ꆶ쏱ퟥ퇐뺿ꆷ1999쓪뗚6웚뺭볃죋샠톧훐뗄쪵쳥싛엉돂쟬뗂뺭볃죋샠톧퓚떱듺틑돉캪샭뷢짧믡폫컄뮯죋샠톧뗄튻룶쫠얦뫍뫋탄쇬폲ꆣ20쫀볍훐튶,뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡틔튻훖탂뗄쫓튰ꆢ탂뗄샭싛릤뻟뫍탂뗄퇐뺿랽램,쪹짧믡폫컄뮯죋샠톧훐뗄뺭볃럖컶훕폚뿧풽쇋ퟷ캪뢽쫴럖횧뗄뺭볃쏱ퟥ쪷뗄쏨쫶,룸뺭볃죋샠톧듸살쇋룹놾탔뗄쮼쿫뇤룯ꆣ놾컄춨맽뛔늨삭쓡뫍쪵쳥싛엉샭싛랽램뗄탎돉뫍퇝뇤ꆢ쪵쳥싛엉뗄뛓컩릹돉벰웤훷튪샭싛랶돫뗄뷩짜,닻쫍쇋웤뛔떱듺훐맺쏱ퟥ퇐뺿뗄뷨본틢틥ꆣퟷ헟돂쟬뗂,1953쓪짺,퓆쓏듳톧죋샠톧쾵뷌쫚ꆢ늩쪿짺떼쪦ꆣ뗘횷:삥쏷쫐,폊뇠650091ꆣ퓚죋샠뗄샺쪷쪵듦훐,튻룶컞뿉헹뇧뗄쫂쪵쫇ꆰ,죋쏇캪쇋쓜릻ꆮ뒴퓬샺쪷ꆯ,뇘탫쓜릻짺믮ꆣ떫쫇캪쇋짺믮,쫗쿈뻍탨튪틂ꆢ쪳ꆢ힡틔벰웤쯻뚫컷ꆣ틲듋뗚튻룶샺쪷믮뚯뻍쫇짺닺싺ퟣ헢킩탨튪뗄쇏,벴짺닺컯훊짺믮놾짭ꆣꆱꋙ믹폚듋,뺭볃럖컶듓튻뾪쪼뻍쫇죋샠톧퇐뺿훐뗄튻룶훘튪쓚죝,늢퓚죋샠톧솦춼뷢쫍늻춬쏱ퟥ뗄짧믡ퟩ횯뗄랽쪽뫍믺훆뗄맽돌훐햹쪾돶웤믹뒡탔뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ쯦춬죋샠톧웰늽뛸햹뾪뗄뺭볃럖컶,탎돉쇋뻟폐럡뢻쇏탔뗄뺭볃쏱ퟥ쪷퇐뺿ꆣ틔십쇖억럲쮹믹캪듺뇭뗄튻듳엺톧헟,틔뛔뺭볃틲쯘뗄럖컶살뷢쫍늻춬쏱ퟥ샺쪷컄뮯쿖쿳,늢듓늻춬뗄뷇뛈닻쫍쇋튻뚨쏱ퟥ뗄컄뮯폫뮷뺳ꆪꆪꆪ냼삨벼쫵ꆢ풴뫍샍뚯ꆪꆪꆪ횮볤,듦퓚ퟅ튻훖뚯첬뗄ꆢ뢻폐뒴퓬솦뗄맘쾵ꆣ쯻쏇뛔죋샠톧쇏뗄뷜돶헻샭,캪뺭볃죋샠톧ퟷ돶쇋뻞듳뗄릱쿗ꆣ죧맻냑쎷뛻캬뛻ꆤ뫕쮹뿆캬1952쓪뛔ꆰ뺭볃죋샠톧ꆱ쫵폯뗄쫗듎쪹폃,쫓캪룃톧뿆뗄웰늽,쓇쎴,뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡퓲틔튻훖탂뗄쫓튰ꆢ탂뗄샭싛릤뻟믲탂뗄퇐뺿랽램,쪹짧믡폫컄뮯죋샠톧훐뗄뺭볃럖컶,훕폚뿧풽쇋ퟷ캪뢽쫴럖횧뗄뺭볃쏱ퟥ쪷뗄쏨쫶,룸뺭볃죋샠톧듸살쇋룹놾탔뗄쮼쿫뇤룯ꆣ쇋뷢뫍죏쪶헢튻샭싛쇷엉,뛔떱듺훐맺뗄쏱ퟥ퇐뺿뻟폐훘튪뗄뷨본틢틥ꆣ튻ꆢ늨삭쓡폫쪵쳥싛엉뺭볃죋샠톧훐뗄쪵쳥싛엉럖컶,쫇평쏀벮탙퇀샻폌첫톧헟뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡(1886ꆪ1964)틔튻훖쿠뛔폚놾훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뺭볃샭싛뾪뒴뗄ꆣ늨삭쓡1886쓪짺폚늼듯엥쮹,훷탞램톧뫍헾훎뺭볃톧ꆣ20쓪듺훐웚,쯕캬낣룯쏼뗄뺭볃볆뮮랢햹뗄쿲,룸뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡쇴쿂쇋짮뿌뗄펡쿳,쯻솦춼횤쪵짧믡훷틥볆뮮뺭볃뗄ꆰ짧믡폫뗀뗂뗄ꆱ폅풽탔뫍웤퓚ꆰ짧믡탨튪ꆱ뗄틽떼쿂,뿉뿧ꋙ십뿋쮼ꆢ뛷룱쮹ꆶ:럑뛻냍맾ꆷꆶ,십뿋쮼뛷룱쮹톡벯ꆷ뗚1뻭,죋쏱돶냦짧1976쓪냦,뗚32튳ꆣ50
풽쫐뎡뺭볃뫍ퟔ평웳튵쳥쾵,뛸놣횤훐얷실뫳맺볒뺭볃폫짧믡뗄랢햹ꆣ1933쓪,늨삭쓡쳓샫쇋램컷쮹훷틥뫍랴폌첫훷틥뛸틆뻓펢맺,잡럪놾훷틥맺볒뗄뺭볃듳캣믺ꆣ쯻볌탸뷌쫚뺭볃쪷늢솦춼뛔램컷쮹훷틥ꆢ뺭볃캣믺틔벰쫀뷧듳햽뗄풵평뗃떽튻룶싺틢뗄닻쫍,늢뛔햽뫳짧믡훘붨맦뮮뗄컚췐냮즫닊쮼뎱뇭쪾퓞춬ꆣ1944쓪,쯻틔ꆶ캰듳뗄헛ꆷ랢뇭쇋뛔ퟔ평놾훷틥쪢쮥뗄샭싛ퟜ뷡ꆣ늨삭쓡퓚듋볡뚨쇋쯻뛔죋뗀훷틥뗄짧믡훷틥쯹탻룦뗄볆뮮뺭볃폅풽탔뗄탅쓮,쯻볡탅헢붫믡쪹짧믡쓜릻퓙듎횧엤뺭볃,틔좡듺ퟔ19쫀볍틔살뗄쫐뎡뺭볃뛔짧믡뗄횧엤ꆣ1947쓪,죎얦풼룧싗뇈퇇듳톧뺭볃춨쪷뷌쫚뗄늨삭쓡,훘짪쇋ꆶ캰듳뗄헛ꆷ훐뗄훷헅,뛸뻶뚨ퟅ쫖폚첽뺿뺭볃뗄훆뛈웰풴,늢뷸튻늽쪹ퟔ짭풶샫폚떱듺뺭볃뗄컊쳢,냑힢틢솦쿲쇋죋샠톧뫍맅듺샺쪷ꆣ퓚쯻훜캧훰붥탎돉쇋튻룶냼죝ퟅ죋샠톧볒ꆢ풶맅샺쪷톧볒ꆢ짧믡톧볒뫍뺭볃톧볒뗄췅쳥,뛸쯻틽떼쯻쏇뗄퇐뺿퓚죽룶럖샫뗄랽쿲햹뾪:틔뛔쾰맟탔뗄붻틗ꆢퟔ평쫐뎡ꆢ믵뇒뗄늻춬쪹폃뗈랶돫뗄쳘뇰맘힢뛸탎돉뗄뺭볃샭싛뗄엺에;뺭볃쳥쾵샠탍톧뗄뷡릹;뺭볃훆뛈뗄샺쪷뫍웰풴뗄퇐뺿ꆣ1957쓪,헢킩첽쯷돉맻틔ꆶ퓧웚뗛맺뗄쎳틗폫쫐뎡ꆷ튻쫩컊쫀ꆣ룃쫩쟥컺뗘뇭쫶쇋헢퇹튻룶쫂쪵,벴뺭볃톧볒뛔뺭볃랶캧쓚짧믡톧컊쳢뗄뚨틥벰웤뷡맻벸뫵튻컞쯹횪,컒쏇뛔좱랦쫐뎡뗄짧믡톧뗄샭뷢짵훁뷶뷶쫇욬쏦뗄ꆣ1957쓪뫳,늨삭쓡좫짭탄춶죫폚듯뫉쏀뺭볃폫짧믡뗄샺쪷퇐뺿,캪듋쫕벯쇋쿠펦뗄죋샠톧뫍샺쪷톧뗄쇏ꆣ듓듋,횱떽1963쓪랢뇭ꆶ퓧웚짧믡뗄쎳틗룛ꆷ쪱,쯻뚼냑ퟔ벺쫓캪튻룶뺭볃쪷톧볒,웤싛쫶뻹캴뎬돶뺭볃쪷뗄랶캧ꆣ횻쫇퓚룹뻝웤ꆰ쎳틗룛ꆱ(PortofTrade)뗄샭싛햹뾪뛔컷럇듯뫉쏀췵맺뗄퇐뺿뫳,쯻닅냑ퟔ벺쫓캪뛔뺭볃쪷폫뺭볃죋샠톧뷸탐뿧톧뿆퇐뺿뗄톧헟ꆣ쯻훕웤튻짺뛸췪돉뗄듯뫉쏀벰웤얫솥쎳틗뗄쳢퇐뺿,짭뫳평뛠뛻뛙뇠벭캪ꆶ뺭볃폫컄쏷ꆷ폚1966쓪돶냦ꆣ좻뛸,퓚춬튻웚볤,쯻훘믘볆뮮뺭볃뗄컊쳢,늢냯훺뒴솢쇋ꆶ릲춬짺듦ꆷ퓓횾ꆣ늨삭쓡춬ퟷ캪뺭볃톧볒뫍쫽톧볒쏅춽뗄놣싞ꆤ쎷뛠튻웰,쫔춼폫살ퟔ짧믡훷틥맺볒뗄뺭볃톧볒햹뾪뛔뮰,늢믹폚짧믡훷틥뗄죋뗀훷틥솢뎡뷸탐쳖싛ꆣ퓚샭싛랽램짏,늨삭쓡짮뗃십뿋쮼뫍캤늮뗄톬쳕;뛸뫕쮹뿆캬1938쓪돶냦뗄ꆶ맅듺컷럇뗄췵맺ꆪꆪꆪ듯뫉쏀ꆷ뗄럡뢻쪷쇏,퓲돉캪늨삭쓡뗄쏻훸ꆶ뺭볃폫컄쏷ꆷ뗄횱뷓믹뒡ꆣ뺭볃쪷톧뗄짮뫱룹뗗뫍뛀쳘쫓튰,쪹늨삭쓡뗄퇐뺿횱횸죋샠짧믡뺭볃훐뗄쪵듦맘쾵ꆣ늨삭쓡횸돶ꆰ,뺭볃ꆱ튻듊쫇튻룶뻟폐늻춬웰풴뗄쮫훘몭틥뗄뢴뫏룅쓮,웤ꆰ탎쪽ꆱ(Formal)몭틥풴폚틔ꆰ뺭볃탔ꆱꆢꆰ뺭볃뮯ꆱ뗈쫵폯뇭듯뗄ꆰ쫖뛎ꆪ쒿뗄ꆱ맘쾵뗄싟벭쳘훊;뛸웤ꆰ쪵쳥ꆱ(Substantivist)몭틥퓲풴폚죋뗄짺믮뛔ퟔ좻벰웤뛔쯻죋뗄틀삵맘쾵ꆣꆰ쪵쳥ꆱ쯹뇭듯뗄쫇죋폫ퟔ좻뮷뺳뫍짧믡뮷뺳횮볤뗄붻뮻,쫇룷훖훆뛈쯹냼몬뗄듦퓚폚룷훖맘쾵훐뗄쿠뛔컈뚨뗄튪쯘뢴뫏쳥,헢듓컄뮯뗄헻쳥탔짏뾪뇙쇋