췹췹폐튻킩뛮췢뗄럑폃ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ맺폫맺횮볤뗄맘쮰ꆢ퓋쫤뻠샫ꆢ춨맘볬닩ꆢ잩횤벰웤쯼쫖탸럑ꆣ헢킩쪹뗃맺볊쎳틗뇈맺쓚쎳틗욽뻹뛸퇔붻틗럑폃룼룟ꆣ 쒿잰ꎬ탂탋맅뗤럖컶뿲볜쿂뗄쎳틗샭싛컄쿗헽톸쯙랢햹ꆣ컒쏇뷓쿂살릴샕튻쿂헢킩ퟮ탂컄쿗뗄싖삪ꆣ죸뿋쮹ꆢ퇮킡뾭뫍헅뚨쪤ퟮ탂뗄싛컄(Sachs, Yang and Zhang, 2001)붫붻틗킧싊뫍짺닺몯쫽퓚맺볒횮볤뗄닮뇰틽죫DS쒣탍ꎬ늢횤쏷퓚헢훖폐맦쒣뺭볃뫍슢뛏뺺헹뗄튻냣뻹뫢쒣탍훐ꎬ쯦ퟅ붻틗킧싊뗄룄뷸ꎬ솽맺짺닺뗄놾욷훖샠쫽믡풽살풽뛠ꎬ틲듋ퟮ훕쿻럑욷뗄놾쏜벯뛈믡짏짽ꆣ떫죴튻맺죋뿚쿠뛔쇭튻맺뷏뛠ꎨ샍솦뷏뛠ꎩꎬ퓲듋맺폐뿉쓜튲짺닺뫜뛠놾욷(놾뷏뛠)ꎬ뛸쟒벴쪹듋맺샍솦폫놾뇈싊죔뇈쯻맺룟ꎬ듋맺죔뿉쓜뷸뿚샍솦쿠뛔쏜벯뗄쿻럑욷뫍돶뿚놾쏜벯뗄쿻럑욷ꆣ퇏룱뛸퇔ꎬ놾쏜벯ꆢ샍솦쏜벯헢샠룅쓮뛔폐뗝퓶놨돪뫍쓚짺놾욷훖샠쫽뗄쒣탍뇤뗃쎻쪲쎴틢틥쇋ꆣ틲듋닢뛈놾쏜벯믲샍솦쏜벯돌뛈뗄쫽뻝튲뇤돉쎻폐쪲쎴틢틥쇋ꆣ헽쿳얣뛙솦톧닺짺뫳ꎬ맽좥컯샭톧훐뗄'룕탔'ꎬ'놾훊'뗈룅쓮뚼놻죋쏇쯹엗웺튻퇹ꆣ죧맻튻뚨튪쳗폃뒫춳뗄룅쓮ꎬ짏쫶죸뿋쮹ꎭ퇮킡뾭ꎭ헅뚨쪤쒣탍횤쏷ꎬ튻맺폐뿉쓜돶뿚폐췢짺벼쫵
11 뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄닺욷ꆣ헢쫇틲캪헢룶폐뗝퓶놨돪뗄쒣탍뿉틔닺짺쯹캽쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ횻튪헢쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆 뎬맽췢짺뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎬ튻맺뻍폐뿉쓜돶뿚췢짺뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄닺욷2ꆣ쯹캽쓚짺뇈뷏믲뻸뛔폅쫆쫇횸죧맻쎿룶맺볒톡퓱튵짺닺쒳훖닺욷ꎬ쯼뿉틔쓚짺뗘뒴퓬돶풭살쎻폐뗄뇈뷏뫍뻸뛔폅쫆ꆣ헢훖쓚짺뇈뷏뫍뻸뛔폅쫆폐뿉쓜퓚쳬짺짺닺쳵볾췪좫쿠춬뗄맺볒횮볤닺짺ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ쓚짺뻸뛔폅쫆폐뿉쓜퓚췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆늻듦퓚쪱돶쿖ꆣ헢룶쒣탍뮹틽뷸쇋붻틗킧싊뇈뷏폅쫆룅쓮ꎬ쯼평튻맺룷훖닺욷붻틗킧싊쿠뛔뇈횵폫쯻맺춬샠뗄쿠뛔뇈횵뗄닮뇰뚨틥ꆣ퓚A맺폐짺닺x뗄췢짺뇈뷏쇓쫆뫍쓚짺뇈뷏쇓쫆쪱ꎬ죧맻A맺폐벫듳뗄돶뿚x뷸뿚웤쯼닺욷뗄붻틗킧싊폅쫆ꎬ퓲듋맺뮹폐뿉쓜돶뿚퓚짺닺훐폐쓚짺뫍췢짺뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄닺욷ꆣ쎿룶맺볒뚼믡뺡솿돤럖샻폃췢짺쓚짺뗄짺닺뫍붻틗킧싊뗄ퟛ뫏뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ뛸뇜쏢쎳틗폐붻틗킧싊뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄닺욷ꆣ떱헢킩뇈뷏폅쫆횮볤폐돥춻쪱ꎨ샽죧ꎬ튻맺폐돶뿚X뗄짺닺훐뗄췢짺뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎬ틔벰쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆믲붻틗킧싊훐뗄뇈뷏폅쫆ꎩꎬ듋맺쫇뷸뿚X뮹쫇돶뿚X뻍평잰헟쫇럱뎬맽뫳헟뛸뚨ꆣ 틔쪵볊뺭퇩뛸퇔ꎬ훐맺헢샠놾쿠뛔쾡짙뗄맺볒튲돶쇋쿳'풶듳'헢샠쮽죋웳튵ꎬ쿲쫀뷧쫐뎡듳솿돶뿚놾쏜벯뗄훐퇫뿕뗷믺ꆣ틔죕놾뗄뺭퇩뛸퇔ꎬ1950 쓪듺죕놾짺닺웻뎵뗄쿠뛔돉놾컞램폫쏀맺뺺헹ꎬ죕놾헾뢮죏캪죕놾쎻폐돶뿚웻뎵뗄췢짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ늢훆뚨쇋쿞훆웻뎵릤튵뗄닺튵헾닟ꆣ떫평폚쏀맺뻼맜떱뻖캪죕놾붨솢쇋쿜헾훈탲ꎬퟮ뫳뗄뻶뚨좨퓚쮽죋웳튵쫖훐ꎬ쯹틔쫐뎡뻜뻸쇋죕놾헾뢮뗄닺튵헾닟ꎬ쪹죕놾뒴퓬쇋돶뿚웻뎵뗄쓚짺(폖풻뫳쳬)뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ돉쇋돶뿚웻뎵뗄듳맺ꆣ헢킩샽ퟓ뚼쮵쏷ꎬ뺭볃랢햹뗄맘볼펦룃쫇죃쮽죋웳튵뫍쫐뎡뻶뚨돶뿚쪲쎴ꎬ뷸뿚쪲쎴ꎬ늻쓜평헾뢮좥뿌틢ힷ쟳췢짺믲쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ쓏몫ퟮ뷼쳡릩쇋폃헾뢮닺튵헾닟ힷ쟳평뗝퓶놨돪쯹닺짺뗄쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆뗄쪧냜샽ퟓꆣ헾뢮닙ퟝ틸탐쾵춳ꎬ맄샸쿲듳릫쮾뫍쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆쏷쿔뗄닺 