ܻದຩᅟ AbilityĒtoĒpay principlečof taxationĎ čඥ൬֥Ďᆦڱି৯ჰᄵ οᅶବඥದᆦڱି৯ಒקବඥڵք֥ჰᄵbବඥದᆦڱ ି৯၇ऌః൬ದࠇҍڶটޙਈbᆃ၂ჰᄵѩ҂ඪૼଖࣜ ࠶ሑঃࢠݺ֥ದָ֞ھбљದ؟ڵք؟ഒb Absolute advantage(in international tradeĎ (ݓ࠽સၞ ᇏ֥ĎधؓႪ൝ Aݓ෮ऎႵ֥бBݓି۷ࡆႵིčֹࠧֆ໊ೆ֥Ӂԛ ඣбࢠۚ֩ĎളӁଖᇕഅ֥ି৯bᆃᇕႪ൝ѩ҂ၩ ሢAݓсಖିࡼھഅӮۿֹԛ१֞BݓbၹູBݓ ߎॖିႵ၂ᇕૌ෮ඪ֥бࢠႪ൝ࠇჾбࢠ০ၭ čcomparative advantageĎb Accelerator principle ࡆჰ ࢳӁԛੱэٚཟֹႄᇁሧླэ֥ંb Actual,cyc1icalđ and structual budget ൌ࠽ყෘaᇛ௹ყ ෘބࢲܒყෘ ൌ࠽ყෘ֥ԅሳࠇ႔Ⴥᆷ֥൞ଖ୍ٺൌ࠽࠺֥ԅሳࠇ႔Ⴥbൌ࠽ყෘॖ߃ٳӮࢲܒყෘބᇛ௹ყෘbࢲܒყ ෘࡌקࣜ࠶ᄝమᄝӁԛඣഈᄎྛđѩऌՎҩෘھࣜ࠶ ่ࡱ༯֥ᆟکඥೆaᆦԛބԅሳ֩ᆷѓbᇛ௹ყෘࠎႿ ෮ყҩ֥അြᇛ௹čࠣఃࣜ࠶ѯĎؓყෘ֥႕ཙb Adaptive expectations ൡႋྟყ௹ ყ௹čexpectationsĎb Adjustable peg ॖטᆜףᇾ ၂ᇕčܥקĎ߸ੱᇅ؇bᄝھᇅ؇༯đ۲ݓࠊлؓఃࠊлЌӻ၂ᇕܥק֥ࠇჾoףᇾ֥p߸ੱb֒ଖུࠎЧၹؿളэaჰ༵߸ੱാಀކ၇ऌ֥ൈީđᆃᇕ߸ੱь҂ൈֹႿדᆜbᄝ1944Ē1971୍௹ࡗđൗࢸ۲ᇶေࠊл௴ђൌྛᆃᇕᇅ؇đӫູo҃ূؘ೦ਟุ༢pb Administeredčor inflexibleĎ prices ܵčࠇ٤ڜĎࡎ۬ หᆷଖোࡎ֥۬ඌეbοᅶႵܱܿקđᆃোࡎ۬ᄝଖ၂؍ൈࡗଽaᄝۄᇕࢌၞᇏିܔົӻ҂эbčࡎ۬ڜđprice flexibilityĎ Adverse selection ཟ࿊ᄴ ၂ᇕ൧ӆ҂ਲbᆷ֥൞ᆃဢ၂ᇕ౦ঃđࠧପུᄥმڄགࠏ߶ቋ؟֥ದđቋಸၞथקܓઙЌགbطܼᆭđཟ࿊ᄴᆷ֥൞ᆃဢ၂ᇕ౦ঃğࣼଖӁطđઙٚބછٚ෮ᅧ֥ྐ༏҂bбೂࣸӚ൧ӆb Aggregate demand ሹླ ଖ၂ൈ௹၂۱ࣜ࠶෮࠹߃ࠇ෮ླေषᆦ֥ሹඔb౼थႿሹ֥ࡎ۬ඣđѩ൳֞ݓଽሧa࣪ԛ१aᆟکषᆦaཨٮඣބࠊл܂ႋ֩ၹ֥႕ཙb Aggregate demandčADĎcurve ሹླ౷ཌ ᄝః่ࡱ҂э֥౦ঃ༯đุགྷ၂۱ࣜ࠶ᇏದૌ෮჻ၩܓઙ֥അބڛༀ֥ሹਈაھࣜ࠶֥ࡎ۬ሹඣᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢֥౷ཌbఃླ౷ཌ၂ဢđሹླ౷ཌМު္թᄝሢ၂༢ਙᇗေ֥ࣜ࠶эਈđೂᆟکषᆦaԛ१ބࠊл܂ႋđ֩֩b Aggregate supply ሹ܂۳ ଖ၂ൈ௹၂۱ࣜ࠶ᇏ۲ఒြ෮჻ၩളӁ֥അაڛༀ֥ࡎᆴ֥ሹބbሹ܂۳൞ॖ܂০Ⴈ֥ሧჷaඌބࡎ۬ඣ֥ݦඔb Aggregate supplyčASĎcurve ሹ܂۳౷ཌ ᄝః่ࡱ҂э֥౦ঃ༯đุགྷ۲ఒြ෮჻ၩิ܂֥ሹӁԛაࡎ۬ሹඣᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢֥౷ཌbሹ܂۳౷ཌᄝޓӉൈ௹ଽđᄝమᄝӁԛඣLđ
ܻದຩᅟ ౠཟႿཌྷֹؓొބԼᆰĠطՖ؋௹ुđᄵཁ֤бࢠߏb Allocative efficiency ᇂིੱ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶ঃb၂۱ࣜ࠶֞ղھঃൈđၘࣜ҂ॖି๙ݖᇗቆࠇસၞ֩൭؍đ࠻ิۚଖ၂ದི֥Ⴈࠇડቀӱ؇đطႻ҂ࢆ֮ఃದི֥Ⴈࠇડቀӱ؇bՖଖᇕၩၬഈࢃđປಆࣩᆚॖၛ֝ᇁᇂིੱbᇂིੱႻӫູஂກིੱčPareto efficiencyĎb Antitrust legislation ّກঘථم ౼ֿ؎ྛࣥaસၞཋᇅބପུᆻᄝۚࡎ۬ࠇ౼ཨࣩᆚ֥ӌഅ܍ࢲྛູ֥۲ᇕمੰb Appreciationčof a currencyĎ č๙ࠊĎശᆴ č๙ࠊĎъᆴčdepreciationĎb Appropriable ॖٳѭ ؓଖུሧჷඋྟ֥၂ᇕ૭ඍbႵՎඋྟሧჷ֥෮Ⴕᆀॖၛࠆ֤ھሧჷ֥ಆ҆ࣜ࠶ࡎᆴbᄝᄎྛਅݺ֥൧ӆࣩᆚᇏđॖٳѭሧჷສສି֤֞ކ֥קࡎބႵི֥ᇂbo҂ॖٳѭčinappropriableĎ Arbitrage ส০ ᄝ၂۱൧ӆഈࠧ௹ઙࣉଖᇕഅࠇሧӁđطᄝਸ਼၂൧ӆછԛھഅࠇሧӁđၛ௹ᄝࡎҵᇏሉ౼০֥ࣜ࠶ྛູbส০൞ཨԢࡎҵ֥ᇗေ৯ਈđॖ൧ӆۿି۷Ⴕֹིؿߨb Asset ሧӁ ൌҍӁࠇऎႵࣜ࠶ࡎᆴ֥٤ൌྟ֥ಃ০b২ೂ۽ӌaഡСaֹaህ০aϱಃđၛࠣࠊлaᅏಊ֩ࣁವௐऌb Asset demand for money ࠊл֥ሧӁླ ࠊлླčdemand for moneyĎb Automaticčor builtĒinĎstabilizers ሱčࠇଽᄝĎ໗קఖ ᆟکඥ൬ބषᆦุ༢෮ऎႵ֥၂ᇕྟᇉđॖၛߏԊದ҆൬ದэ֥ቔႨb২ೂാြࣃ์ބࣉ෮֤ඥ֩ႵᇹႿ໗קࣜ࠶b Average cost नӮЧ नӮЧčcostđaverageĎo verage cost curveđlongĒrunč LRACࠇ LACĎ Ӊ௹नӮЧ౷ཌ іൕᄝඌaೆ֥ࡎ۬҂эđളӁᆀॖሱႮ࿊ᄴఒြቋႪܿଆ่֥ࡱ༯đଖ၂Ӂ֥۲ᇕӁਈඣ෮ؓႋ֥ቋ֮नӮЧ֥ࠫޅྙb Average cost curveđ shortĒrunč SRACࠇ SACĎ ؋௹नӮЧ౷ཌ іൕᄝඌaೆ֥ࡎ۬҂эaఒြܿଆູ࠻ק่֥ࡱ༯đଖ၂Ӂ֥۲ᇕӁਈඣ෮ؓႋ֥ቋ֮नӮЧ֥ࠫޅྙb Average fixed cost नܥקӮЧ नܥקӮЧčcostđ average fixedĎb Average product नӁ ሹӁਈࠇሹӁԛԢၛ၂ᇕೆ֥ඔਈ෮֤֥ᆴbႮՎđস֥नӁਈקၬູሹӁਈԢၛস֥ೆਈbఃದ֥नӁਈၛՎোb
ܻದຩᅟ Average propensity to consume नཨٮౠཟ ш࠽ཨٮౠཟčmarginal propensity to consumeĎ Average revenue न൬ၭ ሹ൬ၭԢၛሹཧ൲ਈđࠧֆ໊൬ၭbन൬ၭ၂Ϯაࡎ۬ཌྷ֩b Average variable cost नॖэӮЧ नॖэӮЧčcostđ average variableĎb B Balance of international payment ݓ࠽൬ᆦޙі ଖൈ௹၂ݓຓ҆ൗࢸ֥ࢌၞሑঃ֥БіđЇওഅބڛༀ֥ઙછaঌᄼaᆟکࢌၞބሧЧੀb Balance of trade સၞჅح ݓ࠽൬ᆦᇏႵܱഅčࠇႵྙĎࣉԛ१֥҆ٳbЇওൊaሧЧބచӚbೂݔЇওڛༀބఃࣜӈཛଢđᄵӫູࣜӈཛଢჅحb Balance of current account ࣜӈཛଢჅح સၞჅحčbalance of tradeĎb Balance sheet ሧӁڵᅏі ଖൈׄ၂۱ఒြ֥ҍༀሑঃБіbఃᇏሧӁਙູ၂ণđڵᅏࡆ࣪ሧӁᄝਸ਼၂ণbૄ၂ཛၛఃൌ࠽֥ࠇܙ࠹֥ࠊлࡎᆴਙԛbႮႿ࣪ሧӁႮሧӁࡨڵᅏটקၬđၹՎਆণ֥ކ࠹сྶޙb Balanced budget ޙყෘ ޙყෘčbudgetđ balancedĎb Bankđcommercial അြၿྛ ၂ᇕࣁವᇏࢺb֞ଢభູᆸđఃԛ֥หׄ൞ᄍྸग़ؓః෮թದ֥ॻཛෛൈෛֹదؿᆦௐটࣉྛڱॻބิॻb෮Ⴕࢤ൳ԥྐྵބᆦௐթॻ֥ࣁವࠏܒӫູԥྐྵࠏܒb Bank money ၿྛࠊл ႮၿྛԷᄯ֥ࠊлđหљ൞ᆷၿྛ၇ऌఃሙСࣁطӮПֹঔնఃᆦௐᅫčM1֥ቆӮ҆ٳbĎ bank reserves ၿྛሙС߶ ၿྛሙСࣁčreservesđbankĎ Barriers to entry ࣉೆуৈ ିܔቅθࣉೆ൧ӆa֝ᇁࣩᆚࡨࠇᆀྛြଽӌഅඔਈࡨഒ֥ପུၹb২ೂمੰܿקaܵᇅބӁҵၳ֩b Barter ၞࠊસၞ അᆰࢤࢌߐđط҂ླေႨޅԉ֒ࠊлࠇࢌၞૂࢺb Benefit principlečof taxationĎ čඥ൬֥Ď൳ၭჰᄵ ಪູඥ൬აದૌՖᆟکࠃᇏ֥൳ၭႋ֒Ӯб২֥ჰᄵb Bond ᅏಊ Ⴎᆟکࠇఒြؿྛ֥Ⴕ༏ᆣಊđЌᆣᄝໃটหקರ௹ߎЧڱ༏b BreakĒeven pointčin macroeconomicsĎ čޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏ֥Ď൬ᆦཌྷַׄ ۱ದaࡅ๖ࠇഠ
ܻದຩᅟ ߶ุ֥၂ᇕ൬ೆঃࠇ൬ೆඣbᄝھঃđ෮Ⴕ֥൬ದᆞݺФႨটཨٮč࠻ીႵᆞԥྐྵ္ી ႵڵԥྐྵĎbᆺႵᄝ۷֥ۚ൬ೆඣഈҌ߶Ⴕᆞԥྐྵb Bretton woods System ҃ূؘ೦ਟุ༢ ॖטᆜףᇾčadjustable pegĎb Broad money ܼၬࠊл ࠊл܂۳֥၂ᇕྙൔࠇ१ࣥč္ӫM2ĎđЇওࢌၞࠊлčM1ĎaၿྛԥྐྵᅫđߎႵఃোරࢌၞࠊлู֥սྟሧӁb Budget ყෘ ࠹߃ᆦԛაყ௹൬ೆ֥ᅫđ๙ӈၛ၂୍ູ௹bؓᆟکطđః൬ೆႋູඥ൬b Budgetđbalanced ޙყෘ ሹᆦԛބሹ൬ೆč҂Їওࢹॻ൬ೆĎᆞݺӻ֥ყෘb Budget constraintყෘჿඏ ყෘཌčbudget lineĎb Budget deficit ყෘԅሳ ᆟکሹᆦԛӑԛሹ൬ೆč҂Їওࢹॻ൬ೆĎ֥҆ٳbᆃ၂ҵحčԅሳĎ๙ӈौࢹॻҀb Budgetđgovernment ᆟکყෘ ᆟکᄝหקൈ௹č๙ӈູ၂୍Ďᇏ෮࠹߃֥ᆦԛބ൬ೆ֥Бۡb Budget line ყෘཌ ᄝ࠻קࡎ۬ඣ༯đཨٮᆀႨ۳ק֥൬ದॖିܓઙ֥۲ᇕഅቆކ֥ׄ݅ࠖbႵൈӫყෘჿඏčbudget conĒstraintĎb Budget surplus ყෘ႔Ⴥ ᆟک൬ದӑݖᆦԛ֥҆ٳĠაყෘԅሳčbudget deficitĎཌྷؓႋb Built-in stabilizers ଽᄝ໗קఖ ሱ໗קఖčautomatic stabilizersĎb Business cycles അြᇛ௹ ݓሹӁԛaሹ൬ದބሹࣼြ֥ѯbᆃᇕѯၛࣜ࠶ᇏ֥ྸ؟Ӯٳ௴ђط௹ֹঔᅦބ൬෪ູหᆘđӻ࿃ൈࡗ๙ӈູ2֞10୍bགྷսޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđഅြᇛ௹ؿളᄝൌ࠽GDPཌྷؓႿమᄝGDPഈശčঔᅦĎࠇ༯ࢆč൬෪ࠇකĎ֥ൈީb C CĐIđ CĐIĐGđ or CĐIĐGĐX schedule CĐI,CĐIĐGđࠇ CĐIĐGĐXі ඪૼؓႋGDPඣ֥ૄ၂࠹߃֥ࠇކၩ֥ሹླඣ֥іđࠇႮھі෮ളӮ֥ྙbіᇏЇওཨٮčCĎaሧčIĎaᆟکഅসༀᆦԛčGĎaၛࠣ࣪ԛ१čXĎb Capital(capital goodsđ capital equipmentĎ ሧЧčሧЧഅđሧЧഡСĎ člĎᄝࣜ࠶ંᇏđᆷ֥൞ളӁೆေčֹaসaሧЧĎᇏ֥ၩ၂ᇕbሧЧႮႨႿളӁݖӱᇏ֥ରႨܒӮbč2Ďᄝҍༀ߶࠹ٚ૫đoሧЧpսі܄ඳܢתၘࣜಪܓ֥ሧࣁሹਈđܢתၹՎཌྷႋֹࠆ֤ਔھ܄ඳ֥ܢٺb Capital consumption allowance ሧЧཨݻҀӊ ᅼࣸčdepreciationĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Capital deepening ሧЧധ߄ ᄝࣜ࠶ᄹӉંᇏđᆷ֥൞ሧЧაস֥бੱ֥ഈശbაሧЧܼ߄čcapital wideningĎؓႋb Capital gains ሧЧ০֤ ሧЧሧӁč২ೂֹބ௴๙ܢĎࡎᆴ֥ഈശđ൞ሧӁܓઙࡎ۬ބԛ൲ࡎ۬ᆭࡗ֥ҵحb Capital markets ሧЧ൧ӆ ࣁವሧӁčࠊлaᅏಊaܢௐĎࣉྛࢌၞ֥ӆ෮bࣜ࠶ᇏ֥ԥྐྵࣜႮބࣁವᇏࢺčfinancial intermediariesĎط֤ၛሇ߄Ӯሧb CapitalĒoutput ratio ሧЧ-Ӂԛбੱ ᄝࣜ࠶ᄹӉંᇏđሧЧ-ӁԛбੱսіሧЧሹਈބ୍؇GDP֥бੱb Capital widening ሧЧܼ߄ ൌ࠽ሧЧ֥ᄹӉੱაস৯čࠇದರĎ֥ᄹӉੱཌྷ֩đՖطሹሧЧބሹস֥бੱ֤ၛЌӻ҂эbაሧЧധ߄čcapital deepeningĎཌྷؓႋb Capitalism ሧЧᇶၬ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶༢đఃᇏն҆ٳҍӁčֹބሧЧĎඋႿದ෮Ⴕbᄝᆃᇕࣜ࠶ᇏđದ൧ӆ൞ᇂሧჷބԷᄯ൬ದ֥ᇶေ൭؍b Cardinal utility ࠎඔིႨ ඔིႨčordinal utilityĎb Cartel वหغ Ⴎ၂༢ਙളӁোරӁ֥৫ఒြ෮ܒӮ֥ቆᆮđଢ֥൞ิۚھোӁࡎ۬ބ॥ᇅఃӁਈb۴ऌૅݓّກঘථمđवหغඋႿ٤مb Central bank ᇏနၿྛ ၂۱Ⴎᆟکቆࡹ֥ࠏܒčᄝૅݓ൞৳ϹԥСุ༢Ďđڵᄳ॥ᇅݓࡅࠊл܂۳aྐվ่ࡱđࡓܵࣁವุ༢đหљ൞അြၿྛބఃԥྐྵࠏܒb Change in demand vsēchange in quantity demanded ླэ߄აླਈ֥э߄ oླэ߄pᆷႮഅࡎ۬ၛຓ֥ఃၹč২ೂ൬ೆഈശބொݺڿэ֩Ď෮֝ᇁ֥അླਈэbᄝྙഈіགྷູᆜ۱ླ౷ཌ֥၍bཌྷّđႮႿࡎ۬эႄఏ֥ླਈэӫູoླਈ֥э߄pbᄝྙഈіགྷູླਈခሢэ֥ླ౷ཌ၍b Change in supply vsēsupply in quantity ܂۳эა܂۳֥э ܂۳э߄ა܂۳ਈэ߄đؽᆀ֥љഈඍoླэ߄აླਈэ߄p֥љb Checking accountčor bank moneyĎ ᆦௐᅫčࠇၿྛࠊлĎ ᄝഅြၿྛࠇఃࣁವࠏܒᇏ֥թॻđᄍྸၛᆦௐٚൔิॻđܣඋࢌၞࠊлčࠇӫM1Ďb္ӫᆦௐթॻčcheckable depositĎđ൞M1֥ቋնቆӮ҆ٳb Chicago School of Economics čࣜ࠶࿐Ďᆤࡆۢ࿐ஊ ၛޗ০·༆aݗဵक़ބغؘ·ڠ֣ણູ֩ᇶေսі֥၂ಕࣜ࠶࿐ࡅbૌཌྷྐીႵᆟکۄყ֥ࣩᆚ൧ӆିࣜ࠶ቋႵֹིᄎྛb Classical approach ܞׅં ܞׅࣜ࠶࿐čclassical economicsĎ