튻룶퓚놾풭틢틥짏뷸탐ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뇈뷏뗄쫓튰늢뷢컶ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뗄뷡릹ꆣ쪵쳥싛엉폫탎쪽훷틥뗄싛햽,쪹헢훖탂뗄쫓튰ꆢ탂뗄샭싛릤뻟믲탂뗄퇐뺿랽램뗃떽쇋ꆰ쪵쳥싛엉ꆱ뗄돆뫴,쪹짧믡폫컄뮯죋샠톧훐뗄뺭볃럖컶훕폚뿧풽쇋ퟷ캪뢽쫴럖횧뗄뺭볃쏱ퟥ쪷뗄쏨쫶,룸뺭볃죋샠톧듸살쇋룹놾탔뗄쮼쿫뇤룯ꆣ퓚늨삭쓡뾴살,췪좫믹폚쫐뎡믹뒡뛸ퟩ횯웰살뗄뺭볃,폫웤쯻짧믡믺릹탎돉쇋룹놾탔뗄럖샫,뛸춨맽웤ퟔ짭럖샫탔뗄좷솢,웈쪹짧믡뗄웤쯻늿럖쟼듓폚쯼뗄램퓲뛸퓋ퟷꆣ쯻횸돶,퓚헢킩짧믡훐,뺭볃늢늻ퟷ캪튻룶뛀솢헻쳥뛸듦퓚,쯼쫇ꆰ잶뫏ꆱ폚훮죧쟗쫴맘쾵믲ퟚ뷌뗄웤쯻훆뛈훐ꆣ퓚럇쫐뎡뺭볃짧믡훐,짌튵폫쫐뎡늢늻쫇뇘좻듦퓚뗄,벴뇣듦퓚튲쫇폫훖훖믬퓓뗄맘쾵붻횯퓚튻웰뛸ꆰ잶뫏ꆱ퓚짧믡훐ꆣ늨삭쓡솦춼듓짧믡ꆢퟔ좻뮷뺳폫죋샠횮볤뗄붻뮻ꆢ듺킻맘쾵뗄뷇뛈살뾼달뺭볃ꆣ쯻틔뻟쳥뗄쪷쪵횤쏷,붻틗ꆢ믵뇒ꆢ쫐뎡죽헟퓚웰풴짏뮥늻쿠맘,룷ퟔ틀뢽ퟅ늻51
춬뗄짧믡맘쾵ꆣ쯻죏캪ꆰ:붻틗뗄탎첬뫍믵뇒뗄훖훖폃램폫쫐뎡뗄탎돉컞맘,컣쓾쮵쯼쏇쫇쿈폚쫐뎡뛸돶쿖,늢훰붥퓚컒쏇뗄뺭볃짺믮훐돉캪뻙ퟣ쟡훘뗄뚫컷ꆱꆣ벴뇣퓚폐쫐뎡뗄뗘랽,탨쟳ꆪ릩룸뗄믺훆튲캴뇘뻍쫇솪뚯뗄,ퟮ돵뗄뗈볛쫇평뒫돐폫좨췾살뻶뚨뗄ꆣ춬쪱,헢죽룶튪쯘컞싛퓚릲춬쳥뗄쓚늿랢햹짏,뮹쫇퓚릲춬쳥뗄췢늿맘쾵훐,뚼뺭샺쇋룷ퟔ뛀솢뗄랢햹맽돌,쯼쏇뗄쓚늿탔웰풴뫍웤ퟷ캪훆뛈뗄췢늿탔랢햹튲쫇룷늻쿠춬뗄ꆣꋙ쯻뗄헢튻맛뗣믷웆쇋ꆰ쫐뎡뺭볃죽캻튻쳥ꆱ뗄럖컶랽램ꆣ늨삭쓡뗄믹놾샭싛뻛붹폚뺭볃퓚짧믡훐뗄ꆰ캻틆ꆱꆣ횻튪튻룶죋훃짭폚캪짧믡훐뗄뺭볃ꆰ캻틆ꆱ붨솢튻룶뇈뷏샭싛뗄죎컱훐,뇣뇘뚨튪쳡돶폐맘뺭볃맘쾵뗄ꆰퟷ폃ꆱ벰뛔짧믡뗄퓋탐뫍퇝뇤뗄ꆰ펰쿬ꆱ컊쳢ꆣ쯦뫳뗄룹놾탔컊쳢뇣쫇튪얪쟥뺭볃맘쾵ꆪꆪꆪ죋뗄듦퓚폫웤짺듦컯훊쳵볾뗄짺닺폫럖엤뗄쿠뮥맘쾵ꆪꆪꆪ뗄뷡릹쫇쪲쎴뫍춨맽쪲쎴뻶뚨쇋헢훖퇝뇤뗄믺쓜ꆣ헢쪹컒쏇늻뗃늻뾼싇룷훖짧믡맘쾵샠탍뛔웤쯹쫴뗄퓙짺닺쳥쾵,뛔늻춬ꆰ짺믮랽쪽ꆱ퓙짺닺뗄틀삵컊쳢뗄쳘쫢럖솿,듓뛸듸살쇋튻킩폫샺쪷뫍뺭볃죋샠톧늻춬뗄뚫컷ꆣ좻뛸,솦춼움볛늻춬뗄짧믡쪵볹뫍짧믡횧돖퓚짧믡퓙짺닺훐뗄럖솿,늢럇쫇좥톰헒틾님퓚헢킩맘쾵뫍쪵볹뫳쏦뗄쒳킩쪵퓚,컊쳢늻쫇좥헒돶웤쯻뚫컷,뛸쫇틔쇭췢뗄랽쪽맛달춬퇹뗄쫂컯ꆣ쯻죏캪,펦룃ퟔ컒쿞뚨뗘쇐돶튻룶뺡뿉쓜좫쏦뗄쟥떥,좥뷒쪾뺭볃퓚짧믡훐쯹햼뻝뗄쒳룶ꆰ캻훃ꆱ뗄킧펦,벰웤퓚쒳룶ꆰ뷡릹랶캧ꆱ훐뗄ꆰ잶뫏ꆱ,늢뛔웤릦쓜풭샭뫍뷡릹ퟷ돶맘쾵좷뚨ꆣ헢퇹,춨맽뇈뷏틑놻럖샫뫍본뇰뗄늻춬틲쯘,튻룶죋붫믱뗃튻룶믹뗣,좥붨솢뺭볃쾵춳쯹엶떽뗄늻춬ꆰ쒣쪽ꆱ뗄샠탍톧ꆣ늨삭쓡춶짭폚헢튻죎컱,럖컶쇋튻쾵쇐죋샠톧볒맘폚쏀삭쓡컷퇇짧믡ꆢ샺쪷톧볒맘폚맅쾣산뫍퇇쫶뗈뗄훸ퟷ,늢캪헢킩훸ퟷ훐쏨믦뗄늻춬훆뛈뗄퓋ퟷ,ퟜ뷡쇋죽룶믹놾틲쯘믲훆뛈헻뫏뗄죽룶뿉쓜ꆰ쒣쪽ꆱ:뮥믝ꆢ퓙럖엤뫍붻뮻ꆣ뺭볃맽돌ꆰ잶뫏ꆱ폚늻춬뗄훆뛈,웤뷡맻늻춬뗄ힴ첬뫍튪쯘뚼즢늼폚헢킩훆뛈훐,듓헢튻싛쳢돶랢,캪쇋쪹헢튻맽돌헦헽듦퓚,늢랢믓쳡릩쪵쿖싺ퟣ뗄컯훊쫖뛎뗄릦쓜,쯹폐헢킩뗄ힴ첬뫍튪쯘,뇘탫죚뫏캪튻룶좷놣웤솬탸탔뫍컈뚨탔뗄떥튻믺훆,벴춳튻뮯뗄믺훆ꆣ횻튪헢킩헻뫏틲쯘믲쒣쪽쫇웰ퟷ폃뗄,믲헟쮵떽뗗쫇횧엤뗄,퓚ꆰ뻶뚨탔뗄훆뛈횧돖ꆱ믲뻶뚨탔뗄짧믡맘쾵뗄놳뺰쿂,쯼쏇볈쫇쿖쪵뗄뇭듯,튲쫇웤횱뷓뷡맻ꆣ헢킩틲쯘컞틉횧엤ퟅ폐틢쪶뗄룶쳥탐캪랽쪽(죋폫죋횮볤뗄맘쾵),떫쯼쏇늢럇ꆰ죴룉룶쳥탐캪랽쪽뗄볲떥벯뫏ꆱ,뛸쫇뇭듯ퟅ짧믡뷡릹벰웤퓋ퟷ싟벭뗄쿖ힴꆣ튪샭뷢헢퇹뗄틲쯘,튻룶죋뇘탫틲듋듓볈뚨뗄짧믡뷡릹뫍짧믡맘쾵뾪쪼,뛸늻쫇듓룶쳥뾪쪼ꆣꆰ폐틢틥뗄쫂쪵쫇,뷶뷶룶죋탐캪뗄벯뫏ꆭꆭ늻믡틔쯻쏇ퟔ짭뻍닺짺돶헢퇹뗄뷡릹뗄ꆣ횻튪룸뚨뛔돆뗄ퟩ횯뮯뷡릹,훮죧쟗쫴좺쳥뗄튻룶뛔돆쾵춳,룶쳥횮볤뗄뮥믝탐캪뻍믡뷡뫏돉뺭볃ꆣ떫튻룶쟗쫴쾵춳,폀풶늻믡ퟷ캪퓚룶죋닣쏦짏떥뒿뮥믝탐캪뗄뷡맻뛸짺돉ꆣ춬퇹뿉샠쯆뗘뾴듽퓙럖엤ꆣ쯼풤짨쇋짧믡훐튻룶럖엤훐탄뗄듦퓚ꆱꆣꋚ틲듋,늨삭쓡죏캪,럖컶늻쓜듓룶쳥돶랢,뛸펦듓쫓캪헻쳥뗄짧믡돶랢ꆣ튻룶짧믡뗄뺭볃ퟜ쫇퓚튻훖ퟜ쳥탔뗄뷡릹랶캧쓚퓋ꆣ뺭볃뗄웕뇩탔릦쓜쫇퓚쿲짧믡쳡릩웤믱좡컯훊뗄쫖뛎뗄춬쪱,쪹ퟔ짭폫췢늿뮷뺳쿠쫊펦ꆣ평폚짧믡뗄듳뛠쫽ퟩ횯쮮욽쓜릻ꆰ닎폫ꆱ헢훖릦쓜뗄퓋ퟷ,쎻폐튻훖훆뛈믲뻟쳥뗄짧믡떥캻뿉돉캪뒿듢뫍떥뒿뗄뺭볃탔뗄,뛸뇘뚨폀풶쫇튻룶ꆰ뛠훘릦쓜ꆱ뗄쪵쳥ꆣ뺭볃틔웤쏅뮯릦쓜뛸뿉틔듦퓚폚튻훖럖샫탔훆뛈탎쪽훐뗄쫂쪵,쫇샺쪷뗄샽췢,뛸늻펦냑쎿튻룶ퟜ쳥탔짧ꋙ닎볻[죕]샵놾짷튻색훸ꆢ췵쏻뗈틫ꆶ:뺭볃죋샠톧ꆷ,짌컱펡쫩망1997냦,뗚32ꆪ34튳ꆣꋚ,TradeandMarketintheEarlyEmpires,Glencoe:TheFreePress,
믡뚼뷢쫍캪탐붫럖뮯뗄쟷쫆ꆣ늨삭쓡뛔샭싛쮼쿫훷쳥뗄ꆰ훘릹ꆱ,짦벰샺쪷짏쯹엶떽뗄뺭볃쳥쾵뗄닮틬벰웤릦쓜쿂쏦뗄믹놾틲쯘ꆣ좻뛸,늨삭쓡듓캴횹늽폚돩쿳럖컶,뛸쫇훕웤튻짺횱뷓쏦뛔뻟쳥뗄ꆢ뺭퇩뗄닄쇏ꆣ퓚ꆶ퓧웚뗛맺뗄쎳틗폫쫐뎡ꆷ훐,쯻폃웤샭싛돉맻럖컶쇋맅듺샺쪷훐뗄솽룶컊쳢:튻랽쏦,쫔춼뷢쫍몺쓂삭뇈쪱듺냍뇈싗뗛맺뗄ꆰ컞쫐뎡ꆱ쎳틗;쇭튻랽쏦,솦춼뷢쫍퇇샯쮹뛠뗂맘폚붻뮻뫍믵뇒뗄컄놾,춬쪱튲캪뷢쫍룷훖늻춬뗄ꆢ맅샏믲틬맺뗄쎳틗폫믵뇒탎쪽뛸얬솦ꆣ뛔늨삭쓡살쮵,뇪쪶맅쾣산뺭볃쳘헷뗄뚫컷,컞싛퓵퇹뚼쫇헢튻쫂쪵:ퟷ캪얩튵컄쏷믹뒡뗄췁뗘,벸뫵좫늿훃폚쫐뎡횮췢ꆣ쯻뷒쪾쇋퇇샯쮹뛠뗂짧믡톧뗄죽룶맘볼쓚죝ꆪꆪꆪ릲춬쳥ꆢퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뫍릫헽,늢헽좷뗘뇭쏷:쿖듺뗄뺭볃룅쓮쫇캪맅쾣산쯹늻쓜짨쿫뗄,틲캪폫웤쿠솬뗄뺭볃튪쯘,튪듓웤퓚뛀쳘뗄짧믡맘쾵ꆢ헾훎뫍ퟚ뷌뗄즢늼훐랢쿖ꆣ늨삭쓡듓엺에뺭퇩싛돶랢,캪뺭볃ퟷ돶쇋쿂쇐ꆰ쪵쳥ꆱ뚨틥ꆰ:뻍틔웤ퟔ좻뫍짧믡뮷뺳뗄쿠뮥붻뮻뗄뷡맻뛸퇔,쫇캪웤쳡릩쇋쪵쿖싺ퟣ뗄컯훊쫖뛎ꆱꆣꋙ뺭볃맽돌뷶퓚튻룶쳘뚨뗄ꆢ뻟쳥뗄믲쫇ꆰ훆뛈뮯ꆱ뗄짧믡탎쪽훐닅펵폐ꆰ헦헽뗄쪵퓚ꆱꆣ퓚헢훖탎쪽훐,맽돌놻뿌볇퓚튻룶틔쒳킩랽쪽릹붨웤탎쪽뫍릦쓜뗄ꆰꆢ폯틥톧ꆱ뗄ꆰ짧믡뷡릹뗄랶캧ꆱ훐,늢틔듋좷놣웤ꆰ춳튻뫍컈뚨ꆱꆣ뷸뛸,늨삭쓡힢틢떽ꆰ틀삵폚쪱볤뫍뿕볤ꆱ,뺭볃맽돌뿉놻ꆰ훃폚뫍쿝죫ꆱ듳뛠쫽탎탎즫즫뗄훆뛈훐,죧쟗쫴맘쾵ꆢ헾훎믲ퟚ뷌뗈,헢킩훆뛈뗄뇭쿖뻍늻떥뒿쫇ꆰ뺭볃뗄ꆱꆣ쯻볡돖헢튻쫂쪵ꆰ:럇뺭볃뗄냼죝쫇늻뿉믲좱뗄ꆣ틲캪뛔뺭볃뗄뷡릹폫릦쓜살쮵,ퟚ뷌뫍헾뢮뿉쓜폫뷰죚믺릹믲복쟡샍뚯탁뿠뗄릤뻟뫍믺웷놾짭뗄폐킧탔춬퇹훘튪ꆱꆣ뺭볃죋샠톧뗄죎컱,좷쪵쫇ꆰ뛔돤싺폚짧믡뗄뺭볃캻틆뗄퇐뺿ꆭꆭ튲헽쫇뛔뺭볃맽돌퓚늻춬쪱뿕훐랽쪽뗄릹붨랽쪽뗄퇐뺿ꆱꆣꋚ틲듋,맘볼횮뗣ꆰ늢럇쫇?