튵춶ꎬ뷡맻떼훂뷰죚캣믺ꎬ훁뷱쎻췪좫믖뢴풪웸ꆣ 훐맺ퟮ뷼튲폐솽훖맛뗣ꎬ튻훖쫇잿뗷샻폃췢짺뇈뷏샻틦뛸컞쫓쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦ꎬ뛸쟒늻붲쏷퓵퇹샻폃뇈뷏폅쫆(쫇폃헾뢮닺튵헾닟뮹쫇평쮽죋웳튵뫍쫐뎡ퟔ랢뗘샻폃횮);뛸쇭튻샠퓲잿뗷뗝퓶놨돪벰폐맘뗄쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ늢맄뒵헾뢮폃닺튵헾닟뫍놣뮤맘쮰살샻폃쓚짺뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ 헢솽훖맛뗣뚼쫇늻뿉좡뗄ꆣ폐죋횸돶ꎬ쏀맺랢햹퓧웚뻍쫇폃놣뮤맘쮰볓뿬맺쓚릤튵뇈뷏폅쫆뗄믽샛ꎬ떫쯻쏇좴늻쳡쿣룛폃ퟔ평쎳틗뿉틔좡뗃룼뫃뗄랢햹벨킧ꆣ쫀뷧틸탐뺭뎣폃죧쿂퇔폯럱뚨헢훖싛뗷ꎬ'뺡맜쏀맺퓧웚닉좡쇋놣뮤맘쮰ꎬ쯼죔좡뗃쇮죋펡쿳짮뿌뗄랢햹벨킧'ꆣ듋뒦'뺡맜'튻듊틢캶ퟅꎬ죧맻쎻폐놣뮤맘쮰ꎬ쏀맺뗄퓧웚뺭볃랢햹뿉쓜믡룼뫃ꆣ틲듋놣뮤맘쮰늢늻쫇뫃벨킧뗄풭틲ꆣ 떫쫇ꎬ볈좻놣뮤맘쮰뛔뺭볃랢햹늢쎻폐뫃뒦ꎬ캪쪲쎴뫜뛠맺볒퓚랢햹뗄퓧웚뚼닉폃쇋헢훖헾닟쓘ꎿ돉컄샻ꆢ죸뿋쮹ꆢ퇮킡뾭(Cheng, Sachs and Yang, 2000b)ퟮ뷼붫뎬뇟볊럖컶폃떽샮볎춼쒣탍ꎬ쳡릩쇋뛔헢훖쿖쿳뗄튻훖헾훎뺭볃톧뷢쫍ꆣ쯻쏇뗄쒣탍횤쏷ꎬ떱붻틗킧싊듓뗍쿲룟뇤뮯쪱ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢믡듓췪좫ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ럇솬탸뗘쳸떽늻췪좫럖릤ꆣ늻췪좫럖릤틢캶ퟅ붻틗킧싊뷏뗍뗄맺볒럖릤쮮욽뇈붻틗킧싊룟뗄맺볒튪뗍ꆣ듋실뫳맺뗄맺쓚쿠뛔볛룱뻍쫇맺볊쫐뎡쿠뛔볛룱ꆣ틲듋실뫳맺뗄죋뻹쫕죫폫ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱쿠춬ꎬ벴쎳틗뫍럖릤뗄뫃뒦췪좫놻랢듯맺뛀햼ꎬ뛸실뫳맺뗃늻떽뛠짙뫃뒦ꆣ헢쪱실뫳맺뻍폐틢풸춨맽맘쮰살룄뇤쎳틗욷뗄쿠뛔볛룱ꎬ틲듋뛸뗃떽뷏뛠쎳틗뫃뒦ꆣ뛸랢듯맺좴쟣쿲폚떥랽쏦뗄ퟔ평쎳틗헾닟ꎬ틲캪맘쮰횻믡쪹뷸뿚욷룼맳뛸복짙놾맺뢣샻ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻붻틗킧싊뷸튻늽룄뷸ꎬ퓲튻냣뻹뫢믡럇솬탸뗘쳸떽솽맺럖릤쮮욽뚼뫜룟뗄ힴ첬ꆣ헢쪱쎳틗욷쿠뛔볛룱뚼늻평죎튻맺맺쓚짺닺쳵볾뻶뚨ꎬ뛸평솽맺뗄짺닺쳵볾뫍쿻럑욫뫃릲춬뻶뚨ꆣ헢쪱쎿맺뚼뿉틔폃퓶볓맘쮰살듓뛔랽헹뗃룼뛠뗄럖릤뫃뒦ꎬ틲듋맘쮰햽폐뿉쓜쪹쎳틗뗄뫃뒦췪좫쿻뫄ꆣ헢쪱ꎬ솽맺뚼폐틢풸닎볓쓉쪲맘쮰첸에ꎬ뛸쓉쪲맘쮰첸에뗄뷡맻쫇쮫뇟ퟔ평쎳틗ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ헢룶쒣탍볈뷢쫍쇋뺭볃랢햹뗄맽뛉웚쪱뗄뛾풪뷡릹ꎺ랢듯맺ힷ쟳떥랽쏦뗄ퟔ평쎳틗ꆢ실뫳맺ힷ쟳떥랽쏦뗄놣뮤맘쮰ꆢ쓉쪲맘쮰첸에늻뿉쓜쪵쿖ꎬ튲뷢쫍쇋뺭볃랢햹뗄돉쫬웚춨맽뛠뇟맘쮰첸에좡뗃뛠뇟ퟔ평쎳틗뗄뻖쏦ꆣ쯼튲뷢쫍쇋펢맺쪮웟쫀볍듓췆탐놣뮤맘쮰뗄훘짌훷틥쿲떥랽쏦ퟔ평쎳틗헾닟뗄뇤ꎬ헢훖뇤폫떱듺랢햹훐맺볒듓떥랽쏦놣뮤맘쮰쿲뛠뇟맘쮰첸에ꎬ늢떼훂뛠뇟ퟔ평쎳틗뗄뻖쏦폐틬쟺춬릤횮킧ꆣ폐틢쮼뗄쫇ꎬퟔ평쎳틗늢늻쓜평뾴늻볻뗄쫖듯 훂ꎬ뛸튪춨맽헾뢮횮볤뗄뛠뇟맘쮰첸에듯떽ꆣ뛸퓚맽뛉웚ꎬ실뫳맺폐솽훖랽램룄뷸웤뗘캻ꆣ튻 2 쪵볊짏ꎬ컒쏇헢샯쳖싛뗄췢짺벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ뫜뛠뚼쫇평폚훆뛈뫍컄뮯뗄뛠풪뮯쓚짺뒴퓬돶살뗄ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ죧맻볌탸췹잰ힷ쯝ꎬ췢짺벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뗄싟벭웰뗣웤쪵쫇쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦ꆣ
12 훖쫇룣놣뮤맘쮰ꎬ퓚헻룶뇽뇤킡뗄쟩뿶쿂복짙랢듯맺듓쎳틗훐뗃떽뗄뫃뒦ꎬ틲뛸퓶볓놾맺뗃떽뗄뫃뒦ꆣ튻훖쫇쳡룟붻틗킧싊ꎬ쪹럖릤쮮욽쳡룟ꎬ좻뫳춨맽맘쮰첸에듯훁뛠뇟ퟔ평쎳틗ꎬ냑뇽ퟶ듳ꎬퟔ벺튲뗃떽룼뛠뫃뒦ꆣ 폐좤뗄쫇ꎬ죧맻폃뎬뇟볊럖컶붫샮볎춼쒣탍평솽룶맺볒ꆢ솽훖짌욷삩햹떽죽룶맺볒ꆢ솽훖짌욷뗄쟩탎ꎬ퓲컒쏇믡뾴떽ꎬ웤훐튻룶맺볒춬웤쯻맺볒쿠뇈튲듦퓚ퟅ뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫튲뿉쓜놻업돽퓚맺볊쎳틗횮췢ꎨCheng, Sachs and Yang, 2000bꎩꆣ볙뚨헢죽룶맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊룷늻쿠춬ꎬA맺뫍C맺뗄붻틗킧싊룟폚B맺ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ튻룶맺볒죧맻춬웤쯻솽룶맺볒쿠뇈ꎬ퓚죎뫎떥룶짌욷짏뚼쎻폐춬쪱뛔쇭솽룶맺볒뗄벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ믲헟붻틗킧싊뫜뗍ꎬ퓲헢룶맺볒뿉쓜믡놻업돽퓚맺볊쎳틗횮췢ꆣ뻟쳥뛸퇔ꎬ볙뚨A맺퓚짺닺솸쪳짏뇈B맺뫍C맺뚼폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬC맺퓚짺닺틂컯짏뇈A맺뫍B맺뚼폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬB맺퓚죎뫎짌욷뗄짺닺짏뚼횻뷏웤훐튻맺폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ쯼퓚짺닺솸쪳짏뇈C맺폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫쫇쯼좴뇈A맺폐뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎻ퓚짺닺틂컯짏뇈A맺폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫좴뇈C맺폐뇈뷏쇓쫆ꆣ뷡맻쫇ꎬB맺뿉쓜놻업돽퓚맺볊쎳틗횮췢ꆣ 헢룶쒣탍폐ퟅ뫜잿뗄뷢쫍솦ꎬ쯼쓜뗷뫍뷼살맘폚튻룶맺볒뺿뺹쫇쪵탐ퟔ평쎳틗뮹쫇쳡룟맺볊뺺헹솦룼캪훘튪뗄헹싛ꆣ뿋슳룱싼ꎨKrugman, 1994ꎩ죏캪ꎬ튻룶맺볒펦룃훂솦폚듙뷸ퟔ평쎳틗ꎬ뛸잿뗷맺볊뺺헹솦뗄ퟶ램붫쫇튻룶ꆰ캣쿕뗄쏔춾ꆱꆣ죸뿋쮹뗈죋ꎨSachs, 1996a,bꎩ퓲쿠랴ꎬ쯻쏇잿뗷ꎬ맺볊뺺헹솦뛔룄짆튻룶맺볒뗄뢣샻폐ퟅ훁맘훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ죧맻틔튻룶맺볒뗄붻틗킧싊살뫢솿맺볊뺺헹솦뗄뮰ꎬ쓇쎴짏쫶쒣탍뻍횤쪵쇋뺺헹솦뗄훘튪탔ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ뷶뷶뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆늢늻쫇뗃떽쎳틗뫃뒦뗄돤럖쳵볾ꆣ튻룶맺볒벴쪹뛔쇭튻룶맺볒폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ떫쫇죧맻웤붻틗킧싊뫜뗍ꎬ믲뛔웤쯼잱퓚뗄쎳틗믯냩늢늻뚼뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆뗄뮰ꎬ쯼붫놻업돽퓚쎳틗횮췢ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ훐맺돶뿚샍뚯쏜벯탍닺욷뻍헽폶떽살ퟔ웤쯼랢햹훐맺볒풽살풽잿뗄뺺헹ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룃쒣탍튲횧돖뿋슳룱싼뗄맛뗣ꎬ튻룶맺볒펦훂솦폚듙뷸ퟔ평쎳틗늢쳡룟붻틗킧싊ꆣ퓚룃쒣탍훐ꎬ듙뷸ퟔ평쎳틗뿉틔춨맽쿷복맘쮰뫍럇맘쮰뇚생ꎬ틔벰쳡룟붻틗킧싊살쪵쿖ꆣ죧맻붻틗킧싊쳘뇰뗍ꎬ퓲늻믡폐쎳틗랢짺ꎬ듋쪱컞싛쫇뻸뛔폅쫆뮹쫇뇈뷏폅쫆뚼컞폃커횮뗘ꆣ춨맽쎳틗ퟔ평뮯헾닟뿉틔쳡룟붻틗킧싊ꎬ쓜릻쪹튻냣뻹뫢듓뗍럖릤쮮욽럇솬탸뗘쳸떽룟럖릤쮮욽ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ탂탋맅뗤뎬뇟볊럖컶짵훁뇈뇟볊럖컶룼횧돖ퟔ평쎳틗헾닟ꆣ맺볊뺺헹솦뫍ퟔ평쎳틗뚼쫇쳡룟튻룶맺볒뢣샻뗄훘튪틲쯘ꆣ뿋슳룱싼횮쯹틔잿뗷쎳틗ퟔ평뮯뛸늻잿뗷쳡룟맺볊뺺헹솦ꎬ튻룶훘튪풭틲쫇ꎬ뫳헟뎣놻폃살ퟷ캪럁낭ퟔ평쎳틗뗄뷨뿚ꆣ 