ܻದຩᅟ Classical economics ܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ ऺضථંԛགྷၛభ֥ࣜ࠶නམᇶੀ࿐ஊđႮ֒·ථૡᄝ1776୍षԷbᇶေሔෛᆀЇওն·ࡁaກઔථ·ઔغථބჿݩ·ଥীb၂Ϯඪটđھ࿐ஊཌྷྐࣜ࠶ܿੰčหљೂ۱ದ০ၭaࣩᆚĎथקሢࡎ۬ބေБԏđѩཌྷྐࡎุ۬༢൞ቋݺ֥ሧჷᇂϷمb Classical theoriesčin macroeconomicsĎ čޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏ֥Ďܞׅં ఼טࣜ࠶ุ༢ऎႵሱᆞି৯֥ંbᄝܞׅંބٚمᇏđࣜ࠶၂Ϯԩᄝԉٳࣼြሑđ۲ᇕՏࠗሹླ֥ᆟҦؓӁԛીႵ႕ཙb Clearing market ൧ӆԛౢ അࡎ۬ऎႵԉٳ֥ਲࠃčྟflexibleĎđିླބ܂۳ղ֞नޙ֥൧ӆbᄝԛౢ֥൧ӆഈđીႵקਈ۳bሧჷ༽ᇂđ္ીႵӑح܂۳ࠇӑحླbᄝൌ࠽ᇏđᆃ၂ંൡႨႿྸ؟അ൧ӆބࣁವ൧ӆđ҂ൡႨႿস൧ӆࠇྸ؟Ӂ൧ӆb Closed economy ٿоࣜ࠶ ष٢ࣜ࠶čopen economyĎb Coase theorem ॓ථק Ⴎઅବ֣·॓ථčRonald CoaseĎิԛ֥၂ᇕܴׄčѩ٤ᆇ൞၂่קĎđಪູᄝଖ่ུࡱ༯đࣜ࠶֥ຓ҆ྟࠇჾ٤ིੱॖၛ๙ݖ֒൙ದ֥ซط֤࣯֞ᆞb Collective bargaining ุࠢซ ၂ቆ۽ದč๙ӈ൞၂۱۽߶Ďაఃܦᇶࡗ֥ซݖӱbଢ֥൞ղӮܱႿ۽ሧaڸࡆڞ০ބ۽ቔ่ࡱ֩ٚ૫֥ླྀၰb Collusion ܍ࢲ ఒြᆭࡗູۚࡎ۬aܨٳ൧ӆࠇཋᇅࣩᆚ֩طղӮ֥܋ଔླྀၰb Collusive oligopoly ܪ܍ࢲ؎ ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒbᄝھ൧ӆࢲܒ่ࡱ༯đ၂ཬఒြčࠧഒඔܪĎ܍ࢲఏট܋ଔथҦb֒෮ఒ֥ࠣ܋০ղ֞ቋն߄ൈđ൧ӆഈ֥ࡎ۬ބࢌၞਈა؎่ࡱ༯֥ࡎ۬ބࢌၞਈࡼ٤ӈࢤ࣍b Command economy ᆷࣜ࠶ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶ቆᆮٚൔbοᅶᆃᇕٚൔđܱ֥ࣜ࠶ᆯିđᇭೂളӁહaᄸဢളӁaູජളӁ֩đᇶေႮᆟکᆰࢤथקbႵൈ္ӫູoᇏန࠹߃ࣜ࠶pb Commodity money അࠊл Ⴕଽᄝࡎᆴ֥ࠊлĠ္ᆷቔູࠊлႨ֥അčೂࡅ྾aᆅᇨ֩Ďb Common stock ௴๙ܢௐ іૼᄝ၂܄ඳᇏႚႵ෮Ⴕಃބௐಃ֥ࣁವᆣಊb෮ӻႵ֥ٺحุགྷཌྷႋ֥ௐಃބؓ܄ඳሧӁa࣪൬ၭ֥෮Ⴕಃb Communism ܋Ӂᇶၬ ܋Ӂᇶၬࣜ࠶ุᇅč္ӫ්ົήଆൔ֥ᇏန࠹߃ࣜ࠶ĎđݓࡅႚႵѩ॥ᇅሢളӁሧਘđหљ൞۽ြሧЧbᆃᇕࣜ࠶௴ђջႵᇏန࠹߃ྟđݓࡅܿקྸ؟Ӂ֥ࡎ۬aӁਈބఃᇗေࣜ࠶ᆷѓb Comparative advantagečin international tradeĎ čݓ࠽સၞᇏ֥ĎбࢠႪ൝ бࢠႪ൝مᄵᆷԛğ၂ݓႋህളӁބԛ१ପུھݓିၛཌྷ֥֮ؓӮЧളӁ֥അđѩࣉ१ପུሱ࠭ളӁӮЧཌྷ֥ؓۚഅbႮՎॖđ൞бࢠႪ൝ط҂൞धؓႪ൝ᄝ႕ཙસၞ۬अb
ܻದຩᅟ Compensating differentials Ҁӊྟč۽ሧĎҵၳ ႨႿַཨࠇҀӊ۽ቔ֥٤ࠊлྟҵၳ֥۽ሧඣ֥ҵљb২ೂđဢ֥۽ቔđᄝέঘථࡆߌذਜđၹطః۽ሧေбᄝؿղֹᆦڱ֤֤ۚ؟b Competitionđimperfect ҂ປಆࣩᆚ ᆷᆃဢ၂ུ൧ӆğປಆࣩᆚ҂ିЌӻđၹູᇀഒႵ၂۱ն֞ቀၛ႕ཙ൧ӆࡎ֥۬ઙᆀčࠇછᆀĎđѩၹՎ૫ؓཟ༯ౠོ֥ླčࠇ܂۳Ď౷ཌbЇও۲ᇕ҂ປಆၹđᇭೂປಆ؎aܪ؎ࠇ؎ࣩᆚ֩b Competionđperfect ປಆࣩᆚ ᆷପུ҂թᄝቀၛ႕ཙࡎ֥۬ఒြࠇཨٮᆀ֥൧ӆbᆃᇕ౦ঃᄝ༯ඍ่ࡱ༯ؿളğč1Ďઙᆀބછᆀ֥ඔଢ٤ӈնĠč2ĎളӁᆀิ܂֥Ӂ൞ᇉč֥љ֥Ďbᄝᆃဢ่֥ࡱ༯đ෮Ⴕఒြ૫֥ؓ൞၂่ඣ֥ࠇປಆྟ֥ླ౷ཌb Competitve equilibrium ࣩᆚनޙ ၛປಆࣩᆚູหᆘ֥൧ӆࠇࣜ࠶ᇏ܂۳ބླ֥ޙbႮႿປಆࣩᆚᇏֆ֥ઙᆀބછᆀીႵ৯ਈčᆦྟֹĎ႕ཙ൧ӆđࡎ۬ࡼཟ֩Ⴟш࠽ӮЧބш࠽ིႨ֥ඣb Competitive market ࣩᆚྟ൧ӆ ປಆࣩᆚčcompetitionđperfectĎb Complements Ҁ ᄝཨٮᆀင൞oձp֥ਆᇕഅčೂቐ֥ཷބႷ֥ཷĎbཌྷࣩᆚ֥അᄵඋႿูսčೂᆷٳष֥൭สބ৵ᆷ൭สĎ Compound interest گ০ ۴ऌഈ၂௹෮Ⴕ֥০༏ބЧࣁট࠹ෘ০༏֥ٚمb২ೂđ୍گ০০ੱູ10Ċđթೆ100ૅჭЧࣁbᄝֻ၂୍ָđ֤֞10ૅჭ০༏bطᄝֻؽ୍ָđ֤֥֞০༏൞11ૅჭđఃᇏ10ૅჭ൞টሱჰЧࣁđਸ਼ຓ1ૅჭᄵটሱֻ၂୍֥10ૅჭ֥০༏bၛުၛՎোb Concentration ratio ࠢᇏ؇ ᄝ၂۱ྛြᇏđۄቋնఒြ֥ӁԛᅝھྛြሹӁԛ֥Ϥٳбb၂ᇕׅ֥؇ਈٚم൞ඹఒြࠢᇏ؇đࠧቋն֥ඹࡅఒြ֥ӁԛᅝሹӁԛ֥Ϥٳбb Conglomerate ࠁކ৳ކఒြ ၂ᇕളӁ؟ᇕ؟ဢ֥മᇀ൞҂ཌྷۄӁ֥ն܄ඳč২ೂđଖུҤ܄ඳঔᅚ֞ႂਘaԛሿӚa႕ᇅோ֩҂ཌྷܱ֥ြༀਵთĎb Conglomerate merger ࠁކ࡙ѩ ࡙ѩčmergerĎb Constant returns to scale ܿଆБԏ҂э ܿଆБԏčreturns to scaleĎb Consumer price index ཨٮᆀࡎ۬ᆷඔčCPIĎ ޙਈ෮࿊ק֥၂থሰཨٮܓઙࡎ֥۬ᆷඔb࠹ෘᆷඔൈđૄᇕഅ֥ಃඔ၇ऌ1982Ē1984୍ࡗھഅᄝӬ൧ཨٮᆀളࠃषᆦᇏ෮ᅝ֥ٺحটಒקb Consumer surplus ཨٮᆀഺჅ ཨٮᆀູ౼֤၂ᇕഅ෮჻ၩᆦڱ֥ࡎ۬ა౼֤ھഅطᆦڱ֥ൌ࠽ࡎ۬ᆭࡗ֥ҵحbӁളҵح֥ჰၹᄝႿğԢቋު၂ֆ໊ຓđھഅႨࠊліൕ֥ш࠽ིႨčၛૅჭіൕĎնႿఃࡎ۬bᄝ၂ק่ࡱ༯č০Ⴈླ౷ཌĎđཨٮᆀഺჅ֥ࠊлࡎᆴॖၛႨླ౷ཌၛ༯aࡎ۬ཌၛഈ֥૫ࠒটޙਈb
ܻದຩᅟ Consumption ཨٮ ޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđᆷଖൈ௹၂ದࠇ၂ݓႨႿཨٮ֥ሹᆦԛbֹ۬ඪđoཨٮpႋࣇᆷᆃ၂ൈ௹ᇏପུປಆႨוਔ֥čٳཚݖ֥ࠇoӹוਔ֥Ďཨٮbᄝൌ࠽ഈđཨٮᆦԛЇও෮Ⴕၘܓઙ֥അđطᆃఃᇏྸ؟അ֥Ⴈൈࡗေჹჹӑԛॉҳൈ௹đೂࡅऎa၉ބచӚ֩b Consumption function ཨٮݦඔ ሹཨٮა۱ದॖᆦ൬ದčPDIĎ֥ඔᆴؓႋܱ༢bሹҍڶބఃэਈ္ӈФಪູ߶ؓཨٮӁള႕ཙb Consumption-possibility line ཨٮॖିཌ ყෘཌčbudget lineĎb Cooperative equilibrium ކቔྟनޙ Ѱᒮંᇏđᆷ۲ٚླྀטྛđၛ܋֥ᆦڱčjoint payĒoffsĎቋႪ߄֥Ҧطղ֥֞ࢲݔb Corporate income tax ܄ඳ෮֤ඥ ؓ܄ඳ୍࣪൬ೆज़ᆘ֥ඥ൬b Corporation ܄ඳ གྷսሧЧᇶၬࣜ࠶ᇏఒြቆᆮ֥ᇶေྙൔb൞Ⴎ۱ದࠇః܄ඳ෮ႚႵ֥ఒြđऎႵა۱ದ၂ဢ֥ܓઙaཧ൲ބదרކ֥ಃ০b܄ඳބؓ܄ඳڵoႵཋᄳp֥෮Ⴕದؽᆀđᄝمੰഈ൞҂֥ۀb Correlation ཌྷܱ ਆᇕэਈ༢ֹཌྷ৳༢ᄝ၂ఏ֥ӱ؇b Costđaverage नӮЧ ֩ႿሹӮЧčҕoሹӮЧpđcostđtotalĎԢၛӁԛ֥ֆ໊ඔb Costđaverage fixed नܥקӮЧ ֩ႿܥקӮЧԢၛӁԛ֥ֆ໊ඔb Costđaverage variable नॖэӮЧ ֩ႿॖэӮЧčҕoॖэӮЧpđcostđvariableĎԢၛӁԛ֥ֆ໊ඔb Costđfixed ܥקӮЧ ၂ఒြᄝଖൈ؍ࠧᄝӁਈູਬൈ္߶ؿള֥ӮЧbሹܥקӮЧႮᇭೂ০༏ᆦԛaַᆦԛaܵᆀٮႨ֩ఔჿྟषᆦ෮ቆӮb Costđmarginal ш࠽ӮЧ ؟ളӁ1ֆ໊Ӂ෮ᄹࡆ֥ӮЧčࠇሹӮЧ֥ᄹࡆحĎđࠇഒളӁ1ֆ໊ӁሹӮЧ֥ࡨഒحb Costđminimum ቋ֮ӮЧ ֆ໊Ӂԛॖၛղ֥֞ቋ֮սࡎčંनӮЧaॖэӮЧࠇш࠽ӮЧĎbࣼनӮЧഈ֥ૄ၂ׄ෮սі֥Ӂԛඣطđھׄ൞ھ܄ඳ෮ିቔ֥֞ቋݺ౦ঃbࣼՎطđनӮЧ౷ཌഈ֥ૄ၂ׄ൞ቋ֮नӮЧׄb CostĒpush inflation ӮЧ֥๙ࠊளᅮ Ⴎ൧ӆ܂۳ٚၹളӁӮЧࠤखഈശطႄؿ֥๙ࠊளᅮbᄝሹ܂ٳ༅֥ࢳᇏđӮЧіགྷູAS౷ཌ֥ഈ၍b္ӫቔ܂۳Ԋࠌčsupply-shockĎ֥๙ࠊளᅮb Costđtotal ሹӮЧ ᄝଖඌඣބေࡎ่۬ࡱ༯ॖၛ֤֥֞ቋ֮ӮЧ֥ሹحbགྷႵ۽ӌ
ܻದຩᅟ ބః҂эӮЧ࠻ק่֥ࡱ༯෮ؿള֥ӮЧູ؋௹ӮЧbطӌഅᄝದބथҦٚ૫၂ᆰႵປಆྟ่֥ࡱ༯෮ؿള֥ӮЧᄵູӉ௹ሹӮЧb Costđvariable ॖэӮЧ ෛӁԛඣэ߄طэ߄֥ӮЧđೂჰਘaসaಗਘӮЧbॖэӮЧ֩ႿሹӮЧࡨܥקӮЧb Crawlingčor slidingĎpeg ྛč߁Ďףᇾ ၂ᇕ߸ੱܵٚمbᄍྸ߸ੱčࠇ߸ੱѯٓຶĎૄ฿ࠇૄᇛཬږ؇ֹonഈࠇmp༯čೂૄᇛ0ē25ĊĎb Credit ྐվ čIĎࠊлંᇏđၛӵ୶ᄝໃটଖൈ௹ӊߎč๙ӈջႵ০༏Ď่ູࡱđၛႨದሧࣁ֥౦ঃbᇶေЇওğၿྛ؋௹վॻaછٚྐվࠇഅြௐऌbč2Ďݓ࠽൬ᆦᅫᇏିࠆ֤ຓݓࠊл֥ཛଢđೂԛ१֩b Cross elasticity of demand ླ֥ࢌҭྟ ޙਈ၂ᇕഅࡎ۬эؓਸ਼၂ᇕഅླӁള֥႕ཙ֥ۀb۷ࣚಒֹඪğᄝఃэਈЌӻ҂эൈđླ֥ࢌҭྟ֩ႿഅBࡎ۬э1ĊൈഅAླਈ෮э֥Ϥٳбb CrowdingĒout hypothesis ࠪԛčིႋĎࡌඪ ھଁีಪູğᆟکᆦԛࠇҍᆟԅሳ߶ཌྷႋࡨഒఒြሧb Currency ๙ࠊ ᇼлބᆼлb Currency appreciationčor depreciation Ď ๙ࠊശᆴčࠇ ъᆴĎ č๙ࠊĎъᆴŀdepreciationčof a currencyĎ]b Current account ࣜӈᅫ સၞჅحčbalance of tradeĎb Cyclical budgetᇛ௹ყෘ ൌ࠽aᇛ௹ބࢲܒყෘčactualđ cyclical and structural budget)b Cyclical unemployment ᇛ௹ྟാြ ଉ҈ྟാြčfrictional unemploymentĎ D Deadweight loss ࣪ാ ႮႿ؎aܱඥaحaඥ൬ࠇః౷෮ႄఏ֥ൌ࠽൬ೆ֥ാđࠇཨٮᆀഺჅބളӁᆀഺჅ֥ാb২ೂđ֒؎ఒြۚࡎ۬ൈđཨٮᆀડቀٚ૫֥ാնႿ؎ఒြ൬ၭٚ૫֥൬ࠆđఃҵحࠧ؎ႄఏ֥ഠ߶࣪ാb Debit ࢹٚ člĎ၂ᇕ߶࠹॓ଢđཁൕሧӁ֥ٚᄹࡆࠇڵᅏ֥ٚࡨഒĠč2Ďᄝݓ࠽൬ᆦᅫᇏđࢹٚᆷࡨഒຓ߸թਈ֥ཛଢđ২ೂࣉ१b Decreasing returns to scale ܿଆБԏ־ࡨ ܿଆБԏčreturns to scaleĎb Deficit spending ԅሳྟᆦԛ ᆟک֥അڛༀᆦԛބሇ၍ᆦڱ֩ӑԛ֥ඥ൬ބః൬ೆb൬ᆦҵحсྶ๙ݖཟ܄ᇙࢹॻটԔծb
ܻದຩᅟ Deflatingčof economic dataĎ čࣜ࠶ඔऌĎࣅ෪ ࡼoၬp֥ࠇགྷᆴ֥ૅჭэਈ֩ߐෘӮoൌ࠽pэਈ֥ݖӱđႨགྷᆴૅჭэਈԢၛࡎ۬ᆷඔࠧॖb Deflation ๙ࠊࣅ෪ ሹุࡎ۬ඣ֥༯ࢆb Demand curvečor demand scheduleĎ ླ౷ཌčࠇླіĎ ః่ࡱཌྷൈđᄝૄ၂ࡎ۬ඣഈઙᇶ჻ၩܓઙ֥അਈ֥іࠇ౷ཌbླ౷ཌ๙ӈၛࡎູ۬ሺᇠčYᇠĎđၛླਈູޘᇠčXᇠĎbླэ߄აླਈэ߄čchange in demand vs change in quantity demandedĎb Demand for money ࠊлླ ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅႨ֥ࡥૼඌეđႨၛࢳ۱ದބఒြູહေӻႵࠊлჅحbӻႵࠊл֥ᇶေࠏ൞ğčlĎࢌၞླčtransactions demandĎđіൕದૌླေႨࠊлಀܓઙĠၛࠣč2ĎҍӁླčasset demandĎđࠧದૌླေӻႵ၂ᇕੀྟ఼aڄག֥ሧӁb Demand-pull inflation ླঘ๙ࠊளᅮ Ⴎݖ؇֥അླႄఏ֥ࡎ۬ளᅮđೂሹླնږ؇ᄹࡆൈ֥౦ঃbཌྷႋ֥ۀ൞ӮЧ๙ࠊளᅮčcost-push inflationĎb Demography ದ१࿐ ࣮ದ१ܿੰ֥॓࿐b Depreciationčof an assetĎ čሧӁĎᅼࣸ ሧӁࡎᆴ֥༯ࢆbંᄝఒြނෘߎ൞ᄝݓࣜ࠶ނෘᇏᅼࣸᆷğᄝ෮ॉҳ֥ൈ௹ᇏđሧЧ෮ཨݻו֥ࡎᆴ֥ࠊлܙ࠹ᆴbᄝݓ൬ದᅫᇏ္ӫູሧЧཨݻҀӊčcapital consumption allowanceĎb Depreciationčof a currencyĎ č๙ࠊĎъᆴ ֒၂ݓࠊлཌྷؓຓлࡎ۬༯ࢆൈđӫھࠊлؿളъᆴb২ೂđ֒ૅჭ߸ੱՖ1ૅჭؑߐ6م༯ࢆ֞1ૅჭؑߐ4مൈđૅჭࣼؿളਔъᆴaაъᆴཌྷ֥ؓ൞oശᆴpčappreciationĎđᄝ၂ᇕࠊл߸ੱഈശൈԛགྷb Depression ཡ่ Ӊൈ௹֥ۚാြੱa֮Ӂԛa֮ሧaఒြྐྏࢆ֮aࡎ۬༯יބఒြ௴ђӁb۽അြ֮ઋ֥၂۱໑ބ֥ྙൔ൞කčrecessionĎđཡ่Ⴕྸ؟܋ׄđᄝӱ؇ഈࢠbࣂ฿đක֥ࣚಒקၬ൞ൌ࠽GNPᇀഒ৵࿃ਆ۱࠱؇༯ࢆb Derived demand ஊളླ ؓ၂ᇕളӁေ֥ླটሱčஊളሱĎؓਸ਼၂ᇕӁ֥ླbఃᇏھളӁေؓᆃ၂ቋᇔӁ߶ቔ܊ངđೂ֥ؓླஊളሱؓచӚᄎൻ֥ླb Devaluation ࢆᆴ ၂ݓࠊлܲٚࡎ۬༯ࢆđᆃ֥ࡎ۬൞Ⴈຓлࠇߛࣁіൕ֥b২ೂđ 1971୍֒ૅჭཌྷؓߛࣁ֥ܲٚࡎ۬༯ࢆൈđॖၛඪૅჭФࢆᆴbཌྷ֥ؓۀ൞ᄹᆴčrevaluationĎđؿളᄝ၂ݓ࿆҃ھݓࠊлཌྷؓႿߛࣁࠇఃࠊл֥ܲٚ߸ੱิ֥ۚൈީb Developing country ؿᅚᇏݓࡅ ఴؿղݓࡅčless developed countryĎb Differentiated products ҵၳӁ ཌྷࣩᆚऎႵ఼ॖูսྟႻ҂ປಆཌྷ֥Ӂđః҂ᆭԩॖିіགྷᄝӁ֥ۿିaຓܴa໊ᇂaᇉਈࠇ൞ఃٚ૫b
ܻದຩᅟ Diminishing marginal utilityđlaw of ш࠽ིႨ־ࡨܿੰ֒၂ᇕഅ֥ཨٮᄀটᄀ؟֥ൈީđఃш࠽ིႨ༯ࢆ֥ܿੰb Diminishing returnsđlaw of ൬ၭ־ࡨܿੰ ఃದܥק҂эൈđ৵࿃ֹᄹࡆଖ၂ᇕೆđ෮ྍᄹ֥Ӂԛቋᇔ߶ࡨഒ֥ܿੰbھܿੰਸ਼၂ᇕ֩ࡎ֥ඪم൞ğӑݖଖ၂ඣᆭުш࠽ೆ֥ш࠽Ӂԛ༯ࢆb Direct taxes ᆰࢤඥ ᆰࢤཟ۱ದࠇఒြषᆘ֥ඥđЇওؓ෮֤aসБԏބ০֥ᆘඥbᆰࢤඥაࡗࢤඥཌྷؓႋğࡗࢤඥ൞ؓഅބڛༀᆘ൬֥đՖطᆺ൞ࡗࢤֹၛ܄ᇙູᆘඥؓའbࡗࢤඥЇওཧ൲ඥđߎႵؓҍӁaࣵোaࣉ१ބచႲ֩෮ᆘ֥ඥb Discount rate ์གྷੱ člĎ৳ϹԥСၿྛčᇏနၿྛĎཟഅြၿྛิ܂վॻൈ෮൬౼֥০ੱbč2Ď࠹ෘଖུሧӁ֥གྷᆴൈ෮Ⴈ֥০ੱb Discountingčof future incomeĎ čໃট൬ದĎᅼགྷ ࡼໃট൬ದᅼෘӮ֩ࡎ֥གྷᆴbھݖӱࡼ၂۱ໃটᆴၛ၂۱ᅼགྷੱࡆၛ෪ࡨđᅼགྷੱႋఞֹุ֒གྷ০ੱb২ೂđೂݔଖದྸ୶2୍ު۳121ૅჭb֒ൈđᆞӈ֥০ੱࠇ์གྷੱ൞୍ੱ10%bऌՎૌॖၛ࠹ෘᆃ1ૅჭ֥གྷᆴb෮Ⴈ֥ᅼ२ၹሰ൞č110ĎbႨၛᅼགྷໃট൬ದ֥ᅼ२ၹሰࠇჾбੱӫູᅼགྷੱčdiscount rateĎb Discrimination ఆ൪ ა۽ቔіགྷܱ֥۱ದหᆘᄯӮ֥সБԏҵљđหљ൞ႮႿྟљaᇕቂaሷ࢝֩Ⴕܱหᆘb Disequilibrium ٤नޙ ࣜ࠶҂नޙሑbॖି൞ၹູčؓ൬ೆࠇࡎ֥۬ĎԊࠌླіč౷ཌĎࠇ܂۳іč౷ཌĎؿള၍đط൧ӆࡎ۬čࠇࢌၞਈĎႻીႵቔԛԉٳ֥דᆜbᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđാြӈФಪູ൞۴ჷႿ൧ӆ֥٤नޙሑb Disinflation ّ๙ࠊளᅮ ࢆ֮ۚ๙ࠊளᅮੱ֥ݖӱb২ೂđ1980Ē1983୍֥նකࣼ֝ᇁਔھൈ௹๙ࠊளᅮੱ֥ࠤख༯ࢆb Disposable income ॖᆦ൬ೆč DIĎ ๙ֹඪđᆷॖၛଦ߭ࡅ֥൬ೆđ္ࣼ൞ݓ൬ೆᇏॖၛႮࡅ๖Ⴈቔཨٮࠇԥྐྵ֥҆ٳbࣚಒֹඪđ֩ႿGNPࡨಀ෮Ⴕඥ൬aఒြԥྐྵބᅼࣸđࡆഈᆦԛބః֥ሇ၍ᆦڱđߎႵᆟک০༏ᆦڱb Disposable personal income ۱ದॖᆦ൬ೆ ֩Ⴟॖᆦ൬ೆčdisposable incomeĎb Dissaving ڵԥྐྵ ڵ֥ԥྐྵđଖൈ௹ཨٮᆦԛӑݖھൈ௹ॖᆦ൬ೆ֥҆ٳčҵحေ๙ݖࢹॻࠇႨթॻটҀĎb Distribution ٳ ᄝࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđᆷሹӁԛބሹ൬ದᄝ۱ದࠇေᇏࣉྛٳ֥ٚمčೂ൬ದᄝসބሧЧᆭࡗ֥ٳĎb Division of labor সٳ۽ ቆᆮളӁ֥၂ᇕٚمđಞૄ۱স৯ህՖ൙ളӁݖӱ֥ଖ၂҆ٳbসህြ߄ି֝ᇁ۷֥ۚሹӁԛđၹູসᆀॖၛ۷ඃֹປӮଖུࡆ۽ༀđطߎ
ܻದຩᅟ ିႄದ۷ህြ߄֥ࠏఖഡСটປӮࣚ؇۷֥ۚ۽ቔb Dominant equilibrium ᅝႪनޙ ᅝႪᅞčdominant strategyĎb Dominant strategy ᅝႪᅞ ᄝѰᒮંᇏᆷđ҂ંఃѰᒮᆀҐ౼હҦđଖѰᒮᆀႵ၂۱ቋࡄҦb֒෮ႵѰᒮᆀႵ၂۱ᅝႪᅞൈđఃࢲݔࡼ൞ᅝႪनޙčdominant equilibriumĎb DownwardĒsloping demandđlaw of ླཟ༯ౠོܿੰ ః่ࡱЌӻ҂эൈđଖᇕഅࡎ֥۬༯ࢆ߶֝ᇁཨٮᆀ؟ܓઙھᇕഅ֥ܿੰb Duopoly ච؎ ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒbᄝھ൧ӆࢲܒᇏᆺႵਆ۱છᆀŀҕܪ؎čoligopolyĎ]b Duopoly price war ච؎ࡎ۬ᅞ ൧ӆഈ֥܂۳ࣇႮਆ۱ӌഅิ܂đؽᆀࣩཌྷ֮ࡎ۬aᅚषࣜ࠶ᅞ֥౦ྙb E EasyĒmoney policy ॺ֥ࠊлᆟҦ ᇏနၿྛҐ౼֥ᄹࡆࠊл܂۳ބࢆ֮০ੱ֥ᆟҦbଢ֥ᄝႿᄹࡆሧބิۚGDPඣčҕࣅ෪֥ࠊлᆟҦđ tightĒmoney policyĎb Econometrics ࣜ࠶࠹ਈ࿐ ࣜ࠶࿐֥၂۱ٳᆦb০Ⴈ࠹ٚمޙਈބܙ࠹ࣜ࠶ᇏ֥ඔਈܱ༢b Economic goods ࣜ࠶ ࣼሹླਈطሹ൞༎ಌ֥ପུഅb๙ӈсྶ๙ݖ൬౼၂۱ᆞ֥ࡎ۬টࣉྛ۳b Economic growth ࣜ࠶ᄹӉ ၂ݓ၂קൈ௹ଽሹӁԛ֥ᄹӉbࣜ࠶ᄹӉ๙ӈႨ၂ݓൌ࠽GDPčࠇమᄝGDPĎ୍֥ᄹӉੱࣉྛޙਈb Economic reguation ࣜ࠶ܵᇅ ܵᇅčregulationĎb Economic rent ࣜ࠶ሿࣁ pࣜ࠶ሿࣁpčrentđ economicĎb Economic surplus ࣜ࠶ഺჅ ၂ᇕඌეđᆷӁԛ֥ሹุ֥ದડၩӱ؇ࠇིႨඣӑݖఃളӁӮЧ֥҆ٳb֩ႿཨٮᆀഺჅčཨٮᆀડၩ؇ӑݖሹܓઙࡎᆴ֥҆ٳĎބളӁᆀഺჅčളӁᆀ൬ೆӑݖӮЧ֥҆ٳĎᆭބb Economics of information ྐ༏ࣜ࠶࿐ ࡼྐ༏္൪ູ၂ᇕഅ֥ࣜ࠶ྙ൝ٳ༅bၹູྐ༏֥ളӁӮЧࢠۚaطگᇅಏޓьၒđၹՎթᄝྐ༏֥അބڛༀčೂؿૼaԛϱaೈࡱ֩Ď֥൧ӆđࣜӈ߶ԛགྷ൧ӆ҂ਲb Economies of scale ܿଆࣜ࠶ সളӁੱ֥ิۚࠇनളӁӮЧ֥ࢆ֮đჷႿಆ҆ളӁေದ֥б২֥ᄹࡆb
ܻದຩᅟ Economies of scope ܼ؇ࣜ࠶ ؟ဢ߄ളӁࣜႏഅࠇڛༀ֥ࣜ࠶b֒ൈളӁഅXބഅY֥ӮЧ֮ႿֆളӁਆᇕഅൈđࣼթᄝܼ؇ࣜ࠶b Effective tax rate Ⴕིඥੱ ෮ᆘඥ൬ᅝሹ൬ದࠇఃඥࠎ֥၂۱Ϥٳбb Efficiency ིੱ ۳קೆބඌ่֥ࡱ༯đࣜ࠶ሧჷીႵশٮđࠇؓࣜ࠶ሧჷቔਔିջটቋնॖି֥ડቀӱ؇֥০Ⴈb္൞oᇂིੱpčallocative efficiencyĎ֥၂۱ࡥ߄іղb EfficiencyĒwage theory Ⴕི۽ሧં ۴ऌᆃ၂ંđࢠ֥ۚ۽ሧ߶ջটࢠ֥ۚളӁੱbᆃ൞ၹູࢠ֥ۚ۽ሧ߶۽ದ۷ࡲूaൖగ۷ۚđॖၛົӻࢠ֥֮ದ൙эੱb Efficient market Ⴕི൧ӆ ᄝ၂۱൧ӆഈđ෮Ⴕ֥ྍྐ༏ିֹФ൧ӆᇏ֥ҕაᆀ෮ᆩཫđѩିܔ৫ࠧವೆ֞൧ӆࡎ۬ᆭᇏbᄝࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđིੱ൧ӆંᆷ֒భ෮Ⴕॖၛ֤֥֞ྐ༏ၘФॉ੮ᄝ௴๙ܢčࠇఃሧӁĎ֥ࡎ۬b Elasticity ྟ ࣜ࠶࿐ܼٗҐႨ֥၂۱ඌეđіൕ၂۱эਈؓਸ਼၂۱эਈ֥э߄෮ቔԛّ֥ႋbഅXؓႿഅY֥ྟіൕğYૄэ߄Ϥٳᆭ၂ൈXэ֥Ϥٳбbླ֥ࡎ۬ྟčprice elasticity of demandĎބ܂۳֥ࡎ۬ྟčprice elasticity of supplyĎđ൞ਆ۱หљᇗေ֥ٓԐb Employed ࣼြᆀ ۴ऌૅݓܲٚקၬđದૌՖ൙ޅᆦڱБԏ֥۽ቔđࠇႵ۽ቔၹളѨaϠ۽ࠇྨࡌطಌ֥đඋႿࣼြbҕoാြpčunemploymentĎb EqualĒcost line ֩ӮЧཌ ྙᇏіൕ۳קሧࣁ෮ିܓઙ֥֞ೆေ۲ᇕॖିቆކ֥֥ׄ݅ࠖb EqualĒproduct curvečor isoquantĎ ֩Ӂਈཌ ྙᇏіൕളӁ࠻קӁਈطླေೆ֥ေ֥۲ᇕॖିቆކ֥֥ׄ݅ࠖb Equilibrium नޙ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶ሑbఃᇏࣜ࠶ൌุԩႿ࣡ᆸሑđࠇᆀඪđቔႨႿࣜ࠶ൌุ֥۲ᇕ৯ਈԩႿन൝ࠇޙđીႵؿളэ֥ౠཟb Equilibrumčfor a business firmĎ ӌഅनޙ ᆷ၂۱ӌഅᄝః෮૫ਢ֥۲ᇕჿඏ༯đ০ղ֞ቋն߄ൈ֥Ӂԛ֥ඣࠇሑbՎൈӌഅીႵڿэఃӁԛࠇࡎ۬ඣ֥ࠏbᄝ֥ܿٓӌഅંᇏđᆃၩሢӌഅ࿊ᄴਔ၂۱ш࠽൬ၭఞݺ֩Ⴟш࠽ӮЧ֥Ӂԛඣb Equilibriumčfor the individual consumerĎ ֆ۱ཨٮᆀ֥नޙ ཨٮᆀིႨղ֞ቋն߄ൈ֥ሑbᄝ۳ק֥൬ೆބࡎ۬ඣ༯đཨٮᆀ࿊ᄴਔିܔቋնӱ؇ֹડቀఃླေ֥അቆކb Equilibriumđcompetitive ࣩᆚनޙ ࣨᆚनޙčcompetitive equilibriumĎb Equilibriumđgeneral ၂Ϯनޙ ၂Ϯनޙٳ༅čgeneralĒequilibrium analysisĎ
ܻದຩᅟ Equilibriumđmacroeconomic ޡܴࣜ࠶नޙ ၩ჻ሹླ֩Ⴟၩ჻ሹ܂۳֥GDPඣbᄝनޙൈđၩ჻֥ཨٮčCĎđᆟکᆦԛčGĎđሧčIĎބ࣪ԛ१čXĎ֥ሹਈᆞݺ֩Ⴟᄝ֒భࡎ۬ඣ༯ఒြ෮჻ၩԛ൲֥ሹਈb Equimarginal principle ֩ш࠽مᄵ थק൬ೆᄝ҂ཨٮᆭࡗٳ֥مᄵbཨٮᆀॖοՎمᄵ࿊ᄴཨٮቆކđٮᄝ෮Ⴕഅބڛༀഈ֥ૄ၂ૅჭ֥ш࠽ིႨཌྷ֩đࣼିЌᆣཨٮᆀ෮ࠆི֤֥Ⴈቋն߄b Exchange rate ߸ੱ ຓ߸߸ੱčforeign exchange rateĎ ExchangeĒrate system ߸ੱᇅ؇ ݓࡅᆭࡗࣉྛᆦڱൈ෮၇ऌ֥၂ቆܿᄵaνஆބᇅ؇bൎഈቋᇗေ֥߸ੱᇅ؇൞ࣁЧ໊ᇅa҃ূؘ೦ਟุ༢ބགྷᄝ֥ڜ߸ੱᇅb Excise tax vsē sales tax ཨٮඥބཧ൲ඥ ཨٮඥ൞ؓଖᇕࠇଖቆഅđೂࣵބҤ֥ܓઙ෮ज़ᆘ֥ඥbཧ൲ඥ൞ؓԢഒඔหקഅčೂൊĎၛຓ֥෮Ⴕഅ෮ज़ᆘ֥ඥb Exclusion principle ஆჰᄵ ದљႿ܄܋֥၂ᇕྟᇉb֒ളӁᆀࡼ၂ᇕഅછ۳AުđିޓಸၞֹࡼBaCaD֩ದஆԢᄝھഅၭԩཚႨݖӱᆭຓđᄵஆჰᄵࣼᄝؿളቔႨđھഅ္ၹՎ൞၂ཛದb҂ିၞֹϜఃದஆԢᄝٳཚݖӱᆭຓđೂ܄܋ളࠇݓٝđᄵૌӫھഅऎႵ܄܋֥หᆘb Exogenous vsē induced variables ຓളэਈބႄᇁэਈ ຓളэਈ൞ପུႮࣜ࠶ุ༢ၛຓ֥ၹটथק֥эਈbაຓളэਈཌྷؓႋ֥൞ႄᇁэਈđުᆀ൞Ⴎࣜ࠶ุ༢֥ଽᄝᄎྛ෮थק֥b২ೂđ฿గэ߄൞ຓളэਈđطཨٮ֥э߄ᄵӈӈႮ൬ೆэ෮ႄᇁb Expectations ყ௹ ؓႿ҂ಒקၹčೂໃট০ੱaࡎ۬ࠇඥੱĎ֥ुمࠇၩbೂݔყ௹ીႵ༢ྟհ༂čࠇொҵĎѩႋႨਔ෮Ⴕॖିࠆ֤֥ྐ༏đᄵӫູྟ֥črationalĎყ௹bೂݔದૌ۴ऌݖಀ֥ྛູটྙӮૌ֥ყ௹đᄵᆃᇕყ௹ӫູ൞ൡႋྟ֥čadaptiveĎb Expenditure multiplier ᆦԛӰඔ ҕӰඔčmultiplierĎb Exports ԛ१ ᄝЧݓളӁطછ۳љݓ֥അࠇڛༀbЇওഅčೂచӚĎaڛༀčೂᄎൻĎބվॻࠣሧ֥০༏bࣉ१ᆞݺ൞၂ᇕّٚཟ֥ੀ--അބڛༀՖљݓੀೆЧݓb External diseconomies ຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶ ᆷളӁࠇཨٮ۳ఃದᄯӮാطఃದಏ҂ି֤֞Ҁӊ֥౦ঃb২ೂđۑํӌஆ٢֥ࠣݣగุݝֹ֒ದ֥ҍӁބࡲूđ൳ݝᆀѩ҂ି֤֞Ҁӊbಙ൞၂ᇕຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶b External economies ຓ҆ࣜ࠶ ᆷളӁބཨٮି۳ఃದջট൬ၭطఃದಏ҂сࣉྛᆦڱ֥౦ঃb၂۱ఒြܦႨਔνಆЌđ֤ཬ҂ۍᄝڸ࣍ഠࠃđᆃູࣼंิ܂ਔຓ֥҆νಆڛༀbຓ҆ࣜ࠶აຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶๙ӈФӫູoຓ҆ྟpčexternalitiesĎb External variables ຓ҆эਈ ຓളэਈčexogenous variablesĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Externalities ຓ҆ྟ ؓದӁളႵ০֥ࠇ҂০֥႕ཙđ҂ླေದؓՎᆦڱБԏࠇࣉྛҀӊ֥ࠃb֒ದӮЧࠇ൬ၭ҂֩Ⴟഠ߶ӮЧࠇ൬ၭൈđࣼ߶Ӂളຓ҆ྟbຓ҆ྟ֥ਆᇕᇶေ֥ো൞ຓ҆ࣜ࠶ބຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶b Factors of production ളӁေ ളӁྟೆđೂসaֹބሧЧbളӁഅބڛༀ෮ླ֥ሧჷđ္ӫoೆpčinputsĎb Fallacy of composition ކӮଂ༂ ၂ᇕಪ്հ༂đಪູؓ۱ุӮ৫֥౦ྙđؓႿಕቆࠇᆜ۱༢္ဢӮ৫b Federal Reserve System ৳ϹԥС༢ ૅݓ֥ᇏနၿྛčcentra bankĎb Fiat money مקࠊл ીႵଽᄝࡎᆴčintrinsic valueĎđФᆟکمקູႵི֥ࠊлđೂ֒ࣂ֥ᆼлbᆺႵᄝ܄ᇙཌྷྐ߶Фࢤ൳ൈđمקࠊлҌ߶ളིb Final goods ቋᇔӁ ᆻᄝቋᇔႨط٤ሇછࠇࣉ၂҄ࡆ۽֥അbčҕoᇏࡗӁpđintermediate goodsĎ Financial economics ࣁವࣜ࠶࿐ ࣜ࠶࿐֥၂۱ٳᆦbٳ༅ྟሧᆀೂޅ๙ݖቋႵི֥ٚൔႨሧࣁބࣉྛሧၛ௹ղ֞ଢѓb Financial intermediary ࣁವᇏࢺ ࢤ൳ԥྐྵթॻѩࡼఃԛࢹ۳ࢹॻᆀ֥ࠏܒbЇওթॻࠏܒčೂഅြၿྛބԥྐྵၿྛĎބ٤թॻࠏܒčೂࠊл൧ӆ܋ࠎࣁaࣜࡀದഅྛaЌག܄ඳࠇအࠎࣁĎb Firmčbusiness firmĎ ӌഅčఒြĎ ࣜ࠶ุ༢ᇏࠎЧ֥ದളӁֆ໊bܦႨসđܓઙఃೆđၛᇅᄯބཧ൲അb FiscalĒmonetary mix ҍᆟ-ࠊлᆟҦቆކ Ⴈၛۄყޡܴࣜ࠶ࠃ֥ҍᆟᆟҦބࠊлᆟҦ֥ቆކbࣅ෪֥ࠊлᆟҦބॺ֥ҍᆟᆟҦđౠཟႿܝৣཨٮބၝᇅሧbطॺ֥ࠊлᆟҦބࣅ෪֥ҍᆟᆟҦđᄵऎႵཌྷّ֥ۿིb Fiscal policy ҍᆟᆟҦ ၂ᇕᆟک࠹߃bଽಸЇওğč1Ďഅބڛༀ֥ܓઙࠣሇ၍ᆦڱ֩ᆦԛĠč2Ďඥ൬֥ඔਈބᇕোb Fiscal cost ܥקӮЧ ܥקӮЧčcostđfixedĎb Fixed exchange rate ܥק߸ੱ ຓ߸߸ੱčforeign exchangs rateĎb Flexible exchange rates ྟ߸ੱᇅ ၂ᇕݓ࠽߸ੱᇅ؇bᄝھᇅ؇่ࡱ༯đ߸ੱᇶေႮ൧ӆ৯ਈčࠧ܂۳ބླĎथקđᆟک҂ഡקࠣົӻଖᇕหק֥߸ੱbႵൈ္ӫቔoڜ߸ੱᇅpčfloating exchange ratesĎb֒ᆟکؓຓ߸൧ӆ҂ࡆۄყൈđھᇅ؇ӫູՂե֥ڜ߸ੱᇅb Floating exchange rates ڜ߸ੱᇅ ྟ߸ੱᇅčflexible exchange ratesĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Flow vs. stock ੀਈაթਈ ੀਈ൞ᆷđջႵൈࡗॴ؇ࠇჾᄝ၂۱ൈ؍ഈ෮ࠒэ֥ਈčݺб๙ݖ၂۱ފ؍֥ඣੀĎbթਈᄵᆷđᄝଖ၂۱ൈׄഈଖ၂эਈ֥ਈᆴčೂᇏ෮ഹ֥ඣĎb൬ದսіૄ၂୍֥ૅჭੀೆඔđၹՎ൞၂۱ੀਈbط֞1998୍12ᄅູᆸଖದ֥ҍڶᄵ൞၂۱թਈb Foreign exchange ຓ߸ ۲ݓႨၛӊڱؓݓ෮ఴᅏༀ֥๙ࠊčࠇఃࣁವௐऌĎb Foreign exchange market ຓ߸൧ӆ ҂ݓࡅ֥๙ࠊࣉྛࢌၞ֥൧ӆb Foreign exchange rate ຓ߸߸ੱ ၂ݓ๙ࠊაݓ๙ࠊ֥ࢌߐбੱࠇჾࡎ۬b২ೂđೂݔॖၛႨ1ૅჭܓઙ19֣ݓઔक़đପહઔक़֥߸ੱࣼ൞19bೂݔ၂ݓ๙ࠊףᇾଖ၂߸ੱඣđѩሙСෛൈݫᆃ၂߸ੱđᄵӫھݓൌྛ֥൞ܥק߸ੱᇅčfixed exĒchange rateĎbطႮ൧ӆ܂৯ਈটथק֥߸ੱӫູྟ߸ੱᇅčflexible exchange ratesĎo Fourfirm concentration rate ඹఒြࠢᇏ؇ ࠢᇏ؇čconcentration ratioĎb FractionalĒreserve banking ҆ٳሙСࣁၿྛᇅ؇ གྷսၿྛุ༢֥၂ᇕܵᇅྙൔb၇مေႵܱࣁವࠏܒࡼః෮་൬֥թॻ֥၂קб২đၛᇏနၿྛթॻčࠇ९թགྷࣁĎ֥ྙൔቔሙСࣁb Free goods ૧ٮ ҂උႿࣜ࠶ čeconomic goodsĎ֥bೂॢగࠇݚඣđૌնਈթᄝႿಆൗࢸđླᄝླᆀᇏࡗࣉྛ۳bၹՎđᆃུ֥൧ӆࡎູ۬ਬb Free trade ሱႮસၞ ᆟک҂ҐႨܱඥaحࠇఃྙൔটۄყݓ࠽સၞ֥ᆟҦb Frictional unemployment ଈ҈ྟാြ Ⴎ۱љ൧ӆэ߄෮ႄఏ֥ᄠൈྟാြb২ೂđࣜဒ֥۽ದླေٮൈࡗбࢠބ࿊ᄴ҂֥۽ቔࠏ߶ĠമᇀႵࣜဒ֥۽ದສສ္ླٮഒਈൈࡗࣉྛ۽ቔሇߐbଈ҈ྟാြႵљႿᇛ௹ྟാြčcyclical unemploymentĎđުᆀ൞ᄝ۽ሧބࡎ۬ӯᅔྟ่֥ࡱ༯đႮႿሹླඣ֥֮༯طᄯӮ֥b Full employment ԉٳࣼြ ၂۱Ⴕ؟ᇗݣၬ֥ඌეbൎഈᄻФႨႿ૭ඍ҂թᄝčࠇࣇթᄝቋഒਈĎ٤ሱ჻ാြ౦ঃ༯֥ࣼြඣbࣂ฿đࣜ࠶࿐ࡅႨቋ֮ॖӻ࿃ാြੱŀlowest sustainable rate of unemploymentč LSURĎłۀট૭ඍॖၛӉ௹ӻ࿃֥ቋ֥ۚࣼြඣb G Gains from trade સၞ০֤ ሱ჻સၞ෮ᄹࡆ֥ڞ০ሹحb֩ႿཨٮᆀഺჅაളӁᆀഺჅᆭބb Galloping inflation ࠤख֥๙ࠊளᅮ ๙ࠊளᅮčinflationĎb Game theory Ѱᒮં ܱႿᇀഒթᄝ҆ٳ০ၭԊ֥ਆ۱ࠇ؟۱थҦᆀ෮ԩ౦ঃ֥ٳ༅bԢႨႿϠ۽֩ษࡎߎࡎ֥౦ঃđၛࠣбބᅞᆚ֩Ԋ֥౦ঃᆭຓđߎॖၛႨႿܪ؎൧ӆ
ܻದຩᅟ ֥ٳ༅b GeneralĒequilibrium analysis ၂Ϯनޙٳ༅ ࣜ࠶ᆜุनޙሑ֥ٳ༅đՎൈ෮Ⴕ֥അބڛༀ൧ӆൈԩႿनޙbཌྷႋ֥अ҆नޙٳ༅čpartial-equilibrium analysisĎđࣇ࣮ֆ۱൧ӆ֥नޙb GDP deflator GDPࣅ෪ᆷඔ GDP֥oࡎ۬pbھࡎ۬ᆷඔႨႿޙਈGDP۲ቆӮ҆ٳཌྷؓႿࠎ୍֥नࡎ۬b GDP gap GDPಌ१ మᄝGDPაൌ࠽GDP֥ҵحࠇಌ१b GNP ݓളӁሹᆴ ݓളӁሹᆴčgloss national productĎ Gold standard ಆЧ໊ᇅ ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕᇅ؇ğ၂ݓč1Ď࿆҃ఃࠊлֆ໊ა၂קᇗਈ֥ߛࣁ֩ࡎĠč2ĎӻႵߛࣁԥСđѩ۴ऌ෮࿆֥҃ࡎ۬ሱႮઙછߛࣁĠč3Ďؓߛࣁ֥ࣉԛ१҂ࡆޅཋᇅb Government debt ᆟکᅏༀ ၛᅏಊބ؋௹ࢹॻྙൔթᄝ֥ᆟکᅏༀሹحbԢႮሙᆟکࠏܒčೂᇏနၿྛĎӻႵ֥ᅏಊၛຓđᆟکᅏༀ၂ϮႮ܄ᇙӻႵb Goverment expenditure multiplier ᆟکᆦԛӰඔ ᆟکҐܓ֩ᆦԛૄᄹࡆ၂ૅჭ෮ႄఏ֥GDP֥ᄹਈb Graduated income tax ࣉ෮֤ඥ ۱ದ෮֤ඥčincome taxđ personalĎb Gresham`s Law ۬ূྋمᄵ Ⴎກઔථ·۬ূྋणൖčSir Thomas Greshamđႇݓ၈ঢ়೨Ϣ୯၂ൗ֥ܤ໙Ď൮Ցิԛđᄝ1558୍ؿі֥oਜл౺ᇯਅлpᆃ၂ࢳಪູğ֒܄ᇙؓࠊл܂۳֥ଖ၂҆ٳ߈Ⴕၐ੮ൈđૌ߶ࡼoਅлpčgood moneyĎࢢҟఏটđѩ൫ࡼoਜлpčbad moneyĎሇಞ۳ದb Gross domestic productđ nominalčor nominal GDPĎ ၬݓଽളӁሹᆴ(ࠇၬGDPĎ ο֒భ൧ӆࡎ۬࠹ෘ֥၂ݓ၂୍ଽ෮ളӁ֥ಆ҆ቋᇔӁԛ֥ࡎᆴb Gross domestic productđreal ൌ࠽ݓଽളӁሹᆴčൌ࠽GDPĎ ॉ੮๙ࠊளᅮၹѩࡆၛ२Ԣ֥GDPđ္ࠧđൌ࠽GDP၂ၬGDPԢၛGDPࣅ෪ᆷඔb Gross national productđ nominal ၬݓളӁሹᆴčࠇၬGNPĎ ۴ऌ֒భ൧ӆࡎ۬࠹ෘ֥၂ݓ০Ⴈఃေ෮ളӁ֥ಆ҆ቋᇔӁބڛༀ֥ࡎᆴb Gross national productđ real ൌ࠽ݓളӁሹᆴčൌ࠽GNPĎ ॉ੮֞๙ࠊளᅮၹѩࡆၛ२Ԣ֥GNPđ္ࠧđൌ࠽GNP၂ၬGNPԢၛGNPࣅ෪ᆷඔb Growth accounting ᄹӉނෘ ܙ࠹҂ေؓࣜ࠶ᄹӉ֥܊ངӱ؇֥ٳ༅ඌbࢹᇹш࠽ളӁੱંđᄹӉނෘࡼӁԛᄹӉ֥ჷಅٳࢳູসaֹaሧЧa࢝ტaඌᆩ്ބః؟
ܻದຩᅟ ᇕၹb H Hedging ส௹Ќᆴ ࢹᇹؓԊࢌၞ߭хڄག֥ሧඌb২ೂđଖ୪ӆ෮ᇕ֥ཬચᄝ౬࠱൬ࠆđᄵ୪ӆᇶॖၛᄝԽ࠱ࠇ༱࠱༵ྛԛ൲აӁԛ֩ਈ֥ཬચđՖطַཨࡎ۬ѯ֥ڄགbࠇჾđൌགྷส௹Ќᆴb High-powered money ۚିࠊл ࠎԤࠊлčmonetary baseĎb Horizontal equity vsēvertical equity ޘཟ֩აሺཟ֩ޘཟ֩ᆷ֥൞ğؓঃোර֥ದ۳Ⴭ֩ࠇ܄֥րმđ఼ט֥൞ࠎЧ౦ঃཌྷ֥ದႋ֤֞ཌྷ֥րმbሺཟ֩ᆷ֥൞ğؓঃ҂֥ದႋ۳Ⴭ֥֩րმb Horizontal integration ޘཟᆜކ ሺཟᆜކაޘཟᆜކčintegrationđ vertical vsē horizontalĎb Horizontal merger ޘཟ࡙ࣝ ࡙ѩčmergerĎb Human capital ದ৯ሧЧ ၂ݓႮস৯ุགྷ֥ඌᆩ്ބି֥թਈđჷႿᆞൔ࢝ტބᄝᆯ֩ٚ૫֥ሧb Hyperinflation ذྟ๙ࠊளᅮ ๙ࠊளᅮčinflationĎb I Imperfect competition ҂ປಆࣩᆚ ҂ປಆࣩᆚčcompetitionđimperfectĎb Imperfect competitor ҂ປಆࣩᆚᆀ ܓઙਈࠇཧ൲ਈቀၛ႕ཙ෮ᄝ൧ӆ֥ࡎ۬ඣ֥ӌഅb ImplicitĒcost elements ႅྟӮЧေ ෙಖ҂൞ཁྟࠊлӮЧ čexplicit money costsĎđಏႋཞؓրཁྟࠊлӮЧପဢটࡆၛނෘ֥ӮЧčೂཬഅᇶ֥সӮЧĎbႅྟӮЧႵൈӫoࠏ߶ӮЧpčopportunity costĎđުᆀݣၬ۷ܼb Imports ࣉ१ ԛ१čexportsĎb Inappropriability ҂ॖٳѭྟ ҂ॖٳѭčinappropriableĎb Inappropriable ҂ॖٳѭ Ⴈၛ૭ඍ۱ದႨӮЧູਬđࠇ۱ದӮЧ֮Ⴟഠ߶ሹӮЧ֥ሧჷbᆃུሧჷ֥หᆘ൞ऎႵຓ҆ྟbၹՎđՖഠ߶֥࢘؇ुđ൧ӆᇂھሧჷ൞٤ིੱ֥b Incidencečor tax incidenceĎ ݂ීđࠇඥڮ݂ී ၂ཛඥ൬ቋᇔ֥ࣜ࠶ڵքᆀčཌྷႋႿمק
ܻದຩᅟ ବඥದĎb২ೂđཧ൲ඥі૫ഈႮਬ൲അ࢚ବđൌ࠽ഈھඥڮࠞႵॖିሇࡑᄝཨٮᆀദഈbඥ൬݂ීඪָ֞൞౼थႿ܂۳ބླ֥ࡎ۬ྟb Income ൬ೆ ۱ದࠇݓࡅ၂؍ൈ௹ଽč๙ӈູ၂୍Ď෮ྍᄹ֥۽ሧa০༏aޣ০ބఃࣉᅫ֥ੀਈb Income effectčof a price changeĎ čࡎ۬э֥Ď൬ೆིႋ അࡎ۬э߶ႄఏཨٮᆀൌ࠽൬ದэđࣉط߶֝ᇁؓھഅ֥ླਈ֥эbࡎ۬э֥൬ದིႋ൞ࡎ۬эู֥սིႋčsubstitution effectĎ֥၂ᇕҀԉb Income elasticity of demand ླ֥൬ೆྟ ޅ۳ק֥ླ҂ࣇ൳ھࡎ֥۬႕ཙđط൳ܓઙᆀ൬ದ֥႕ཙb൬ೆྟႨႿޙਈླਈؓႿ൬ದ֥ૹۋӱ؇bఃࣚಒקၬ൞ğླਈэ֥ϤٳбԢၛ൬ದэ֥Ϥٳбbŀҕླ֥ࡎ۬čྟprice elasticity of demandĎ]b Income statement ൬ၭі܄ඳ֥၂ᇕБіđБۡଖൈ௹č๙ӈູ၂୍Ď֥ཧ൲൬ದࠇ෮ࠆ൬ၭđ෮൲അ֥ކ֥ӮЧđߎႵัԢӮЧު෮ഺ֥০č࣪൬ೆĎbႻӫၭіčprofit-and-loss statementĎb Income taxđ negative ڵ෮֤ඥ ڵ෮֤ඥčegative income taxĎb Income taxđ personal ۱ದ෮֤ඥ ؓ۱ದ൬ೆज़ᆘ֥ඥb൬ೆЇও۽ሧaྈࣁđࠇሿࣁaޣ০a০༏֩ሧӁ൬ೆbᄝૅݓđ۱ದ෮֤ඥҐ౼ࣉᇅčgraduatedĎđࠧۚ൬ೆᆀ֥नඥੱေۚႿ֮൬ೆᆀb Income velocity of money ࠊл֥൬ೆᇛሇੱ ࠊлᇛሇੱčvelocity of moneyĎb Incomes policy ൬ೆᆟҦ ᆻᄝᆰࢤཋᇅ۽ሧބࡎ۬эၛࡨߏ๙ࠊளᅮ֥ᆟҦbЇও؟ᇕྙൔğՖሱ჻۽ሧ၂ࡎ۬ᆷ֝đ֞ؓ۽ሧaྈࣁބࡎ۬ᆰࢤࣉྛمੰ॥ᇅđ֩֩b Increasing returns to scale ־ᄹ֥ܿଆБԏ ܿଆБԏčreturns to scaleĎb Independent goods ৫ ླཌྷ৫֥b۷ࣚಒֹඪđః่ࡱཌྷൈđೂݔA֥ࡎ۬э߄ؓB֥ླીႵ႕ཙđᄵӫAaB൞৫b Indexingčor indexationĎ ᆷඔ߄ ၂ᇕࠏᇅğ۽ሧaࡎ۬ބކෛ၂Ϯࡎඣэطࣉྛ֥҆ٳ֥ࠇປಆ֥טᆜđၛַཨࡎ۬ඣ֥č҆ٳࠇປಆĎэ֥႕ཙb Indifference curve ҵၳ౷ཌ ਆᇠٳљіൕ҂ཨٮਈ֥૫ቕѓଽ֥၂่౷ཌbھཌഈૄ၂čׄіൕਆᇕ֥҂ቆކĎିູ෮۳ק֥ཨٮᆀջটປಆི֥֩Ⴈડቀӱ؇b indifference map ҵၳ౷ཌ Ⴕଖཨٮᆀ၂ቂҵၳ౷ཌ֥ྙbᆃቂ౷ཌ๙ӈԩႿჰ֥ׄႷഈٚđჰׄᄀჹ֥đડቀӱ؇ࠇඣᄀۚb