웺뺭볃럖컶,뛸쫇냑웤훃폚샺쪷뗄뫍훆뛈뗄훆풼훐,늢퓚튻룶뺭볃ퟩ횯뗄ퟛ뫏샭싛훐뎬풽웤쿞훆ꆱꆣꋛ헢퇹,늨삭쓡늻쫇뛔헢룶샭싛훷쳥뗄뿆톧뗘캻뷸탐훊틉,뛸쫇럱뚨쇋헢훖샭싛틔튻훖튻냣뮯뗄쫐뎡룅쓮,퓋폃폚쳘뚨훆뛈뫍샺쪷뗄뺭볃랶캧횮췢ꆣ뛔늨삭쓡살쮵,퓋폃헢퇹뗄샭싛좥뷢쫍럇쫐뎡뺭볃뗄퓋ퟷ,쓋훁폃쫐뎡믺훆쏨쫶쓇킩웤뺭볃믹놾짏틀삵폚럇쫐뎡믺훆뗄짧믡,붫쫇뿕랺뛸믄쏽뗄ꆣ평폚떱듺뗄뺭볃샭싛쎻폐믹놾뗄샺쪷쫓튰벰늻쓜캪뺭볃훆뛈뗄ퟜ쳥샭싛릹붨믹뒡,쓜릻헢퇹ퟶ뗄튻훖샭싛펦쫇튻룶뇈뷏뗄샭싛,뛸튻룶뇈뷏뗄샭싛뇘탫듓샺쪷뫍죋샠톧훐믱좡웤훊쇏폫쒣쪽ꆣ쯹틔,늻뷶튪틔죋샠톧뗄맘볼쒣쪽늹돤샺쪷,뛸쟒ퟮ뷼뗄퇐뺿튲죏뚨쇋,죋샠톧뫍뺭볃쪷튪죚뫏폚튻룶죔좻튪뷸탐릹붨뗄탂톧뿆ꆪꆪꆪ뺭볃죋샠톧,튪쟳쯼볈쳡릩튻룶튻냣뗄뺭볃샭싛,폖쳡릩튻룶죋샠뺭볃훆뛈뗄샺쪷뇈뷏ꆣ늨삭쓡튻짺뗄퇐뺿,훷튪쫇퓚뫕쮹뿆캬쯹쳡릩뗄럡뢻쪷쇏믹뒡짏햹뾪뗄,웤쯹짦벰뗄랶캧튲늢늻뫜뿭랺ꆣ떫헽쫇웤랽램뫍쫓폲뗄룼탂,쪹쯻돉캪쇋튻룶뛔죋샠톧랢햹쳡릩쇋웴랢탔횸떼뗄캰듳톧헟ꆣ쯻뗄퇐뺿돉맻잿뗷ꆰ,뷼듺뗄쫐뎡뺭볃짧믡,퓚죋샠랢햹쪷훐쫇튻뛎벫웤쳘쫢뗄뛏듺,쯼퓚죎뫎틢틥짏뚼늻쫇샺쪷랢햹쯹튪뺭맽뗄뇘좻뷗뛎ꆣ뿉틔쮵,뷼듺짧믡쫇튻룶놻ꆮ쓢훆ꆯ돶살뗄짧믡ꆣ퓚헢룶죋캪뛅돶살뗄뷼듺쫐뎡뺭볃짧믡뗄짮닣,죔좻닐듦ퟅ럇쫐뎡짧믡뗄퓋탐믺훆,늢쟒쯼샭쯹떱좻뗘튪뇭쿖돶살ꆱꆣꋜ헢훖퇐뺿뗄튻룶뇘좻랢햹,뻍쫇좥뷒쪾뺭볃믮뚯퓚짧믡훐뗄럇뛀솢탔뫍뺭볃훆뛈퓚놾풭짏뗄럇컯훊탔,듓뛸짮죫떽죋샠톧뗄쇬폲훐살ꆣ쯻퓚쓪뷬웟톮쪱,뾪쪼폃ꆰ쪵쳥ꆱ뗄룅쓮살햹뾪럖컶뫍뛔뒫춳뺭볃톧뗄엺에ꆣ좻뛸,컒쏇쯹뗃떽ꋙꋚꋛꆡ:,TradeandMarketintheEarlyEmpires,Glencoe:TheFreePress,ꆢ250ꆢ234-235.ꋜ[죕]샵놾짷튻색훸ꆢ췵쏻뗈틫ꆶ:뺭볃죋샠톧ꆷ,뗚182ꆪ183튳ꆣ53
뗄,뷶뷶쫇럖컶룅쓮뗄믹뒡뫍믹놾뗄랶돫,틔벰뛔뒫춳뗄ꆰ뿆톧랶쪽ꆱ뗄탩릹탔뗄뻖늿뷒슶,뛸캴쓜뗃떽헦헽훘튪뗄맘폚퇐뺿랽램뗄쮵쏷,틔벰뛔웤뫋탄룅쓮ꆰ쪵쳥ꆱ뗄뷸튻늽닻쫍ꆣ틲듋,뺭볃죋샠톧튪좫쏦쪵쿖쪵쳥싛엉듸살뗄랽램싛짏뗄룯쏼믲죏쪶싛짏뗄짮뮯,뮹폐ퟅ벫캪싾뎤뗄뗀슷ꆣ늻맽,쯻쯹쳡돶뗄튻룶짮뿌웴쪾퓚폚:뺡맜죋샠톧냑ꆰ쪵횤ꆱퟷ캪웤믹놾뗄퇐뺿랽램,떫쪵횤뇘탫틔짮뿌뗄샭싛캪웤횧독뗣;뛸튻떩폐쇋샭싛뗄횧독,쪵횤뻍횻쫇튻룶볲떥뗄횤쪵컊쳢ꆣ늨삭쓡벰웤ힷ쯦헟뗄맛뗣뫍톧엉쮼뎱뗄뢴퓓췸싧쯹떼훂뗄횱뷓돥춻,퓚쯹폐뗄랽쏦틔벰퓓횾뫍쫩벮훐쯹좼웰뗄쳖싛,짵훁헹뇧,튻횱돖탸훁뷱ꆣ뛾ꆢ쪵쳥싛엉뗄샭싛뛓컩쪵쳥싛엉뗄퇐뺿,뿉쯝벰1944쓪뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡뗄ꆶ캰듳뗄헛ꆷꆣ뛸쪵쳥싛엉탎돉톧엉뗄웵믺,퓲쫇평늨삭쓡ꆢ낢싗쮹늮룱뫍욤뛻톷퓚1957쓪릲춬뇠뗄ꆶ퓧웚뗛맺뗄쎳틗폫쫐뎡ꆷ쯹쳡릩뗄ꆣퟷ캪뇠헟횮튻뗄낢싗쮹늮룱,쫇튻캻틔퇐뺿낮뛻삼쿧듥뛸훸돆뗄죋샠톧헟,퓚쪵쳥싛엉틔뫳뗄랢햹훐캴폐쿔훸뗄뇭쿖ꆣ쇭튻룶뇠헟욤뛻톷,쫇늨삭쓡짺잰웄캪짍쪶뗄뗕뒫뗜ퟓ,돽쇋퓚1977쓪헻샭돶냦늨삭쓡뗄틅훸ꆶ죋뗄짺볆ꆷ튻쫩췢,벸뫵퓙쎻폐웤쯻훸쫶,쯻ퟮ훘튪뗄샭싛릱쿗,쫇ퟷ캪쪵쳥싛엉믹놾샭싛맛뗣횮튻뗄ꆰ뺭볃컞쪣폠ꆱ룅쓮뗄쫗뎫헟ꆣ퓚캪ꆶ퓧웚뗛맺뗄쎳틗폫쫐뎡ꆷ쳡릩뗄ꆶ뺭볃컞쪣폠ꆷ튻컄훐,욤뛻톷싛횤쇋ꆰ쪣폠ꆱ퓚짧믡훐쫇튻훖훆뛈탔뗄듦퓚,뛸늻쫇ꆰ싓뛡ꆱ믲ꆰ냾쿷ꆱ뗄뛔쿳,튲늻쫇놾믽샛뗄풴좪ꆣ룃쫩뗄훘튪컄헂,돽쇋늨삭쓡뗈죋킴뗄ꆶ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뛠랢쿖뗄뺭볃ꆷ뫍ꆶퟷ캪훆뛈맽돌뗄뺭볃ꆷ췢,뮹폐떤쓡뛻ꆤ램쮹뢥뗂뗄ꆶ놻컳폃뗄뺭볃샭싛ꆪꆪꆪ풭쪼짧믡뗄짺믮ꆷꆢ췾뛻쯾ꆤ얦뛻뗄ꆶ샭싛짏폫샺쪷짏뗄쫐뎡ꆷꆣ얦뛻뫳살뮹킴쇋ꆶ짧믡훐뗄룷훖믵뇒ꆷ튻쫩,돉캪쪵쳥싛엉믵뇒럖컶뗄훘튪컄쿗ꆣ늨뛻ꆤ늩몺쓏쯤좻늻ퟔ죏캪쪵쳥싛엉,떫퓚쪵쳥싛엉퓧웚뗄랢햹훐좴뻓훘튪튻쾯ꆣ1955쓪,쯻랢뇭쇋튻욪첽쳖ꆰ쏱ퟥ뺭볃톧ꆱ(EthnoꆪEconomic)뗄훘튪싛컄ꆪꆪꆪꆶ쳡럲죋뗄붻뮻폫춶풭샭ꆷ,폃릲춬쳥쓚늿쳘폐뗄럻싫좥뷢뛁릲춬쳥,폫늨삭쓡웄폐톧쫵릲쪶;1963쓪,쯻폖폫쟇훎ꆤ뛠뛻뛙뫏ퟷ뇠킴쇋ꆶ럇훞뗄쫐뎡ꆷꆣ떫퓚늨삭쓡좥쫀뫳,쯻릥탄샭죋샠톧,뛸쯻뛔쳡럲죋램싉뗄뷏짮퇐뺿,튲쪹뗃죋쏇폐쪱냑쯻돆캪램싉죋샠톧헟ꆣퟷ캪늨삭쓡뗕뒫뗜ퟓ횮튻뫍쿖듺늨삭쓡톧엉쫗튪죋컯뗄쟇훎ꆤ뛠뛻뛙,퓚쪵쳥싛엉샭싛뗄랢햹훐,뿉캽릦늻뿉쎻ꆣ퓚60쓪듺돵웚,뺡맜쪵쳥싛엉뗄탋웰뻟폐룯쏼탔뗄틢틥,떫퓚폫탎쪽훷틥뗄싛햽훐,쯻쏇늢쎻폐뗃떽훚뛠뗄횧돖헟ꆣ뛠뛻뛙늻뷶틔ꆶ뺭볃톧샭싛폫풭쪼짧믡ꆷ(1961)ꆶꆢ뺭볃죋샠톧뗄샭싛헹뛋ꆷ(1969)ꆶꆢ뺭볃죋샠톧퇐뺿ꆷ(1971)뗈튻쾵쇐훸쫶믽벫횧돖뫍맣랺탻뒫쇋늨삭쓡뗄쮼쿫,쪹횮캪듳뛠쫽죋쯹뷓쫜,뛸쟒쯻뮹엠폽쇋튻듳엺쪵쳥싛엉뗄볌돐헟,ힳ듳쇋뺭볃죋샠톧쪵쳥싛엉뗄헳죝ꆣ죧ퟷ캪웤톧짺뗄샵놾짷튻색,퓚80쓪듺훐웚틔ꆰ샵놾쿖쿳ꆱ틽웰짧믡뗄잿쇒랴쿬,쪹쪵쳥싛엉뗄뺭볃죋샠톧럖컶랽램뗃떽맣랺뗄뒫능ꆣ춬쪱,뛠뛻뛙뮹볌돐쇋욤뛻톷뗄ꆰ뺭볃컞쪣폠ꆱ뗄맛뗣,횸돶퓚죋쏇쯹쪹폃뗄ꆰ냾쿷ꆱꆰꆢ횧엤ꆱ뫍ꆰ좨솦ꆱ뗈룅쓮훐,듸폐얨뫱뗄룐쟩즫닊믲볛횵에뛏ꆣ퓚ꆶ얩쏱쫇퓵퇹쫜냾쿷뗄ꆷ튻컄훐,쯻횸돶,퓚죋샠톧뫍샺쪷톧훐,튻킩죋퓚쪹폃ꆰ냾쿷ꆱ헢튻쫵폯뷸탐럖컶뗄쪱뫲,늻컊십뿋쮼ퟮ돵뗄ꆰ냾쿷ꆱ뚨틥쫇쪲쎴,뛸욬쏦뗘붫헢튻쫵폯훷튪맩뷡캪ꆰ늻뫏샭듽폶ꆱ믲ꆰ톹웈ꆱ뗈늻좷뚨탔뗄랶돫ꆣ컊쳢뗄쇭췢튻쏦뮹퓚폚:폐쪲쎴퇹뗄ퟷ캪믹놾볙뚨뗄ꆰ짺듦쳵볾ꆱ뫍ꆰ횱뷓뇘튪샍뚯ꆱ,뻍쓜릻볆쯣돶쪲쎴퇹뗄ꆰ쪣폠ꆱꆣ틲듋,뛠뛻뛙죏캪ꆰ늻뫏샭ꆱ믲ꆰ톹웈ꆱ뗈룅쓮늻쫴폚뿆톧뗄뿍맛랶돫,쯼쏇쫇퇐뺿54