헅뚨쪤ꎨ2000ꎩ붫쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦틽뷸헢샠샮볎춼쒣탍ꎬ붫쇵틗쮹퓧웚뗄뛾풪뺭볃쮼쿫듳듳랢퇯쇋ꆣ쇵틗쮹1950쓪듺쳡돶뛾풪뺭볃쿖쿳쫇듓췪좫ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄짧믡랢햹떽췪좫짌튵뮯짧믡뗄맽뛉웚훐ꎬ튻룶짧믡훐늿럖죋뻭죫짌튵뮯뫍럖릤ꎬ뛸쇭튻늿럖죋좴죔퓚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ뿶ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛾풪뺭볃늻쫇릤튵뫍얩튵횮볤뗄뛾풪ꎬ뛸쫇짌튵뮯늿쏅뫍럇짌튵뮯늿쏅뗄뛾풪ꆣ떫쇵틗쮹늻횪뗀뎬뇟볊럖컶ꎬ뛸뎬뇟볊럖컶쫇붫웤풭뒴탔쮼쿫쫽톧뮯뗄맘볼ꆣ쯹틔쇵틗쮹횻뫃췋뛸쟳웤듎ꎬ폃뇟볊럖컶퇐뺿릤튵-얩튵뛾풪뷡릹ꆣ헅뚨쪤폃뎬뇟볊럖컶횤쏷ꎬ떱붻틗킧싊벫뗍쪱ꎬ쯹폐맺볒뚼퓚럇짌튵뮯뗄ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ첬ꆣ 죧맻A맺붻틗킧싊룄뷸ꎬB맺붻틗킧싊죔뗍ꎬ퓲A맺돶쿖맺쓚럖릤뫍쎳틗ꎬ뛸B맺죔뒦폚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ뿶ꆣ떱B맺붻틗킧싊짔캢룄뷸ꎬ쪹뗃늿럖뻓쏱뿉틔뻭죫맺볊쎳틗ꎬ떫헢캢킡룄뷸늻ퟣ틔붫쯹폐뻓쏱뻭죫맺볊럖릤ꎬ쯹틔늿럖뻓쏱죔퓚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ첬ꆣ헢뻍탎돉쇋튻맺쓚폐솽늿럖죋ꎬ튻늿럖죋ꎨ뇈죧퇘몣듳돇쫐뗄뻓쏱ꎩ폫췢맺쎳틗ꎬ짺닺솦뷏룟ꎬ듳늿럖쫕죫살ퟔ쫐뎡ꎬ뛸쇭튻늿럖죋ퟔ룸ퟔퟣꎬ쎻폐살ퟔ쫐뎡뗄쫕죫ꎬ짺닺솦뗍ꎬ뾴웰살쿳잱퓚쪧튵믲늻돤럖뻍튵(Underemployment)ꆣ평폚헢훖뛾풪뺭볃뗄듦퓚ꎬ쎳틗쳵볾뛔 B 맺늻샻ꎬ듳늿럖맺볊쎳틗뗄뫃뒦놻A맺믱좡ꆣ쫕죫럖엤뗄늻욽뗈뛈퓚헢솽샠뛾풪뺭볃훐쿠뛔폚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ짏짽ꆣ쯦ퟅ솽맺붻틗킧싊뗄뷸튻늽룄뷸ꎬAꎬB 뛾맺뚼췪좫뻭죫맺볊뫍맺쓚럖릤ꎬ쯹폐죋뗄짺닺믮뚯췪좫짌튵뮯ꎬ뛾풪뺭볃쿻쪧ꎬ쫕죫럖엤뗄늻욽뗈뛈쿂붵ꆣ헅뚨쪤뮹횤쏷ꎬ뛾풪뺭볃쿻쪧쪱ꎬ잷랢듯맺볒뇤돉랢듯맺ꎬ헢쪱잷랢듯맺뗄맺볊쎳틗쳵볾폐뿉쓜뛱뮯ꎬ떫웤듓럖릤뗃떽뗄뫃뒦벰죋뻹헦쪵쫕죫좴믡짏짽ꆣퟮ뷼뗄뺭퇩횤뻝(Sen,1998)쮵쏷ꎬ탂볓웂뫍첩맺뗄맺볊쎳틗쳵볾늻뛏뛱뮯(돶뿚욷쿠뛔뷸뿚욷풽살풽뇣틋)ꎬ떫뛾맺뗄죋뻹헦쪵쫕죫좴늻뛏짏 짽ꆣ헅뚨쪤 폃뎬뇟볊럖 컶싛횤뗀ꎬ틔잰쮵쎳틗쳵볾뛱뮯믡쪹죋뻹쫕죫쿂붵쫇틲캪횻폃쇋뇟볊 럖컶ꆣ죧맻폃뎬뇟볊럖컶ꎬ떱럖릤췸싧삩듳쪱ꎬ좫짧믡ퟜ짺닺솦퓶볓ꎬ횻튪헢훖헽쏦뗄췸싧킧맻뎬맽쎳틗쳵볾뛱뮯뗄뢺 쏦킧맻퓲쎳틗쳵볾뛱뮯뫍듓럖릤뫍쎳틗뗃떽뗄뫃뒦퓶볓뿉틔춬쪱랢짺ꆣ헽쿳뗧쓔탐튵평폚럖릤볓짮ꎬ짺닺솦짏짽ꎬ뺡맜뗧쓔쿠뛔폚웤쯼짌욷볛룱늻뛏쿂붵(쎳틗쳵볾뛱뮯)ꎬ떫뗧쓔탐튵늻뛏삩헅ꎬ쫕틦늻뛏퓶볓ꆣ
13 헅뚨쪤뮹횤쏷ꎬ퓚튻룶볈폐췢짺폖폐쓚짺뇈뷏샻틦뗄쒣탍훐ꎬ떱쿈쳬쳵볾늻춬뗄죋쿈뫳퓚늻춬쪱볤뻭죫풽살풽룟뗄럖릤쮮욽쪱ꎬ쫕죫럖엤늻욽뗈뛈믡랢짺럇떥뗷뗄늨뚯ꆣ떱튻늿럖죋뗄튵뮯쮮욽짏짽ꎬ뛸쇭튻늿럖죋뮹퓚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ첬쪱ꎬ늻욽뗈뛈짏짽ꎬ떫실뫳뗄죋쏇쯦붻틗킧싊룄뷸튲뻭죫럖릤쪱ꎬ늻욽뗈뛈쿂붵ꆣ뛸떱붻틗쳵볾뷏뫃뗄죋쏇퓚붻틗킧싊뷸튻늽룄뷸쪱톡퓱룼룟뗄럖릤쮮욽쪱ꎬ쯻쏇폫실뫳뗄죋쏇횮볤뗄쫕죫닮뻠폖믡삩듳ꎬ뛸떱실뫳뗄죋쏇폖룏짏살쪱ꎬ쫕죫닮뻠폖믡쯵킡ꆣ헢훖쫕죫럖엤늻욽뗈뛈늻뛏늨뚯뗄샭싛폫틔잰솽훖쿠맘샭싛늻춬ꆣ헢솽훖샭싛훐튻훖죏캪쫕죫럖엤늻욽뗈뛔뺭볃랢햹폐헽쏦펰쿬ꎬ뛸쇭튻훖죏캪폐뢺쏦펰쿬ꆣ 뛸헅뚨쪤뗄늨뚯 샭싛쮵쏷쫕죫럖엤늻욽뗈뛈폫죋뻹쫕죫횮볤뗄맘쾵폐쪱캪헽ꎬ폐쪱캪뢺ꆣퟮ뷼뗄뺭퇩쫽뻝(Deininger and Squire,1996) 횤쏷쯦ퟅ죋뻹쫕죫뗄짏짽ꆣ쫕죫럖엤늻욽뗈뛈쫇늻뛏늨뚯뗄ꆣ쇵쏏뾡ꎨLiu, 2001ꎬ폖볻Cheng, Liu