奥巴马学生财政援助计划
Student financial aid: Obama
来源：天和网
核心提示：本文介绍了奥巴马学生财政计划，包括学生贷款，联邦援助计划，具争议的盈利教育和梦想法案等。
Higher education has taken a back seat to other issues in this election, but the outcome of the presidential vote will have a major impact on students and families paying for college. Here is how president Obama feels about higher education issues such as student loans, federal aid programs, for-profit colleges, and the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors, or DREAM Act.
天和网天和财政频道消息：高等教育虽然已经退居此次选举关注问题的次席，但是总统选举的结果将对学生和家庭支付大学学费有很重大的影响。以下是奥巴马总统怎样看待高等教育问题，比如学生贷款，联邦援助计划，盈利性大学，以及外来未成年人发展、救济和教育还有“梦想法案”。
Student loans
How the candidates deal with student borrowing will have a heavy impact on access to higher education. During his administration, President Barack Obama ended the Federal Family Education Loan program, or FFEL, which originated some federal student loans through private lending institutions. Now, all federal student loans are handled through the Department of Education, a move Obama's campaign estimates will save $68 billion over 10 years in subsidies to the private sector.
学生贷款
候选人如何处理学生借贷的问题将会对高等教育机会影响深远。在他任内，美国总统奥巴马终止了联邦家庭教育贷款计划（或称为FFEL），它起源于一些通过私人贷款机构的联邦学生贷款。现在，所有联邦学生贷款是通过教育部负责的，这一举措根据奥巴马的竞选估计将在10年内给私营部门补贴节省680亿美元。
As a result of losing their chunk of the federal loan pie and other factors, many banks and lending institutions stopped making student loans entirely. Critics argue that this is making it more difficult for college hopefuls to obtain private loans if federal loans aren't enough.
以失去他们联邦贷款大部分的收益和其他因素为代价，许多银行和借款公司完全停止了向学生贷款。评论家争论如果联邦贷款不充裕，会使获得个人贷款上大学的希望变得更加迷茫。
"Going back to the old system won't really affect whether students can take loans out," says Kevin Carey, director of the Education Policy Program at the New America Foundation, a nonpartisan think tank based in Washington, . "It will affect the cost of those programs to the taxpayer. There's not any question that the old system is more expensive to the taxpayer."
“恢复旧的系统是不会真正影响学生是否可以申请到贷款的，”新美国基金会教育政策项目主任凯文·凯里说，新美国基金会是位于华盛顿特区的无党派智囊团。他还表示，这将会影响到纳税人对于这些项目的花费。毫无疑问旧的系统对于纳税人会更加昂贵。
Federal aid programs and the DREAM Act
Both candidates have stated they will increase awareness about college affordability, but their platforms on how to make college affordable varies. The Obama administration has attacked the problem by expanding the federal Pell Grant program, funded in part from savings resulting from cutting banks out of the federal student loan market. It has eliminated some federal aid programs, including subsidized Stafford loans for graduate students, aid for some students without a high school diploma and subsidies on federal student loans during the six-month grace period after graduation. And the administration also instituted the American opportunity tax credit and has called on colleges to control tuition hikes.
联邦援助计划和梦想法案
两位候选人都承诺他们将会提高大学可负担性的认知度，但是他们对于如何负担大学费用的具体方法却是多样各异的。奥巴马政府通过扩展联邦佩尔助学金项目抨击这一问题，资助一部分来自储蓄，结果却将银行从联邦学生贷款市场中排除。政府已经淘汰了一些联邦援助项目，包括斯坦福毕业生贷款补贴，针对无高中文凭学生的援助以及保证联邦学生贷款补助金毕业后六个月的的宽限期。而且政府制定了美国机会税收抵免还呼吁大学控制学费上涨。
Obama has taken steps to make the American opportunity tax credit permanent and to push the DREAM Act -- legislation that would ease college access, financial aid and military service restrictions for some undocumented students. It is unclear how the act would be funded. However, since current DREAM Act legislation only grants qualified students access to federal student loans and work-study jobs, not federal grants or in-state tuition, costs are said to be lower than those of most federal aid programs.
奥巴马已经采取措施使美国机会税收抵免永久化以及推动“梦想法案”——立法对非法入境学生放宽大学入学机会，财政援助和兵役限制。现在对于如何资助这一法案我们还不得而知。然而由于当前的梦想法案立法只授予合格的学生获得联邦学生贷款和勤工助学工作，而不是联邦拨款或州内学费，成本是低于大多数联邦援助计划的。
"Nobody is calling for a dramatic increase in student financial aid," says Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of the financial aid websites and . "It's more about a trade-off between cuts on the Republican side because of concerns about the 'lack of sustainability' of the Pell Grant program and other federal student aid programs. And on the Democrat side, the focus (is) on maintaining current investment levels."
财政资助网站 和 的发行人马克·坎特罗维茨表示，“没有任何人正在呼吁学生财政援助的急剧增长，在共和党方面更多的是关于削减的平衡，原因就是担心“缺乏可持续性的佩尔助学金计划和其他联邦学生援助项目。在民主党方面，焦点是维持当前的投资水平。”
For-profit education
One of the most controversial moves the Obama administration has made is its attempts to regulate for-profit colleges by cracking down on recruiting practices for military veterans and personnel and establishing "gainful employment" standards that would require career colleges to meet one of the following criteria to remain eligible for federal financial aid.
可盈利教育
奥巴马政府最具争议的举措之一就是其试图规范盈利性大学，这一举措通过打击招聘实践退伍军人和职员，建立“有酬工作”的标准来要求职业学院满足下列条件之一的仍有资格获得联邦金融援助。
1. A student loan repayment rate of at least 35 percent.
2. Estimated annual loan payments for typical graduates cannot exceed 12 percent of their total earnings.
3. The annual loan payments for a typical graduate should not exceed 30 percent of his or her "discretionary income," defined in this context as any income above 150 percent of the . poverty line. For 2012, that would be income above $16,755 for a single-person rulings are currently being battled out in court.
1. 学生贷款偿还利率至少35%。
2. 对于标准毕业生预估的年贷款偿还额不能超出他们总收入的12%。
3.单一毕业生偿还年贷款额度不应超过他们“可支配收入”的30%，确定这个点是根据高于美国贫困线150%的任何收入。2012年，单身家庭收入应该高于16755美元。这些条例现在正在法院接受裁定。
"This is an issue where the outcome of the election is likely to make a considerable difference in how the government approaches it," says Terry W. Hartle, senior vice president for government and public affairs for the American Council on Education, a trade group in Washington, ., that represents college presidents and chancellors of for-profit and nonprofit schools. Hartle adds that action depends on other elections, too. "It's not clear if Congress would be able to find enough consensus around this issue in either direction -- more regulation or less regulation."
华盛顿特区贸易集团，代表大学校长、财政大臣和公立学校的美国教育委员会政府和公共事务部门高级副主席特里·W·哈特说：“选举的结果可能会在政府如何作为方面产生相当大的差别。”哈特补充说，举措还取决于其他选举。“现在还不清楚是否国会能够找到围绕这一问题两个方面的充足的共识——更多的监管或更少的监管。”
Where president Obama stand on student aid
1. Student loansFavors keeping federal student loans originated through the Department of Education. Backs extensions on the federal income-based repayment plan.
2. American opportunity tax creditWill seek to make it permanent.
奥巴马学生援助计划
1. 学生贷款
倾向于保持源于教育部的联邦学生贷款。支持扩大联邦的以收入为基础的还款计划。
2. 美国机会税收抵免
将会探寻使其固定化。
3. DREAM ActPushes legislation in favor of increasing college access and financial aid for some undocumented students.
4. For-profit colleges
Currently pushing "gainful employment" standards, which would tie federal financial aid eligibility to student debt and loan repayment rates for career colleges.
3. 梦想法案
推动立法赞成增加大学入学和对于一些非法入境学生的财政支持。
4. 盈利性大学
目前推动“实质报酬工作”的标准，这会将联邦财政援助资格与学生债务和职业院校贷款还款利率联系在一起。
译者：李悦涵
文章来源：
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