헟냑ퟔ벺볛횵쳥쾵훐뗄ꆰ늻뫏샭ꆱ맛쓮,늻뫏샭뗘잿볓룸릲춬쳥뗄튻훖ꆰ췢늿탔ꆱ뗄맛쓮,쯼쏇늢늻듦퓚폚릲춬쳥돉풱뗄폮훦맛훐ꆣ퓚죎뫎짧믡훐,뚼뇘좻듦퓚ퟅ튻뚨뗄뷻볉폫잿훆ꆣ돶쿖퓚짧믡뇭닣짏뗄죋쏇횮볤뗄짧믡붻췹맘쾵,횻쫇퓚헢킩뷻볉폫잿훆뗄맦랶뫍췆뚯쿂,닅뗃틔탎돉뫍캬쾵,쯹캽뗄ꆰ뺭볃탐캪ꆱ떱좻튲늻샽췢ꆣ훁폚헢킩잿훆쫇럱캥랴릲춬쳥돉풱틢횾뗄컊쳢,늻쓜평뻖췢죋에뛏,횻쓜듓ꆰ쓚늿ꆱ톰쟳듰낸ꆣꋙ떱좻,헢훖싛쮵폐ퟅ훘듳뗄좱쿝폫뻖쿞ꆣ떫쫇,뛠뛻뛙뗄헢킩싛쮵늢늻퓚폚럱죏ꆰ늻뫏샭ꆱ뗄놩솦탔횧엤뫍톹웈뗄샺쪷듦퓚,뛸쫇횸돶,틔췹뗄쳖싛늢캴듓놾풭몭틥뗄뷇뛈뛔ꆰ냾쿷ꆱ폫ꆰ쪣폠ꆱ쳡돶튻룶뿆톧뗄샺쪷탔룅쓮ꆣ듓럖컶랽램짏뾴,룃싛쮵죔폐웤믽벫뗄틢틥ꆣ십킪뛻ꆤ죸쇖쮹쫇늨삭쓡뗄튻캻ퟮ쓪쟡뗄뗜ퟓꆣ퓚늨삭쓡뗄펰쿬쿂,쯻쿈뫳랢뇭쇋ꆶ풭쪼짧믡훐뗄헾훎좨솦폫뺭볃ꆷ(1960)ꆢꆶ싛풭쪼붻뮻뗄짧믡톧ꆷ(1965)ꆢꆶ쪯웷쪱듺뗄뺭볃톧ꆷ(1972)뗈훸쫶ꆣ쯻폖퓸튻뛈춶톧폚쇐캬ꆪ쮹쳘샍쮹쏅쿂,늩닉뷡릹훷틥랽램,뛸뫳폖ꆰ돉쇋뷸뮯훷틥뗄떱듺쇬탤ꆱꆣꋚ믲탭뿉냑웤쫓캪볌돐뫍랢햹늨삭쓡쮼쿫뗄쇭튻훖탎쪽,믲탭헽쫇쯻뗄샭싛랽램뗄뛠퇹탔뫍뾪럅탔,쪹웤돉캪쇋틔늨삭쓡쮼쿫캪웰뗣ꆢ폐뛀쳘럧룱뗄캰듳톧헟,늢쪹웤톧쫵뗄랢햹듓뺭볃죋샠톧삩햹떽컄뮯싛뇧뗄훘뗣짏ꆣ1976쓪,죸쇖쮹돶냦뗄ꆶ컄뮯폫쪵볹샭평ꆷ,뛔죋샠톧쇬폲틔벰컷랽짧믡뿆톧쮼뎱훐뗄릦샻훷틥뫍캨컯훷틥쳡돶듳떨뗄엺움ꆣ뛔죸쇖쮹살쮵,쫂컯(ퟔ좻뷧)폫맛쓮ꆢ볛횵맛뫍샻틦,뚼쫇컄뮯뗄붨릹컯ꆣ죙폾ꆢ첰삷ꆢ좨쫆ꆢ낮쟩ꆢ뿖뻥뗈뗈뗄탐캪뚯믺,늢럇잧욪튻싉,뛸쫇평쪮럖늻춬뗄컄뮯탎쪽살뷧뚨뫍퓙쿖뗄ꆣ틲듋,펦엗웺쮼쿫폫컯훊ꆢ캨탄싛폫캨컯싛뗈맅듺뛾풪싛,냑캨컯훷틥헟뗄뗘캻뗟떹맽살,늢쪹뛔컄뮯틢틥뗄첽쳖폅쿈폚뛔쪵볹샻틦뫍컯훊맘힢뗄첽쳖ꆣ헢훖컄뮯뗄싛뇧,횱뷓뛔컷랽쮼뎱훐뗄믺킵캨컯싛샭뷢쒣쪽뗄뗘캻뷸탐쳴햽ꆣ헢훖죏쪶싛뗄엺움뷒쪾쇋컒쏇퇛훐뗄ꆰퟔ좻컯ꆱ쪵볊짏쫇평튻훖ꆰ죋캪ꆱ뗄컄뮯싟벭쯹붨릹뗄,컒쏇짧믡훐뗄늻춬컄뮯뻖늿(얩튵ꆢ탔뇰ꆢ엫맦퓲)쫇평컄뮯쾵춳뗄랽쪽쿠뮥솪쾵웰살뗄ꆣ틲듋,듓ퟔ좻뗄샻폃훐믱뗃뗄싺ퟣ,틔벰죋쏇횮볤ퟔ컒샻틦뗄맘쾵,뚼쫇춨맽쿳헷럻뫅쾵춳뛸놻붨릹웰살뗄,쿳헷럻뫅쾵춳뻟폐쯼쏇ퟔ벺뗄싟벭믲쓚퓚뷡릹ꆣ뛔폚죋샠뛸퇔,늢늻듦퓚캴뺭맽컄뮯붨릹뗄뒿듢ퟔ좻놾훊ꆢ뒿듢탨튪ꆢ뒿듢샻틦믲뒿듢컯훊솦솿뗈뗈ꆣ헢늢늻쫇쮵죋샠늻쫜짺첬톧믲짺컯톧짏뗄훆풼,뛸쫇쮵컄뮯뒫듯죋샠뛔ퟔ좻뗄쯹폐죏횪ꆣ뛔컄뮯뒫뗝뗄샭뷢,뇈뛔ퟔ좻룸죋뗄훆풼뗄샭뷢튪풶캪훘튪,틲캪컄뮯쫇뷢쫍죋샠쫂볾뗄맘볼ꆣ헢튻럖컶뗄쏷쿔좱몶퓚폚,쯼캴쓜붫컄뮯럖컶폫샺쪷뇤잨(헢쫇십뿋쮼훷틥캨컯싛뗄튻룶뎤뒦)뫍헾훎돥춻(컄뮯듺싫뇏뺹믡돉캪짧믡좺쳥횮볤뚷헹뗄폐틢믲컞틢뗄뷡맻뫍쏦쒿)솪쾵웰살ꆣ춬쪱,죸쇖쮹잿뗷쇋컷랽쮼쿫뗄듭컳랶돫벰웤폫쫀뷧뗘쟸뗄뻸뛔닮틬컊쳢ꆣ퓚쪵쳥싛엉뛓컩훐,볈폐뺭쯪샺쓪뗘폫늨삭쓡뫏ퟷ뗄튻엺샺쪷톧볒ꆢ죋샠톧볒뫍뺭볃톧볒ꆪꆪꆪ쯻쏇뗄돉맻틔ꆶ퓧웚뗛맺뗄쎳틗폫쫐뎡ꆷ캪듺뇭,뛔맅듺뚫랽,16쫀볍뗄싪퇅짧믡뫍낢첨뿋짧믡,18쫀볍뗄펡뛈ꆢ듯뫉쏀췵맺틔벰19쫀볍쒩웚십룱샯늼뗄냘냘뛻늿실훐뗄룷훖늻춬뗄쎳틗폫믵뇒뗄맅샏믲틬맺뗄탎쪽뷸탐뺭볃훆뛈샺쪷첽쯷,늢퓚늨삭쓡쯹쳡돶뗄믹놾룅쓮믹뒡짏믱뗃쇋돵늽뗄돉맻ꆪꆪꆪ튲폐떱늨삭쓡퓚룧싗뇈퇇듳톧뷌쫩쪱쫜웤펰쿬뗄튻킩탂뷸뮯싛헟,죧훸폐ꆶ풭쪼짧믡ퟩ횯ꆷ(1962)ꆶꆢ컄뮯뷸뮯싛:쪵볹훐뗄샭싛ꆷ(1972)뗄낣뛻싼ꆤ죻캬쮹,훸폐ꆶ삭뚡쏀훞뗄얩쏱샠탍돵첽ꆷ(1955)ꆶꆢ얷훞뫍컞샺쪷뗄죋쏇ꆷ(1982)뗄낣샯뿋ꆤ컖뛻럲,훸폐ꋙꋚꆡ닎볻[죕]샵놾짷튻색훸ꆢ췵쏻뗈틫ꆶ:뺭볃죋샠톧ꆷ,뗚60ꆪ61ꆢ29튳ꆣ55
ꆶ헾훎짧믡뗄퇝뷸ꆷ(1967)뗄쒪뛙ꆤ뢥샯뗂틔벰십킪뛻ꆤ죸쇖쮹뗈죋ꆣ쯻쏇냑늨삭쓡쯹쏨쫶뫍럖샠뗄ꆰ헻뫏탎쪽ꆱ뗄듦퓚믲좱쪧컊쳢,삩햹캪뛔헢킩탎쪽뗄횧엤믲듓쫴맘쾵뗄닻쫍,틲뛸냑헢킩탎쪽뗄쳘뚨닣듎,뷢쫍캪죋샠뺭볃뫍짧믡ퟩ횯뗄퇝뷸쯹듯떽뗄튻룶뷗뛎탔뷡맻ꆣ쪵쳥싛엉뛓컩뗄헢훖엓듳헳죝,믲탭퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏랴펳쇋늨삭쓡톧쮵뗄룐좾솦ꆣ죽ꆢ쪵쳥싛엉뗄훷튪샭싛랶돫쪵쳥싛엉퓚뾪뇙듓놾풭틢틥짏뷸탐뺭볃뇈뷏퇐뺿뗄쫓폲훐,캧죆ퟅ뛔릲춬쳥뷸탐헻쳥뷢뛁뗄뫋탄,횱뷓쳴햽폚틔췹뗄샺쪷뷢쫍쒣쪽,탎돉쇋튻쳗뛀쳘뗄럖컶릤뻟믲룅쓮랶돫ꆣ쫗쿈,뮥믝ꆢ퓙럖엤ꆢ쫐뎡붻뮻죽룶룅쓮쫇웤뷢컶릲춬쳥ퟮ믹놾뗄랶돫ꆰ:뮥믝뇭쪾퓚뛔돆좺쳥맘솪뗣횮볤뗄퓋뚯;퓙럖엤뇪쪶솲벯폚튻룶훐탄뛸퓙듎럖랢뗄퓋뚯;붻뮻퓚듋퓲틢횸퓚짺닺쳥쾵쿂폚ꆮ죋쫖ꆯ횮볤쯹랢짺뗄랴쿲퓋뚯ꆱꆣꋙ춨맽헢튻랶돫,폃틔뷒쪾릲춬쳥돉풱퓚쓚늿뺭볃훐뗄죽훖샠탍뗄솪듸랽쪽ꆣ헢튻샭싛죏캪,퓚샍뚯폫풴ꆢ짺닺뫍쿻럑뗄솬뷓훐,맘볼탔뗄틲쯘쫇붻뮻쳥훆ꆣ틲듋,쯼쏇ퟷ캪ꆰ짧믡헻뫏쒣쪽ꆱ쫇ꆰ짧믡쾵춳뗄훘튪횧훹ꆱꆣꋚ쯹캽ꆰ뮥믝ꆱ,쫇튻훖뺭볃붻뮻뗄탎쪽ꆣ헢훖룶쳥뮯뗄붻뮻랢짺폚틔톪풵뫍믯냩맘쾵뷡돉뗄릲춬쳥훐,늢ퟷ폃폚헢훖얦듸뗄퓶잿ꆣ쯼뛠뇭쿖캪튻훖틥컱탔ꆰ퓹폫ꆱ맘쾵ꆣ헢훖ꆰ퓹폫ꆱ볈폐뺭볃볛횵뫍틢틥,폖쫇폫쫜쮫랽맘쾵뗄쿳헷,틲듋ꆰ,뮥믝탔ꆱ늻튻뚨쫇ꆰ뗈볛탔ꆱ,붻뮻뛔쿳뿉쓜횻폐쿳헷탔볛횵ꆣ쯤좻쯼뗄훷튪믹뗷쫇쳥쿖뗘캻뗄뛔뗈탔,떫퓚틑뻟폐늻욽뗈맘쾵뗄죋횮볤,튲뇭쿖돶퓹폫좱랦뛔뗈탔뗄쿖쿳ꆣ룼캪훘튪뗄쫇,쯼늢늻쿞폚컯훊폫럾컱뗄쳡릩,뛸쫇튻훖맣틥뗄뮥훺맘쾵ꆣ쯼뿉맣랺듦퓚폚뺭볃붻틗ꆢ헾훎좨뫢뫍믩틶맘쾵훐ꆣ죧퓚탭뛠쏱ퟥ짧믡훐,튻쏅쟗쫂뻍뿉쓜냑폐틶쟗맘쾵뗄볒춥뻭죫떽틻퇧뫍퓹샱뗄톭뮷좦쓚뫃벸쓪ꆣ헢훖퓹샱맘쾵뷡릹뫍믩틶붻뮻뷡릹뗄컇뫏,뻍퓚폚릫뾪뛔틶쟗얦듸뗄잿뗷뫍믩틶솪쏋뗄퓶잿ꆣ듓ꆰ컯훊ꆱ믲ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뗄뷇뛈짏뾴,쯼좱랦뺫좷탔,웤ퟷ폃뗄훷튪쟣쿲튲늻퓚폚듙뷸짺닺뫍붻췹맘쾵뗄삩햹,뛸쫇럢뇕탔뗘만ퟅ폚쪵듦뗄붻췹맘쾵뫍뷡릹ꆣꆰ퓙럖엤ꆱ횸뗄쫇튻훖ꆰ횧뢶ꆱ폫ꆰ략뮹ꆱ뗄솬쯸쾵춳,벴릲춬쳥돉풱쿲쒳룶헾훎탔믲ퟚ뷌탔뗄좨솦훐탄뷸탐닆컯폫럾컱뗄틥컱횧뢶(쮰쫕ꆢ릱ퟢ뗈뗈),좻뫳평헢룶좨솦훐탄틀웤쒳훖쒿뇪훘탂럖엤룸릲춬쳥돉풱ꆣ헢훖벯훐뮯뗄붻뮻쒣쪽햹쿖쇋짧믡럖닣뗄믹놾쳘헷ꆣ쯼퓚럇쫐뎡뺭볃뗄짧믡훐쫇튻훖벫웤웕뇩뗄듦퓚,폐죧맅듺쏀훞뗄펡볓뗛맺뫍컷럇듯뫉쏀췵맺뗄ꆰ맺볒샱틇ꆱ뫍ꆰ릱ퟢ듳변ꆱ뗈뗈ꆣ헢훖퓙럖엤튲뎣뎣쫇튻룶짧믡훐ퟮ믹놾뗄쾵춳,헢퓚훐퇫벯좨뗄짧믡훐뇭쿖폈캪춻돶ꆣ벴뇣퓚쿖듺짧믡훐,퓙럖엤쒣쪽튲퓚늻춬뗄뺭볃쳥쾵훐랢믓ퟅ늻춬뗄ퟷ폃:믲헟ퟷ캪뛔쫐뎡뺭볃뗄튻훖탞헽,돉캪쪵쪩쯹캽ꆰ뢣샻뺭볃ꆱ뗄튻룶훘튪릤뻟;믲헟럾컱폚쒳룶좨솦훐탄쳘뚨뗄헾닟쒿뇪,돉캪쿷죵믲럶돖쒳튻짧믡뷗닣믲뺭볃벯췅뗄폐킧쫖뛎ꆣ떫퓚ퟜ쳥짏,헢훖쒣쪽뻟폐톹훆뺭볃뗄뛠퇹탔폫쇩믮탔ꆢ헻만뺭볃캪쳺냥튻뿩뗄쓚퓚쟣쿲ꆣꆰ쫐뎡붻뮻ꆱ쫇쿖듺뺭볃뗄믹놾쳘헷ꆣ쯼쫇평횱뷓붻뮻떽볤뷓붻뮻뗄튻훖탎쪽뇤뮻,튲쫇틔볛룱릹붨웰뗄튻룶ퟔ컒뗷뷚쾵춳ꆣ룹뻝십뿋쮼뗄럖컶,쫐뎡붻뮻쫇쪹쮽죋샍뚯믲룶뇰샍뚯믱뗃짧믡돐죏,쪵쿖웤쓚몬뗄짧믡샍뚯탔훊뗄믹놾춾뺶ꆣ듓뛸,쯼냑뻟폐늻춬뺭볃릱쿗뗄뗘ꋙ,TradeandMarketintheEarlyEmpires,Glencoe:TheFreePress,.ꋚ[죕]샵놾짷튻색훸ꆢ췵쏻뗈틫ꆶ:뺭볃죋샠톧ꆷ,뗚49튳ꆣ56
쟸ꆢ뷸탐늻춬튵짺닺뗄죋쏇솪뷡캪튻룶춳튻헻쳥,뾿볛룱ꆰ,뎬풽튻쟐ퟚ뷌ꆢ헾훎ꆢ쏱ퟥ뫍폯퇔뗄쿞훆ꆱ,쪹짌욷쯹폐헟뗄탐캪ꆰ랢햹캪뛔쪵볹샭탔뗄탅퇶,뛸폫ퟨ낭죋샠컯훊뇤뮻뗄뒫춳뗄ퟚ뷌ꆢ쏱ퟥ뗈뗈돉볻쿠뛔솢ꆱꆣꋙ떫쫇,퓚럇쫐뎡짧믡뗄릲춬쳥쓚늿뗄쫐뎡짏,춨뎣늻듦퓚볛룱뗄탎돉믺훆,훁짙퓚릲춬쳥쓚늿늻듦퓚틔볛룱뇤뚯캪잰쳡뗄짌튵믮뚯ꆣ틲듋,퓚헢킩릲춬쳥훐,틔쫐뎡캪컨첨뛸랢짺뗄닆컯뗄훃뮻,ퟮ훕횻쫇춨맽웤쯻솽훖쒣쪽(뮥믝ꆢ퓙럖엤)벰웤ퟩ뫏살쪵쿖뗄;뛸틔볛룱캪믹뗣뗄짌튵믮뚯쟖죫떽릲춬쳥쓚늿쪱,붫퓚튻뚨틢틥짏틢캶ퟅ릲춬쳥ꆰ쓚늿뻹훊탔ꆱ뗄뇀삣ꆣ헢훖쳘쫢뗄샺쪷믺컞싛뛔뺭볃쪷뮹쫇뛔뺭볃죋샠톧살쮵,뚼쫇튻룶맘볼탔뗄훘튪뿎쳢ꆣ짏쫶짧믡헻뫏뗄죽훖쒣쪽샭싛,뻍헢퇹캪컒쏇쳡릩쇋튻훖탂뗄럖컶릤뻟,듲뾪쇋냑컕릲춬쳥ꆰ쓚늿탔ꆱ벰웤쪵훊뗄튻룶탂쫓폲:헢킩짧믡헻뫏쒣쪽,뻶뚨쇋튻룶릲춬쳥퓚웤짧믡뇟뷧뫍뗘샭뇟뷧틔쓚뗄쯹폐짧믡탐캪뗄뚫컷,돉캪컒쏇뷒쪾릲춬쳥놾훊뗄샭싛믹뒡뫍쟸럖릲춬쳥ꆰ쓚늿ꆱ뫍ꆰ췢늿ꆱ뗄믹놾뇪ힼ,늢듓헢훖탔훊훐닺짺돶헦헽틢틥짏뗄뇈뷏뫍쯹캽ꆰ뗘폲ꆱ뗄좷뚨ꆣ떫쫇,헢튻퇐뺿뗄뻖쿞튲평듋뛸쿔쿖ꆣ뺡맜헢늻뇡뗍웤럖컶뗄볛횵ꆪꆪꆪ훁짙헢튲듺뇭ퟅ튻룶뇘튪뗄뷗뛎ꆪꆪꆪ떫쯼쎻폐솦쟳쮵쏷,쳘쫢짧믡뷡릹퓚짧믡뻶뚨훐뗄듦퓚,튲쎻폐ퟅ쫖뷒쪾컯훊쫖뛎뗄짺닺맽돌캪쪲쎴ꆰ쇴ꆱ폚헢킩쟗쫴맘쾵훐뗄풭틲ꆣ헢튻샭싛냑ퟔ짭쿞뚨퓚헢훖ꆰ잶뫏ꆱ뛔뺭볃뷡릹뗄쳘쫢킧펦뗄첽쯷훐,뛸헢훖킧펦퓚듋볈듦퓚폚룶쳥폫짧믡좺쳥횮볤뗄뮥믝믺훆훐,튲듦퓚폚뮥믝틲쯘뛔쯹폐웤쯻틲쯘뗄횧엤훐ꆣ뿉틔뾴떽,뮥믝믺훆뗄듦퓚늻뷶뷶폫쟗쫴좺쳥뛔돆쾵춳뗄듦퓚쿠솪,뛸쟒룼캪웕뇩뗘폫ꆰ뛔돆뗈벶뗄짧믡좺쳥ꆱ뗄듦퓚쿠솪;쯼뿉쓜뻟폐ퟚ뷌ꆢ뻼쫂믲헾훎탔훊,튲뿉쓜믡믲늻믡릹붨ퟔ풸뗄뫏ퟷ,뗈뗈ꆣ평폚뺭볃맽돌ퟜ쫇죚뫏퓚ꆰ뛔돆뗈벶ꆱ뗄짧믡맘쾵훐,뮥믝틲쯘컞싛쫇쪲쎴,ퟷ캪뷡릹뗗닣뗄횧엤틲쯘,뚼뿉쓜횧엤짧믡뗄ퟩ횯ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦,룃샭싛볡돖훷헅:튻훖틲쯘뗄횧엤탔늢늻틢캶웤쯻틲쯘뗄좱쪧믲업뻜ꆣ죧퓚뮥믝횧엤뗄쓇킩짧믡훐,튲듦퓚ퟅ퓙럖엤뫍붻뮻뗄믺훆,쿔좻쯼쏇늢캴ꆰ튻쳥뮯ꆱ캪뺭볃맽돌뗄헻쳥,떫죔좻듓쫴폚횧엤헻쳥뗄틲쯘,늢떱웤퓚튻뚨뗄짧믡ퟩ횯닣쏦뫍좷뚨뗄믮뚯훐랢믓믹놾ퟷ폃쪱뛸폫횮뷓뫏ꆣ떱뮥믝믺훆퓚튻룶평쟗쫴맘쾵럖룮쯹횧엤뗄짧믡훐뻟톹떹횮쫆쪱,퓙럖엤믺훆뿉쓜퓚뻟쳥뗄쟗쫴좺쳥훐춬퇹웰횧엤ퟷ폃,뛸짌욷붻뮻퓲뗷뷚ퟅ헢킩좺쳥폫쿠쇚짧믡뗄늿럖맘쾵ꆣ랴횮ꆰ,퓙럖엤틲탭뛠늻춬뗄풭틲뛸듦퓚쯹폐뗄컄쏷뷗뛎ꆱ:퓚ꆰ퓙럖엤탎쪽ꆱ뗄맅듺뗛맺훐,훮죧맅듺낣벰뫍쏘슳,퓙럖엤뗄틲쯘뫍믺훆헻뫏쇋헻룶뗄뺭볃,늢퓚뗘랽좺쳥쓚늿,짵훁뿉쓜퓚ꆰ샱컯뫍샱컯붻뮻ꆱ뗄탎쪽훐랢믓횧엤탔ퟷ폃,뗷뷚ꆰ폫췢늿뗄붻틗ꆱ;퓚튻뚨뗄쿖듺릤튵뮯맺볒,잰쯕솪쫇튻룶벫뛋뗄쪵샽ꆪꆪꆪ짌욷붻뮻횻폐듎튪뗄ퟷ폃,뛸퓙럖엤퓙듎돐떣쇋ퟮ훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ쿔뛸틗볻,퓚짧믡횮볤듦퓚ퟅ폫짌욷붻뮻쿠냩쯦뗄웤쯻ꆰ붻틗ꆱ탎쪽ꆣ헢훖붻틗늻춨맽ꆰ쫐뎡ꆱ뛸쫇춨맽튻룶붻틗뗣ꆣ쯼쟣쿲폚돉캪튻훖ꆰ맺볒쫂컱ꆱ,쫇평맺볒ꆰ뻶뚨뗄붻틗ꆱꆣ헢퇹ꆰ,퓙럖엤평폚탭뛠풭틲,퓚쯹폐컄쏷닣듎짏랢짺,듓풭쪼뗄쇔늿실떽맅듺낣벰ꆢ쯕쏀뛻죋ꆢ냍뇈싗죋믲쏘슳ꆭꆭ;퓙럖엤튲뿉쓜폃폚킡폚짧믡뗄좺쳥,ꆭꆭퟮ뫃뗄쪵샽뻍쫇훐럇뗄듥실(kraal),폌첫죋뗄ퟥ뎤훆볒춥뺭볃,퇇샯쮹뛠뗂쪱듺뗄쾣산훖횲풰,싞십뗄볒춥,훐쫀볍뗄닉틘믲쫇쿈폚튻냣마컯쫐뎡뗄뗤탍뗄듳탍얩쏱볒춥뺭볃ꆱꆣꋚ늻쓑뾴돶ꆰ,퓙럖엤ꆱ룅쓮퓚듋쏨쫶쇋쯹폐늻쿠샠쯆뗄짺닺랽쪽뫍샺쪷쪵듦쿔뛸틗볻뗄웕뇩쳘뗣ꆣꋙ십뿋쮼ꆶ:헾훎뺭볃톧엺에ꆷꆶ,십뿋쮼뛷룱쮹좫벯ꆷ뗚13뻭,뗚142튳ꆣꋚ,TradeandMarketintheEarlyEmpires,Glencoe:TheFreePress,
뿉볻,쫐뎡ꆢ퓙럖엤뫍뮥믝늢럇쫇뮥쿠업돢뗄랶돫,뛸췹췹늢듦폚춬튻쏱ퟥ뺭볃쳥훐ꆣ춬쪱,퓚럇쫐뎡뺭볃뗄짧믡훐,쯼쏇폖뫍샱틇ꆢퟚ뷌탐캪뗈짧믡짺믮뗄룷훖튪쯘쏜늻뿉럖뗘잶뫏퓚튻웰ꆣ틲듋,헢죽훖짧믡붻뮻쒣쪽뻶럇쫇튻ퟩ쿞폚뺭볃쇬폲뗄랶돫,뛸쫇퓚릲춬쳥쓚늿킭뗷죋쏇짧믡붻췹랽쪽ꆢ컈만짧믡뷡릹뗄짧믡헻뫏쒣쪽ꆣ떱컒쏇ퟅ퇛폚ꆰ캪쪲쎴뷸탐퓹폫믲붻뮻ꆱ뫍ꆰ좨솦훐탄폫쏱훚횮볤뗄헻뫏탔퓙럖엤뫎틔쮳샻쪵쿖ꆱ헢튻샠컊쳢쪱,쫇컞램뷶욾쯹캽ꆰ뺭볃뫏샭탔ꆱ뛸뗃틔뷢쫍뗄,죧놱쏀펡뗚낲죋뗄늨쳘삭돠떽쇋룟뎱뷗뛎쪱,뻍췹췹믡돶쿖뛔닆컯뗄믙뮵,짵훁랢햹캪튻훖햽헹ꆣ듓헢킩붻뮻쒣쪽퓚솪뷡좫늿뺭볃뗄ퟷ폃뇭쿖훐,뿉틔좷뚨튻룶쳘뚨릲춬쳥뗄붻췹랽쪽,좷뚨헢킩짧믡탐캪쯹늨벰뗄뗘폲냫뺶뫍닎폫헟뗄랶캧ꆣ뻝듋뿉틔뾴떽ꆰ,헻뫏탎쪽늢늻듺뇭랢햹ꆮ뷗뛎ꆯꆣ쪱볤늢늻몬횸쮳탲ꆣ뛠훖듓쫴탎쪽뿉폫훷떼탎쪽늢듦,웤ퟔ짭뿉뺭춬쪱듺뗄헚뇎뫳뛸뢴짺ꆱꆣꋙ늨삭쓡쯹쏨쫶뫍럖샠뗄ꆰ헻뫏탎쪽ꆱ뷶뷶본뇰쇋뻟쳥샺쪷쪵듦ꆰ탎쪽뗄튻냣쳘헷ꆱ,뛸쯼쏇퓚쫂쪵짏쫇죧듋늻춬,틔훁냑웤듦퓚믲좱쪧닻쫍캪ꆰ랢햹뷗뛎ꆱ튻냣쮳탲뗄뇘좻뷡맻,헢쫇믄쏽뗄ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꆰ,헻뫏탎쪽ꆱ헢튻쫵폯튪뒦샭솽훖폐쟸뇰뗄쿖쪵뗄붻횯,벴짧믡맘쾵뗄짺닺뫍닺욷짺닺맽돌쇷춨뗄짧믡탎쪽ꆣ쿖쪵뗄헢솽룶랽쏦늢늻뒦폚춬튻닣듎ꆣ퓚쎿튻룶뺭볃쾵춳훐,볦죝폫듓쫴뗄맘쾵듦퓚폚짺닺맘쾵뫍컯훊닺욷쇷춨뗄탎쪽횮볤ꆣ짺닺맘쾵뻶뚨ퟅ듦퓚폚룷룶뺭볃탎첬훐뗄짧믡닺욷룷ퟔ쇷춨뗄쫽솿ꆢ탎쪽벰웤훘튪탔ꆣ헢튻샭싛돐죏,쫐뎡뗄랢햹쒣쪽벰웤틢틥,늻뿉쓜쿠춬폚얫솥훆뗄ꆢꆰ퇇쾸퇇ꆱ럢붨훆뗄믲놾훷틥훆뗄탎쪽;쯼쯹뻸뛔늻쓜뷓쫜뗄,쫇ퟔ평뺭볃톧볒뗄쎤뗣뫍쏱ퟥ훐탄뗄헛훔훷틥,벰냑헢퇹뗄싛뗣퓋폃폚쯹폐쾵춳,뛸늻쫇ꆰ튻냣뮯쫐뎡ꆱ쾵춳뗄믄쏽짹틴ꆣ쯤좻쪵쳥싛엉쳡돶쇋샺쪷짏늻춬뺭볃쾵춳뗄죽룶헻뫏틲쯘쫇ꆰ맦랶뮯틲쯘ꆱ,떫헢킩룅쓮횻폃폚쏨쫶뢽쫴폚쓇킩뷶퓚탎쪽짏쿠뮥샠쯆뗄쯹폐뗄늻춬뺭볃쾵춳뗄믺훆ꆣ폚쫇,뛔헢죽훖틲쯘뗄쟥돾돂쫶,늢뛏퇔쯼쏇죎뫎쪱뫲뚼믡폫놻뷒쪾뗄짧믡ퟩ횯뗄뛔돆탎쪽믲뗈벶탎쪽쿠폶,횻쫇튻훖맘폚튻뚨짧믡맘쾵뗄탎쪽랽쏦뗄룅쓮돂쫶ꆣ룃샭싛뗄뻞듳돉뻍ꆪꆪꆪ춬퇹튲폐좱쿝ꆪꆪꆪ쫇퓚뷴쏜쿠맘뗄뺭퇩싛훷쳥훐ퟷ돶쇋쏷좷쟥컺뗄헻샭,돂쫶쇋샺쪷톧볒뫍죋샠톧볒벫웤맣랺쪹폃뗄룅쓮ꆣ떫웤뷸튻늽뗄싛뛏,늢캴쓜뎬돶뛔뺭볃퓚늻춬짧믡훐캻틆뗄쏨쫶,짵훁캴쓜헦헽뷢뻶쯼펰쿬짧믡퓋ퟷ뫍퇝뷸,틔벰쯼퓚샺쪷훐뗄ퟷ폃뗄샭싛컊쳢ꆣ웤듎,헫뛔죧뫎뷢쫍릲춬쳥뺭볃폫ꆰ췢늿ꆱ뗄맘쾵컊쳢,쪵쳥싛엉뗄ꆰ쎳틗룛ꆱ샭싛쳡돶쇋튻룶짮뿌뗄웴쪾:퇐뺿죋샠붻뮻탐캪뗄샺쪷,뇘탫퇏룱쟸럖릲춬쳥뗄쓚늿폫췢늿ꆣ쪵쳥싛엉뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷,퓚뛔췢쎳틗훐듦퓚ퟅ튻훖쳘쫢뗄놻훆뛈뮯뗄쫐뎡,쯼쫇내헕튻킩폫쇚뷼뗘쟸뷘좻늻춬뗄ퟔ폐뗄맦퓲뛸퓋탐뗄ꆣ릲춬쳥뗄죎뫎튻룶잿폐솦뗄좨솦훐탄,ퟜ튪벫솦놣뮤붻틗뎡쯹(쎳틗룛)뗄훐솢탔,폐쪱짵훁뮹튪놣뮤뒦폚붻햽ힴ첬뗄틬ퟥ짌죋뗄죋짭뫍닆닺낲좫ꆣ헢퇹,릲춬쳥뗄뛔췢쎳틗ퟜ쫇퓚튻룶쳘뚨뗄ꆢ놻훆뛈뮯쇋뗄ꆰ쫐뎡ꆱ(쎳틗룛)훐햹뾪;죋쏇쯹ퟱ쫘뗄,쫇뛔쎿튻룶붻틗닎폫헟뚼횻쓜쫇ꆰ췢늿탔ꆱ뗄짌튵맟샽;죋쏇쯹쪹폃뗄,쫇뷶쿞폚퓚췢늿탔훐닅놻돐죏뗄붻뮻쫖뛎ꆢ볆쯣쫖뛎믲볛횵돟뛈,벴췢늿(뛔췢)믵뇒ꆣ퓚튻룶릲춬쳥쓚늿돤떱튻냣붻뮻쫖뛎뗄믵뇒,뛔붻틗뗄뛔랽릲춬쳥살쮵쫇뫁컞틢틥뗄ꆣ뷡싛쫇:튻쟐췢늿탔뗄뚫컷,뚼늻쓜컞쳵볾뗘쟖죫릲춬쳥쓚늿;뛔ꆰ췢늿탔ꆱ뫍쿠펦뗄솽룶ꆰ쓚늿탔ꆱ(닎폫붻틗뗄쮫랽릲춬쳥)뗄뾼달,쫇짳쫓릲춬쳥횮볤뺭볃맘쾵뗄믹놾잰쳡ꆣퟮ뫳,쪵쳥싛엉뮹퓚ꆰ쪣폠ꆱ룅쓮뗈컊쳢뗄럖컶훐,잿뗷쇋늻춬뗄뺭볃싗샭뛔죋쏇뺭볃탐캪ꋙ,TradeandMarketintheEarlyEmpires,Glencoe:TheFreePress,
뗄맦랶ꆣ쯼틽떼죋쏇좥짮뺿늻춬릲춬쳥훐폐맘ꆰ횧엤ꆱꆢꆰ좨솦ꆱ틔벰ꆰ횧엤뗄뗀뗂ꆱ뗈맛쓮뗄몭틥,췆뚯쇋죋쏇뛔듦퓚폚릲춬쳥짮닣쾵춳훐뗄쿳헷럻뫅쳥쾵뗄퇐뺿ꆣ쯼잿뗷쇋늨삭쓡맘폚뺭볃쫇튻훖놻훆뛈뮯뗄(쿠뮥ퟷ폃뗄)맽돌뗄맛뗣,훆뛈뗄쪵쳥몭틥,횻쓜듓쯼쏇솬뷡죋폫웤훜캧뮷뺳뗄쿠뮥ퟷ폃뗄맽돌훐뗃떽뷢쫍ꆣ펦룃쮵,뺭볃죋샠톧쪵쳥싛엉뗄닺짺,뻍쫇뾴떽쇋컞싛뺭볃톧뮹쫇컄뮯죋샠톧뚼듦퓚ퟅ퇏훘뗄좱쿝,쯼뾴떽뺭볃쯹뻟폐뗄컯훊뗄ꆢ쫽솿뗄쫴탔,늢늻쫇뺭볃뗄풭틲,뛸쫇쯼뗄뷡맻ꆣ죋쏇퓚첽톰훐뾴떽,컞싛뺭볃훆뛈뮹쫇웤쯻짧믡뷻볉,뚼쫇튻훖짧믡탔맦랶ꆣ쾰짐ꆢ뒫돐ꆢ짱뮰ꆢퟚ뷌ꆢ샱틇틔벰훖훖뗄훆뛈탔듦퓚,뚼뻟폐튻뚨뗄뺭볃릦쓜ꆣ퓚럇쫐뎡뗄짧믡훐,뺭볃훆뛈쫇ퟷ캪튻훖룹놾컞램샫컶뗄뚫컷잶뫏퓚ퟚ뷌ꆢ샱틇ꆢ짱뮰뗈튻쟐짧믡탐캪믲쾵춳횮훐뗄,떫헢킩훆뛈,웰돵늢늻쫇틔웤ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ짏뗄릦쓜캪쒿뗄뛸듦퓚뗄,쯼쏇퓚컯샭틢틥짏뛔릲춬쳥짺듦뗄캬돖,횻쫇웤럇쒿뗄탔뗄뷡맻ꆣ폐뗄짧믡맦랶뻟폐맡뒩헻룶샺쪷뗄웕뇩탔,폫듋쿠랴,펵폐뷼듺ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ훆뛈뗄쫐뎡뺭볃,벴뷼듺짧믡뗄헢튻맦랶놾짭좴쫇럇웕뇩탔뗄ꆣ캪쪲쎴퓚룷훖뷻볉믲맦랶뗄ꆰ믯냩ꆱ훐볤,횻폐믵뇒폫붻뮻튻횱퇜짺떽뷼듺늢뇭쿖캪죧듋랢듯뗄탎쪽?ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ믲헟쿁틥뗄ꆰ붻뮻ꆱ폫ꆰ믵뇒ꆱ,뺿뺹캪쪲쎴믡돉캪죋샠컄뮯뗄훡탄?헢쫇튻룶뻟폐짮풶틢틥뗄컊쳢ꆣ떫죧맻횻쫇퓚뇭쏦짏럖컶헢킩뻟폐쿳헷몭틥뗄컯,뻍횻쓜탎돉튻룶잳놡뗄톧뿆,퓚듋믹뒡짏벴뇣풮폃뒫춳뗄뺭볃샭싛,튲컞램좡뗃쪵훊짏뗄뷸늽ꆣ평폚듓짧믡맘쾵뗄뇭닣뺭캳훐컞램횱뷓뷢뛁짺닺맘쾵뗄헦헽놾훊,틲뛸뺭볃죋샠톧붨솢뗄헦헽놾훊,쫇뛔죋쏇톧쫵쫓튰뗄튻룶탂뾪췘,쫇뛔탂뗄샭싛릤뻟뫍랽램뗄뿊쟳ꆣ헽쫇헢훖탂뗄탔훊뫍쳘헷,쪹뺭볃죋샠톧돉캪샭뷢짧믡폫컄뮯죋샠톧뗄튻룶훷튪쫠얦,돉캪쿖듺죋샠톧뗄뫋탄쇬폲늢뿉쫓캪헻룶죋샠톧뗄ꆰ풭싛ꆱꆣ헢쪵볊짏뇭쏷,죋샠톧톧헟틑늻쓜냑퇐뺿쫓튰뷧뚨퓚내ꆰ풭ퟓ싛ꆱ쪽뗄럖샠쯹룸돶뗄쿁햭랶캧쓚ꆣ쯼쳡쪾죋쏇맘힢룷훖짧믡에뛏뫍죏쪶놳뫳뗄컄뮯믺훆,캪죋샠듓헻쳥짏냑컕짧믡,쪵쿖뛔ퟔ짭뺳뿶뗄샭뷢뫍햹췻,듓컄뮯뗄헻쳥탔짏,뾪뇙쇋튻룶퓚놾풭틢틥짏뷸탐ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뇈뷏뗄쫓튰늢뷢컶ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뗄뷡릹ꆣ뺭볃죋샠톧캪횮얬솦뗄,쪵훊짏쫇튪붨솢튻룶맘폚짺닺랽쪽뗄샭싛ꆣퟷ캪뛔헻쳥탔컄뮯뷸탐뷢뛁뗄릤뻟,쯼늢늻쫇냑퇐뺿뗄뛔쿳튻뾪쪼뻍뷧뚨퓚튻룶폐쿞뗄ꆢ돤싺쒿뗄탔뗄샭싛뿲볜훐,뛸쫇듓뷒쪾뺭볃믮뚯뫍룷훖훆뛈뗄놾풭돶랢,퓚퇐뺿뗄뷸돌훐뺡뿉쓜뗘붫쫓튰췘햹떽늻춬뗄쇬폲ꆣ헢튻톧뿆늻뷶냑웤퇐뺿뗄랶캧듓풭쪼짧믡삩벰떽쇋헻룶죋샠퓚룷룶늻춬쪱웚웕뇩뗄짧믡뺭볃믮뚯,뛸쟒쯼냑뺭볃훃폚튻룶벫캪맣삫뛸짮풶뗄쫓튰;뛸뷸탐맛달쯹쳡돶뗄컊쳢,쪵훊짏틑쿲헻룶짧믡뿆톧쳡돶쇋쳴햽ꆣ죋쏇볈늻쓜냑뺭볃죋샠톧쫓캪듓쫴폚컄뮯죋샠톧뗄쒳훖뻟쳥퇐뺿ꆪꆪꆪ쯼튪쪹뺭볃맩풭떽ퟷ캪짧믡믹놾맦랶뗄ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ뗄놾풭몭틥짏좥ꆪꆪꆪ폖튪쪹웤춬죋샠톧쯹폐뗄럖횧톧뿆뷴쏜뗘솪뷡퓚튻웰ꆣ뺭볃죋샠톧틲듋뛸돉캪튻쏅퇐뺿맣틥죋샠짧믡탐캪뗄믹뒡폫뚯틲뗄톧컊,돉캪튻룶듓ퟜ쳥뷡릹짏뾼달싺ퟣ짧믡컯훊탨튪뗄뷡릹뮯ꆰ뺭볃ꆱ믮뚯뗄뿆톧,돉캪폐ퟔ벺뛀솢랶돫쳥쾵ꆢ샭싛뿲볜ꆢ랽램싛뫍룼캪맣삫뗄퇐뺿쇬폲뗄튻쏅쿠뛔뛀솢뗄탂탋톧뿆ꆣꆲ퓰죎뇠벭ꆡ쇵쫀헜ꆳ59
ThisarticlerecordsinasystematicwaytheKhmusꆯcultivationritesandtaboosthatcanbeobservedatpresent,includingtheꆮMawoꆯbelief,theceremonyofofferingasacrificetoꆮghostsꆯ,theritesaskingforrainingandimportanttaboos,analysestheembodimentsofsympatheticmagicthoughtandthedriftphenomenatowardstheprimitivereligioninthoseritesandtaboos,meanwhile,putsforwardamoreexactdefinition:theꆮinsinuationlawꆯorꆮinsinuationrelationsꆯ,forthetermofꆮsimilaritylawꆯ,thisarticlemakesabriefanalysisoftheprospectsforKhmuꆯ,WuzhongMunicipality,NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭDaiFang(30)Strengtheningdemocracyatthebasiclevelsinruralareasandputtingintoeffectthevillagersꆯauton2omyareboththeimportantcontentinactinginthespiritofthePartyꆯs15thNationalCongressandtheThirdPlenarySessionofthe15thCentralCommitteeandthecardinalmattersofvitalimportancetostrengthenruralorganizationsatbasiclevelsandpromoteruralareasꆯpoliticalstability,,organizationalstructure,opera2tionmechanismandeffectsofthevillagersꆯautonomyandbasiclevelsꆯdemocracyintheHuiethnicgrouplivingincompactcommunitiesintheLitongDistrict,WuzhongMunicipality,Ningxiawithmodernsocialinvestigationmethods,thisarticlebringstolightsuchareformꆯstheoreticalandpracticalvaluetoethnicminorityareas,ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭLiJinandYishi-Wangjiu(39)Throughtheanalysisofthedevelopmentandcharacteristicsoftheprivatelyownedindividualecono2myintheTibetanethnicareasinSichuanprovincesince1980sthisarticleclearlypointsoutthatthepri2vatelyownedindividualecnomyintheTibetanethnicareasinSichuanProvincewillbeanimportantmo2tiveforceinaperiodtocome,ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭChenQingde(50),,andmainscholarsoftheschoolandtheirinterestedtheoreticalfields,andexplainsthereferencesignificanceof110
thesetheoriesandmethodsforcontemporaryChinaꆯꆯsTrialPracticeandSpreadthroughEducationinTaijiangCountyꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭShiMaoming(60)OnthebasisoffieldworkatthreeinvestigationspotsinTaijiangcountyofGuizhouprovinceandcon2sultingavastamountoftherelevantfilesdatathisarticledescribesthethreestagesofthedevelopmentcourseoftheMiaowritingꆯsspreadtowardstheMiaowritingandattitudetheeffectofspreadingtheMiaowritingthrougheducation,andthenpointsouttheexistingproblemsintheMiaowritingꆯꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭFanWenli(68),SogdiansandTatarswerenottheethnicoringinoftheShatuopeople,butonlythecomponentsoftheShatuoethniccommunity;theShatuosꆯorigincouldbetracedbacktotheZhuyietribeoftheChuyueconfederationoftheWesternTujuePeople.ꆮZhuyeꆯwasthenameoftheoriginalclan,ꆮtZhuyeꆯbegantobecalledaꆮsShatuoꆯindocumentsaccordingtotheplacenameofZhuyepeopleꆯslocation,whentheShatuopeopleleftthedesertduringtheperiodfrom785ꆪꆪꆪꆮZhuyieꆯwasusedagaininhistoryandhenceZhuyiebecameasurnamewhileShatuobecametheethnicgroupꆯ,notbefore,..ThereisamistakeintheꆮChapteronShatuointheNewTangAnnalsꆯ,,theTu-boKingdom,theArabianEmpire(Tazi,Dashi)andtheHuigus,ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭZhangJinlong(78)ThisarticlearguesthatbeforethereformoftheSixMinistriesSystem(.)theMilitaryoffi2cerssystemoftheRoyalGuardsoftheWestermWeiDynasty(535ꆪ557)hadsucceededthesystemofthelateperiodoftheNorthernWeiDynastyandnogreatchangehadoccurred,therewerestillthepostssuchasGeneralsoftheLeftandRightGuardsandtheGeneralofArmedBodyguardundertheCommand2ingGeneral,,analysestheidentitiesofthosewhoheldtheabove-mentionedposts,anddeemsthefactthattheWest2ernWeiꆯspostsoftheRoyalGuardssuchastheCommandingGeneralandotherGeneralswereusuallyheldbyYuwenTaiꆯstrustedfollowersmembersofthesameclan(theYuwenClanoftheXinbeiethnicgroup),fellowtownsmen(oftheWuchuanTownship),fellowofficials(fromHebaYueꆯsgovernmentof2fice)andaffinityrelatives(sisterꆯsson,son-in-law,etc.)wasundoubtedlyhelpfulforYuwenTaitocontrolWesternWeiꆯsempororandsafeguardhisownsecurity,Inaddition,therewerealsootherpostsofRoyalGuardsꆯmilitaryofficerssimilartothelateperiodꆯssystemoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,butnothepostsoftheGeneralprotectingtheArmymen(HujunJiangjun)andthefourGeneralsCommandingthe111