and Yang, 2000ꎩ붫헢훖쒣탍랢햹떽폐훐볤닺욷뗄쟩탎ꎬ뿉틔폃살뷢쫍맺볊쎳틗ꆢ뺭볃랢햹ꆢ실뫳맺뗄닺튵짽벶뗈쿖쿳ꆣ쯻폫헅뚨쪤럖뇰뛀솢뗘폃뎬뇟볊럖컶횤쏷ꎬ돉컄샻ꎬ죸뿋쮹ꎬ뫍퇮킡뾭맘폚맘쮰헾닟폫럖릤쮮욽뗄샭싛ꎬ퓚볈폐쓚짺폖폐췢짺뇈뷏샻틦뗄쒣탍훐춬퇹돉솢ꆣ 탂탋맅뗤쎳틗샭싛횤쏷폫뒫춳쯄듳쎳틗쏼쳢폐맘뗄쎳틗솿ꆢ볛룱벰풴�뢳횮볤뗄맘쾵늻뿉쓜폐쪲쎴튻냣맦싉ꎬ튻킩쳘뚨맦싉횻퓚쳘뚨쒣탍뗄쳘뚨닎쫽랶캧쓚돉솢ꆣ헢퓙튻듎퇩횤쇋늻뿉쓜뚨샭ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쯤좻늻뿉쓜폐튻냣맦싉ꎬ떫쫇ퟮ폐웕쫊탔뗄튻냣뻹뫢뇈뷏뺲첬맦싉쫇붻틗킧싊룄뷸뛔튻냣뻹뫢럖릤췸싧맦쒣뗄헽쏦펰쿬ꆣ헢튻맦싉쯤좻튲뿉틔헒떽랴샽ꎬ떫좴쫇ퟮ늻틗헒떽랴샽뗄ꆣ평폚럖릤췸싧쒣쪽폫뺭볃ퟩ횯뗄췘웋탔훊폐맘ꎬ뛸닺욷쫽솿ꆢ풴듦솿벰쎳틗쇷솿쫇뺭볃ퟩ횯뗄럇췘웋탔훊ꎬ쯹틔쫊폃탔ퟮ맣뗄맦싉펦쫇폫뺭볃ퟩ횯췘웋탔훊폐맘뗄맦싉ꎬ헽죧럖ퟓ짺컯톧훐믹틲뷡릹뗄췘웋탔훊쫇뇈럖ퟓ훐풭ퟓ업쇐뗄벸뫎쳘탔ꎨ럇췘웋탔훊ꎩ룼룹놾뗄뻶뚨컯훖뇤뮯맦싉뗄틲쯘튻퇹ꆣ 컥ꆢ뷡폯 뇈뷏�뢳샻틦쮵횮쯹틔놻췆랭ꎬ쫇틲캪쯼웳춼폃풴�뢳풤볻튻냣뻹뫢뗄쫽솿뫍쎳틗뷡릹ꎬ뛸튻냣뻹뫢쫇벼쫵ꆢ�뢳ꆢ쫈뫃ꆢ붻틗킧싊뗈뛠룶닎쫽뺭평볛룱ꆢ쫽솿횮볤컞쫽랴삡좦탎돉ꎬ룹놾헒늻돶웕쫊뗄맦싉ꆣꆰ늻뿉쓜뚨샭ꆱ룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ쎻폐럅횮쯄몣뛸뷔ힼ뗄뺭볃맦싉ꆣ뺭볃샭싛쒣탍풤볻뗄뺭볃맦싉ꎨ뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶ꎩ뚼횻뛔쳘뚨쒣탍뗄쳘뚨닎쫽횵쟸볤돉솢ꎬ붫쒣탍짔ퟶ뇤뚯ꎬ믲퓚춬튻쒣탍훐붫닎쫽볓틔뇤뚯ꎬ뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶풤볻뗄맦싉뻍믡룄뇤ꆣ쯤좻컒쏇뿉쓜헒떽뛔뫜뛠킧폃몯쫽뚼돉솢뗄튻킩뻶닟뗄맦싉ꎨ샽죧ꎬ늹뎥탨쟳몯쫽ퟜ싺ퟣ탨쟳싉ꎩꎬ떫컒쏇늻뿉쓜헒떽뻶닟붻뮥ퟷ폃닺짺뗄좫늿뻹뫢뗄튻냣맦싉ꎨ평좫늿뻹뫢뗄뇈뷏뺲첬럖컶듺뇭ꎩꆣ 쎳틗샭싛뗄탂랢햹벰웤쿠맘뺭퇩퇐뺿뗄랢햹퓙듎횤쏷낮틲쮹첹뗄쏻퇔ꎬꆰ늻쫇뺭퇩맛달캪샭싛퇐뺿쳡릩믹뒡ꎬ뛸쫇샭싛퇐뺿뻶뚨컒쏇뿉맛달떽쪲쎴ꆱꎨ틽ퟔHeisenberg, 1971, ꎩꆣ횧돖헢튻쏻퇔뗄폐솦횤뻝뻍쫇뫬틆쿖쿳ꆣ퓚죋쏇쇋뷢쿠뛔싛뫳ꎬ죋쏇닅폐맛달뫬틆쿖쿳뗄룅쓮ꆣ탂뗄쎳틗샭싛쒣탍쪹쎳틗샭싛훐뗄룅쓮쳥쾵랢짺쇋룯쏼탔뗄뇤뮯ꎬ췢짺뇈뷏샻틦뗈룅쓮틑뇤뗃맽쪱ꎬ죋쏇뾪쪼폃췢냼쎳틗ꆢ뫏풼죃ꆢ쳘탭뺭펪ꆢ튻쳥뮯돌뛈ꆢ짌튵뮯돌뛈ꆢ쎳틗틀듦뛈ꆢ좫쟲뮯돌뛈틔벰쏨쫶럖릤췸싧벰쿠맘붻틗쒣쪽뗄웤쯼쳘탔폫붻틗킧싊ꆢ붻틗럑폃뗄맘쾵뗈룅쓮살쳖싛쎳틗컊쳢ꆣ탂뗄뺭퇩퇐뺿붫믡틔헢킩탂룅쓮캪믹뒡ꎬ늻퓙뻖쿞폚뒫춳뗄췢짺뇈뷏샻틦룅쓮ꆣ 뢽슼ꎺ 샽1.폐죽훖닺욷뗄뇈뷏폅쫆볙쮵뗄랴샽ꆣ닎볻뗏뿋쳘ꎭ싞싼ꎨDixit and Norman, 1980, pp. 95-96ꎩ뗄샽ퟓꆣ쿂쏦뗄쒣탍짨뚨뫍췆떼뇈웤샽ퟓ룼폐튻냣탔ꆣ 볙뚨A맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱폐죧쿂킧폃몯쫽뫍풤쯣풼쫸ꎺ Max:U=x1x2x3, . p1x1+p2x2+p3x3=I 웤훐ꎬI캪쫕죫ꎬXi 캪i닺욷쿻럑솿ꎬPi캪i닺욷뗄볛룱ꆣ듋뻶닟컊쳢닺짺쇋죧쿂탨쟳몯쫽ꆣ IIIx1=,x2=,x3= 3p13p23p3볙뚨A맺늻짺닺ꎬ떫죽훖닺욷뗄�뢳캪ꎺ
14 000x1=a, x2=b, x3=c, 퓲쫕죫I=p1a+p2b+p3c. 쇮닺욷1캪뇪ힼ짌욷ꎬ퓲p1≡1 쫐뎡돶쟥쳵볾000ax1=x1,x2=x2,x3=x3룸돶ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뻹뫢볛룱ꎺap1=1,p2=,p3= bc볙뚨B맺폐죧쿂킧폃몯쫽뫍풤쯣풼쫸ꎺ MaxU∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗:=x1x2x3, . p1x1+p2x2+p3x3=wB 쇮샍뚯캪뇪ힼ짌욷ꎬ퓲w=1 짺닺몯쫽뫍풴풼쫸캪ꎺsssx1=L1, x2=aL2, x3=bL3, L1+L2+L3=B 킧폃ퟮ듳뮯닺짺뗄탨쟳몯쫽캪ꎺ∗B∗B∗Bx1= , xx∗2= , ∗3= ∗3p13p23p3뎧짌뗄쇣샻죳쳵볾닺짺쇋ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱뗄뻹뫢볛룱ꎺ∗∗11p1=1 , p2= , p∗a3= b쿖퓚뾼싇솽맺탎돉춳튻쫐뎡ꎬ뮥쿠쎳틗ꆣ틲캪A맺늻짺닺ꎬ쯹틔쫀뷧춳튻쫐뎡뗄뻹뫢볛룱죔평B맺쇣샻죳쳵볾뻶뚨ꎬ쯼폫B맺ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱볛룱쿠춬ꆣ틲듋ꎬA맺뗄뻹뫢쫕죫뫍탨쟳솿캪ꎺ bcIIaIbI=a++ , xx=, xa1= , 23= b333헢퇹ꎬ놾맺돶뿚웤볛룱룟뗄닺욷뗄쟩뿶폐뿉쓜돶쿖ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ죧맻놾맺닺욷2뗄�뢳b듳폚웤탨쟳솿x2ꎬ벴b>x2 ꎬ퓲쯼믡돶뿚x2ꎬ뛸춬쪱x2뗄볛룱폖폐뿉쓜룟폚뻹뫢뗄쫀뷧쫐뎡볛룱acaa+b+∗p2ꎬ벴p2>∗p2ꆣ헢솽룶쳵볾춬쪱싺ퟣꎬ떱쟒뷶떱bb> 쟒a1>, 헢솽룶3ba쳵볾돉솢ꎬ폖떱쟒뷶떱∈acba+,aaꆣ죧맻ca>ꎬ헢튻뾪쟸볤럇뿕ꆣ틲듋ꎬ떱2bbc∈aca>쟒ba+,aa쪱ꎬA맺돶뿚웤볛룱룟뗄닺욷2ꎬ벴p>∗2p2쟒b>x2 ꆣ헢b2b뻍췆랭쇋짹돆튻맺폀풶돶뿚놾맺쿠뛔뷏뇣틋닺욷뗄뇈뷏샻틦쮵ꆣ 샽2. 튪쯘쏜뛈쓦ꆣ듋샽폃솽훖닺욷ꆢ솽훖튪쯘ꎬAꆢB솽맺폐쿠춬CES짺닺몯쫽ꎬ떫늻춬닺튵횮볤쳦듺떯탔늻튻퇹뗄쒣탍횤캱HO뚨샭ꆣ 볙뚨튻룶듺뇭탔쿻럑헟뗄킧폃몯쫽쫇: MaxU=a1−a:xyꎬ풤쯣풼쫸캪rK+wL=Iꆣ웤훐ꎬx뫍y럖뇰캪솽훖짌욷쿻럑솿ꎬK뫍L럖뇰캪놾뫍샍뚯듦솿ꆣ샍뚯캪볆볛컯ꎬ맊w=1ꆣ탨쟳몯쫽쫇ꎬ x=a(rK+wL)/px, y=(1−a)(rK+wL)/py 솽훖짌욷뗄짺닺몯쫽럖뇰캪ꎺ rrqqx=K1/r(x+Lx)y=1/q, (Ky+Ly) 웤훐ꎬKi뫍Li럖뇰캪폃폚짺닺짌욷i뗄놾뫍샍뚯솿ꆣ늻쪧튻냣탔ꎬ컒쏇볙뚨r<qꆣ튻냣뻹뫢뷢캪ꎺ (1) Kx/Lx = r1/(r-1), Ky/Ly = r1/(q-1), (2) Kx/Lx > Ky/Ly 떱쟒뷶떱 r > 1. (3) Ky = [Kr(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)-Lr1/(q-1)]/[ r-1], (r-q)/(1-r)(1-q) Kx = r-1/(1-r)[Lr-1/(1-r)(1-q)-K]/[ r-1] Lx = [Lr(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)-Kr1/(1-r)]/[ r-1]
15 (r-q)/(1-r)(1-q) Ly = [Kr1/(1-r)-L]/[ r-1], /(1-r) (4) X = -r[r+1]1/r[Lr(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)-Kr1/(1-r)(r-q)/(1-r)(1-q)]/[ r-1] r/(1-r) (5) px = -[r+1](ρ-1)/ρ/(1-q) , py = -q[r+1]( q-1)/ q. 놾쿠뛔샍뚯뗄볛룱r뗄뻹뫢횵평쫐뎡돶쟥쳵볾xd = Xs룸뚨ꆣ폃ꎨ1ꎩꎭꎨ5ꎩ쿻좥돽r틔췢뗄쯹폐쓚짺뇤솿ꎬ뗃떽쿂쪽ꆣ쯼룸돶좫늿뻹뫢놾/샍뚯쿠뛔볛룱ꆣ듋볛룱쫇K,L,r,q,a뗄몯쫽ꆣ (6) f(K, L, r, r, q, a) ≡ [Lr(r-q)/(1-ρ)(1-θ)-Kr1/(1-ρ)-ρ/(1-ρ) (ρ-θ)/(1-ρ)(1-θ)][r+1]-α(rK+L)[ r-1] = 0. 평폚헢쫇튻룶r뗄뎬풽랽돌쪽ꎬ쎻폐뷢컶뷢ꎬ떫쿂쇐쫽횵뷢ퟣ틔췆랭HO뚨샭ꆣ컒쏇볙뚨솽맺짺닺몯쫽폫쫈뫃쿠춬ꎬ쯻쏇폐죧쿂릲춬닎쫽ꎺ (7) r = , q = , a = . 떫쫇ꎬA맺뗄풴�뢳캪K = 1, L = ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ퓲평ꎨ6ꎩ룸뚨뗄뻹뫢뗄r횵캪 (8) r = < 1. 룹뻝ꎨ2ꎩꎬ컒쏇횪뗀ꎬ퓚A맺ꎬy쫇놾쏜벯뗄ꎬ뛸x쫇샍뚯쏜벯뗄ꆣ 볙뚨B맺폐죧쿂뗄닎쫽횵ꎺ (9) K* = 1, L* = 10 퓲ꎨ6ꎩ훐룸뚨뗄뻹뫢뗄r*쫇ꎬ (10) r* = > 1. 룹뻝ꎨ2ꎩꎬ컒쏇횪뗀ꎬ퓚B맺ꎬy쫇샍뚯쏜벯뛸x쫇놾쏜벯뗄ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ퓚쿂쇐닎쫽랶캧쓚ꎬ ꎨ11ꎩK = 1, L = , K* = 1,L* = 10ꎨ쯼틢캶ퟅK/L > K*/L*ꎩꎬr = , q = , a = 컒쏇폐솽훖뿉쓜뗄쟩뿶ꎬ ꎨaꎩ놾맺돶뿚x뛸췢맺돶뿚yꆣ ꎨbꎩ놾맺돶뿚y뛸췢맺돶뿚xꆣ 죧맻쫇쟩뿶ꎨaꎩꎬ퓲A맺퓚샍뚯쿠뛔뛌좱ꎨ벴K/L > K*/L*ꎩ쪱돶뿚샍뚯쏜벯탍닺욷x (퓚A맺ꎬX캪샍솦쏜벯뗄ꎬ틲캪떱r = < 1쪱ꎬKx/Lx < Ky/Ly ꎬ)ꆣ헢춬HO뚨샭쿠쎬뛜ꆣ 죧맻쫇쟩뿶ꎨbꎩꎬ퓲B맺퓚놾쿠뛔뛌좱ꎨ벴K/L > K*/L*ꎩ쪱돶뿚놾쏜벯탍닺욷x(떱 r* = > 1쪱ꎬKx*/Lx* > Ky*/Ly* )ꆣ헢춬HO뚨샭쿠쎬뛜ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ퓚ꎨ11ꎩ훐룸뚨뗄닎쫽랶캧쓚ꎬꎨaꎩ뫍ꎨbꎩ훐죎틢튻훖쟩뿶랢짺뚼럱뚨쇋HO뚨샭ꆣ쟫힢틢ꎬ헢샯뗄r횵쫇쓚짺룸뚨뗄ꆣ뛸쟭쮹퓚횤쏷HO뚨샭쪱ꎬ볙뚨r횵쫇췢짺룸뚨뗄ꎬ헢춬튻냣뻹뫢뗄룅쓮늻럻ꆣ 샽3.폐샮볎춼췢짺벼쫵폅쫆뫍HO췢짺�뢳뇈뷏폅쫆뗄쒣탍(Cheng, Sachs, and Yang, 1999)ꆣ 볙뚨맺볒i (i =1, 2)폐폃살짺닺X뫍Y뗄샍뚯뫍놾�뢳캪Li뫍Kiꆣ퓚ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱ꎬ맺볒i훐튻룶듺뇭탔쿻럑헟뗄뻶닟컊쳢쫇ꎺ maxU=q1−qxyiiix,yii (1) +y=wL+rKiiiiii웤훐ꎬp 쫇폃짌욷Y뇭쪾뗄짌욷X뗄볛룱ꆣwi 뫍ri 럖뇰캪맺볒i훐뗄릤싊뫍놾샻싊ꆣ 볙뚨맺볒i훐X뫍Y뗄짺닺몯쫽럖뇰캪: x=aLaK1−a; iixixix y=aLbK1−b . iiyiyiy(2) 웤훐ꎬa(i=1,2;j=x,y)쫇좫튪쯘짺닺솦쾵쫽ꆣ퓚볈폐뗄짺닺벼쫵쳵볾쿂ꎬ맺볒i훐짺닺ijX뗄듺뇭탔웳튵붫웤샻죳ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ벴 maxp=px−wL−1−rK=paLaKa−wL−rK. (3) L,Kixiiixiixixixixiixiixixix짺닺Y뗄웳튵뗄쟩뿶폫짏샠춬ꆣ
16 튻냣뻹뫢뗄뷢쫇ꎺ K1aaixpixb1−a=1−ba−b[()()]Liab1−bixiy Kiya(1−b)K=ixLb(1−a)LiyixKKixiy > 떱쟒뷶떱a<b ꎨ늻쪧튻냣탔ꎬ볙뚨X탐튵캪놾쏜벯ꎬ벴a<bꎩꆣ LxLiiy맺볒iퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄볛룱캪ꎺ aiyL1−aq+1−b1−qb−b()()()p=ib−ab(1−b1)[]iaKaq+b(1−q)aa(1−a1−a )ixi쿔좻ꎬ 퓚볙뚨a<b뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬp1<p2ꎬ떱쟒뷶떱1/(β-α) (a2ya1x/a2xa1y)(K1L2/K2L1) > 1ꎬ믲헟뇈뷏벼쫵폅쫆돌뛈a2ya1x/a2xa1y뫍뇈뷏�뢳폅쫆돌뛈K1L2/K2L1뗄돋믽듳폚1ꆣ볙죧솽룶맺볒퓚짺닺벼쫵짏뚼쎻폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎨ벴a1xa=2xꎩꎬ퓲1Kp1<p2ꎬ떱쟒뷶떱K>2ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ죧맻맺볒1a1ya2yL1L2쫇놾럡뢻뗄ꎬ퓲놾쏜벯뗄X뗄맺쓚쿠뛔볛룱뗍폚맺췢뗄쿠뛔볛룱(벴p1<p2)ꎬ쯹틔붫돶뿚Xꆣ헢폫HO뚨샭튻훂ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻솽룶맺볒횮볤폐뇈뷏벼쫵닮뇰ꎬ퓲쓄튻룶맺볒퓚쓄튻훖닺욷짏폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ튪춬쪱좡뻶폚쿠뛔튪쯘�뢳뫍쿠뛔벼쫵닮뇰ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩탎쿂ꎬ뒫춳뗄HO뚨샭뛔뇈뷏폅쫆뗄풤볻뻍뿉쓜믡듭ꆣ샽죧ꎬ죧맻b>a벴X쫇놾쏜벯닺욷ꎬ쟒맺볒1놾쿠뛔럡뢻ꎬꎨ벴aK1/L2yax1>K2/L2)ꎬ1<1ꎨ벴맺볒1폐돶뿚샍뚯쏜벯뗄Y뗄벼쫵폅쫆뫍돶뿚a2xa1yKLX뗄벼쫵쇓쫆ꎩꎬ12>1ꎨ벴맺볒1폐돶뿚놾쏜벯뗄X횮풴폅쫆뫍돶뿚샍뚯쏜벯뗄YKL21횮풴쇓쫆ꎩꎬ볙뚨(β-α)(a2ya1x/a2xa1/1y)(K1L2/K2L1) < 