ܻದຩᅟ Indirect taxes ࡗࢤඥ ᆰࢤඥčdirect taxesĎb Induced variables ႄᇁэਈ ຓളэਈაႄᇁэਈčexternal vsē induced variablesĎb Industry Ӂြ ളӁཌྷර֥ࠇཌྷ֥Ӂ֥၂༢ਙఒြb Inertial rate of inflation ܸྟ๙ࠊளᅮੱ ၂ᇕӻ࿃֥๙ࠊளᅮݖӱb֒ದૌყ௹๙ࠊளᅮ߶ӻ࿃༯ಀđѩ֒భ֥๙ࠊளᅮੱุགྷႿದૌ෮ר৫֥ކࠣ෮ྙӮ֥ყ௹ᆭᇏ֥ൈީđܸྟ๙ࠊளᅮࣼ߶ؿളb Infant industry ႼᇈӁြ ᄝؓຓસၞંᇏđᆷഉໃႚႵൌགྷܿଆࣜ࠶෮ླ֥ࣜဒࠇህြඌ֥ӁြbေӮۿֹຓݓളӁဢഅ֥ӮඃӁြཌྷࣩᆚđᆃᇕࣜဒࠇህြඌ൞сླ֥bႼᇈӁြᄝఃؿᅚݖӱᇏđ๙ӈಪູླေ۳Ⴭܱඥࠇح֥Ќo Inferior goods ֖֮ࠇਜ֩ ཨٮਈෛ൬ದ֥ഈശط༯ࢆ֥b Inflationčor inflation rateĎ ๙ࠊளᅮčࠇ๙ࠊளᅮੱĎ ๙ࠊளᅮੱᆷ၂Ϯࡎඣ୍֥ᄹӉϤٳбbذྟ๙ࠊளᅮčhyperinflationĎᆷ๙ࠊளᅮੱ֥ࠞۚ౦ঃč২ೂđૄ୍Ϥٳᆭ၂తđϤٳᆭ၂ϤຣമᇀϤٳᆭၡĎbࠤख֥๙ࠊளᅮčgalloping inflationĎᆷૄ୍Ϥٳᆭa၂ϤࠇؽϤ֥౦ঃb໑ބ֥๙ࠊளᅮčmoderate inflationĎᄵᆷѩ҂ᇗ౷ཌྷؓࡎ۬ࠇ൬ದ֥ࡎഈᅨb Inflation targeting ๙ࠊளᅮଢѓ ၂ᇕᇍ๙ࠊளᅮ֥ᆟکᆟҦğܲٚಒק๙ࠊளᅮ֥ଢѓa࿆҃๙ࠊளᅮੱѯ֥ٓຶđѩૼಒіൕࠊлᆟҦ֥൮ေଢѓ൞֮໗֥๙ࠊளᅮb୍࣍ྸ؟۽ြݓҐႨਔ఼႗ࠇਲࠃ֥๙ࠊளᅮଢѓᆟҦb Innovation Էྍ ၂۱აჿೣڏ·ྦྷдหčJoseph SchumpeterĎႵૡ్ܱ༢֥ඌეbྦྷдหڮჍᇕݣၬğč1Ďཟ൧ӆႄದ၂ᇕಆྍ֥aૼཁ҂֥ӁĠč2Ďႄࣉ၂ᇕྍ֥ളӁඌĠࠇᆀč3Ďषؿ၂۱ྍ൧ӆbŀҕؿૼčinventionĎbł Inputs ೆ ದŀࠇളӁေčfactors of productionĎłᆷఒြႨႿളӁݖӱ֥അࠇসༀb Insurance Ќག ၂ᇕࠏᇅğ๙ݖࡼڄགٳႿᇙ؟ದദഈ֥ٚൔটࢆ֮۱ุ෮૫֥ؓڄགaҀ۱ุॖିᄥ൳֥ऍحാb Integrationđvertical vsēhorizontal ሺཟᆜކބޘཟᆜކ ളӁݖӱႮྸ؟ളӁࢨ؍෮ቆӮđೂํঀെࡆ۽Ӯۑצaۑצࡆ۽Ӯۑϰaۑϰᄜࡆ۽ӮచӚӚุbሺཟᆜކ൞ᆷࡼളӁݖӱ֥ਆ۱ࠇ۷؟֥ࢨ؍ࢲކᄝֆ۱ఒြ֒ᇏčೂđํঀെބۑצĎbޘཟᆜކ൞ᆷࡼԩႿ၂ളӁࢨ؍֥҂ֆ໊ࢲކᄝֆ۱ఒြ֒ᇏb Intellectual property rights ᆩ്Ӂಃ ܵህ০aϱಃaഅြૡaሰૂࢺބఃၛྐ༏ູᇶေଽಸ֥അ֥مੰbᆃུمੰ๙ӈ۳ჍؿૼᆀᄝᄜളӁݖӱᇏ֥॥ᇅಃބ൳Ҁӊಃb Interest ০༏ ཟದվॻ֥ದ෮ࠆ֤֥൬ၭb
ܻದຩᅟ Interest rate ০ੱ ၂קൈ௹ଽູ෮ࢹॻཛ෮ᆦڱ֥ࡎ۬đ๙ӈၛૄ୍֥ᅝЧࣁ֥Ϥٳбটіൕbᆃဢđೂݔ০༏ੱ൞ૄ୍10Ċđᄵࢹ௹၂୍֥1đ000ૅჭվॻđླေᆦڱ100ૅჭ֥০༏b Intermediate goods ᇏࡗӁ ࣜݖ၂ུᇅᄯࠇࡆ۽ݖӱđߎીႵղ֞ቋᇔӁࢨ؍֥Ӂb২ೂđۑํބૣ೭ࣼ൞ᇏࡗӁb International monetary systemčalso International financial systemĎ ݓ࠽ࠊлᇅ؇čݓ࠽ࣁವุ༢Ď ॴݓࢌၞऌၛࣉྛᆦڱ֥ᇅ؇bᇏྏᆟҦ໙ี൞νஆ߸ੱೂޅथקaᆟҦೂޅ႕ཙ߸ੱ֩໙ีb Intervention ۄყ ᆟکູ႕ཙЧл߸ੱطᄝຓ߸൧ӆഈઙછЧݓࠊл֩ࠃb Intrinsic valuečof moneyĎ čࠊл֥Ďଽᄝࡎᆴ ቔູ֥ࠊлഅࡎᆴčೂđлᇏ෮ݣ֥൧ӆࡎᆴĎb Invention ؿૼ ၂ᇕྍӁࠇ၂ཛྍളӁඌ֥ԷᄯྟؿགྷbᇿၩაԷྍčinnovationĎႵљb Investment ሧ č1Ď၂ᇕູᄹࡆໃটӁԛط٢ఙ֒భཨٮ֥ࣜ࠶ࠃbЇওႵྙሧđೂٜđބྙሧđೂ࢝ტb࣪ሧ൞ሹሧ२Ԣᅼࣸު֥ࡎᆴbሹሧ൞ીႵ२Ԣᅼ֥ࣸሧbč2Ďᄝࣁವඌეᇏđሧ֥ݣၬປಆ҂đᆷ֥൞ؓႿܢௐࠇᅏಊ֩ᆣಊ֥ܓઙb Investment demandčor investment demand curveĎ ሧླčࠇሧླ౷ཌĎ ّ႘ሧඣሧЧӮЧč۷ऎֹุඪ൞ൌ࠽০ੱĎᆭࡗ֥ؓႋܱ༢֥іb Invisible hand ु҂֥൭ ֒·ථૡႿ1776୍ิԛ֥ۀđࢣൕሱႮ٢֥൧ӆࣜ࠶ᇏ෮թᄝ֥၂۱ᙣંbಪູᄝૄ۱ҕაᆀሔࠇෲ֥০֥ݖӱᇏđ൧ӆุ༢߶۳෮Ⴕҕაᆀջট০ၭđࣼݺའႵ၂ᆺࠝབՋ֥ु҂֥൭đᄝᆷ֝ሢᆜ۱ࣜ࠶ݖӱb Involuntarily unemployed ٤ሱ჻ാြ ാြčunemploymentĎb Iron law of wages ۽ሧํੰ ઔغථބઔक़න֥ࣜ࠶ંᆭ၂bಪູᄝሧЧᇶၬᇏթᄝሢ۽ሧФ֞ົӻളթඣᆃဢ၂۱҂ॖх૧֥൝b Isoquant ֩Ӂਈ ֩Ӂਈ౷ཌčequal product curveĎb K Keynesian economics ऺضථࣜ࠶࿐ Ⴎჿݩ·઼ବ֣·ऺضථषԷ֥၂สࣜ࠶ંbಪູሧЧᇶၬุ༢҂ିሱֹཟԉٳࣼြ֥नޙb۴ऌऺضථ֥ܴׄđᄎႨҍᆟᆟҦࠇࠊлᆟҦିܔิۚሹླđॖၛ၄ᇍ٤ԉٳࣼြ֥नޙb
ܻದຩᅟ Keynesian school ऺضථ࿐ஊ ऺضථᇶၬࣜ࠶࿐(Keynesian economics)b L Labor force স৯ ૅݓܲٚ࠹ᇏđ16ෟބ16ෟၛഈ֥ാြࠇࣼြ֥ದ१ಕุb LaborĒforce participstion rate স৯ҕაੱ උႿস৯ٓຶ֥ದ१ᅝ16ෟࠣ16ෟၛഈ֥ಆุದ१֥бੱb Labor productivity সളӁੱ ളӁੱčproductivityĎb Labor supply স܂۳ ၂۱ࣜ࠶ॖ܂Ⴈ֥۽ದ֥ඔਈčࠇ۷၂Ϯֹඪğস֥ཬൈඔĎaস܂۳֥ᇶေथקၹ൞ದ१aൌ࠽۽ሧބഠ߶Ԯb Labor theory of value সࡎᆴં ӈაवغ·ઔक़න৳༢ᄝ၂ఏ֥࿐ඪđಪູૄᇕഅࡎᆴ֥ື၂ޙਈѓሙႋ൞ളӁ෮ླေ֥সਈb LaissezĒfairečoleave us alongpĎ ሱႮ٢čoљটܵpĎ ၂ᇕܴׄđಪູᆟکႋ࣐ॖିഒֹۄყࣜ࠶ࠃēطಞ൧ӆಀቔथҦbοᅶ֒·ථૡ֩ܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ֥іඍđᆃ၂ܴׄૼಒಪູᆟک֥ቔႨႋཋႿ༯ඍٓຶğčlĎمੰބᇇົӻĠč2ĎݓٝĠč3Ďิ܂ದఒြ҂჻ิ܂֥ଖུ܄܋čೂ܄܋ЌࡲބߌളĎb Land ֹ ܞׅބྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ᇏᇕࠎЧളӁေ֥၂ᇕčఃູসބሧЧĎb۷၂Ϯֹඪđֹ҂ࣇЇও୪ြބ۽ြ֩ٚ૫֥ႨֹđطߎЇওՖֹഈބֹ༯෮౼֤֥ఃሱಖሧჷb LeastĒcost rulečof productionĎ čളӁ֥Ďቋ֮ӮЧمᄵ ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕمᄵğ֒ૄ၂ᇕದေ֥ш࠽൬ၭӁؓႿھᇕದေ֥ࡎ֥۬бੱཌྷ֥֩ൈީđളӁଖ၂ඣӁਈ֥ӮЧࣼղ֞ቋཬb Legal tender مקౢӊ οᅶمੰܿקđᄝࣉྛᅏༀౢӊൈсྶФࢤ൳֥ࠊлbૅݓ෮Ⴕ֥႗лބ๙ࠊ൞مקౢӊđᆦௐ҂൞b Less developed countryčLDCĎ ఴؿղݓࡅ ದन൬ೆჹ֮Ⴟoؿղpݓč๙ӈᆷКૅބ༆֥ն҆ٳݓࡅĎ֥ݓࡅb Liabilities ڵᅏ ߶࠹࿐ᇏđᆷؓఃఒြࠇ۱ದ֥ఴॻčdebtĎࠇࣁವᅏༀčfinancial obligationĎb Libertarianism ሱႮ٢ᇶၬ ၂ᇕᄝࣜ࠶ބᆟᇍ൙ༀᇏ఼ט۱ದሱႮᇗေ֥ᅽ࿐ĠႵൈ္ӫቔoሱႮᇶၬpčliberalismĎbሱႮ٢ᇶၬᆀčЇওᄪ௹֥֒·ථૡđࣂ฿֥غؘ·ڠ֣ણބᅓଚൖ·҃िଲĎಪູđದႋھିܔൌགྷૌ֥০ၭބၩ჻đطᆟکࠃႋཋႿ
ܻದຩᅟ Ќᆣކ੫ྛaิ܂ࣞҳބݓٝڛༀ֥ٓຶଽđᆃဢҌିቋնཋ؇ֹູ۱ದิ܂ሱႮb Limited Liability Ⴕཋᄳ ܱႿ෮Ⴕᆀؓఒြാႋڱᄳ֥ཋᇅbᆃᇕാࣇཋႿھ෮Ⴕᆀູھఒြ෮ิ܂֥ሧЧ֥ٓຶଽbႵཋᄳ൞ն܄ඳྖఏ֥ᇗေၹbطކࠄᇅބ۱ದြᇶᇅ֥෮Ⴕᆀ၂Ϯ౦ঃ༯ಏླေؓᅏༀڵႵཋ֥ᄳb Long run Ӊ௹ Ⴈটіൕ၂؍ൈࡗ֥ඌეbᄝᆃ؍ൈࡗᇏđॖၛᆌؓႵܱ֥э߄ቔԛԉٳ֥טᆜbᄝັܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđіൕᆃဢ၂؍ൈࡗğఒြॖၛࣉದࠇԛଖ၂ྛြđऍሧЧթਈॖၛэ߄bᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđࣜӈႨটᆷᆃဢ၂؍ൈࡗğ෮Ⴕ֥ࡎ۬a۽ሧކaඥੱၛࠣყ௹ିܔቔԛԉٳ֥טᆜb LongĒrun aggregate supply schedule Ӊ௹ሹ܂۳і ܂۳іđّ႘෮Ⴕࡎ۬ބ۽ሧࣉྛטᆜၛު֥Ӂԛაࡎ۬ඣᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢bᄝՎđሹ܂۳౷ཌ൞Լᆰ֥b Lorenz curve ઌՇ౷ཌ ၂۱Ⴈটཁൕ൬ದࠇҍڶ҂֥֩ӱ؇֥ࠫޅྙb Lowest sustainable rate of unemploymentčor LSURĎ ቋ֮ॖӻ࿃ാြੱ ᆷ၂ᇕാြੱඣđᄝھඣഈđ֝ᇁ۽ሧഈശބࡎ۬ளᅮ֥৯ބ֝ᇁ۽ሧ༯ࢆބࡎ۬൬෪֥৯ؽᆀđԩႿޙሑđ෮ၛ๙ࠊளᅮ࠻҂ഈശ္҂༯ࢆĠLSURսіᄝӉ௹ଽ҂թᄝ๙ࠊளᅮഈശ৯֥౦ঃ༯෮ିࠆ֤֥ቋ֮ാြੱb္ࠧ൞ᆃဢ֥၂ᇕാြੱđᄝھാြੱඣഈđӉ௹֥٣০௴ථ౷ཌčPhillips curveĎ൞Լᆰ֥b LumpĒofĒlabor fallacy সކӮଂ༂ ၂ᇕհ༂ܴׄđಪູഠ߶ᇏླေቓ֥۽ቔሹਈ൞ܥק֥bᆭ෮ၛհ༂֥ჰၹᄝႿğস൧ӆॖၛ๙ݖ۽ሧ֥э߄ࠇ၍֥ԛದটࡆၛטᆜđՖطॖၛൡႋস܂֥э߄b M M1a M2 ҕࠊл܂ႋ(money supplyĎb Macroeconomics ޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ ؓࣜ࠶ሹุྛູ֥ٳ༅đᇶေ࣮Ӂԛa൬ೆaࡎ۬ඣaؓຓસၞaാြބఃሹุࣜ࠶эਈbčҕັܴࣜ࠶࿐đmicroeconomicsĎb Malthusian theory of population growth ઔغථದ१ᄹӉં ઔغථ൮Ցิԛ֥၂ᇕࡌഡğಪູದ१ᄹӉ֥oሱಖpౠཟॹႿൊ܂۳֥ᄹӉbၹՎđෛሢൈࡗ၍đದनൊളӁᄹӉੱႿ༯ࢆđՖط۳ದ߭ᄹӉഡᇂਔ၂ᇕᅰθb၂Ϯֹඪđᆃᇕܴׄಪູğෛሢದ१֥൬ೆඣބളࠃѓሙ֥ิۚđದ१ౠཟႿ۷ॹֹᄹӉb Managed exchange rate ܵ߸ੱᇅ ֒ࣂቋੀྛ֥၂ᇕ߸ੱุᇅbᄝᆃᇕุᇅᇏđݓࡅ߶҂ൈֹҐ౼၂ུۄყծീၛ໗קࠊлđીႵܥק֥ࠇܲٚ܄֥҃ࡎb Marginal cost ш࠽ӮЧ ҕӮЧш࠽čcostđmarginalĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Marginal principle ш࠽ჰᄵ ၂۱ࠎЧۀğ֒ದૌࠃ֥ш࠽ӮЧ֩Ⴟш࠽൬ၭ֥ൈީđૌࣼൌགྷਔሱ֥࠭൬ೆࠇ০֥ቋն߄b Marginal ProductčMPĎ ш࠽Ӂ ֒෮Ⴕఃೆ҂эൈđሔࡆ၂ֆ໊ೆ෮֤֥֞حຓ֥ӁԛbႵൈӫቔш࠽ᇉӁčMarginal physical productĎb Marginal product theory of distribution ٳ֥ш࠽Ӂં Ⴎჿݩ·B·क़ঘक़ิԛ֥၂ᇕ൬ೆٳંb۴ऌھંđૄ၂ളӁྟೆ၇ऌఃш࠽Ӂࠆ֤ཌྷႋ֥Бԏb Marginal propensity of consumeč MPCĎ ш࠽ཨٮౠཟ ॖᆦ൬ೆᄹࡆ၂ૅჭൈದૌཨٮ֥ᄹࡆਈbᇿၩđაनཨٮౠཟčaverage propensity to consumeĎ҂đުᆀ൞ሹཨٮაॖᆦሹ൬ದ֥бੱb Marginal propensity to importčMPmĎ ш࠽ࣉ१ౠཟ ᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđႮႿGDPૄᄹࡆ၂ૅჭط֤ࣉ१ᄹࡆ֥ૅჭඔحb Marginal propensity to savečMPSĎ ш࠽ԥྐྵౠཟ ෮ሔࡆ֥၂ૅჭॖᆦ൬ೆᇏႨႿԥྐྵ֥҆ٳbᇿၩđ۴ऌקၬđ MPCĐ MPSĢ 1b Margina revenuečMRĎ ш࠽൬ၭ ఒြԛ൲حຓ၂ֆ໊Ӂ෮ି֤֥֞൬ၭ֥ᄹਈbᄝປಆࣩᆚ่ࡱ༯đш࠽൬ၭ֩Ⴟࡎ۬bᄝ҂ປಆࣩᆚ่ࡱ༯đш࠽൬ၭ֮Ⴟࡎ۬bჰၹ൞ğູཧ൲෮ሔࡆ֥ᆃ၂ֆ໊Ӂđ෮ႵᄝՎֆ໊ၛభԛ൲֥Ӂ֥ࡎ۬сྶႵ෮ࢆ֮b Marginal revenue productčof an inputĎđč MRPĎ č၂ᇕೆ֥Ďш࠽൬ၭӁ ֩Ⴟш࠽൬ၭӰၛш࠽Ӂbೂݔӌഅሔࡆ၂ֆ໊ದࣉྛളӁѩԛ൲Ӂط֤֞၂۱حຓ൬ದđପહᆃ۱حຓ൬ದࣼ൞ш࠽൬ၭӁb Marginal tax rate ш࠽ඥੱ ࣼ෮֤ඥطđ൬ದ֥ቋު၂ૅჭᇏႨቔඥ൬֥Ϥٳбbᄝࣉඥᇅᇏđш࠽ඥੱۚႿनඥੱb Marginal utilityčMUĎ ш࠽ིႨ ᄝࡌקఃഅ֥ཨٮਈЌӻ҂э่֥ࡱ༯đཨٮحຓ၂ֆ໊ሔࡆഅൈ෮ջট֥ሔࡆ֥ࠇحຓ֥ડቀb Market ൧ӆ છᆀބઙᆀཌྷቔႨၛथקഅࡎ۬ބࢌၞඔਈ֥၂ᇕνஆbႵུ൧ӆčೂܢௐ൧ӆބ๋ᄬ൧ӆĎႵൌᄝ֥ॢࡗӆ෮Ġطਸ਼၂ུ൧ӆᄵ൞Ⴎ߅ࠇ࠹ෘࠏ৵ࢤఏট֥bགྷᄝđߎႵ၂ᇕ൧ӆ൞ᄝ৳ຩഈᅚष֥b Market economy ൧ӆࣜ࠶ ᄝᆃᇕࣜ࠶ᇏđoહaೂޅބູජp֩Ⴕܱሧჷᇂ֥໙ีđᇶေ๙ݖ൧ӆ֥܂۳ބླটथקbᄝ൧ӆᆃᇕࣜ࠶ቆᆮྙൔᇏđఒြ൳০ቋն߄ၩ჻֥౺đܓઙჰҋਘbࣉྛളӁѩཧ൲ӁĠطंᄵႚႵေ൬ದđૌᄝ൧ӆᇏथקؓഅ֥ླbቋުđఒြ֥܂۳ބं֥ླؽᆀཌྷቔႨđ܋थקഅ֥ࡎ۬ބඔਈb Market equilibrium ൧ӆनޙ ֩Ⴟࣩᆚनޙ čCompetitive equilibriumĎ
ܻದຩᅟ Market failure ൧ӆ҂ਲ ᆷࡎุ۬༢֥҂ປСྟđቅθሧჷ֥Ⴕིᇂbᇶေіགྷູຓ҆ྟބ҂ປಆࣩᆚb Market power ൧ӆಃ৯ ၂۱ࠇ၂ቆఒြؓଖ၂ྛြࡎ۬ބളӁथҦ֥॥ᇅӱ؇bᄝ؎౦ྙ༯đఒြႵۚ؇֥൧ӆಃ৯bطᄝປಆࣩᆚྛြᇏ֥ఒြᄵીႵ൧ӆಃ৯bࠢᇏੱ൞Ⴈ֤ቋܼ֥ٗ൧ӆಃ৯֥ޙਈѓሙb Market share ൧ӆٺح ၂۱ࠇ၂ቆఒြᄝھྛြӁԛਈᇏ෮ᅝ֥б২b Markup pricing ࡆӮקࡎᇅ ྸ؟ఒြᄝ҂ປಆࣩᆚ่ࡱ༯෮Ⴈ֥קࡎٚمb۴ऌᆃ၂קࡎٚمđૌ༵ܙ࠹नӮЧđಖުᄝӮЧഈᄜࡆ၂۱ܥק֥Ϥٳбđၛุགྷૌ෮ေ෬౼֥ࡎ۬b Marxism ઔक़නᇶၬ Ⴎवغ·ઔक़නᄝ19ൗࡀิԛ֥၂༢ਙഠ߶aᆟᇍࠣࣜ࠶࿐ඪbቔູࣜ࠶ંđઔक़නყđႮႿሧЧᇶၬ֥ଽᄝ؛đหљ൞ႮႿఃЉؠ۽ದࢨ֥ࠩౠཟđሧЧᇶၬᇅ؇൝сؿളЩbઔक़නᇶၬಒྐğሧЧᇶၬᇅ؇༯đ۽ದс҂ॖ૧ֹᄥ൳௧֥၇ऌ൞o۽ሧํੰpđھקੰಪູ۽ሧ၂ᆰ߶༯ࢆ֞ᆺିົӻস৯ളթ֥ඣb Mean नᆴ ࠹࿐ඌეđაoनpčaverageĎၩၬཌྷb২ೂğ la3a6đ10a20ᆃ5۱ඔሳ֥नᆴ൞8b Median ᇏ໊ඔ ࠹࿐ඌეđหᆷᄝ၂ਙႮ֮֞ۚ၇Ցஆਙࠇٳ֥ࠩඔሳᇏପ۱ఞݺԩᄝᇏࡗ֥ඔሳč২ೂᄝ൬ದބॉٳ֥ਙᇏĎb২ೂđᄝ1a3a6a10a20ᆃ5۱ඔሳ֥ᇏ໊ඔ൞6b Mercantilism ᇗഅᇶၬ ၂ᇕᆟᇍ࿐ඪđ఼טЌӻݓ࠽൬ᆦ႔Ⴥၛࠒߛࣁ֥ᇗေྟbѩႮՎิӐᆟکૡ॥ᇅࣜ࠶ᆟҦđಪູሱႮ٢֥ᆟҦॖି߶֝ᇁߛࣁ֥ੀാb Merchandise trade balance അસၞჅح ҕસၞჅحčtrade balanceĎ Merger ࡙ѩ ၂۱܄ඳ൬ܓਸ਼၂۱܄ඳ֥ྛູđ๙ӈၛ၂۱ఒြ൬ܓਸ਼၂ఒြܢௐ֥ྙൔؿളbᇶေྙൔЇওğč1Ďሺཟ࡙ѩđؿളᄝਆ۱ఒြԩᄝളӁݖӱ֥҂ࢨ؍֥ൈީčೂํঀބۑצĎĠč2Ďޘཟ࡙ѩđؿളᄝਆ۱ఒြԩᄝ၂۱൧ӆᇏ֥౦ঃ༯čೂਆ۱చӚᇅᄯഅĎĠč3Ďࠁކ࡙ѩđؿളᄝਆ۱ఒြᄝਆ۱ીႵܱ৳֥൧ӆᇏ۲ሱࣜႏ֥ӆކčೂཷջᇅᄯြބႲြĎb Microeconomics ັܴࣜ࠶࿐ ؓࣜ࠶ᇏ۲ֆ۱ၹྛູ֥ٳ༅ğೂ࣮ଖֆ۱֥അ֥ࡎ۬ࠇֆ۱ཨٮᆀࠇֆ۱ఒြ֥ྛູbčҕޡܴࣜ࠶࿐đmacroeconomlcsĎ Minimum cost ቋ֮ӮЧ ҕӮЧቋ֮čcostđminimumĎb Mixed economy ࠁކࣜ࠶ ٤܋Ӂᇶၬݓࡅᇏࣜ࠶ቆᆮ֥ᇶေྙൔbࠁކࣜ࠶ᇶေ၇ौఃࣜ࠶ቆᆮᇏ֥ࡎุ۬༢đൈ္ҐႨ؟ᇕྙൔ֥ᆟکۄყčೂඥ൬aᆦԛބܵᇅĎটႋڱޡܴࣜ࠶֥҂໗קބ൧ӆ҂ਲ֩౦ঃb
ܻದຩᅟ Model ଆ ၂ᇕᆞൔ֥ٳ༅ॿࡏđ๙ݖഒඔܱྟэਈ֥ܱ༢টࢣൕ၂۱گᄖ༢֥ࠎЧหᆘbଆॖҐ౼ࠫޅྙaඔ࿐ٚӱቆބ࠹ෘࠏӱ֩؟ᇕྙൔb Moderate inflation ໑ބ֥๙ࠊளᅮ ๙ࠊளᅮčinflationĎb Momentary run ට௹ ٤ӈ؋֥၂؍ൈࡗđᄝᆃ؍ൈࡗđളӁ൞ܥק҂э֥b Monetarism ࠊлᇶၬ ၂۱ࣜ࠶࿐ੀஊđಪູࠊл܂ႋ֥э߄൞ޡܴࣜ࠶ѯ֥ᇶေჰၹbࣼ؋௹টඪđࠊлᇶၬಪູđࠊл܂ႋэ൞थקൌ࠽Ӂԛބࡎ۬ඣэ֥ᇶေၹbࣼӉ௹টඪđಪູࡎ۬ౠཟႿაࠊл܂ႋӮб২ֹᄎbࠊлᇶၬᆀࣜӈಪקđቋݺ֥ޡܴࣜ࠶ᆟҦ൞Ќӻࠊл܂ႋ໗קᄹӉ֥ᆟҦb Monetary base ࠊлࠎԤ Ⴎ܄ᇙӻႵ֥ᆟک֥࣪ࠊлྟڵᅏbᄝૅݓđࠊлࠎԤ֩Ⴟ๙ࠊࡆഈၿྛሙСࣁbႵൈӫۚିࠊлčhghpowered moneyĎb Monetary economy ࠊлࣜ࠶ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶đఃસၞࣜႮ၂ᇕିФ܋ࢤ൳֥ࢌၞૂࢺطࣉྛb Monetary policy ࠊлᆟҦ ᇏနၿྛൌീ॥ᇅࠊлa০ੱaྐվ่ࡱ֥ଢѓބ൭؍bࠊлᆟҦ֥ᇶေ۽ऎЇওğ܄ष൧ӆြༀaሙСࣁбੱބ์གྷੱb Monetary rule ࠊлܿᄵ ࠊлܿᄵ൞ࠊлᇶၬࣜ࠶࿐ቋᇗေ่֥࢝b࿆ӫቋݺ֥ࠊлᆟҦ൞ࡼࠊл܂ႋ֥ᄹӉੱܥקᄝ၂۱ඣഈđ҂ંࣜ࠶ࣟగაڎđႋົӻ҂эb Monetary transmission mechanism ࠊлԮ֝ࠏᇅ ᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđࠊл܂ႋэሇ߄ູӁԛaࣼြaࡎ۬ބ๙ࠊளᅮ֥э֥ࣥb Monetary union ࠊл৳ૐ ۄݓࡅҐႨ၂ᇕ๙Ⴈࠊлቔູ߶࠹ֆ໊ބࢌߐૂࢺ֥၂ᇕᇅ؇νஆbᇝࠊл৳ૐ࠹߃1999୍ҐႨჭቔູ๙Ⴈࠊлb Money ࠊл ᆦڱ൭؍ࠇࢌߐૂࢺbܱႿࠊл֥ܒӮđ౨ҕࠊл܂ႋčmoney supplyĎb Money demand schedule ࠊлླі ุགྷ֥൞ࠊлӻႵླބ০ੱඣᆭࡗ֥ؓႋܱ༢b֒০ੱഈശൈđᅏಊބఃႵࡎᆣಊ֥་ႄ৯ᄹնđࠊл֥ླਈ߶ࢆ֮bࠊлླčdemand for moneyĎb Money funds ࠊлሧࣁ ਲࠃྟޓ఼֥؋௹ࣁವ۽ऎ֥ࡥӫđః০ੱ൞҂ܥק֥bᇶေྙൔЇওࠊл൧ӆᇹࠎࣁބഅြၿྛࠊл൧ӆࠃ௹թॻᅫb Money market ࠊл൧ӆ ࣁವඌეđᆷ၂สԩ؋௹ྐվ۽ऎčೂݓ९ಊބഅြௐऌĎઙછࠃ֥ᇅ؇νஆb Money supply ࠊл܂ႋ ༮ၬ֥ࠊл܂ႋčM1ĎЇওᇼлaᆼлa෮Ⴕ֥ࠃ௹թॻࠇᆦௐթॻđӫູ༮ၬࠊлࠇࢌၞࠊлbܼၬ֥ࠊл܂ႋčM2ĎЇওM1֥෮Ⴕཛଢđᄜࡆഈଖ
ܻದຩᅟ ུਲࠃྟሧӁࠇۄሙࠊлčnearĒmoniesĎđೂԥྐྵթॻaࠊл൧ӆࠎࣁބఃোරཛଢb MoneyĒsupply effect ࠊл܂۳ིႋ ၬࠊл܂ႋਈ҂эൈđࡎ۬ഈശაཌྷႋ֥ࠊлࣅ෪aሹᆦԛ༯ࢆᆃؽᆀᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b MoneyĒsupply multiplier ࠊл܂۳Ӱඔ ࠊл܂۳čࠇթॻĎᄹӉაၿྛሙСࣁᄹӉ֥бੱb၂Ϯඪটđࠊл܂۳Ӱඔ֩ႿمקሙСࣁбੱ֥֚ඔb২ೂđمקሙСࣁбੱ൞0ē125đପહࠊл܂۳Ӱඔࣼ൞8b Moneyđvelocity of ࠊлᇛሇੱ ࠊлᇛሇੱčvelocity of moneyĎb Monopolistic competition ؎ࣩᆚ ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒđఃᇏႵྸ؟છᆀđૌ෮ิ܂֥Ӂࢤ࣍a҂ॖၛປಆูսbᄝᆃဢ֥൧ӆഈđૄ၂ӌഅؓఃӁ֥ࡎ۬ିീࡆ၂ק֥႕ཙb Monopoly ؎ ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒđᄝఃᇏđଖᇕഅႮֆ၂ࡅӌഅิ܂bሱಖ؎čnatural monopolyĎb Monopsony ઙٚ؎ ؎֥ࣤཞğᆺႵ၂۱ઙᆀ֥൧ӆĠ၂۱oઙٚp֥؎b Moral hazard ֣֡າག ൧ӆ҂ਲ֥၂ᇕྙൔbႮႿᆌؓଖᇕЌڄག֥Ќགࠏᇅ֥թᄝđ֤ڄག൙ܣؿള֥ॖିྟᄹࡆb২ೂđ၂۱ؓఃచӚЌਔാག֥Ӛᇶđॖି߶ᄝ෭Ӛᆃࡱ൙ഈэ֤ՙྏbᆃ൞ၹູЌག֥թᄝࢆ֮ਔ֢֥ؓٝࠗৣb MPC ш࠽ཨٮౠཟb MPS ш࠽ԥྐྵౠཟb Multiplier Ӱඔ ޡܴࣜ࠶࿐֥၂۱ඌეđᆷૄֆ໊ຓളэਈčೂᆟکᆦԛࠇၿྛԥСĎ֥э߄෮ջট֥ႄᇁэਈ֥э౦ঃčೂGDPࠇࠊл܂ႋĎbᆦԛӰඔčexpenditure multiplierĎᆷᆦԛčೂሧĎᄹӉ1ૅჭ෮ႄఏ֥GDP֥ᄹӉb Multiplier model Ӱඔଆ ᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏႮJ·M·ऺضථ෮ิԛ֥၂ᇕંb఼טሱᇶषᆦčautonomous expendituresĎčหљ൞ሧaᆟکᆦԛބ࣪ԛ१Ď֥э߄ᄝथקӁԛބࣼြэ߄ᇏ֥ᇗေቔႨbӰඔb Nash equilibrium ବनޙ Ѱᒮંᇏ֒൙ದ֥၂ቆҦbఃҕაದ֥Ҧ࠻קൈđીႵޅ၂۱ҕაದߎିڿࠇෲ֥ᆦڱb္ࣼ൞ඪđ۳קҕაದA֥ҦđҕაದBمቓ֤۷ݺĠط۳קҕაದB֥ҦđA္҂ିቓ֤۷ݺbବनޙႵൈ္ӫູ٤ކቔनޙč noncooperative equilibriumĎb National debt ݓࡅᅏༀ აᆟکᅏༀčgovernment debtĎၬb National income and product accountingč NIPAĎ ݓ൬ೆބളӁᅫ ၂สޙਈᆜ۱ݓࡅ၂۱࠱؇ᇏࠇ၂୍ᇏ֥ᆦԛa൬ೆބӁԛ֥౦ঃ֥ᅫb
ܻದຩᅟ National savings rate ݓԥྐྵੱ ಆ҆ԥྐྵčದԥྐྵބ܄܋ԥྐྵĎԢၛݓଽ࣪Ӂᆴb Natural monopoly ሱಖ؎ ၂۱ӌഅࠇ၂۱ྛြ֥Ӂ֥नӮЧđᄝఃܿଆঔն֥ᆜ۱ݖӱᇏૼཁ༯ࢆđ২ೂֹٚ৯ԮൻbᄝᆃᇕӆކđھྛြႮ၂۱ӌഅaࠇႮ၂۱؎ӌഅটࣜႏđࣼ߶б؟۱ఒြି۷Ⴕིੱֹิ܂ಆ҆Ӂԛb Near money oሙࠊлp ၂ᇕࣁವሧӁbીႵڄགđ٤ӈၞႿሇߐӮࠊлđၛᇀૌࢤ࣍Ⴟࠇൌ࠽ഈࣼ֩Ⴟ൞ࠊлb২ೂࠊлࠎࣁࠇݓ९ಊb Negative income tax ڵ෮֤ඥ ၛ၂۱၂֥ٚσսูགྷթ۲ᇕ൬ೆᆦӻٚσčೂڞ০aൊಊ֩֩Ď֥࠹߃aᄝᆃ၂࠹߃༯đࡅ๖ࡼ֤֞၂ٺ൬ೆҀᇹđطෛሢૌ֥Бԏ֥ᄹࡆđః֤֥֞Ҁᇹ߶ཌྷႋֹࡨഒb Neoclassical model of growth ྍܞׅᄹӉଆ ၂ᇕႨটࢳ۽ြ߄ݓࡅࣜ࠶Ӊ௹ᄹӉ൝֥ંࠇଆbᆃ၂ଆ఼טሧЧധ߄čࠧሧЧ၂সбੱ֥ᄹӉĎބඌэ۪ᆃ၂ၹᄝࢳమᄝൌ࠽GDPᄹӉᇏ֥ᇗေቔႨb Net domestic productčNDPĎ ݓଽ࣪Ӂԛ ֩ႿGDPࡨಀሧЧ֥ᅼࣸҀ์b Net economic wefarečNEWĎ ࣪ࣜ࠶ڞ০ ၂ᇕܱႿݓӁԛ֥ᆷѓđႨႿྩᆞGDPᆷѓ֥ۄअཋྟb Net exports ࣪ԛ१ ݓӁԛᅫᇏ֥၂ཛđ֩Ⴟഅބڛༀ֥ԛ१ࡨಀഅބڛༀ֥ࣉ१b Net foreign investment ࣪ݓຓሧ ၂ݓ֥ݓຓ࣪ԥྐྵđඔᆴഈჿ֩Ⴟ࣪ԛ߭b Net investment ࣪ሧ ֩ႿሹሧࡨಀሧЧᅼࣸb Net national product NNPݓളӁ࣪ᆴ ֩ႿGNPࡨಀሧЧᅼࣸb Net worth ࣪ᆴ ߶࠹࿐đ֩ႿሹሧӁࡨಀሹڵᅏb New classical macroeconomics ྍܞׅޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ ᆃᇕࣜ࠶ંಪູğčlĎࡎ۬ބ۽ሧ൞ਲࠃ֥Ġč2Ďದૌ֥ყ௹࿖ྟყ௹ࡌඪbྍܞׅޡܴࣜ࠶࿐֥ᇶေં൞ᆟҦིྟקbྟყ௹ࡌඪčrational expectation byĒpothesisĎބᆟҦིྟčંpolicy ineffectiveness theoryĎb NNP ݓളӁ࣪ᆴ Nominal GDP ၬݓଽളӁሹᆴ ၬݓଽളӁሹᆴčgoss domestic productđnominalĎ Nominal GNP ၬݓളӁሹᆴ ၬݓളӁሹᆴčgross national productđnominal)
ܻದຩᅟ Nomlnalčor moneyĎ interest rate ၬčࠇࠊлĎ০ੱ ০ੱ൞ؓ۲ᇕሧӁ෮ቔ֥ᆦڱbၬ০ੱսіૄ၂ૅჭሧૄ୍෮ջট֥ૅჭ൬ၭbطൌ࠽০ੱսі֥ૄ၂ֆ໊ൌሧ෮ջট֥ൌБԏb Noncooperative equilibrium ٤ކቔनޙ ବनޙčNash equilibriumĎb Nonrenewable resources ҂ॖ۷ྍሧჷ ᆷପུ܂۳ࠎЧܥקđᄜള؇ղ҂֞ࣜ࠶ؿᅚေ֥ሱಖሧჷđೂെႲބ฿ಖగb Normative vsē positive economics ܿٓࣜ࠶࿐აൌᆣࣜ࠶࿐ ܿٓࣜ࠶࿐ॉ੮oႋھᄸဢpčwhat ought to beĎđᇭೂ܄܋ᆟҦࡎᆴ؎đࠇ܄܋ᆟҦଢѓᆭো֥໙ีbطൌᆣࣜ࠶࿐ᄵ൞ܱႿࣜ࠶൙ൌބྛູ֥ٳ༅đษંoൌ࠽ᄸဢčthe way things areĎᆭো֥໙ีb Not in the labor force ҂උႿস৯ หᆷӮ୍ದᇏ҂۽ቔ္҂ᅳ۽ቔ֥ପ҆ٳದb NOWčNegotiable order of withdrawalĎaccount ॖሇಞᆦڱଁࠃ௹թॻᅫ ၂ᇕള༏֥ᆦௐᅫbҕᆦௐᅫčchecking accounting Ďb O Okunns law ύड़مᄵ Ⴎύड़ؿགྷ֥ᇛ௹ѯᇏ֥GDPބാြᆭࡗ֥ࣜဒܱ༢bᆃ၂مᄵᆷԛđ֒ൌ࠽GDPཌྷؓႿమᄝGDP༯ࢆ2Ċൈđാြੱഈശնჿ 1Ċbčࢠᄪܙ࠹֥бੱ൞ 3ğ1Ďb Oligopoly ܪ ҂ປಆࣩᆚ֥၂ᇕbᄝᆃᇕ౦ྙᇏđ၂۱ྛြູഒඔࠫ۱܂۳ᆀ෮ᆦb Open economy ष٢ࣜ࠶ ၂ᇕࣜ࠶ุ༢đაఃݓࡅࣉྛഅބሧЧ֥ݓ࠽સၞࠃčࠧࣉರބԛ१ದط၂۱ٿоࣜ࠶čclosed economyĎᄵ൞ીႵࣉԛ१֥ࣜ࠶b OpenĒeconomy multiplier ष٢ࣜ࠶Ӱඔ ᄝ၂۱ष٢ࣜ࠶ᇏđԛ֥൬ದ࠻ੀཟԥྐྵ္ੀཟࣉ१bၹՎđሧࠇᆟکᆦԛ֥ष٢ࣜ࠶ӰඔႮ༯ൔॖğष٢ࣜ࠶ӰඔൔᇏMPS-ш࠽ԥྐྵౠཟđMPm-ш࠽ࣉ१ౠཟb OpenĒmarket operations ܄ष൧ӆြༀ ູ႕ཙၿྛሙСࣁaࠊл܂۳ބ০ੱđᇏနၿྛ෮ࣉྛ֥ઙછᆟکᅏಊ֥ࠃbઙೆᆣಊൈđᇏနၿྛ෮ᆦڱԛಀ֥ࠊлđ߶ᄹࡆഅြၿྛ֥ሙСࣁđՖط֝ᇁࠊл܂۳ঔնbطછԛᆣಊൈđࠊл܂۳ࣼФࡨ෪b Opportunity cost ࠏ߶ӮЧ ࣜ࠶֥ՑႪčnext-bestĎႨčࠇࠏ߶Ďࡎᆴđࠇჾ෮།വו֥ॖ܂࿊ᄴ֥ఃႨ֥ࡎᆴbбೂඪđႨটषҐ၂ؕિ֥ೆđఃॖ܂࿊ᄴ֥ቋࡄႨ൞ളӁ10௰ൔع֥ཬચbପહ၂ؕિ֥ࠏ߶ӮЧࣼ൞10௰ൔع֥ཬચbᆃུཬચିФളӁԛটൌ࠽ഈಏીႵളӁbࠏ߶ӮЧؓႿࡎ٤൧ӆྟഅᇭೂߌളބνಆ֩ٳႵႨb Ordinal utility ඔིႨ ླં෮Ⴈ֥၂ᇕѓ؇čdimensionlessĎི֥ႨޙਈٚمbඔིႨॖၛіૼ۱ದᄝAაBᇏ۷ொݺAđ҂ିіૼ࣮ࣨொݺ؟ഒb္ࠧđޅਆቆ
ܻದຩᅟ അॖၛཌྷؓஆđधؓҵၳمޙਈbᆃაࠎඔིႨčႵѓ؇ི֥ႨĎۀ҂đࠎඔིႨႵൈႨႿڄགྛູٳ༅bࠎඔིႨ֥၂۱২ሰ൞ğૌඪଖᇉᄝ100क़ൈбᄝ50क़ൈಣਆПb Other things constant ఃၹ҂э ၂۱؋ეđႵൈཿູoceteris paribusbіൕğФܴҳ֥ପ۱ၹؿളэ߄đطఃၹ၇ࣸࠇܥק҂эb২ೂđ၂۱ཟ༯ౠོ֥ླ౷ཌіൕđᄝఃၹčೂ൬ೆĎЌӻ҂э֥౦ঃ༯đෛሢࡎ֥۬ഈശđླਈ߶༯ࢆb Outputs Ӂԛ ႨႿཨٮࠇࣉ၂҄ࡆ۽ളӁ֥۲ᇕႵႨ֥അބڛༀb P Paradox of thrift ࢫჿุં ၂۱ቋᄪႮჿݩ·઼ବ֣·ऺضථิԛ֥ჰᄵbࠧ၂۱ഠ߶ᄹࡆఃԥྐྵ֥ఒđॖି֝ᇁఃൌ࠽ԥྐྵඔਈ֥ࡨഒb Paradox of value ࡎᆴᙣં ᆃဢ၂ᇕᙣંğྸ؟ളࠃсླčೂඣĎ֥o൧ӆpࡎᆴޓ֮đطྸ؟ഖԃčೂቇെĎoႨpࡎᆴޓཬđ൧ӆࡎ۬ޓۚbᆃ၂ᙣંႮၛ༯൙ൌࢳğࡎ۬҂ّ႘၂ࡱഅ֥ሹིႨđط൞ّ႘֥ш࠽ིႨb Pareto efficiency(or Pareto optimalityĎ ஂກིੱ(ࠇஂກቋႪĎ ᇂིੱčallocative effciencyĎb PartialĒequilibrium analysis अ҆नޙٳ༅ ၂ᇕٳ༅ٚمbᄝଖུၹ҂эčೂޭ൬ೆэ߄Ď֥భิ่ࡱ༯đٳ༅۲ᇕэਈؓֆ۱൧ӆ֥႕ཙb Partnership ކࠄᇅ ਆದࠇ؟ದ܋ࣜႏ֥٤܄ඳྙൔ֥ఒြđ҂ཞ܄ඳପဢᆺӵքႵཋ֥ᄳb Patent ህ০ ၂ᇕڮჍؿૼᆀ֥ஆྟಃ০đॖၛᄝ၂קൈ௹ଽčೂૅݓູ20୍Ď॥ᇅఃؿૼ֥Ⴈಃbህ০ᄯӮᄠൈ؎đቔູؓؿૼࠃ֥ԏБbཞఃᆩ്Ӂಃ၂ဢđህ০൞՜ࣉ۱ದࠇཬఒြࣉྛؿૼ֥၂ᇕ൭؍b Payoff table ᆦڱइᆔ ѰᒮંᇏđႨট૭ඍਆ۱ದࠇ؟۱ҕაದ֥Ҧބᆦڱ֥इᆔb҂ҕაದ֥০ࠇིႨࣼ൞ᆦڱb Payoffs ᆦڱ ᆦڱइᆔčpayoff table)b Perfect competition ປಆࣩᆚ ҕປಆࣩᆚčcompetitionđ perfect)b Personal income ۱ದ൬ೆ ޙਈඥ൬ַ२భ൬ೆ֥၂۱ᆷѓđಒ్ֹඪđ֩Ⴟॖᆦ۱ದ൬ೆࡆഈ࣪ඥ൬b Personal saving ۱ದԥྐྵ ൬ದᇏીႵФཨٮ֥҆ٳđߐᆭđ൞۱ದॖᆦ൬ೆაཨٮᆭࡗ֥ҵحb
ܻದຩᅟ Personal savings rate ۱ದԥྐྵੱ ၛϤٳбྙൔіൕ֥۱ದԥྐྵა۱ದॖᆦ൬ೆ֥бੱb Phillips curve ٣০௴ථ౷ཌ ႮA·W·٣০௴ථ൮༵ิԛ֥၂ᇕࠫޅྙđཁൕ֥൞ാြა๙ࠊளᅮู֥սܱ༢bᄝགྷսᇶੀޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđཟ༯ౠོ֥oูսྟp֥٣০௴ථ౷ཌ၂Ϯᆺᄝ؋௹ᇏӮ৫bᄝӉ௹ᇏđ๙ӈಪູ٣০௴ථ౷ཌ൞Լᆰ֥đطؓႋႿቋ֮ॖӻ࿃ാြඣb Policy ineffectiveness theorem ᆟҦིྟק ၂۱קđಪູᄝྟყ௹aࡎ۬۽ሧਲࠃ֥౦ঃ༯đФყ௹֥֞ᆟکࠊлࠇҍᆟᆟҦൌ࠽ഈ҂ି႕ཙൌ࠽Ӂԛࠇാြb Portfolio theory ሧቆކં ၂ᇕࣜ࠶ሧંđษંྟሧᆀೂޅࡼሱ֥࠭ሧЧٳᄝ҂֥ࣁವሧӁᇏ--္ࣼ൞ඪđૌᄸဢࡼఃሧЧoቆކpӮ၂ᇕቋࡄձሑb Positive economics ൌᆣࣜ࠶࿐ ҕܿٓࣜ࠶࿐აൌᆣࣜ࠶࿐čnormative vs. positive economicsĎb Post hoc fallacy ުՎଂ༂ টሱঘנეopost hoeđergo propter hocpđၩູᄝᆃ۱ᆭުؿളđ෮ၛ൞ၹູᆃ۱pbೂݔᆃဢğoၹູA༵ႿBđ෮ၛAႄఏBpđପહđࣼ߶ؿളᆃᇕଂ༂b Potential GDP మᄝGDP ۚࣼြ֥GDPđࠇ۷ࣚಒֹඪđᄝ࠻ק֥ඌሑঃބದ१ܿଆ่ࡱ༯ॖၛղ֥֞҂ᇁࡆ๙ࠊளᅮ֥ቋۚඣ֥GDPbགྷࣂ၂Ϯಪູğ൞ପ۱აቋ֮ॖӻ࿃ാြੱཌྷႋ֥Ӂԛඣ֥֩ࡎb Potential output మᄝӁԛ აమᄝGDPčpotential GDPĎၬb Poverty ࣂ฿đૅݓᆟکࡼoཌpקၬູॖົӻቋ֮ཋ؇ളࠃ֥൬ೆඣb PPF ളӁॖିྟшࢸčproductionĒpossibility frontierĎ Present valuečof an assetĎ čሧӁ֥Ďགྷᆴ ᄝ၂؍ൈࡗଽିջট၂༢ਙ൬ೆ֥ሧӁ֥֒భࡎᆴbܙࡎᆃ၂༢ਙ֥൬ದླေࡼૄ၂҆ٳ൬ೆᅼགྷbᅼགྷ൞Ⴈᅼགྷੱč္ࠧ၂ᇕ০ੱĎؓໃট֥൬ೆࡆၛᅼෘb Price-elastic demand Ⴕࡎ۬ྟ֥ླ(ࠇႵྟ֥ླĎ ླࡎ۬ྟ֥धؓᆴӑݖ1֥౦ঃbᆃൈđླਈэ߄֥ϤٳбնႿࡎ۬э߄֥Ϥٳбbਸ਼ຓđႵྟ֥ླၩሢğ֒ࡎ۬༯ࢆൈđႮႿླਈᄹࡆ֤٤ӈᆭնđၛᇀႿሹ൬ၭčࡎ۬*ඔਈĎ߶ഈശčҕ٤ࡎ۬ྟ֥ླĎb PriceĒelasticity of demand ླ֥ࡎ۬ྟ іൕླਈؓࡎ۬эّႋӱ؇֥ᆷѓbྟ༢ඔčླ֥ࡎ۬ྟ༢ඔ=EpĎ֩ႿླਈэϤٳбԢၛࡎ۬э֥Ϥٳбbऎุ࠹ෘϤٳбൈđٳሰ౼ྍླਈ֥नඔđٳଛ౼ྍࡎ֥۬नඔđ҂࠹ڵݼbҕႵࡎ۬ྟ֥ླa٤ࡎ۬ྟ֥ླބֆ໊ྟ֥ླb
ܻದຩᅟ Price elasticity of supply ܂۳֥ࡎ۬ྟ ᄝۀഈაླ֥ࡎ۬ྟཌྷරđᆺ҂ݖޙਈ֥൞܂۳ؓࡎ۬эّ֥ႋđ۷ࣚಒֹඪđ܂۳֥ࡎ۬ྟ൞܂۳ਈэ߄֥ϤٳбԢၛࡎ۬э֥Ϥٳбb܂۳ྟᄝປಆࣩᆚ่ࡱ༯ቋູႵႨb Price flexibility ࡎ۬ਲࠃྟ oஅછp൧ӆഈčೂྸ؟ჰਘഅބܢௐ൧ӆĎ֥ࡎ۬ྛູbᄝᆃུӆކđࡎ۬ؓ܂۳ࠇླ֥э৫ࠧቔԛّႋbčؓᅶܵࡎ۬Ď Price index ࡎ۬ᆷඔ іൕᄝ۳ק֥ൈ؍đ၂ቆഅ֥नࡎ۬ೂޅэ߄֥၂ᇕᆷඔbᄝ࠹ෘनඔൈđ҂അ֥ࡎ۬၂Ϯေ۴ऌఃࣜ࠶ᇗေྟቔࡆಃԩbč২ೂᄝ࠹ෘཨٮᆀࡎ۬ᆷඔൈđࡆಃ֥၇ऌࣼ൞ૄᇕഅᄝሹཨٮᆦԛᇏ෮ᅝ֥ٺحĎb PriceĒinelastic demand ࡎ۬ྟ֥ླčࠇྟ֥ླĎ ླࡎ۬ྟधؓᆴཬႿ1֥౦ঃbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đ֒ࡎ۬༯ࢆൈđሹ൬ၭ༯ࢆĠ֒ࡎ۬ഈശൈሹ൬ၭഈശbࡎ۬ྟ֥ླ֥၂۱ࠞ؊൞ປಆࡎ۬ྟ֥ླđᆃၩሢ֒ࡎ۬ഈശࠇ༯ࢆൈđླਈປಆીႵэ߄bčҕႵࡎ۬ྟ֥ླބֆ໊ྟ֥ླĎb Private goods ದ ܄܋čpublic goodsĎb Producer price index ളӁᆀࡎ۬ᆷඔ նਈؿཧ൲֥അčೂۑaཬચၛࠣെႲĎ֥ࡎ۬ᆷඔb Productđ average नӁ नӁčaverage productĎb Product differentiation Ӂҵљ োරഅᆭࡗթᄝሢ֥ૌ҂ᇀႿӮູປಆูս֥ၹbೂđၹ໊ᇂҵљ֤ᄝ҂ֹׄԛ൲֥ݼ֥చႲӮູ҂ປಆู֥սbऎႵӁҵљ֥ఒြ૫֥ؓ൞ཟ༯ౠོ֥ླ౷ཌđط҂൞ປಆࣩᆚ౦ঃ༯֥ପᇕඣ֥ླ౷ཌb Productđmarginal ш࠽Ӂ ш࠽ӁčMarginal productĎb Production function ളӁݦඔ ᄝඌඣ࠻ק่ࡱ༯ಒקଖ၂ቆေೆ෮ିջট֥ቋնӁԛ֥ܱ༢ൔčࠇඔ࿐ݦඔĎbႨႿଖ۱ఒြđࠇቔູሹളӁݦඔႨႿᆜุࣜ࠶b ProductionĒpossibility frontierčPPF) ളӁॖିྟшࢸ ၂ᇕࠫޅྙđཁൕ၂۱ࣜ࠶෮ିളӁ֥അ֥۲ᇕቆކb๙ӈࡥ߄ֹ࿊ᄴਆᇕഅğնބߛႲbPPFຓ֥҆ׄčఃႷഈ҆Ď֥Ӂቆކ҂ॖି֤֞đطPPFଽ֥҆ׄᄵಌكིੱđၹູሧჷીႵ֤֞ԉٳ০Ⴈbᆃࠇᆀ൞ၹູሧჷႨ҂֒đࠇᆀ൞෮Ⴈ֥ളӁඌၘࣜݖൈb Productivity ളӁੱ ႨটіൕӁԛაೆбੱ֥ඌეčሹӁԛԢၛসೆ൞সളӁੱĎbೂݔཌྷඔਈ֥ೆളӁਔ۷؟֥ӁԛđᄵളӁੱࣼᄹӉਔbসളӁੱ֥ᄹӉ൞ႮႿඌࣉ҄aসି֥ڿބሧЧധ߄b Productivity growth ളӁੱᄹӉ Ֆ၂۱ൈ௹֞ਸ਼၂۱ൈ௹ളӁੱᄹӉ֥ੱb২ೂđೂݔসളӁੱᆷඔ1990୍ູ100đط1991୍ູ101ē7đᄵ1990୍֞1991୍ളӁੱᄹӉູૄ୍
ܻದຩᅟ 1ē7%b Productivity of capitalđ net ࣪ሧЧളӁੱ ҕ൬ၭੱčrate of returnĎb Productivity slowdown ളӁੱࡨ նჿᄝ1973୍ቐႷđૅݓؿളਔসളӁੱᄹӉ֥ࠤख߁b Profit ০ člĎᄝ߶࠹࿐ᇏđ൞ᆷ෮൲അ֥ሹ൬ದࡨಀކಒק֥ӮЧčҕ൬ၭіĎbč2Ďᄝࣜ࠶ંᇏđ൞ᆷሹ൬ೆაളӁᆃུഅ෮Ⴈሧჷ֥ಆ҆ࠏ߶ӮЧᆭࡗ֥ҵحb ProfitĒandĒloss statement ၭіБۡ ҕ൬ၭіb Progressiveđ proportionalđ and regressive taxes ࣉඥaб২ඥބඥ ࣉඥؓڶದᆘඥࢠᇗđඥᆞݺཌྷّb۷ࣚಒֹඪđ၂ᇕඥđೂݔؓۚ൬ೆᆀ֥नඥੱčࠧඥ൬Ԣၛ൬ದĎࢠۚđࣼ൞ࣉඥbೂݔ൬ೆᄀ֥ۚದनඥੱᄀ֮đࣼ൞ඥbೂݔؓ۲ᇕ൬ೆඣ֥नඥੱཌྷđࣼ൞б২ඥb Property rights Ӂಃ Ӂಃקၬູ۱ದࠇఒြᄝ൧ӆࣜ࠶ᇏᅝႵbઙછaႨሧЧބఃҍӁ֥ି৯b Proportional tax б২ඥ ҕࣉඥaб২ඥބඥb Proprietorship individual ۱ದြᇶᇅఒြ Ⴎದ෮Ⴕѩࣜႏ֥ఒြb Protectionism Ќᇶၬ ၂ݓ෮ҐႨ֥ଢ֥ᄝႿЌݓଽӁြđٝᆸࣉ१ࣩᆚ֥۲ᇕᆟҦčቋ௴๙֥൞ؓࣉ१ᆘ൬ܱඥބൌྛحܵĎb Public choice ܄܋࿊ᄴ ္ӫູ܄܋࿊ᄴંčpublicĒchoice theoryĎb࣮ᆟکቔԛ࿊ᄴބᆷ֝ࣜ࠶֥ٚൔ֥ࣜ࠶࿐ބᆟᇍ࿐֥ࢲކ҆bᆃ၂ંႵ҂Ⴟ൧ӆંᆭԩđ఼טᆟᇍࡅ֥o࿊ௐቋն߄pྛູᆃ۱ၹđطᆃაఒြ֥o০ቋն߄pྙӮؓбb Public debt ܄܋ᅏༀ ᆟکᅏༀčgovernment debtĎb Public good ܄܋ ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕഅđఃིႨ҂ॖٳ۩ֹ႕ཙᆜ۱܄ᇙđط҂ܵఃᇏޅ۱ದ൞ڎ჻ၩཨٮb২ೂđ၂ཛ۴Ԣ฿֥Ќࡲծീؓ෮ႵದఏਔЌቔႨđطथ҂ᆺ൞ପུڱఫࢤᇕၦ૬֥ದbطದđೂ૫ЇđೂݔФ၂۱ದཨٮđࣼ҂ॖିФਸ਼ຓ֥ದཨٮb Pure economic rent Ղࣜ࠶ሿࣁ ࣜ࠶ሿࣁčrentđeconomicĎb Q Quantity demanded ླ ླэ߄čchange in demandĎაླਈэ߄čchange in quantity demandedĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Quantity equation of exchange ࢌၞඔਈٚӱ ၂۱ህြඌეğMV=PQđൔᇏM൞ࠊл܂۳đV൞ࠊл֥൬ೆᇛሇੱđPQčࡎ۬ӰඔਈĎ൞ሹӁԛčၬGDPĎ֥ࠊлࡎᆴbᆃ၂ٚӱႥჹӮ৫đၹູVФקၬູPQĔMb Quantity supplied ܂۳ਈ ܂۳э߄ބ܂۳ਈэ߄b Quantity theory of money ࠊлඔਈં ࡎ۬აࠊл܂۳б২эൈđܱႿӁԛބሹࡎ۬ඣथק֥ંbႮࠊлᇶၬᆀิԛ֥၂ᇕ۷ູૼಒ֥ંಪູđࠊл܂۳൞ၬGDPэ֥ቋᇗေ֥थקၹčࠊлᇶၬĎb Quota ح ࣉ१Ќᇶၬ֥၂ᇕऎุྙൔbᄝᆃᇕྙൔᇏđؓଖᇕഅčೂบࠇచӚĎᄝ၂קൈ௹ᇏ֥ሹࣉ१ਈቔਔཋᇅb R RandomĒwalk theoryčof stock market pricesĎ čܢ൧ࡎ֥۬Ďෛࠏྛሼં Ⴕི൧ӆંčefficientĒmarket theoryĎb Rate of inflation ๙ࠊளᅮੱ ๙ࠊளᅮčinflationĎb Rate of returnčor returnĎon capital ሧЧ൬ၭੱčࠇሧЧ൬ၭĎ ᄝ၂ཛሧࠇ၂ࡱሧЧഈ֥൬ၭčyieldĎbбೂđ၂ཛݻٮ100ૅჭ֥ሧૄ୍ջট12ૅჭ֥൬ၭđପહᆃཛሧ֥൬ၭੱࣼ൞ૄ୍12Ċb RationalĒexpectations hypothgsis ྟყ௹ࡌඪ ᆃ၂ࡌඪಪູದૌॖၛؓໃটቔԛொܙ࠹đѩದૌ൞০Ⴈਔ෮Ⴕॖ০Ⴈ֥ྐ༏ބࣜ࠶ંቔԛᆃུܙ࠹ބყҩ֥b RationalĒexpectations macroeconomics ྟყ௹ޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ ၛઅѵห·वථaઅѵห·Ϙઅބກઔථ·ࣁหູਵ֥֝၂۱ࣜ࠶࿐ஊđಪູ൧ӆିܔॹֹԛౢყ௹൞ྟ֥bᄝᆃུބః၂่ུࡱ༯đॖყҩ֥֞ޡܴࣜ࠶ᆟҦؓൌ࠽ӁԛࠇാြીႵ႕ཙbႵൈФӫቔྍܞׅޡܴࣜ࠶࿐čnew classical macroeconomlcsĎb Real-business-cycle theory ᆇൌഅြᇛ௹ં ಪູഅြᇛ௹Ղե൞ሹ܂۳֥эčᇶေႮඌಠᄯӮĎđაࠊлࠇఃླٚ૫֥ၹܱb Real GDP ൌ࠽GDP ൌ࠽֥ݓଽሹӁᆴčgross domestic productđ realĎb Real interest rate ൌ࠽০ੱ ၛഅط҂൞ၛࠊлޙਈ֥০ੱb෮ၛ֩ႿࠊлčࠇၬĎ০ੱࡨಀ๙ࠊளᅮੱb Real wages ൌ࠽۽ሧ ၛഅࠇসༀ࠹ෘ֥۽ದ۽ሧ֥ܓઙ৯bၛࠊл۽ሧੱაཨٮࡎᆷඔ֥бੱটޙਈb Recession ක ൌ࠽GDPᄝਆ۱࠱؇ᇏࠇ۷Ӊ֥ൈࡗ৵࿃ֹ༯ࢆbҕཡ่
ܻದຩᅟ čdepressionĎb Regressive tax ඥ ҕࣉඥaб২ඥބඥčprogressiveđproportionalđand regressive taxesĎb Regulation ܵᇅ ᆟکႨট॥ᇅఒြྛູ֥مੰބܿקbᇶေᇕোႵࣜ࠶ܵᇅčeconomic regulationĎč႕ཙࡎ۬a൧ӆሙೆaֆ۱ྛြ֥ڛༀđೂ߅ڛༀြĎބഠ߶ܵᇅčsocial regulationĎč൫ᆞ႕ཙ֞ྸ؟ྛြ֥ຓ҆ࣜ࠶ྟđೂॢగࠇඣჷಙĎb Renewable resources ॖ۷ྍሧჷ ିܔᇛ௹ྟֹิ܂ڛༀ֥ሱಖሧჷĠѩđೂܵൡ؇đॖၛཋ௹Ⴈčೂ୪ြႨֹĎb Rentđ economicčor pure economic rentĎ ࣜ࠶ሿࠇՂࣜ࠶ሿ ᆃ၂ۀႨႿՖֹ֤֥֞൬ದbֹ֥ሹ܂۳൞ܥק֥čؓՎླቔྩᆞĎđط۳ֹ෮Ⴕᆀ֥Бԏࣼ൞ֹሿbᆃ၂ۀࣜӈܼ֞ڱ۳۲ᇕ܂۳҂э֥ളӁေ֥БԏđࠧđޅऎႵປಆྟࠇԼᆰ֥܂۳౷ཌ֥ೆb Required reserves مקሙСࣁ ၿྛሙСࣁčreservesđbankĎb Reservesđbank ၿྛሙСࣁ ၿྛၛ९թགྷࣁ֥ྙൔđࠇᄝ৳ϹԥСၿྛᇏၛ༏թॻ֥ྙൔطЌ֥၂҆ٳթॻbᄝૅݓđေၿྛӻႵᆦௐթॻčࠇࢌၞᅫĎ12Ċ֥ሙСࣁb Reservesđinternational ݓ࠽ԥС ૄ၂۱ݓࡅၛߛࣁaݓ๙ࠊࠇหљิॻಃ֥ྙൔӻႵ၂קඔਈ֥ሙСࣁbݓ࠽ԥСቔູoݓ࠽ࠊлpႨႿ၂ݓؿളݓ࠽൬ᆦ֥ൈޥbೂݔ၂ݓሙСᄍྸ֥߸ੱሱႮڜđᄵᆺླေሙСቋ֮ཋ؇֥ሙСࣁb Resource allocation ሧჷᇂ ࡼሧჷčളӁေĎᄝ۲ᇕమᄝႨഈࣉྛٳđၛളӁԛ၂ቆหק֥ቋᇔӁ֥ࣜ࠶ٚൔb Returns to scale ܿଆ൬ၭ ෮ႵದӮб২ᄹࡆൈӁԛ֥ᄹӉੱb২ೂđೂݔ෮Ⴕದᄹࡆ1ПطӁԛ္ఞݺᄹࡆ1Пđᄵඪᆃ၂ളӁݖӱӯགྷ֥൞ܥק֥ܿଆ൬ၭčconstant returns to scaleĎĠطೂݔ෮Ⴕೆᄹࡆ 1ПطӁԛᄹࡆಏ҂֞ 100%đᄵᆃᇕളӁݖӱӯགྷ֥ࣼ൞־ࡨ֥ܿଆ൬ၭčdecreasing returns to scaleĎĠೂݔӁԛᄹࡆਔ 1ПၛഈđପહđھളӁݖӱࣼऎႵ־ᄹ֥ܿଆ൬ၭčincreasing returns to scaleĎb Revaluation ࠊлᄹᆴ ၂ݓ๙ࠊ֥ܲٚຓ߸߸ੱ֥ิۚđࠊлࢆᆴčdevaluationĎb Risk ڄག ᄝࣁವࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđڄག൞ᆷሧ൬ၭ֥҂ಒקྟb Risk averse ڄགܿх ૫ؓ҂ಒקၹൈđೂݔ၂۱ದಪູđാ၂קਈ൬ೆ֥҂ॹđնႿࠆ֤၂ඔਈ൬ೆ֥ॹđପહࣼ൞ڄགܿх֥b Risk spreading ڄགٳข ӵքն֥ڄགѩࡼᆃུڄགٳषಀ֥ݖӱđଢ֥൞ᆃུն֥ڄགэӮႮ၂նದӵք֥ཬڄགbڄགٳ֥ᇶေྙൔ൞ЌགčinsuranceĎđ൞Ѱ֥၂
ܻದຩᅟ ᇕؓ৫૫b Rule of 70 70ܿᄵ ܙ࠹گ০֥ࢮࣥb၂۱ૄ୍ၛrĊ֥؇ᄹӉ֥ਈնჿᄝֻ70Ĕr୍ൈيىb S Sales tax ཧ൲ඥ หྸಃඥაཧ൲ඥčexcise tax vsē sales taxĎb Savings function ԥྐྵݦඔ ཁൕंࠇݓࡅૄ၂൬ೆඣഈཌྷႋ֥ԥྐྵਈ֥ݦඔܱ༢іb Says law of markets ၈൧ӆקੰ o܂۳߶Էᄯሱ֥࠭ླčsupply creates its own demandĎ֥ંbJ·B·၈ᄝ1803୍ิԛđၹູሹ֥ܓઙ৯ఞݺ֩Ⴟሹ൬ದބሹӁԛđӑحླࠇӑح܂۳൞҂ॖି֥bऺضථؓ၈קੰิԛਔbᆷԛđሔࡆ֥1ૅჭ൬ೆѩ҂сಖಆ҆וčࠧш࠽ཨٮౠཟѩ҂сಖູ1Ďb Scarcity ༎ಌྟ ༎ಌྟ൞ࣜ࠶֥ཁᇷหᆘᆭ၂bࣜ࠶֥༎ಌྟѩ҂ၩሢ൞༎ഒ֥đط൞ᆷ҂ॖၛ૧ٮ֤֞bေ֤֞ᆃဢ၂ᇕđсྶሱ࠭ളӁࠇႨఃࣜ࠶টࡆၛࢌߐb Scarcityđlaw of ༎ಌܿੰ ն҆ٳದ෮ླေ֥ת༆ᆺି֤֞Ⴕཋ֥܂ႋ[૧ٮčfree goodsĎ২ຓł֥ჰbၹՎഅ၂Ϯ൞༎ಌ֥đсྶ๙ݖࡎ۬ࠇᆀఃྙൔࣉྛଖᇕӱ؇֥۳b Securities ᆣಊ Ⴈটіൕ۲ᇕ۲ဢࣁವሧӁ֥ඌეđೂܢௐaᅏಊa௹ಃaௐऌ֩Ġ۷ಒ్ֹඪđ൞Ⴈটಒ৫ؓᆃུሧӁ֥෮Ⴕಃ֥໓ࡱb Short run ؋௹ ҂ିಞ෮Ⴕ֥ေቔԛԉٳטᆜ֥၂؍ൈࡗbᄝັܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđሧЧթਈބఃoܥקpေ؋௹ᇏ҂ିቔԛטᆜđࣉೆ္҂൞ሱႮ֥bᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđࡎ۬a۽ሧކaඥੱބყ௹֩đᄝ؋௹ᇏ္҂ॖିቔԉٳ֥טᆜb ShortĒrun aggregate supply schedule ؋௹ሹ܂۳і іൕ؋௹ଽӁԛაࡎ֥ܱ۬༢֥іbᄝᆃဢ֥؋௹ᇏđሹླ֥э߄ି႕ཙӁԛbॖၛႮ၂่ཟഈౠོ֥ࠇඣ֥ሹ܂۳౷ཌটսіb Shutdown pricečor pointđor ruleĎ ๔ြࡎ۬čࠇ๔ြׄa๔ြჰᄵĎ ᄝӌഅંᇏđ൧ӆࡎ۬ఞఞॖၛҀनॖэӮЧ؟Ⴥ֥ׄࣼ൞๔ြׄbᆃൈđఒြૄ௹֥ാఞݺ֩Ⴟ֥ܥקӮЧđა๔ြܱ֥ުݔ၂ဢb SingleĒtax movement ֆ၂ඥᄎ 19ൗࡀႮޗ০·ౄᇍؿఏ֥၂ӆᄎđಪູᄝࣜ࠶҂؎ࣉ่֥҄ࡱ༯đಯӻ࿃թᄝ֥ჰၹᄝႿğֹ֥༎ಌބնਈֹ֥ሿੀཟֹ෮Ⴕᆀboֆ၂ඥpᆻᄝֹؓ෮Ⴕᆀֹ֥ሿᆘඥb Slope ོੱ ࠫޅྙᇏაޘᇠഈэਈ֥ֆ໊э߄ཌྷؓႋ֥ሺᇠഈэਈ֥э߄bཟႷഈౠོ
ܻದຩᅟ ֥౷ཌོੱູᆞđཟႷ༯ౠོ֥౷ཌོੱູڵčೂླ౷ཌĎđඣཌོ֥ੱູਬb Social insurance ഠ߶Ќག ᆟکิ܂఼֥ᇅྟЌགbყ֣ٝ֡າݝࠇཟ࿊ᄴ֩൧ӆ҂ਲ໙ีđၛᄹࣉഠ߶ڞ০b Social overhead capital ഠ߶ٳขሧЧ ࣜ࠶ؿᅚ෮၇ঠ֥ࠎԤྟሧbหљᆷؓളaႂႨඣbࢌ๙a๙ྐ֩ٚ૫֥ሧbႵൈӫoࠎԤഡീpčinfrastructureĎb Social regulation ഠ߶ܵᇅ ܵᇅčregulationĎb Socialism ഠ߶ᇶၬ ಪູԢসၛຓ֥෮Ⴕ֥čࠇࠫެ෮Ⴕ֥ĎളӁሧਘႋູഠ߶෮Ⴕčowned by community)֥ᆟᇍંbഠ߶ᇶၬ෮ᄍྸሧЧ൬ၭ֥ٳཚ౦ঃбሧЧᇶၬ֩b Speculator ࠏᆀ Ֆ൙ࠏࠃ֥ದđࠧପུઙࣉčࠇછԛĎഅࠇࣁವሧӁđѩၩᄝၛުၛࢠۚčࠇࢠ֮Ďࡎ۬છԛčࠇઙࣉĎѩՖᇏࠆ০֥ದb Spillovers ຓၮ აຓ҆ྟčexternalitiesĎၬb Stagflation ᇌᅮ 70୍սᄪ௹ᄯԛ֥၂۱Սđ૭ඍۚാြࠇ๔ᇌđაӻ࿃֥๙ࠊளᅮཌྷѩթ֥གྷའbᆃ၂གྷའᇶေ๙ݖ๙ࠊளᅮݖӱ֥ܸྟྟᇉটࡆၛࢳb Statistical discrimination ࠹ఆ൪ ᆷؓր۱ದ֥ٚൔၛھದ෮උಕุ֥၂ϮྛູࠇหᆘູࠎԤb࠹ఆ൪ॖၛ๙ݖࢆ֮۱ದః෮උಕุหᆘ֥ࠒࠞྟطൌགྷሱႥթb Stockđcommon ௴๙ܢௐ ҕ௴๙ܢௐčcommon stockĎb Stock market ܢௐ൧ӆ ࣉྛ௴๙ܢௐࢌၞ֥Ⴕቆᆮ֥൧ӆbᄝૅݓđቋն֥ܢௐ൧ӆ൞୧ჿܢௐࢌၞ෮čNew York Stock ExchangeĎđૅݓն܄ඳ֥ܢௐࢌၞᄝପࣉྛb Stock vsēflow թਈაੀਈ ੀਈაթਈčflow vsēStockĎb Strategic interaction Ҧ ܪ൧ӆഈ֥၂ᇕ౦ঃbఃᇏđૄ၂ఒြ֥ࣜ࠶Ҧ၇ঠႿఃࣩᆚؓ൭֥࠹߃طᇅקࠇྩڿbѰᒮંčgame theoryĎᇏ۳ԛਔؓҦ֥ࢠᆞൔ֥ٳ༅b Structural budget ࢲܒྟყෘ ൌ࠽ყෘaᇛ௹ྟყෘބࢲܒྟყෘčactualđcyclicalđand structural budgetĎb Structural unemployment ࢲܒྟാြ ၹ۽ቔॢಌֹ֥ٳ҃ࠇ۽ቔোა۽ದ֥ো҂၂ᇁطӁള֥ാြbॖିႵ۽ቔࠏ߶թᄝđാြ۽ದಏॖି҂ऎСᆃུ۽ቔࠏ߶෮ေ֥ିĠࠇᆀႵ۽ቔࠏ߶ֹ֥აാြᆀ෮ളࠃֹ֥҂၂ᇁb Subsidy Ҁ์ ᆟکؓิ܂ࠇཨٮଖᇕഅ֥ఒြࠇं෮ቔ֥ᆦڱb২ೂđᆟکࣜӈၛᆦڱ҆ٳൊषᆦ֥ྙൔཟ֮൬ದࡅ๖ؿ٢ൊҀ์b
ܻದຩᅟ Substitutes ูս ཌྷࣩᆚ֥അčೂᆷٳषބ҂ٳष֥൭สĎbཌྷّđοཨٮᆀ֥ࢳđ၂ఏԛགྷaཌྷކ֥അᄵ൞ҀčcomplementĎčೂቐԬ֥ཷބႷԬ֥ཷĎb Substitution effectčof a price changeĎčࡎ۬э֥Ďูսིႋ ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕౠཟğ֒၂അ֥ཌྷؓࡎ۬༯ࢆൈđཨٮᆀᄹࡆؓھᇕഅ֥ཨٮčၛھᇕഅቔູoูսpĎĠط֒၂അ֥ཌྷؓࡎ۬ഈശൈđཨٮᆀࡨഒؓھᇕഅ֥ཨٮčھᇕഅФoูսpĎbࡎ۬э֥ᆃᇕูսིႋ֝ᇁཟ༯ౠོ֥ླ౷ཌbŀҕ൬ೆིႋčincome effectĎł Substitution rue ูսჰᄵ ೂݔ၂ᇕေࡎ۬༯ࢆطఃေࡎ۬҂эൈđପહႨᆃ၂ཌྷؓьၒ֥ေูս෮Ⴕఃေđ߶ఒြՖᇏࠆ০bᆃ၂ჰᄵ൞ӮЧቋཬჰᄵčleastĒcost ruleĎ֥ંb Supply curvečor supply scheduleĎ ܂۳౷ཌčࠇ܂۳іĎ ࡌקః౦ঃ҂эđіൕؓႋૄ၂ࡎ۬đ၂۳ק൧ӆഈ֥܂۳ᆀ჻ၩԛ൲֥അඔਈ֥іb Supply Shock ܂۳Ԋࠌ ᄝޡܴࣜ࠶࿐ᇏđؓሹ܂۳Ӂളၩຓᇗն႕ཙ֥ളӁӮЧࠇളӁੱ֥ಖэbቔູ܂۳Ԋࠌ֥ࢲݔđൌ࠽GNPބࡎ۬ඣ߶ؿളყਘ҂֥֞эb SupplyĒside economics ܂۳࿐ஊࣜ࠶࿐ ఼ט۲ᇕ႕ཙሹ܂۳ࠇమᄝӁԛ֥ᆟҦծീ֥ܴׄbᆃ၂ંಪູđؓসބሧЧ൬ೆ֥ۚш࠽ඥੱ߶ࢆ֮۽ቔބԥྐྵ֥ࠒࠞྟb T Tariff ܱඥ ၂ݓؓࣉ१അ۴ऌఃඔਈֆ໊෮ᆘ൬֥ඥb Tax incidence ඥ൬݂ී ݂ීčincidenceĎb Technological change ඌэ۪ ളӁݖӱ֥ڿэࠇྍӁ֥ႄೆđ֤ဢ֥၂ೆି֤֞۷؟֥ࠇ۷ࣉ֥҄Ӂԛb֝ᇁളӁॖିྟ౷ཌ֥ຓ၍b Technological progress ඌࣉ҄ ඌэ۪čtechnological changeĎb Terms of tradečin international tradeĎ čݓ࠽સၞᇏ֥Ďસၞ่ࡱ ၂ݓԛ൲ఃԛ१aܓઙఃࣉ१֥oൌ࠽p่ࡱđ֩Ⴟԛ१ࡎ۬ᆷඔაࣉರࡎ۬ᆷඔ֥бੱb Theory of income distribution ൬ೆٳં ھંႨႿࢳ၂۱ഠ߶ᇏ۱ದ֥൬ದބҍڶ֥ٳٚൔb TightĒmoney policy ࣅ෪ྟࠊлᆟҦ ᇏနၿྛཋᇅࠇࡨഒࠊл܂ႋބิۚ০ੱ֥ᆟҦbᆃᇕᆟҦႵࡨતൌ࠽GDPᄹӉđࢆ֮๙ࠊளᅮੱđิۚھݓຓ߸߸ੱ֥ቔႨbčҕॺྟࠊлᆟҦčeasy-money policy) Time deposit ק௹թॻ թႿၿྛ֥Ⴕቋ࣍oิ౼௹p֥ሧࣁbЇওᄝܼၬࠊлčM2Ďᇏđ
ܻದຩᅟ ҂ЇওᄝM1ᇏđၹູૌ҂ቔູᆦڱ൭؍টႨb Token money ژݼࠊл ޓഒႵࠇીႵଽᄝࡎᆴ֥ࠊлb Total cost ሹӮЧ ҕሹӮЧčcostđtotalĎ Total factor Producitivity ಆေളӁੱ ޙਈֆ໊ሹೆ֥ሹӁਈ֥ളӁੱᆷѓbٳሰ൞ሹӁԛčࠧđCDPĎđٳଛ൞ሧЧaসބሧჷ֥ࡆಃनඔbಆေളӁੱ֥ᄹӉੱӈӈФ൪ູ॓ࣉ֥҄ᆷѓb Total productčor outputĎ ሹӁčࠇሹӁਈĎ ෮ളӁ֥അসༀ֥ඔਈbֆ໊ؓཬચ൞௴ൔغđؓۑํ൞ؕđطؓؿᄵ൞Ցඔb Total revenue ሹ൬ೆ ࡎ۬აӁਈ֥Ӱࠒđࠇӫሹཧ൲b Trade balance or merchandise trade balance સၞჅح ࠇഅસၞჅح ҕğસၞჅحčbalance of tradeĎ Trade carrier સၞуৈ ޅ၂ᇕႨၛቅθࣉ֥߭Ќᇶၬծീbܱඥބح൞ቋૼཁ֥уৈđ୍࣍টđ٤ܱඥуৈčࠇNTBSĎđೂٮႨۚυ֥ܵᇅྟӱđսูਔԮ֥ծീb Transactions demand for money ࠊл֥ࢌၞླ ࠊлླčdemand for moneyĎb Transaction money ࢌၞࠊл ