뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿3뫮뺭뒨ꆡ잮컄죙ꆡ믆ퟦ믔ꆡꆡ쓚죝쳡튪:뻍놾훊뛸퇔,뺭볃뺺헹솦뻍쫇뺭볃훷쳥퓚늩?뻹뫢ힴ첬쯹쓜펮뗃뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖엤럝뛮,냼삨뺭볃훷쳥폫웤쎳틗믯냩횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹쓜솦(벴뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ)뫍뺭볃훷쳥폫웤춬탐횮볤뗄럇뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹쓜솦(벴뺭볃ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ)솽룶랽쏦ꆣ퓚쎻폐춬탐뺺헹헟뗄쟩뿶쿂,럖릤쮫랽뗄뺭볃뺺헹솦ꆰ(뫏헹솦ꆱ),퓚ퟜ솿쮮욽짏ퟜ쫇쫆뻹솦뗐,뛸퓚튪쯘욽뻹쮮욽짏퓲폫쮫랽뗄ퟜ춶죫쮮욽돉랴뇈(틠벴폫짺닺싊쮮욽돉헽뇈)ꆣ퓚듦퓚춬탐뺺헹헟뗄쟩뿶쿂,룷랽뗄뺺헹솦훷튪폫춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ돌뛈뫍짺닺싊쮮욽헢솽듳틲쯘폐맘;떫뻍춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ뛸퇔,짺닺싊쮮욽죔좻쫇ퟮ훘튪뗄뻶뚨틲쯘ꆣ맘볼듊:뇈뷏샻틦ꆡ럖엤램퓲ꆡ뺭볃뺺헹솦ꆡ뻶뚨믺훆튻ꆢ틽ꆡ퇔ퟔ싵뿋뛻ꆤ늨쳘(MichaelPorter)랢뇭훸쏻뗄ꆰ뺺헹죽늿쟺ꆱꆪꆪꆪꆶ뺺헹햽싔ꆷ(1980)ꆶꆢ뺺헹폅쫆ꆷ(1985)ꆶꆢ맺볒뺺헹폅쫆ꆷ(1990),뫍쫀뷧뺭볃싛첳(WEF)ꆢ맺볊맜샭랢햹퇐뺿풺(IMD)쿠볌췆돶ꆶ좫쟲뺺헹솦놨룦ꆷ(GlobalCompetitivenessReport)ꆶꆢ쫀뷧뺺헹솦쓪본ꆷ(WorldCompetitivenessYearbook)틔살,뺭볃뺺헹솦움볛틑톸쯙돉캪튻룶좫쟲탔뗄톧쫵죈뗣ꆣ떫틲퓚샭싛폫랽램짏듦퓚퇏훘좱쿝,쯼쏇퓚맣쫜맘힢뗄춬쪱튲놸쫜엺움(Lall,2001;헅뷰닽,2001)ꆣ1996쓪WEF뫍IMD뗄럖뗀퇯,뻍쮵쏷쯼쏇뛔뺺헹솦뗄샭뷢풶쎻폐좡뗃릲쪶,뛸쟒쯼쏇뗄럖웧틑뺭퇏훘떽쇋뮥쿠쓑틔죝죌뗄뗘늽ꆣ쪱훁뷱죕ꆰ,뺺헹솦ꆱ(Competitiveness)죔좻쫇튻룶벫뻟헹틩뗄룅쓮,벸뫵쎿튻룶뺺헹솦퇐뺿헟뚼폐튻룶ퟔ벺뗄ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뚨틥(뇭1)ꆣ틔훁폚뺺헹솦컊쳢볒뿆뛷(Cohen,1994)뾮첾ꆰ:탭뛠죋냑뺺헹솦펹쯗뮯쇋,뛸헢잡잡쫇뺭볃톧훐탭뛠룅쓮뗄쏼퓋ꆣꆱ떫뿆뛷뗄뾮첾늢쎻폐쟐훐컊쳢뗄튪몦ꆣꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮횮쯹틔놻샄폃,ퟮ룹놾뗄풭틲퓚폚쯼쒿잰뮹늻쫇튻룶헦헽뗄퇏룱틢틥짏뗄뺭볃톧룅쓮ꆣ틲캪룅쓮뷧뚨늻퇏룱,쯹틔쯦틢탔뗄샭뷢뫍쪹폃뻍쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄쇋ꆣ튲헽틲캪죧듋ꆰ,뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮(틔벰폫횮쿠맘뗄ꆰ뺺헹폅쫆ꆱ룅쓮)튻횱뚼캴쓜놻훷쇷뗄뺭볃톧볒쯹죏뿉,튻횱뚼캴쓜놻쓉죫헽춳뗄뺭볃톧샭싛쳥쾵(Krugman,1994)ꆣ럇뎣쓍죋톰캶뗄쫇,퓚좫쟲튻욬죈뎴ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뫍ꆰ뺺헹폅쫆ꆱ룅쓮뗄쪱뫲,쫀뷧ퟮ뚥벶뗄솽훖뇪횾탔샭싛뺭볃톧뾯컯JournalofPoliticalEconomy뫍Econometrica좴듓캴랢뇭맽맘폚ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ(Competitiveness)믲ꆰ뺺3ꆡ뫮뺭뒨ꆢ잮컄죙ꆢ믆ퟦ믔,헣붭듳톧맜샭톧풺ꆢ헣붭듳톧훐맺얩듥랢햹퇐뺿풺,폊헾뇠싫:310029ꆣ춨탅ퟷ헟:믆ퟦ믔,뗧ퟓ탅쿤:zhhuang@ꆣ놾컄쫇ퟷ헟닎폫IMDꆶ쫀뷧뺺헹솦쓪본ꆷ훐맺뺺헹솦움볛뫏ퟷ퇐뺿쿮쒿뛸닺짺뗄튻룶샭싛탔돉맻,늢뗃떽훐맺늩쪿뫳뿆톧믹뷰쿮쒿(20060401061)뗄훺ꆣ룐킻쓤쏻짳룥죋뢻폐웴랢탔뗄움싛,떫컄퓰ퟔ뢺ꆣ138
2007쓪뗚10웚헹폅쫆ꆱ(CompetitiveAdvantage)뗄싛컄ꆣꋙ뺡맜퓚ꆶ맺볒뺺헹폅쫆ꆷ튻쫩훐,늨쳘죏캪ꆰ뇈뷏폅쫆샭싛뗄쫊폃랶캧벫웤폐쿞ꆱ,훷헅틔ꆰ뺺헹폅쫆ꆱ샭싛좡뛸듺횮(Porter,1990),떫뻍뿆톧탔ꆢ볲뷠탔뫍퇏뷷탔뛸퇔,늨쳘뗄ꆰ뺺헹폅쫆ꆱ샭싛풶풶컞램폫ꆰ뇈뷏폅쫆ꆱ샭싛쿠쳡늢싛ꆣ틲듋,쯻뗄헢튻훷헅늢쎻폐첫뛠뗄뺭볃톧볒좥샭믡ꆣ뇭1훚쮵럗뗄ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뚨틥뺺헹솦샠탍뚨틥살풴맺볒뺺헹솦쫇횸튻맺좡뗃죋뻹GDP뗄돖탸룟퓶뎤싊뗄쓜솦WEF,GlobalCompetitivenessReport,1996맺볒뺺헹솦튻맺뒴퓬폫놣돖튻룶쓜쪹웤웳튵뗄볛횵뒴퓬풽살풽뛠ꆢ죋쏱뗄짺믮풽살풽뢻ퟣ뗄뮷뺳뗄쓜솦IMD,WorldCompetitivenessYearbook,2003웳튵뺺헹솦웳튵쮮욽짏뗄뺺헹폅쫆쫇횸튻맡뗘뫍뿉펮샻뗘뇈뺺헹DepartmentofEnterprise,Tradeand헟쳡릩쿻럑헟룼풸틢릺싲뗄닺욷뫍럾컱뗄쓜솦Employment,UK뺺헹솦볈냼삨킧싊(틔뺡뿉쓜뗍뗄돉놾듯떽쒿뇪)튲냼Buckley,.,ꆰMeasuresofInternational닺튵뺺헹솦삨킧맻(듯떽뫃뗄쒿뇪)ꆣ헢퇹살톡퓱닺튵쒿뇪쫇훁맘Competitiveness:ACriticalSurveyꆱ,Journal훘튪뗄ofMarketingManagement,1988횧돖웳튵ꆢ닺튵ꆢ뗘쟸ꆢ맺볒믲뎬맺볒뗘쟸퓚쏦뛔맺볊OECD,ꆰIndustrialCompetitiveness:뺺헹솦뺺헹쪱닺짺쿠뛔뷏룟뗄튪쯘쫕죫뫍튪쯘뻍튵쮮욽뗄쓜BenchmarkingBusinessEnvironmentsinthe솦GlobalEconomyꆱ,1996ꆡꆡ쇏살풴:IMDꆶWorldCompetitivenessYearbook2003ꆷ뗚712ꆪ713튳ꆣ좻뛸,죧맻컒쏇틲듋뛸컞쫓쫀죋뛔ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ컊쳢뗄맘쟐,짵뛸킦뮰ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮뗄컞쇄,쓇뻍듳듭쳘듭쇋ꆣ쯦ퟅ좫쟲뮯쪱듺뗄떽살,쏦뛔풽살풽벤쇒뗄좫쟲뮯뺺헹,컞싛웳튵ꆢ헾뢮뮹쫇룶죋,맘힢ퟔ벺뗄잰춾쏼퓋뫍훘쫓ퟔ짭뗄뺺헹솦,쓋쫇샭쯹떱좻뗄쫂쟩(Fazeli,1999;Dunning,1995)ꆣ싟벭뎣쪶룦쯟컒쏇:떱샭싛쓑틔뷢쫍짧믡쿖쪵뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇늻쓜맖ퟯ쿖쪵쟩뿶뗄맖틬,뛸횻쓜볬쳖샭싛ퟔ짭뗄늻ퟣ;떱샭싛컞램싺ퟣ짧믡쪵볹탨튪뗄쪱뫲,컒쏇늻쓜횸돢짧믡탨튪뗄믄쏽,뛸횻쓜돐죏샭싛ퟔ짭뗄컞쓜ꆣ틲듋,떱죋쏇샄폃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮뗄쪱뫲,뿉킦뗄늻쫇샄폃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮뗄죋,뛸쫇뛔듋컞쯹ퟷ캪뗄뺭볃톧놾짭ꆣ죧뫎쪹ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ돉캪튻룶퇏룱뗄뿉럖컶ꆢ뿉닙ퟷ뗄뺭볃톧룅쓮,뷸뛸릹붨뿆톧뗄뺺헹솦샭싛,틔싺ퟣ죋쏇퓚좫쟲뮯쪱듺죕틦웈쟐뗄뺺헹탨튪,쓋쫇떱잰뺭볃톧샭싛퇐뺿뗄훘튪죎컱ꆣ웤쪵,듓폯틥짏살럖컶ꆰ,뺺헹솦ꆱ튻듊늢늻쓑샭뷢ꆣ쯹캽ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ,뻍쫇뺺헹헟펮뗃뺺헹뗄쓜솦ꆣ폃늩?싛폯퇔살쮵ꆰ,뺺헹솦ꆱ뻍쫇뻖훐죋뗄늩?쓜솦(뫮뺭뒨뗈,2005)ꆣ평ꆰ뺭볃죋ꆱ볙짨뿉횪,샭탔뗄뺭볃훷쳥뚼쫇틔ힷ쟳샻틦(샻죳)ퟮ듳뮯캪쒿뇪뗄ꆣ맊뺭볃톧틢틥짏뗄ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ,뿉틔뷸튻늽샭뷢캪뺭볃훷쳥늩좡ퟮ듳뮯샻틦(샻죳)뗄쓜솦ꆣ떫뷧뚨뫍뛈솿뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄쓑뛈퓚폚,뺭볃뺺헹늢늻쫇떥뒿뗄ꆰ쇣뫍늩?ꆱ(Zero2sumGame),튲늻쫇떥뒿뗄ꆰ릲펮늩?ꆱ(Win2winGame),뛸쫇벯ꆰ쇣뫍늩?ꆱ폫ꆰ릲펮늩?ꆱ폚튻짭뗄믬뫏늩?ꆣ뛔폚쳘뚨뗄뺭볃훷쳥뛸퇔,쯼폫춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤ꋙ웤쯻뺭볃톧쏻뾯랢뇭헢랽쏦뗄싛컄튲럇뎣짙볻,죧쏀맺뗄TheAmericanEconomicReview웹뷱뷶뷶랢뇭맽2욪(Alesina&Perotti,1997;Lee&Tang,2000),맺쓚뗄ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ웹뷱튲뷶뷶랢뇭맽4욪(뫩틸탋,1997;쯯싥욽,2004;쇖몺뒨뗈,2004;횣몣쳎뗈,2005)ꆣ뛸쟒,헢킩컄쿗뛔ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ(뺺헹폅쫆)룅쓮뗄쪹폃튲뚼쫇닮잿죋틢,캴쓜룸돶쿱ꆰ뇈뷏폅쫆ꆱ룅쓮쓇퇹퇏룱ꆢ뿆톧ꆢ뿉닙ퟷ뗄뷧뚨폫뇭쫶ꆣ139
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿튻냣쫴폚쇣뫍늩?맘쾵,쯹뷸탐뗄쫇럇뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹(벴ꆰ럖헹ꆱ)ꆪꆪꆪ쓣햼폐뗄쫐뎡럝뛮듳쇋,컒햼폐뗄쫐뎡럝뛮뻍킡쇋,쓣뗄잮뛠쇋,컒뗄잮뻍짙쇋;떫쯼폫쎳틗믯냩횮볤튻냣폖쫴폚릲펮늩?맘쾵,쯹뷸탐뗄쫇뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹(벴ꆰ뫏헹ꆱ)ꆪꆪꆪ틲쎳틗럖릤뫍ퟔ평붻뮻뛔듳볒뚼폐샻,맊듳볒늻뗃늻뮥쿠뫏ퟷ,떫평폚쎿튻랽뚼쫔춼맏럖떽룼뛠뗄쎳틗럖릤샻틦,맊뫏ퟷ횮훐폖폐뺺헹ꆣ헽틲캪쇣뫍늩?폫릲펮늩?ꆢ뺭볃ꆰ럖헹ꆱ폫뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹ꆱ뷴뷴뗘뻀닸퓚튻웰,쯹틔뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄뷧뚨뫍뛈솿뻍쿔뗃럇뎣뢴퓓,쇮죋췻뛸짺캷ꆢ쓑틔쿂쫖ꆣ떱좻ꆰ,냬램ퟜ뇈컊쳢뛠ꆱꆣ놾컄쫔춼춨맽믘듰틔쿂죽룶컊쳢뛸캪뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄럖컶폫움볛붨릹튻룶웰싫뗄싟벭믹뒡:(1)뺭볃훷쳥쯹ힷ쟳늢쿠뮥뺺헹뗄ꆰ샻틦ꆱ뺿뺹캪뫎컯?믲헟쮵,뺭볃뺺헹폫뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄쪵훊쫇쪲쎴?(2)뺭볃훷쳥폫쎳틗믯냩횮볤뗄샻틦럖엤럝뛮죧뫎뻶뚨?믲헟쮵,뺭볃뫏ퟷ뺺헹솦ꆰ(뫏헹솦ꆱ)뗄뻶뚨믺훆쫇쪲쎴?(3)뺭볃훷쳥폫춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄샻틦럖엤럝뛮죧뫎뻶뚨?믲헟쮵,뺭볃럇뫏ퟷ뺺헹솦ꆰ(럖헹솦ꆱ)뗄뻶뚨믺훆쫇쪲쎴?뛔헢죽룶컊쳢뗄뷢듰,튲뻍릹돉쇋틔쿂놾컄뗄죽룶훷튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ뛾ꆢ뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤럝뛮:뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄놾훊볈좻ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뻍쫇뺭볃훷쳥늩좡ퟮ듳뮯샻틦뗄쓜솦,쓇쎴,뺭볃훷쳥퓚뺭볃뺺헹훐쯹튪펮뗃뗄ꆰ샻틦ꆱ뺿뺹쫇쪲쎴쓘?뺭볃훷쳥늩좡샻틦뗄ꆰ쓜솦ꆱ폖죧뫎살뫢솿쓘?튻냣쮵살,샻틦뻍쫇ꆰ뛔탨튪뗄싺ퟣꆱꆣ떫평폚죋쏇뗄훷맛탨튪뫜쓑냑컕,틲듋,컒쏇뎣뎣폃ꆰ탨튪뗄싺ퟣ컯ꆱ(벴뻟폐쪹폃볛횵뗄뺭볃컯욷믲닆뢻)살듺뇭뿍맛뗄뺭볃샻틦ꆪꆪꆪ햼폐닆뢻벴틢캶ퟅ믱뗃샻틦,쪧좥닆뢻벴틢캶ퟅ쪧좥샻틦ꆣ쫂쪵짏,죋쏇튲헽쫇춨맽ힷ쟳ꆰ탨튪뗄싺ퟣ컯ꆱ(닆뢻)살쪵쿖웤ꆰ뛔탨튪뗄싺ퟣꆱ(샻틦)뗄ꆣ춨뎣,뺭볃훷쳥ힷ쟳닆뢻뫍믱뗃샻틦싺ퟣ뗄랽쪽폐죽훖:튻쫇ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣꆱ,벴ퟔ벺짺닺뫍쿻럑,폫쯻죋늻랢짺뺭볃맘쾵;뛾쫇ꆰ싓뛡ꆱ,벴컞뎥뗘붫쯻죋뗄닆뢻폫샍뚯돉맻뻝캪벺폐;죽쫇ꆰ럖릤뫍붻뮻ꆱ,벴춨맽튵뮯럖릤뫍쫐뎡붻틗(쎳틗)살믱뗃닆뢻믲쪵쿖닆뢻뗄퓶뎤ꆣ떫볈좻컒쏇쯹퇐뺿뗄쫇ꆰ뺭볃뺺헹ꆱ,쓇쎴쿔좻늻펦룃냼삨ꆰ럇뺺헹ꆱ(벴ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ)뫍ꆰ럇뺭볃ꆱ뺺헹(벴싓뛡)믮뚯퓚쓚ꆣꋙ튲뻍쫇쮵ꆰ,뺭볃뺺헹ꆱ뷶폫짏쫶뗚죽훖샻틦ힷ쟳랽쪽(벴럖릤뫍붻뮻)폐맘ꆣ틲듋,ퟷ캪뺭볃뺺헹쒿뇪뗄ꆰ샻틦ꆱ튲횻쓜쫇ꆰ럖릤뫍붻뮻ꆱ샻틦,벴춨뎣쯹쮵뗄ꆰ쫐뎡샻틦ꆱꆣ맘폚헢룶ꆰ럖릤뫍붻뮻ꆱ샻틦(쫐뎡샻틦),컒쏇뮹뿉틔룹뻝샮볎춼(Ricardo,1817)뗄뇈뷏폅쫆풭샭ퟷ뷸튻늽뗄돎쟥ꆣꆡꆡ쿈살뾴샮볎춼뗄뻙샽:볙짨펢ꆡ뇭2펢웏솽맺짺닺늼뫍웏쳑뻆뗄돉놾뇈뷏맺뫍웏쳑퇀뚼쓜짺닺늼뫍뻆,떫샍뚯짺닺싊늻춬ꆣ펢맺짺닺1떥캻늼쮫랽짺닺1떥캻닺욷쯹탨튪뗄쪱볤짺닺쎿1떥캻닺욷뗄믺믡돉놾뗄샍뚯돉놾쫇100릤쪱,짺닺1떥늼뻆늼(럅웺뗄뻆)뻆(럅웺뗄늼)캻뻆뗄샍뚯돉놾쫇펢ꆡ맺1001205Π66Π5120릤쪱;웏쳑퇀짺닺1떥캻늼뗄샍뚯돉놾쫇웏쳑퇀90809Π88Π990릤쪱,짺닺1떥캻뻆뗄샍뚯돉놾쫇ꆡꆡꆡ힢:놾뇭룹뻝샮볎춼뗄쫽뻝믦훆뛸돉ꆣꆰ믺믡돉놾ꆱ늿럖쾵ퟷ헟룹뻝ퟔ벺뗄샭뷢뛸쳭볓ꆣ80릤쪱(뇭2)ꆣꋙ횮쯹틔붫ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣꆱ업돽퓚ꆰ뺭볃뺺헹ꆱ믮뚯횮췢,쫇틲캪ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄뺭볃훷쳥횮볤룹놾뻍늻듦퓚뺺헹,럖컶컞뺺헹뗄ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ헟뗄ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ쿔좻쫇믄쏽뗄ꆣ횮쯹틔붫ꆰ싓뛡ꆱ업돽퓚ꆰ뺭볃뺺헹ꆱ믮뚯횮췢,쫇틲캪싓뛡쫇튻훖컞킧싊뗄닆뢻믱뗃랽쪽,듓좫짧믡뗄뷇뛈뾴,쯼늻떫늻짺닺닆뢻,랴뛸튪뫄럑닆뢻,쯤좻쯼뻟폐뺺헹탔,떫쯼쫇튻훖ꆰ럇뺭볃ꆱ(벴늻뻟폐뺭볃킧싊)뗄뺺헹탐캪,샭펦놻췙웺,죏뿉싓뛡헟뗄ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ컞틬폚ퟝ죝ퟯ뛱ꆣ140
2007쓪뗚10웚죧뇭2쯹쪾,쯤좻웏쳑퇀쿠뛔펢맺살쮵,퓚솽훖닺욷짏뚼뒦폚뻸뛔폅쫆,떫짺닺늼뗄믺믡돉놾튪뇈펢맺듳,뒦폚뇈뷏쇓쫆;쿠랴,펢맺짺닺늼뫍뻆뗄뻸뛔돉놾쯤좻뚼뒦폚뻸뛔쇓쫆,떫짺닺늼뗄믺믡돉놾튪뇈웏쳑퇀킡튻킩,뒦폚뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ쿔좻,웏쳑퇀짺닺뻆룼폐샻,뛸펢맺짺닺늼쿠뛔폐샻ꆣ죧맻솽맺내뇈뷏폅쫆뷸탐럖릤,웏쳑퇀쏅짺닺뻆뛸펢맺쏅짺닺늼,퓲퓚늻퓶볓짧믡샍뚯ퟜ춶죫솿뗄잰쳡쿂(펢맺죔춶죫220릤쪱,웏쳑퇀죔춶죫170릤쪱),쓜쪵쿖짧믡ퟜ닆뢻솿뗄퓶뎤:늼뗄닺솿평풭살뗄2떥캻퓶볓떽212떥캻,뺻퓶012떥캻;뻆뗄닺솿평풭살뗄2떥캻퓶볓떽21125떥캻,뺻퓶01125떥캻ꆣ죧맻솽맺내쫊떱뗄붻뮻뇈싊(볛룱)뷸탐쎳틗,퓲쮫랽뚼쓜쿻럑떽룼뛠뗄늼뫍뻆ꆣ쿖퓚컒쏇살컊튻쿂:펢맺뫍웏쳑퇀쯹튪뺺헹뗄ꆰ샻틦ꆱ,뺿뺹쫇횸쓄튻늿럖샻틦쓘?쫇쮫랽풭폐뗄룷1떥캻늼뫍1떥캻뻆ꆰ(ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ),뮹쫇럖릤횮뫳탂퓶뗄012떥캻늼뫍01125떥캻뻆ꆰ(뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱ)쓘?듰낸쿔좻쫇뫳헟ꆣ죧맻럖릤횮뫳,펢맺뫍웏쳑퇀퓚놣횤풭폐ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ(룷1떥캻늼뫍1떥캻뻆)뗄믹뒡짏퓙룷뗃튻늿럖ꆰ뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱ(뇈죧쮵,펢맺뗃01125떥캻뻆,웏쳑퇀뗃012떥캻늼),쓇쎴쯼쏇ퟔ좻쫇뷔듳뮶쾲;죧맻럖릤횮뫳,펢맺퓚놣횤풭폐ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ(1떥캻늼뫍1떥캻뻆)뗄믹뒡짏뗃떽쇋좫늿뗄ꆰ뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱ(012떥캻늼뫍01125떥캻뻆),뛸웏쳑퇀뷶캬돖풭폐짺믮쮮욽(1떥캻늼뫍1떥캻뻆)늻뇤,쓇쎴펢맺믡타쾲죴뿱,뛸웏쳑퇀믡쏆쏆늻샖떫뮹늻훁폚랭솳;떫쫇,죧맻럖릤횮뫳,펢맺퓚놣횤풭폐ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ(1떥캻늼뫍1떥캻뻆)뫍뗃떽좫늿ꆰ뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱ(012떥캻늼뫍01125떥캻뻆)횮췢,뮹듓웏쳑퇀뗄ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ샯퓙샌튻뿩(뇈죧쮵,01001떥캻뻆),뛸웏쳑퇀듋쪱솬풭폐뗄ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ짺믮쮮욽튲컞램캬돖(뷶뗃1떥캻늼뫍01009떥캻뻆),쓇쎴펢맺떱좻믡룟탋,뿉웏쳑퇀뿏뚨믡랭솳늻룉쇋!쿔좻,죧맻뺭볃훷쳥닎폫럖릤뫍붻뮻뗄쯹뗃,뇈늻닎폫럖릤뫍붻뮻(벴ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ)쪱뗄쯹뗃뮹튪짙,쓇쎴쯼뮹늻죧췋돶럖릤,믘떽ퟔ룸ퟔퟣힴ첬ꆣ헢뻍틢캶ퟅ,퓚럖릤뫍붻뮻믮뚯훐,뺭볃훷쳥뗄ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦쫇늻뿉놻뺺헹뗄ꆣ믲헟쮵,놣횤ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦늻놻쟖랸,쫇뺭볃훷쳥닎폫뺭볃럖릤뫍쫐뎡뺺헹뗄샻틦ꆰ뗗쿟ꆱꆣ틲듋,ퟷ캪뺭볃뺺헹쒿뇪뗄ꆰ샻틦ꆱ,횻쓜쫇닎폫럖릤뫍붻뮻뫳쯹탂퓶뗄ꆰ뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱꆣ평폚ꆰ뺻럖릤샻틦ꆱ쫇뺭볃훷쳥내뇈뷏폅쫆뷸탐럖릤뛸닺짺뗄,맊컒쏇늻럁붫웤탎쿳뗘돆횮캪ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱꆣ춬쪱,평폚ꆰퟔ룸ퟔퟣ샻틦ꆱ늻뿉뺺헹뫍쟖랸,컒쏇튲늻럁붫웤탎쿳뗘돆횮캪ꆰ뻸뛔샻틦ꆱꆣ쯤좻뺭볃훷쳥닎폫뺭볃럖릤뫍쫐뎡뺺헹뗄ퟜ샻틦평ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ뫍ꆰ뻸뛔샻틦ꆱ릲춬릹돉,떫횻폐ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ닅쫇뺭볃훷쳥뺺헹뗄헦헽쒿뇪ꆣ헽죧컒쏇잰쏦퓚틽퇔늿럖쯹쮵,뺭볃뺺헹냼삨뮥쿠솪쾵뗄솽룶랽쏦:튻쫇뺭볃훷쳥(벰웤춬탐)폫웤쎳틗믯냩횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹(벴ꆰ뫏헹ꆱ);뛾쫇뺭볃훷쳥폫웤춬탐횮볤뗄럇뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹(벴ꆰ럖헹ꆱ)ꆣ떫늻맜쓄훖뺺헹,쒿뗄뚼쫇캪쇋퓚놣횤ꆰ뻸뛔샻틦ꆱ헢룶뗗쿟뗄믹뒡짏틔쟳럖뗃ퟮ듳럝뛮뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ(뺻럖릤샻틦)ꆣ횻늻맽뺭볃훷쳥(벰웤춬탐)폫웤쎳틗믯냩횮볤뗄ꆰ뫏헹ꆱ,쫴폚ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ뗄튻듎럖엤ꆪꆪꆪ춨맽럖릤냑ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ뒴퓬돶살늢폫쎳틗믯냩뛔웤뷸탐럖엤;뛸뺭볃훷쳥폫웤춬탐횮볤뗄ꆰ럖헹ꆱ,쫴폚ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ뗄뛾듎럖엤ꆪꆪꆪ냑폫쎳틗믯냩럖살뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ퓚춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뷸탐퓙럖엤ꆣ듲룶늻첫쳹쟐뗄뇈폷,잰헟폐뗣쿱튻볒죋돶좥냑잮헵믘살,뫳헟폐뗣쿱튻볒죋믘볒럖잮ꆣ횮쯹틔쮵헢룶뇈폷ꆰ늻첫쳹쟐ꆱ,쫇틲캪뺭볃훷쳥뗄ꆰ뫏헹ꆱ폫ꆰ럖헹ꆱ,늢늻쿱튻볒죋ꆰ헵잮ꆱ뫍ꆰ럖잮ꆱ쓇퇹쫇럖솽듎뷸탐뗄,뛸쫇춬쪱뷸탐뗄ꆣ뺭볃훷쳥쫇ꆰ춬쪱ꆱ뛸늻쫇ꆰ쿈뫳ꆱ폫쎳틗믯냩뫍춬탐뺺헹헟뷸탐늩?ꆣ떱늩?듯돉뻹뫢쪱,룷랽뛔ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ뗄럖엤럝뛮튲뻍캨튻뗘좷뚨쇋ꆣ쓇킩퓚ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ럖엤훐햼폐뷏듳럝뛮뗄늩?헟,웤ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뻍잿;쓇킩퓚ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ럖엤훐햼폐뷏킡럝뛮뗄늩?헟,웤ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뻍죵ꆣ뿉볻,뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄쪵훊,뻍쫇뺭볃훷쳥퓚늩?뻹뫢ힴ첬쯹쓜141
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿펮뗃뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ럖엤럝뛮ꆣꋙ횻튪컒쏇헒떽뻶뚨ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ럖엤럝뛮뗄뿍맛램퓲,튲뻍헒떽쇋뻝틔닢뛈뫍뫢솿뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뗄싟벭믹뒡ꆣ죽ꆢ뇈뷏샻틦퓚럖릤헟횮볤뗄럖엤램퓲:뺭볃뫏헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆쫗쿈,죃컒쏇폃샮볎춼뗄ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍살럖컶튻쿂ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ퓚2룶럖릤헟(뻹컞춬탐뺺헹헟)횮볤뗄럖엤램퓲ꆣ튻냣뗘,쇮a1ꆢa2럖뇰캪A맺뫍B맺짺닺X닺욷뗄떥캻샍뚯쪱볤,b1ꆢb2럖뇰캪A맺뫍B맺짺닺Y닺욷뗄떥캻샍뚯쪱볤,죴솽맺퓚헢솽훖닺욷짏뗄쿠뛔돉놾뇈싊싺ퟣ쿂쇐쳵볾:a1a2<(1)b1b2퓲A맺퓚X닺욷짏뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆,B맺퓚Y닺욷짏뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ죧맻A맺쏅짺닺X닺욷,B맺쏅짺닺Y닺욷,좻뫳ퟔ평붻뮻,퓲솽맺뚼쓜쿻럑떽뇈ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ쪱룼뛠뗄X닺욷뫍Π믲Y닺욷ꆣ쿔좻,샮볎춼뗄뇈뷏폅쫆풭샭룦쯟쇋컒쏇헢퇹튻룶뗀샭:죧맻솽룶ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄짺닺헟쓜릻내뇈뷏폅쫆뷸탐럖릤,뻍뿉틔퓚늻퓶볓짧믡ퟜ춶죫뗄쟩뿶쿂퓶볓짧믡ퟜ닆뢻,믱뗃탂퓶뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ(죧펢웏솽맺럖릤뫳뺻퓶뗄012떥캻늼뫍01125떥캻뻆)ꆣ떫쯼늢쎻폐룦쯟컒쏇:헢룶탂퓶뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ,붫죧뫎퓚럖릤쮫랽횮볤뷸탐럖엤ꆣ샮볎춼샭싛뗄볌돐헟쓂샕(J1S1Mill)쳡돶,헢뿩탂퓶샻틦죧뫎럖엤,좡뻶폚쎳틗쮫랽룷ퟔ쯹짺닺뗄닺욷폫뛔랽쯹짺닺뗄닺욷뗄붻뮻뇈싊ꆪꆪꆪ벴볛룱ꆣ쯻돆헢룶볛룱캪맺볊쎳틗쳵볾믲맺볊짌욷붻뮻뇈싊믲맺볊볛횵,죏캪헢튻붻뮻뇈싊뷩폚솽맺맺쓚붻뮻뇈싊횮볤,뻟쳥뒦폚뛾헟횮볤뗄뫎뒦,붫좡뻶폚붻틗쮫랽뗄쿠뮥탨쟳ힴ뿶(쓂샕,1936[1848])ꆣ떫헢튻붻뮻뇈싊(볛룱)떽뗗죧뫎좷뚨,쓂샕쎻폐쮵쟥돾,뛸쟒ퟔ쓂샕훁뷱뗄쯹폐뺭볃톧볒뚼쎻폐쮵쟥돾ꆣꋚ쓂샕쯹쮵뗄ꆰ쿠뮥탨쟳ꆱힴ뿶,뗄좷쫇튻룶펰쿬볛룱뻶뚨뗄쿖쪵틲쯘ꆣ쯼뗄듦퓚,쪹뗃볛룱뗄쪵볊뻶뚨맽돌뇤뗃뢴퓓뮯쇋ꆣ떫맽폚잿뗷ꆰ쿠뮥탨쟳ꆱ뛔볛룱뻶뚨뗄펰쿬ퟷ폃,좴퇚룇쇋튻룶룼짮닣ꆢ룼놾훊뗄컊쳢:죧맻늻뾼싇ꆰ쿠뮥탨쟳ꆱ틲쯘ꆪꆪꆪ뇈죧쮵,죧맻컒쏇쯹쏦뛔뗄쫇튻룶죧죸틁(J1B1Say,1963[1800])쯹쮵뗄ꆰ릩룸쓜ퟔ뚯뒴퓬탨쟳ꆱ뗄샭쿫쫐뎡,쓇쎴쎳틗컯욷뗄볛룱(붻뮻뇈싊)폖룃죧뫎뻶뚨쓘?쫂쪵짏,돽쇋쓂샕쯹쮵뗄ꆰ쿠뮥탨쟳ꆱ횮췢,펰쿬볛룱뻶뚨뫍쎳틗뻹뫢뗄쪵볊틲쯘뮹폐뫜뛠뫜뛠,뇈죧쮵쎳틗쮫랽뗄탅쾢늻뛔돆뫍첸에쓜솦늻욽뗈(Grossman&Helpman,1994,1995a,1995b)ꆢ닺욷뫍짺닺튪쯘뗄닮틬탔폫뛠퇹탔(Ohlin,1933;Krugman,1980,1995a;Yang&Borland,1991)ꆢ벼쫵뷸늽폫닺욷뒴탂(Krugman,1979;Grossman&Helpman,1989,1990;Yang&Borland,1991)ꆢ쎳틗뇚생폫붻틗돉놾(Mayer,1981;Riezman,1982;Yang&Borland,1991)ꆢ맦쒣뺭볃폫늻췪좫뺺헹(Krugman,1980,1986,1991;Yang&Borland,1991),뗈뗈ꆣ떫쿖퓚뗄컊쳢쫇,벴쪹늻뾼싇헢킩틲쯘,벴쪹퓚튻룶샭쿫ꋙꆰ쿠뛔캻쫆ꆱ튲쫇뛔ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ룅쓮돖잿쇒엺움첬뛈뗄뿋슳룱싼캨튻뿉뷓쫜뗄뷢쫍ꆣ닎볻:Krugman,1994,1995bꆣꋚퟔ십킪뛻(Marshall,1964[1890])틔살뗄훷쇷뺭볃톧샭싛쫇폃릩쟳쒣탍살럖컶볛룱뗄뻶뚨뗄:탨쟳솿폫컯욷볛룱랴쿲뇤뮯,맊탨쟳쟺쿟쿲폒쿂랽쟣킱;릩룸솿폫컯욷볛룱춬쿲뇤뮯,맊릩룸쟺쿟쿲폒짏랽쟣킱;퓚릩룸쟺쿟폫탨쟳쟺쿟뗄쿠붻뒦,탨쟳폫릩룸듯돉뻹뫢,볛룱놻뻶뚨ꆣ좻뛸,헢퇹튻훖럖컶랽램퓚벼쫵짏벸뫵쫇늻뿉닙ퟷ뗄ꆪꆪꆪ쪵볊짏컒쏇늻뿉쓜캪죎뫎튻훖짌욷헒떽ힼ좷뗄릩쟳쟺쿟(쳘뇰쫇ꆰ탨쟳쟺쿟ꆱ),쓄엂쫇퓚ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ헢퇹볲떥뗄쫐뎡짏튲늻뿉쓜ꆣ쫂쪵짏,퓚웹뷱뗄뺭볃톧컄쿗훐,쯹폐뗄ꆰ탨쟳쟺쿟(몯쫽)ꆱ뫍벸뫵쯹폐뗄ꆰ릩룸쟺쿟(몯쫽)ꆱ뚼쫇볙짨돶살뗄,뛸늻쫇퇏룱췆떼돶살뗄(닎볻:뿋슳룱싼,2002,뗚18ꆢ95ꆢ702튳)ꆣ룼훘튪뗄쫇,헢훖럖컶랽램냑볈짺닺폖쿻럑뗄뺭볃훷쳥죋캪뗘럖돉떥뒿뗄짺닺헟뫍떥뒿뗄쿻럑헟살뷸탐럖컶,놾짭뻍폐퇏훘뗄싟벭컊쳢(Yang&Borland,1991)ꆣ틲듋,릩쟳쟺쿟쒣탍쯤좻쓜냯훺컒쏇쮵쏷컊쳢뫍샭뷢컊쳢,떫좴늢늻쓜헦헽뷢뻶컊쳢ꆣ쮵뗃늻뿍웸튻뗣,쯼늻맽쫇튻훖ꆰ훐뾴뛸늻훐폃ꆱ뗄쪾틢탔럖컶릤뻟ꆣ듓헢룶틢틥짏쮵,십뿋쮼(Marx,1975[1887],뗚튻뻭)돆헢훖뺭볃톧샭싛캪ꆰ펹쯗뺭볃톧ꆱ,웤쪵튻뗣튲늻풩췷ꆣ늻탒뗄쫇,헢퇹뗄샭싛훁뷱죔좻쫇뺭볃톧뗄ꆰ훷쇷ꆱꆣ142
2007쓪뗚10웚뗄쫐뎡(벴탨쟳뛔뗈ꆢ탅쾢뛔돆ꆢ첸에쓜솦뻹뗈ꆢ컞벼쫵뷸늽ꆢ컞맦쒣뺭볃ꆢ컞붻틗돉놾ꆢ떥튻튪쯘ꆢ솽맺솽닺욷뗄ꆰ샮볎춼쫀뷧ꆱ)짏,컒쏇뮹쫇늻횪뗀볛룱떽뗗쫇죧뫎뻶뚨뗄ꆣꋙ헽죧뿋슳룱싼(2002,뗚15튳)쯹쮵ꆰ,럖컶솽룶횻폐떥튻짺닺튪쯘뗄맺볒횮볤뗄쎳틗쒣쪽뫍쎳틗펰쿬쫇뫜볲떥뗄,떫쫇쯼뗄몭틥좴럇뎣뺪죋ꆭꆭꆱꆣ뻍쿱ꆰ컞췢솦ퟷ폃ꆱ쳵볾쿂뗄얣뛙뗚튻뚨싉(맟탔뚨싉)ꆰꆢ붻틗럑폃캪쇣ꆱ쳵볾쿂뗄뿆쮹뗚튻뚨싉쓇퇹,컒쏇튲탨튪튻룶샭쿫쫐뎡짏뗄볛룱뻶뚨맦싉,ퟷ캪퇐뺿웤쯻룼뢴퓓컊쳢뗄믹뒡ꆣ쓇쎴,퓚샭쿫뗄ꆰ샮볎춼쫀뷧ꆱ,쎳틗볛룱떽뗗죧뫎뻶뚨쓘?컒쏇쫔춼폃늩?뻹뫢뗄쮼쿫랽램살뷢뻶헢튻컊쳢ꆣ(튻)쎳틗쮫랽뗄늩?횧뢶몯쫽쇮A맺뗄X닺욷닺솿캪X1ꆢY닺욷닺솿캪Y1,B맺뗄X닺욷닺솿캪X2ꆢY닺욷닺솿캪Y2,A맺뫍B맺뗄ퟜ춶죫솿럖뇰캪K1ꆢK2,퓲쮫랽뗄짺닺뿉쓜탔뇟뷧럖뇰캪:a1X1+b1Y1=K1(2)a2X2+b2Y2=K2(3)ꆡꆡ쇮pxy캪X닺욷쿠뛔폚Y닺욷뗄볛룱(벴ꆰ1떥캻X닺욷=pxy떥캻Y닺욷ꆱ),pyx캪Y닺욷쿠뛔폚X닺욷뗄볛룱,퓲폐:pyx=1Πpxyꆣ죧맻솽맺내뇈뷏폅쫆뷸탐럖릤뫍쎳틗,A맺쓃ꚤX쫽솿뗄X닺욷살붻뮻B맺뗄Y닺욷,B맺쓃ꚤY쫽솿뗄Y닺욷살붻뮻A맺뗄X닺욷,퓲뇘폐ꚤY=pxyꚤXꆡ믲ꆡꚤX=pxyꚤY=ꚤYΠpxy(4)ꆡꆡ떫쫇,죧맻솽맺톡퓱ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄뮰,쓇쎴내헕웤룷ퟔ뗄짺닺믺믡돉놾,A맺뗄ꚤX쫽솿X닺욷횻쓜퓚맺쓚뮻좡죧쿂쫽솿뗄Y닺욷:ꚤYꇤa1=ꚤX(5)b1B맺뗄ꚤY쫽솿Y닺욷튲횻쓜퓚맺쓚뮻좡죧쿂쫽솿뗄X닺욷:ꚤXꇤb2=ꚤY(6)a2ꆡꆡ맊AꆢB솽맺듓ퟔ룸ퟔퟣퟟ쿲쎳틗럖릤뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃(횧뢶)럖뇰캪:R1=ꚤY-ꚤa1Yꇤ=pxy-ꚤX(7)b1R2=ꚤb2b2X-ꚤXꇤ=pxy-ꚤ1Y=-ꚤY(8)a2pxya2ꆡꆡ(뛾)죽훖쫢춾춬맩뗄늩?뻹뫢쳵볾쿔좻,튪놣횤뇈뷏폅쫆럖릤뗄쪵쿖,퓲쮫랽뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃뻹뇘탫듳폚쇣,벴R1>0,R2>0ꆣ듺죫(7)ꆢ(8)쪽솪뫏쟳뷢,뿉뗃a1a2<pxy<(9)b1b2ꆡꆡ뿉볻,쮫랽뗄볛룱늩?뿕볤,뗄좷죧쓂샕쯹쮵,뷩폚솽맺맺쓚붻뮻뇈싊(믺믡돉놾)횮볤ꆣ컊쳢쫇,퓚헢룶쟸볤뗄쓄튻뗣짏,쮫랽뗄늩?믡듯돉뻹뫢쓘?ꋙ헢튻뗣,틑돤럖랴펳퓚뿋슳룱싼(2002)돶냦뗄컼좡쇋맺볊뺭볃톧ퟮ탂랢햹돉맻뗄ퟮ탂냦뷌닄ꆶ맺볊뺭볃톧ꆷ(뗚컥냦)뗚2헂횮훐ꆣ쯤좻쯻돉릦뗘(틀뻝틑횪쳵볾)릹퓬돶쇋튻쳵벫뛋쳘쫢뗄쿠뛔릩룸쟺쿟,떫좴컞램춬퇹돉릦뗘(틀뻝틑횪쳵볾)떼돶쿠뛔탨쟳쟺쿟,뛸횻쫇쿫떱좻뗘죋캪볙짨쯼쫇쿲쿂쟣킱뗄ꆣ쯻퓚헢샯톡좡(볙짨)뗄탨쟳몯쫽뇭듯쪽,폫쯻퓚웤쯻뗘랽톡좡(볙짨)뗄탨쟳몯쫽뇭듯쪽췪좫늻춬ꆣ뛸퇮킡뾭뫍Borland(1991)퓚릹붨웤튻냣뚯첬뻹뫢쒣탍쪱,퓲폖톡좡쇋폫횮틬뗄Cobb2Douglas킧폃몯쫽ꆣ떽뗗쓄훖몯쫽탎쪽닅쫇헽좷뗄?캪쪲쎴퓚헢킩늻춬뗄뗘랽펦룃톡퓱헢킩룷늻쿠춬뗄몯쫽?쮭뚼쎻폐횤쏷,쮭튲쎻램횤쏷ꆣ143
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿평폚(7)쪽뫍(8)쪽뗄쯹폐튻뷗욫떼쫽뻹늻캪0,맊쮫랽뚼쎻폐쪹ퟔ벺뇈뷏샻틦ퟮ듳뮯뗄ퟮ폅닟싔,튲컞램뗃떽쯼쏇뗄랴펦몯쫽ꆣ떫컒쏇뿉틔헒돶쮫랽틔늻춬뇤솿ퟷ캪뻶닟뇤솿뗄뿉탐닟싔벯,뛸쮫랽뿉탐닟싔뗄붻벯뻍릹돉늩?뻹뫢:(1)죴틔룷ퟔ뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃솿(R)iퟷ캪뻶닟뇤솿,퓲쮫랽뚼쾣췻ퟔ벺뗄샻틦쯹뗃늻짙폚뛔랽,벴A맺뗄뿉탐닟싔벯쫇R1ꇝR2,B맺뗄뿉탐닟싔벯R2ꇝR1ꆣ맊R1=R2릹돉늩?뻹뫢,벴ꆰ욽뻹샻죳ꆱ뻹뫢;(2)죴틔룷ퟔ뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭싊(m)iퟷ캪뻶닟뇤솿,퓲쮫랽뚼쾣췻ퟔ벺뗄샻틦럖쿭싊늻짙폚뛔랽,벴A맺뗄뿉탐닟싔벯쫇m1ꇝm2,B맺뗄뿉탐닟싔벯쫇m2ꇝm1ꆣ맊m1=m2릹돉늩?뻹뫢,벴ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢;(3)죴쮫랽ퟟ쿲뫏ퟷ,틔쮫랽뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃횮뫍(ꇆR)iퟷ캪뻶닟뇤솿,퓲MaximizedꇆRi뻍돉캪캨튻뗄뻹뫢톡퓱,벴ꆰ헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢ꆣ떫쇮죋돔뺪뗄쫇,헢죽훖뻹뫢췪좫뗈볛ꆣ1.ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾본폚ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ램퓲퓚뺭볃톧훐뻃뢺쪢쏻ꋙ,쯹틔컒쏇쿈뾼달룃뻹뫢쳵볾쿂뗄볛룱뻶뚨ꆣ폃A맺뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃(7)쪽,돽틔A맺뗄쎳틗돉놾(5)쪽,뗃웤ꆰ샻죳싊ꆱ캪ꋚ:bm11=pxy-1(10)a1ꆡꆡ폃B맺뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃(8)쪽,돽틔B맺뗄쎳틗돉놾(6)쪽,뗃웤ꆰ샻죳싊ꆱ캪:am212=-1(11)b2pxyꆡꆡ평솽맺ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭싊(샻죳싊)ꆱ쿠뗈(m1=m2)뗄쳵볾,뿉뗃1a1a2pxy==(12)pyxb1b2ꆡꆡ헢뻍쫇ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾쿂뗄쎳틗뻹뫢볛룱ꆣ쯼횻좡뻶폚쮫랽뗄짺닺싊(믲떥캻짺닺돉놾,뛾헟뮥캪뺵쿱뇤솿)쮮욽,뛸폫웤쯻뇤솿컞맘ꆣꋛ2.ꆰ욽뻹샻죳ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾AꆢB솽맺뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃R1ꆢR2럖뇰죧(7)ꆢ(8)쪽쯹쪾ꆣ떫R1쫇A맺듓쎳틗훐쯹뗃뗄Y닺욷퓶볓뛮,R2쫇B맺듓쎳틗훐쯹뗃뗄X닺욷퓶볓뛮ꆣ캪쇋뷸탐뇈뷏,컒쏇뇘탫냑쯼쏇뮻쯣돉춬튻훖닺욷ꆣ뇈죧쮵,춳튻내쫐뎡볛룱냑쯼쏇뇭쪾캪Y닺욷쫽솿:a1a1ꚤYa1R1,Y=R1=pxy-ꚤX=pxy-=1-ꚤY(13)b1b1pxyb1pxyꋙ십뿋쮼퓚ꆶ놾싛ꆷ훐쳡돶쇋늻춬탐튵횮볤뗄욽뻹샻죳싊램퓲,뛸쮹삭램(Sraffa,1960)퓚웤ꆶ폃짌욷짺닺짌욷ꆷ튻쫩훐틔욽뻹샻죳싊램퓲캪잰쳡떼돶쇋쯼뗄ꆰ뇪ힼ쳥쾵ꆱ뫍ꆰ뇪ힼ짌욷ꆱ샭싛(닎볻:쯎돐쿈,1998,594ꆪ610)ꆣ뷼쓪살,쮹삭램뗄퇐뺿랽램퓙듎틽웰쇋뺭볃톧볒쏇뗄훘쫓뫍맘힢(Samuelson,2001)ꆣꋚ쟫힢틢,헢샯폃살볆쯣뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭싊(샻죳싊)뗄ꆰ돉놾ꆱ,쫇쮫랽쪵볊춶죫쎳틗뗄쓇늿럖닺욷(뫍)뗄돉놾,뛸늻쫇쮫랽좫늿닺욷뗄돉놾ꆣ틲캪늻춶죫쎳틗뗄쓇늿럖닺욷쫇컞램쪵쿖퓶횵(닺짺뇈뷏샻틦)뗄ꆣ뻍쿱웳튵막뚫횻쓜내헕웤춶죫떽웳튵훐뗄막놾럖뫬튻퇹,쎳틗룷랽튲횻쓜내헕웤춶죫떽쎳틗쳥쾵훐뗄쪵볊쎳틗뛮살럖쿭쎳틗쯹듸살뗄뇈뷏샻틦ꆣ죧맻내헕좫늿닺욷뗄돉놾살볆쯣뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭싊(샻죳싊)늢뷸뛸뻶뚨쎳틗볛룱뗄뮰,쫆뇘믡떼훂:쮭뗄ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ늿럖풽뛠,쮭뗄쯹뗃샻틦뻍풽듳ꆣ헢쿔좻쫇늻뫏샭뗄ꆣ쯼쿠떱폚웳튵늻쫇내막뚫춶죫떽웳튵훐뗄막놾뛮,뛸쫇내웤좫늿닆닺뛮뷸탐럖뫬ꆣꋛ헢늢늻쫇쮵쪵볊볛룱폫웤쯻뇤솿컞맘ꆣ평폚볛룱뗈폚솽훖짌욷뗄붻뮻쫽솿횮뇈(벴쓂샕쯹쮵뗄ꆰ붻뮻뇈싊ꆱ),틲듋쮫랽폃살붻뮻뗄짌욷쫽솿붫횱뷓펰쿬쫐뎡쪵볊볛룱ꆣ튻떩쮫랽뗄쎳틗솿뛔뇈쪧뫢,쫐뎡쪵볊볛룱뻍믡욫샫쎳틗뻹뫢볛룱ꆣ떫횻튪쮫랽뻟폐뿘훆룷ퟔ쎳틗맦쒣뫍놣돖쎳틗욽뫢뗄쓜솦,쪵볊볛룱뻍늻믡욫샫뻹뫢볛룱ꆣ쿔좻,컷랽뺭볃톧훐쯹쮵뗄ꆰ뻹뫢볛룱ꆱ(벴릩쟳쟺쿟쿠붻쯹뻶뚨뗄볛룱),늢늻쫇헦헽뗄뻹뫢볛룱,뛸쫇쫐뎡쪵볊볛룱ꆣ뛸컒쏇헢샯쯹쮵뗄ꆰ뻹뫢볛룱ꆱ폐뗣쿱십뿋쮼쯹쮵뗄ꆰ볛횵ꆱ룅쓮,쪵볊볛룱캧죆쯼짏쿂늨뚯ꆣ떫솽헟폖폐룹놾뗄늻춬:십뿋쮼쫇듓춬튻탐튵살뾼달ꆰ볛횵ꆱ뗄뻶뚨,뛸컒쏇쫇듓늻춬탐튵뗄뮥뚯살뾼달ꆰ뻹뫢볛룱ꆱ뗄뻶뚨ꆣ144
2007쓪뗚10웚1b2R2ꚤb2pxy,Y=pxyR2=pxy-Y=1-ꚤY(14)pxya2a2ꆡꆡ평솽맺ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭솿ꆱ쿠뗈(R1,Y=R2,Y)뗄쳵볾,춬퇹뗃떽(12)쪽뗄뷡맻ꆣ3.ꆰ헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾평(13)ꆢ(14)쪽뿉횪,쮫랽뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃횮뫍캪a1b2pxyR(Y)=R1,Y+R2,Y=ꚤY2--(15)b1pxya2ꆡꆡ폻MaximizedR(Y),탫폐5R(Y)a1b2pxy=2--=0(16)5ꚤYb1pxya25R(Y)=ꚤa1b2Y52-=0(17)pxyb1pxya2ꆡꆡ평R(Y)>0뗄쿈뻶쳵볾뫍(15)쪽,횪(16)쪽늻돉솢,맊짡좥ꆣ웤컯샭틢틥쫇,쎳틗쮫랽늻뿉쓜춨맽닙뿘쎳틗솿뗄늩?듯떽헻쳥샻틦뗄ퟮ폅ꆣ헢퇹ퟶ,횻믡듸살쮫랽헻쳥뢣샻뗄쯰쪧ꆣ평(17)쪽벰ꚤY>0뗄쿈뻶쳵볾,죔쟳뗃폫(12)쪽췪좫쿠춬뗄뷡맻ꆣꋙ헢쮵쏷,틔짏헢죽훖뻹뫢쳵볾쫇췪좫뗈볛뗄:평쎳틗쮫랽쳖볛뮹볛뛸탎돉뗄ꆰ욽뻹샻죳(싊)ꆱ늩?뻹뫢ힴ첬,뻍쫇튻훖헻쳥짏뛔쮫랽ퟮ폅뗄ힴ첬ꆰ;욽뻹샻죳(싊)ꆱ램퓲뻍쫇쎳틗쮫랽뗄헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯램퓲ꆣ믲헟랴맽살쮵,(12)쪽쯹쪾뗄쎳틗뻹뫢볛룱,춬쪱싺ퟣꆰ욽뻹샻죳ꆱꆰꆢ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뫍ꆰퟮ듳ퟜ샻죳ꆱ헢죽듳뻹뫢쳵볾,틲듋룃뻹뫢쫇캨튻뗄뻹뫢ꆣꋚ(죽)쎳틗쮫랽뗄뫏헹솦럖컶평폚컒쏇냑뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ뷧뚨캪뺭볃훷쳥퓚늩?뻹뫢ힴ첬쯹쓜펮뗃뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖엤럝뛮,틲듋평짏쫶뻹뫢쳵볾뿉횪,솽맺내뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃솿살뫢솿뗄뺭볃뺺헹솦뫣쿠뗈(R1,YꇃR2,Yꇔ1ꇃ1)ꆣ떫뾼싇떽쮫랽짺닺싊쮮욽뫍튪쯘ퟜ춶죫뗄늻춬,틲뛸폃쎿떥캻튪쯘춶죫뗄욽뻹뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃(벴ꆰ튪쯘욽뻹뺻쫕틦ꆱ)살랴펳뫍뇈뷏쮫랽뗄뺭볃ꆰ뺺헹솦ꆱ,쿔좻룼캪잡떱ꆣ폃AꆢB솽맺뗄ퟜ춶죫쮮욽K1ꆢK2럖뇰좥돽쯼쏇뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃,뻍뗃떽솽맺뗄ꆰ튪쯘욽뻹뺻쫕틦ꆱ(뻸뛔뺺헹솦)럖뇰캪:R1,YR2,Yr1,Y=K,r2,Y=1K2ꆡꆡ틲듋,A맺폫B맺뗄ꆰ튪쯘욽뻹뺻쫕틦횮뇈ꆱ(쿠뛔뺺헹솦)캪1r1,YK2c12===()c21r2,YK181ꆡꆡ폚쫇,컒쏇폐죧쿂뷡싛:퓚쎻폐춬탐뺺헹헟뗄쳵볾쿂,욽뗈늩?뗄쎳틗럖릤쮫랽뗄ퟜ솿뺭볃뺺헹솦(ퟜ뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭럝뛮)뫣쿠뗈;떫쮫랽뗄튪쯘욽뻹뺭볃뺺헹솦(떥캻튪쯘뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖쿭럝뛮)퓲폫쯼쏇뗄튪쯘춶죫ퟜ돉놾돉랴뇈,믲헟쮵,폫쯼쏇뗄짺닺싊쮮욽돉헽뇈ꆣꋙ죴붫쮫랽뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃횮뫍춳튻내쫐뎡볛룱뇭쪾캪X닺욷쫽솿,뗃떽뗄뷡맻튲쫇튻퇹ꆣꋚ쇮럖릤횮뫳솽훖닺욷뗄뺻퓶닺솿럖뇰캪Vx뫍Vyꆣ쿔좻,쮫랽쯹튪늩?뫍럖엤뗄헽쫇헢늿럖뺻퓶닺솿ꆣ맊퓚뻹뫢ힴ첬,뇘폐:R(Y)=pxyV(x)+V(y)ꆣ붫(15)쪽듺죫,벴뿉쟳돶ꚤYꆣ퓙평(4)ꆢ(7)ꆢ(8)쪽,뿉럖뇰쟳돶ꚤXꆢR1뫍R2ꆣ뿉볻,컒쏇룹놾늻뇘톰쟳ꆰ쒪탫폐ꆱ뗄릩쟳쟺쿟(몯쫽),뻍뿉틔냑쎳틗뻹뫢ힴ첬뗄쮫랽짺닺솿ꆢ쎳틗솿틔벰룷ퟔ뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃,쮳샻뗘쟳뷢돶살ꆣ헢훖랽램,뷏횮폚릩쟳럖컶램뗄폅풽탔,늻퇔ퟔ쏷ꆣ145
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿쯄ꆢ뇈뷏샻틦퓚춬탐헟횮볤뗄럖엤램퓲:뺭볃럖헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆쿖퓚,죃컒쏇퓚샮볎춼ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍뗄믹뒡짏릹퓬튻룶ꆰ쯄맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍,살럖컶퓚듦퓚춬탐뺺헹헟뗄쟩뿶쿂ꆰ,뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ붫죧뫎퓚늻춬탐튵횮볤틔벰퓚춬튻탐튵쓚늿뗄늻춬뺺헹헟횮볤뷸탐럖엤ꆣ쇮a1ꆢa2ꆢꛋa1ꆢꛌa2럖뇰캪AꆢBꆢCꆢD쯄맺짺닺X닺욷뗄떥캻샍뚯쪱볤,b1ꆢb2ꆢꛋb1ꆢꛌb2럖뇰캪AꆢBꆢCꆢD쯄맺짺닺Y닺욷뗄떥캻샍뚯쪱볤,K1ꆢK2ꆢꛋK1ꆢꛌK2럖뇰캪AꆢBꆢCꆢD쯄맺뗄샍뚯ퟜ춶죫솿,ꛋ>1,ꛌ>1,쟒AꆢB솽맺싺ퟣ죧(1)쪽쯹쪾뗄뇈뷏폅쫆쳵볾:a1a2<b1b2퓲CꆢD솽맺뗄뇈뷏폅쫆쳵볾캪:ꛋa1a1a2ꛌa2ꛋ=<=(19)b1b1b2ꛌb2벴C맺뫍A맺뻟폐췪좫쿠춬뗄뇈뷏폅쫆,뻹펦쏅짺닺X닺욷;D맺뫍B맺뻟폐췪좫쿠춬뗄뇈뷏폅쫆,뻹펦쏅짺닺Y닺욷ꆣ듓뛸,C맺뫍A맺릹돉춬탐뺺헹헟,D맺뫍B맺릹돉춬탐뺺헹헟ꆣ쓇쎴,퓚헢퇹뗄럖릤룱뻖쿂,쯄맺붫죧뫎럖엤쯼쏇릲춬뒴퓬뗄ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ쓘?(튻)쯄맺솽탐튵뗄ꆰ헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾평룷맺뗄뇈뷏폅쫆쳵볾뿉횪,X닺욷탐튵붫평CꆢA솽맺릹돉,웤샍뚯ퟜ춶죫솿캪(1+ꛋ)K1;Y닺욷탐튵평DꆢB솽맺릹돉,웤샍뚯ퟜ춶죫솿캪(1+ꛌ)K2ꆣC2A벯췅짺닺X닺욷뫍Y닺욷뗄짧믡욽뻹떥캻샍뚯쪱볤럖뇰캪:1+ꛋ1+ꛋa1,3=ab21,1,3=b21ꆡꆡD2B벯췅짺닺X닺욷뫍Y닺욷뗄짧믡욽뻹떥캻샍뚯쪱볤럖뇰캪:1+ꛌ1+ꛌa2,4=a22,b2,4=b22ꆡꆡ붫쯼쏇듺죫(12)쪽,뗃a1,3a2,4a1a2pxy==(20)b1,3b2,4b1b2ꆡꆡ뿉볻,쯄맺솽닺욷(탐튵)뗄ꆰ헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾폫솽맺솽닺욷쪱췪좫쿠춬ꆣ떫헢튻뻹뫢쳵볾쓜럱듯돉,좡뻶폚쮫랽뗄쎳틗맦쒣뫍뿘훆쎳틗맦쒣뗄쓜솦ꆣ평폚쪵볊쎳틗볛룱ퟜ쫇뗈폚솽훖짌욷뗄붻뮻쫽솿횮뇈(죴ꚤX쫽솿뗄X닺욷폫ꚤY쫽솿뗄Y닺욷쿠붻뮻,퓲쯼쏇뗄쎳틗볛룱튻뚨캪:pxy=ꚤYΠꚤX),틲뛸튪쪹볛룱컈뚨퓚ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢쮮욽,떱쟒뷶떱ꚤYa1a2ꚤ=(21)Xb1b2ꆡꆡ죧맻춬탐뺺헹헟톡퓱뮥쿠뫏ퟷ,벴CꆢA솽맺쿱튻룶맺볒(솪쏋)살탐뚯,DꆢB솽맺튲쿱튻룶맺볒(솪쏋)살탐뚯,쓇쎴헢룶ꆰ쯄맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍뻍뇤캪잰쏦쯹퇐뺿맽뗄ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍,쮫랽뚼쓜뛔ퟔ벺뗄쎳틗맦쒣뷸탐폐킧뿘훆,듓뛸쪹볛룱ퟔ뚯컈뚨퓚ꆰ욽뻹샻죳(싊)ꆱ뻹뫢쮮욽ꆣ헢퇹,뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤튲뻍뇤뗃럇뎣볲떥:C2A솪쏋폫D2B솪쏋쿈내ꆰ욽뻹샻죳(싊)ꆱ램퓲살럖엤ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ,퓙붫쯹뗃ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ퓚솪쏋쓚늿내룷맺뗄쎳틗맦쒣뷸탐릫욽럖엤ꆣ평(18)쪽뿉횪,C2A솪쏋뗄뺭볃뺺헹솦쫇D2B솪쏋뗄(1+ꛌ)K2Π(1+ꛋ)K1놶ꆣ뛸퓚춬탐쓚늿,쎳틗맦쒣쿠뗈뗄A맺뫍C맺뗃떽뗈솿뇈뷏샻틦,B맺뫍D맺튲뗃떽뗈솿뇈뷏146
2007쓪뗚10웚샻틦;떫뻍튪쯘욽뻹쮮욽짏뗄뺭볃뺺헹솦뛸퇔,A맺쫇C맺뗄ꛋ놶,B맺쫇D맺뗄ꛌ놶,헽뫃폫쯼쏇뗄떥캻짺닺돉놾돉랴뇈(믲헟쮵,폫짺닺싊쮮욽돉헽뇈)ꆣ(뛾)쯄맺뗄ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾죧맻춬탐뺺헹헟뮥늻뫏ퟷ,뻹내ퟔ컒샻틦ퟮ듳뮯풭퓲살늩?,쓇쎴뻹뫢쫇럱뮹듦퓚쓘?볙짨A맺뫍C맺뗄X닺욷돶뿚솿럖뇰캪ꚤX1ꆢꚤX3,B맺뫍D맺뗄Y닺욷돶뿚솿럖뇰캪ꚤY2ꆢꚤY4ꆣ퓲평(4)쪽뿉횪,듋쪱뗄쫐뎡볛룱붫평쿂쪽뻶뚨:ꚤY2+ꚤY4pxy=ꚤ22)X1+ꚤ(X3ꆡꆡ듋쪱,AꆢBꆢCꆢD쯄맺뗄횧뢶몯쫽(뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃)럖뇰캪a1R1=pxy-ꚤꚤY2+ꚤY4a1X1=b1ꚤ-ꚤXX1(23)1+ꚤX3b11b2R2=-ꚤꚤX1+ꚤX3b2Y2=pxya2ꚤ-ꚤYY2(24)2+ꚤY4a2a1R3=pxy-ꚤꚤY2+ꚤY4a1X3=b1ꚤX1+ꚤ-ꚤXX3(25)3b11b2ꚤX1+ꚤX3R4=-ꚤb2Y4=pxya2ꚤꚤYY4(26)2+ꚤ-Y4a2ꆡꆡ쯼쏇뗄ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ쳵볾쫇룷ퟔ횧뢶몯쫽뗄튻뷗욫떼쫽캪0,벴:dR1dR2dR3dR4dꚤ=0,0,X1dꚤ==0,Y2dꚤ=0,X3dꚤY4ꆡꆡ솪뫏쟳뷢헢쯄룶튻뷗욫떼쫽랽돌,뿉뗃ꚤX1=ꚤX3=ꚤX,ꚤY2=ꚤY4=ꚤY(27)1pxy=32a1pxy=2a2,pxy=4pxy=(28)b12b2ꆡꆡ벴AꆢC솽맺믡톡퓱쿠춬뗄X닺욷돶뿚솿뫍ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ볛룱,BꆢD솽맺믡톡퓱쿠춬뗄Y닺욷돶뿚솿뫍ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ볛룱ꆣ떫평(28)쪽뿉횪,돽럇a24a1=,럱퓲쯄맺늻뿉쓜탎돉컈뚨뗄뻹뫢,쫐뎡볛룱붫퓚a2폫2a1횮b2b12b2b1볤헱떴튡냚ꆣ헢쪱,컒쏇컞램뛔쯼쏇뷸탐ힼ좷뗄탐튵볤뺺헹솦ꆰ(뫏헹솦ꆱ)닢쯣ꆣ떫춬탐볤뗄뺺헹솦ꆰ(럖헹솦ꆱ)뮹쫇뿉틔닢쯣뗄ꆣ평(27)쪽뿉횪:A맺뫍C맺믱뗃뗈솿뇈뷏샻틦,B맺뫍D맺믱뗃뗈솿뇈뷏샻틦;틲뛸뻍튪쯘욽뻹뺭볃뺺헹솦뛸퇔,A맺쫇C맺뗄ꛋ놶,B맺쫇D맺뗄ꛌ놶ꆣ(죽)떥튻탐튵뗄ꆰ탐튵샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ뻹뫢쳵볾죧맻튻룶탐튵(AꆢC솽맺)뫏ퟷ뛸쇭튻룶탐튵(BꆢD솽맺)늻뫏ퟷ,쟩뿶폖죧뫎쓘?헢쪱,AꆢC솽맺쿠떱폚튻룶뾨쳘뛻,웤횧뢶몯쫽(뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃)죧쿂:ꚤY2+ꚤY4a1a1R1,3=ꚤ-(ꚤXX1,3)=ꚤY2+ꚤY4-ꚤX1,3(29)1,3b1b1ꆡꆡ틲dR1,3a1=-<0,맊R1,3캪튻복몯쫽ꆣ탐튵릩룸솿ꚤX1,3풽듳,탐튵샻죳R1,3뻍풽킡ꆣdꚤX1,3b1평폚뛔랽탐튵(BꆢD솽맺)듋쪱뒦폚뮥늻뫏ퟷ뗄췪좫뺺헹ힴ첬,틲듋놾탐튵뗄ퟮ폅뛔닟뻍쫇쿷복릩룸솿ꚤX1,3,틔첧룟볛룱pxyꆣ떱좻,헢룶쿷복튲늻쫇컞횹뺳뗄ꆣ튻떩볛룱짽룟떽pxy>a2Πb2뗄쮮욽,BꆢD솽맺뻍믡췋돶럖릤ꆣ틲듋,A2C솪쏋튻뚨믡짨램죃볛룱춣퓚pxy=a2Πb2뒦ꆣ듓BꆢD솽맺헢뇟뾴,뷡맻튲쫇튻퇹ꆣ틲캪쯼쏇뮥늻뫏ퟷ,쯹틔횻튪A2C솪쏋냑릩룸솿뿘훆퓚147
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿ꚤY2=ꚤY4<(a2Π2b2)ꚤX1,3<ꚤY2+ꚤYꋙ4뗄쮮욽,퓲BꆢD솽맺캪쇋돶쟥ퟔ벺뗄좫늿릩룸뇘붫뺺쿠쿷볛,횱훁볛룱뗈폚쯼쏇뗄믺믡짺닺돉놾(벴pxy=a2Πb2)쪱듯돉뻹뫢ꆣ헢퇹,뮥늻뫏ퟷ뗄BꆢD솽맺퓲쿝죫볛룱뺺헹뗄ꆰ쟴춽삧뺳ꆱ,뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃캪쇣ꋚ;뛸뮥쿠뫏ퟷ뗄AꆢC솽맺붫ퟸ쫕폦샻,믱뗃좫늿뗄뇈뷏샻틦ꆣꋛ캪쇋폫ꆰ욽뻹샻죳(싊)ꆱ뻹뫢쿠쟸뇰,컒쏇뻍돆헢훖탐튵볤뻹뫢캪ꆰ쟴춽ꆪ폦컌ꆱ뻹뫢ꆣ냑뻹뫢볛룱듺죫(23)훁(26)쪽,뗃:a2a1R1=R3=-ꚤX,R2=R4=0b2b1ꆡꆡ뿉볻,쯤좻뻍탐튵쓚늿살뾴,쎳틗솿쿠뗈뗄A맺뫍C맺죔좻믱뗃뗈솿뗄뇈뷏샻틦,A맺내튪쯘욽뻹뗄뺭볃뺺헹솦튲죔좻쫇C맺뗄ꛋ놶,떫R1뫍R3뗄뻸뛔쫽솿뇈ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢쪱듳듳쳡룟쇋ꆣ헢쮵쏷,뺡맜AꆢC솽맺뗄춬탐ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ늻뇤,떫쯦ퟅ쯹퓚탐튵헻쳥ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ뗄쳡룟,솽맺뗄ퟛ뫏뺺헹솦튲쿠펦쳡룟쇋ꆣ쿠랴,평R2=R4=0뿉횪,평폚춬탐볤뛱탔뺺헹떼훂탐튵헻쳥ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ즥쪧,BꆢD솽맺뗄춬탐ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱퟮ훕튲뮯캪컚폐ꆣ뿉볻,뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ뫍뺭볃ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ놾살뻍쫇튻룶쿠뮥틀듦뗄쎬뛜춳튻쳥ꆣ(쯄)췪좫뺺헹헟뗄뺺헹솦쳡짽슷뺶컒쏇ퟮ룐탋좤뗄컊쳢쫇:뒦폚췪좫뺺헹탐튵뗄춬탐뺺헹헟,죧뫎닅쓜ퟟ돶ꆰ쟴춽삧뺳ꆱ?듓짏쏦뗄럖컶뿉틔뾴돶,죧맻췪좫뺺헹탐튵뗄뺺헹헟쓜릻뮥쿠뫏ퟷ,닉좡벯쳥튻훂탐뚯,뻍쓜춨맽뿘훆탐튵닺욷뗄릩룸솿살캬돖ꆰ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뻹뫢,뛸늻훁폚쿝죫쇣샻죳뗄ꆰ쟴춽삧뺳ꆱힴ첬ꆣ좻뛸,춨맽볓잿춬탐뫏ퟷ살쳡룟뺺헹솦뗄잱솦쫇럇뎣폐쿞뗄,늻떫탨튪캬돖뎤웚뫏ퟷ뗄뻞듳돉놾,뛸쟒폐톹틖닺튵랢햹ꆢ얤쟺뺭볃킧싊뗄뢱킧펦ꆣ쓇쎴,쯼쏇쓜럱퓚늻뫏ퟷ뗄쟩뿶쿂헒떽ퟟ돶ꆰ쟴춽삧뺳ꆱ뗄돶슷쓘?볈좻뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃횻폫튪쯘춶죫쮮욽뫍짺닺싊쮮욽폐맘,뛸췪좫뺺헹헟폖늻뿉쓜춨맽쳡룟튪쯘춶죫쮮욽살쳡룟ퟔ벺뗄쫕틦,쓇쎴쯼쏇쓜럱춨맽쳡룟짺닺싊쮮욽살쳡룟쫕틦쓘?컒쏇틔짏쏦뗄B맺캪샽살뷸탐럖컶ꆣ볙뚨B맺붫Y닺욷뗄떥캻짺닺돉놾평b2붵뗍훁<b2(0<<<1),뛸웤쯻쳵볾(a1ꆢa2ꆢꛋa1ꆢꛌa2ꆢb1ꆢꛋb1ꆢꛌb2ꆢK1ꆢK2ꆢꛋK1ꆢꛌK2)늻뇤ꆣ퓲평(28)쪽뿉횪,D맺뗄ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ볛룱죔좻놣돖늻뇤,뛸B맺뗄ꆰ룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ볛룱(듓A2C솪쏋뗄뷇뛈살뾴)짏짽캪풭살뗄1Π<놶:2a2a2pxy=>4p2<xy=(30)b22b2ꆡꆡ맊AꆢC솽맺룼풸틢뷓쫜B맺뗄볛룱ퟷ캪뻹뫢볛룱ꆣ헢뻍웈쪹D맺튲늻뗃늻룺쯦B맺뛸뗷헻볛룱(벴붵뗍pyx믲쳡룟pxy)ꆣ퓙볓짏B맺쳡룟짺닺싊횮뫳,웤닺쓜평K2Πb2쳡룟떽K2Π<b2,룼볓뻧쇋Y닺욷뗄쿠뛔맽쪣ꆣ틲뛸BꆢD솽맺뗄볛룱듳햽쯆뫵룼볓늻뿉뇜쏢ꆣ떫평폚D맺볛룱뗷헻뗄뗗쿟횻쓜쫇웤믺믡짺닺돉놾(벴pyxꇺb2Πa2믲pxyꇺa2Πb2),뛸B맺듋쪱짺닺Y닺욷뗄믺믡돉놾틑붵떽룼뗍뗄<b2Πa2,틲뛸벴쪹랢짺볛룱듳햽,B맺튲죔좻폐샻뿉춼ꆣ평(24)ꆢ(26)쪽뿉횪,떱쫐뎡볛뗈폚D맺뗄돉놾볛(pxy=a2Πb2)쪱,B맺뗄뇈뷏샻틦쯹뗃:1<b2<b2R2,<=-ꚤb2Y2=-ꚤ1b2Y2>R4=-ꚤY4=0pxya2a2a2pxya2ꋙa2Π2b2쫇BꆢD솽맺뗄룶쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯볛룱ꆣ죧맻ꚤY2=ꚤY4ꇝ(a2Π2b2)ΠꚤX1,3,퓲쫐뎡짏횻쓜죝쓉튻볒짺듦,쓇쎴A2C솪쏋뻍늻뗃늻쏦뛔튻룶슢뛏헟ꆣ죧맻(a2Π2b2)ꚤX1,3ꇝꚤY2+ꚤY4,퓲BꆢD솽맺뻍폐ퟣ릻뗄쫐뎡뿕볤,뛸늻뇘뺺쿠쿷볛ꆣꋚ헢뻍쫇뺭볃톧뷌뿆쫩뎣쮵뗄ꆰ췪좫뺺헹탐튵뗄쇣샻죳ힴ첬ꆱꆣ떫놾컄틔짏뗄럖컶뇭쏷,늢럇쯹폐뗄췪좫뺺헹탐튵뚼믡뒦폚쇣샻죳ힴ첬ꆣ횻폐쓇킩틔슢뛏믲ힼ슢뛏탐튵캪쎳틗럖릤믯냩뗄췪좫뺺헹탐튵,닅믡뒦폚쇣샻죳ힴ첬ꆣꋛ웤훐,룟폚욽뻹뇈뷏샻틦믲욽뻹샻죳뗄늿럖,뻍쫇BꆢD솽맺릱쿗뗄ꆰ뺭볃ퟢꆱꆣ148
2007쓪뗚10웚ꆡꆡ맊B맺늻엂볛룱햽ꆣ뛸쟒,짺닺싊쳡룟뗃풽뛠(<풽킡),R2,<뻍풽듳,B맺뻍풽늻엂볛룱햽ꆣ룼훘튪뗄쫇,평폚B맺뗄헢튻폅쫆,쯼뻍뿉틔뛔D맺뗄볛룱뺺헹탐캪뷸탐췾킲뫍ퟨ횹ꆰ:죧맻쓣룣볛룱햽,컒뻍룉든냑볛룱붵뗍떽쓣뗄돉놾틔쿂,죃쓣톪놾컞맩!ꆱ틲캪B맺뗄헢튻췾킲쫇뿉탅뗄,맊D맺ퟮ훕뿉쓜늻뗃늻룺듓B맺뗄룶뇰뻹뫢볛룱뷸탐쎳틗,듓뛸폐뿉쓜듯돉뛔B맺룼폐샻(웤쪵뛔D맺튲룼폐샻)뗄ꆰ킲웈ꆪ룺듓ꆱ뻹뫢ꆣ듋쪱,짺닺싊쮮욽ퟮ룟ꆢ쫐뎡럝뛮ퟮ듳뗄B맺뻍돉캪놾탐튵뗄ꆰ쇺춷ꆱ뺺헹헟,쯼뗄늩?뻹뫢볛룱뻍돉캪좫탐튵뗄쫐뎡훷떼볛룱;뛸폫횮춬탐뗄D맺횻쓜내헕B맺뗄볛룱뛸뷸탐쎳틗,늢늻뗃늻폅쿈싺ퟣB맺뗄쎳틗쫽솿튪쟳,뷶돤떱쪰틅늹좱뗄뷇즫;튻떩B맺뗄릩룸쓜솦ퟣ틔싺ퟣ쫐뎡뗄좫늿탨쟳,D맺뻍붫쏦쇙놻훰돶쫐뎡뗄쏼퓋ꆣ뿉볻,쳡룟짺닺싊쮮욽쫇췪좫뺺헹탐튵훐뗄럇뫏ퟷ뺺헹헟쳡룟웤뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄ퟮ폐솦뗄커웷ꆣ컥ꆢ뷡ꆡ싛쯤좻뺭볃뺺헹솦움볛틑돉캪좫쟲탔뗄톧쫵죈뗣,떫뛔폚뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄놾훊벰웤뻶뚨믺훆,좴훁뷱쎻폐튻룶쏷좷뗄쇮죋탅럾뗄뺭볃톧뷢쫍ꆣ놾컄뛔뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄놾훊뷸탐쇋닣닣웊컶,뗃돶쇋ꆰ뺭볃뺺헹솦뻍쫇뺭볃훷쳥퓚늩?뻹뫢ힴ첬쯹쓜펮뗃뗄뇈뷏샻틦럖엤럝뛮ꆱ뗄뷡싛ꆣ뺭볃뺺헹솦냼삨뮥쿠솪쾵뗄솽룶랽쏦:튻쫇뺭볃훷쳥(벰웤춬탐)폫웤쎳틗믯냩횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹쓜솦(벴뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ);뛾쫇뺭볃훷쳥폫웤춬탐횮볤뗄럇뫏ퟷ탔뺺헹쓜솦(벴뺭볃ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ)ꆣ퓚얪쟥쇋뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄놾훊횮뫳,놾컄폃샮볎춼뗄ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍럖컶쇋ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ퓚볈뫏ퟷ폖뺺헹뗄쎳틗럖릤헟횮볤뗄럖엤램퓲,벴뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ뗄뻶뚨믺훆ꆣ뷡싛쫇:퓚늩?쓜솦뛔돆뗄쳵볾쿂,ퟷ캪쎳틗럖릤믯냩뗄솽룶뺭볃훷쳥,붫듯돉쓜춬쪱싺ퟣꆰ욽뻹샻죳ꆱꆰꆢ욽뻹샻죳싊ꆱ뫍ꆰ헻쳥샻틦ퟮ듳뮯ꆱ헢죽듳쳵볾뗄캨튻늩?뻹뫢ꆣ쎳틗뻹뫢볛룱횻좡뻶폚쎳틗쮫랽뗄짺닺싊쮮욽뛔뇈,뛸폫웤쯻뇤솿컞맘ꆣ쎳틗럖릤쮫랽뗄ퟜ솿뺭볃뺺헹솦뫣쿠뗈;떫쮫랽뗄튪쯘욽뻹뺭볃뺺헹솦퓲폫쯼쏇뗄튪쯘춶죫ퟜ돉놾돉랴뇈(틠벴폫짺닺싊쮮욽돉헽뇈)ꆣ퓚좷뚨뺭볃ꆰ뫏헹솦ꆱ뗄뻶뚨믺훆횮뫳,놾컄퓚샮볎춼ꆰ솽맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍뗄믹뒡짏릹퓬쇋튻룶ꆰ쯄맺솽닺욷ꆱ쒣탍,살뷸튻늽퇐뺿ꆰ뇈뷏샻틦ꆱ퓚뛠룶뺺헹헟횮볤쳘뇰쫇춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄럖엤램퓲,벴뺭볃ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ뗄뻶뚨믺훆ꆣ뷡싛쫇:퓚듦퓚춬탐뺺헹헟뗄쟩뿶쿂,뺭볃훷쳥뗄ퟜ쳥뺺헹솦훷튪폫춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄뫏ퟷ돌뛈뫍짺닺싊쮮욽헢솽듳틲쯘폐맘ꆣ떫뻍춬탐뺺헹헟횮볤뗄뺭볃ꆰ럖헹솦ꆱ뛸퇔,짺닺싊쮮욽컞틉쫇ퟮ훘튪뗄뻶뚨틲쯘ꆣ닎뾼컄쿗뫩틸탋,1997ꆶ:듓뇈뷏폅쫆떽뺺헹폅쫆ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚6웚ꆣ뫮뺭뒨ꆢ쟱뻹욽,2005ꆶ:탅쾢뮯폫맺볒뺺헹솦뗄맘쾵:튻룶늩?싛뷢쫍ꆷꆶ,릫릲맜샭톧놨ꆷ뗚2웚ꆣ쇖몺뒨ꆢ맜뫨,2004ꆶ:컒맺뚫훐컷늿훐킡웳튵뺺헹솦쪵횤뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚12웚ꆣ쯎돐쿈,1998ꆶ:컷랽뺭볃톧쏻훸쳡튪ꆷ,붭컷죋쏱돶냦짧ꆣ쯯싥욽,2004ꆶ:뺺헹솦폫웳튵맦쒣컞맘뗄탎돉믺훆ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚3웚ꆣ헅뷰닽,2001ꆶ:늨쳘뗄맺볒뺺헹샭싛웊컶ꆷꆶ,훐맺릤튵뺭볃ꆷ뗚9웚ꆣ횣몣쳎ꆢ냗훘뛷,2005ꆶ:뛠뇟뇈뷏쿂뗄훐맺훆퓬튵맺볊뺺헹솦퇐뺿:1980ꆪ2004ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚12웚ꆣ훐맺죋쏱듳톧뺺헹솦폫움볛퇐뺿훐탄,2003ꆶ:훐맺맺볊뺺헹솦랢햹놨룦ꆷ,훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꆣAlesina,A.,,1997,ꆰTheWelfareStateandCompetitivenessꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,87(5):921ꆪ,.,1994,ꆰSpeakingFreelyꆱ,ForeignAffairs,73(4):194ꆪ,.,1995,ꆰThinkAgainProfessorKrugman:CompetitivenessDoesMatterꆱ,InternationalExecutive,37(4):315ꆪ,R.,1999,ꆰAlternativePerspectivesonInternationalCompetitivenessꆱ,ReviewofRadicalPoliticalEconomics,31(3):91ꆪ,.,,1989,ꆰProductDevelopmentandInternationalTradeꆱ,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,97(6):1261ꆪ,.,,1990,ꆰComparativeAdvantageandLong2RunGrowthꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,80(4):796ꆪ
뫮뺭뒨뗈:뇈뷏샻틦뗄럖엤램퓲ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃뺺헹솦뗄뻶뚨믺훆퇐뺿Grossman,.,,1994,ꆰProtectionforSaleꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,84(4):833ꆪ,.,,1995a,ꆰThePoliticsofFree2tradeAgreementsꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,85(4):667ꆪ,.,,1995b,ꆰTradeWarsandTradeTalksꆱ,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,103(4):675ꆪ,2003Π2004Π2005,WorldCompetitivenessYearbook,Lausanne,,.,1979,ꆰAModelofInnovation,TechnologyTransferandtheWorldDistributionofIncomeꆱ,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,87(4):253ꆪ,.,1980,ꆰScaleEconomies,ProductDifferentiationandthePatternsofTradeꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,70(12):950ꆪ,.,1986,StrategicTradePolicyandtheNewInternationalEconomics,Cambridge:,.,1991,ꆰIncreasingReturns,Industrialization,andInterminacyofEquilibriumꆱ,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,105(5):617ꆪ,.,1994,ꆰCompetitiveness:ADangerousObsessionꆱ,ForeignAffairs,73(2):28ꆪ,.,1995a,ꆰGrowingWorldTrade:CausesandConsequencesꆱ,BrookingsPapersonEconomicActivity,(1):327ꆪ,.,1995b,ꆰAReplytoProfessorDunningꆱ,InternationalExecutive,37(4):325ꆪ,S.,2001,ꆰCompetitivenessIndicesandDevelopingCountries:AnEconomicEvaluationoftheGlobalCompetitivenessReportꆱ,WorldDevelopment,29(9):1501ꆪ,,2000,ꆰꆱ,AmericanEconomicReview,90(2):176ꆪ,W.,1981,ꆰTheoreticalConsiderationsonNegotiatedTariffAgreementsꆱ,OxfordEconomicPapers,33(1):135ꆪ,B.,1933,InterregionalandInternationalTrade,Cambridge:,M.,1990,TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNations,NewYork:,D.,1973,ThePrincipalofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,London:,R.,1982,ꆰTariffRetaliationfromaStrategicViewpointꆱ,SouthernEconomicJournal,48(3):583ꆪ,.,2001,ꆰARicardo2SraffaParadigmComparingGainsfromTradeinInputsandFinishedGoodꆱ,JournalofEconomicLiterature,39(4):1204ꆪ,P.,1960,ProductionofCommoditiesbyMeansofCommodities,Cambridge:,X.,,1991,ꆰAMicroeconomicMechanismforEconomicGrowthꆱ,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,99(2):460ꆪꆰComparativeBenefitꆱ:StudyontheDeterminationMechanismofEconomicCompetitivenessHouJingchuan,QianWenrongandHuangZuhui(ManagementSchoolofZhejiangUniversity)Abstract:TheessenceofeconomiccompetitivenessofanagentishowmuchitcansharefromtheꆰComparativeBenefitꆱ,whichrepresentsthenetaddedgainresultedfromthedivisionandtradebetweenitanditspartnersaccordingtotheircomparativeadvantage,,competitivenessincludestwokindsofcapacities:oneisthecooperativecompetitivenessbetweentheagentanditspartners(namely,economiccoopetitiveness),theotheristhenon2cooperativecompetitivenessbetweentheplayeranditscraftmen(namely,economicdispetitiveness).Withnoconsiderationoftheexistenceofcraftcompetitors,thecompetitivenessoftheagentrelatedtoitspartner()isconstantly1:1accordingtotheirgrosslevel,,thecompetitivenessofanyofthemismainlyrelatedtothecooperationdegreeofallthecraftcompetitorsintheindustry,and,certainly,,asforthedispetitivenessofitwithitscraftbrothers,:ComparativeBenefit;ShareLaw;EconomicCompetitiveness;DeterminationMechanismJELClassification:D240,D300,F100(퓰죎뇠벭:쳆쫙쓾)(킣뛔:ퟓꆡ)150