1ꎬ벴맺볒1돶뿚Y뗄벼쫵폅쫆듳폚돶뿚Y뗄풴쇓쫆ꎬ퓲p1>p2ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ돉컄샻뗈죋횤쏷ꎬ틲맺볒1퓚짺닺샍뚯쏜벯닺욷Y훐뗄벼쫵뇈뷏폅쫆뎬맽웤샍솦쿠뛔뷏짙뗄뇈뷏쇓쫆ꎬ쯹틔맺볒1랴뛸돶뿚폐풴뇈뷏쇓쫆뗄샍솦쏜벯닺욷Yꆣ 닎뾼컄쿗ꎺ Arrow, ., Chenery, ., Minhas, . and Solow, RoM., 1961:ꆰCapital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency,” Review of Economics and Statistics, XLIII(August, 1961), -51 Bhagwati, J. and Dehejia, V. (1994), “Freer Trade and Wages of the Unskilled: Is Marx Striking Again?” in Trade and Wages: Leveling Wages Down? ed. By J Bhagwati and M. Kosters. Washington, American Enterprise Institute. Bowen, Harry P.:Leamer, Edward E. and Sveikauskas, Leo. “Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory”, American Economic Review, December, 1987, 77(5), -809. Brecher, Richard A. and Choudhri, Ehsan U: “the Factor Content of Consumption in Canada and the United States: A Two-Country Test of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek Model”, in Robert C. Feenstra, ed., Empirical methods for international trade. Cambridge, MA:MIT press, 1988, pp. 5-17 Cheng, W., Sachs, J. and Yang, X. (2000a), "A General Equilibrium Re-appraisal of the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem," Journal of Economics. 66, 1-18. ______(2000b), “An Inframarginal Analysis of the Ricardian Model," Review of International Economics, 8, 208-20. (1999), "An Inframarginal Analysis of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model with Transaction Costs and Technological Comparative Advantage," Harvard Center for International Development Working Paper No. 9. Cheng, W., Liu, M. and Yang, X. (2000), “A Ricardo Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regime," Economic Record, 76, 172-82. Debreu, G. (1974), Excess Demand Functions. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1, 15-21.
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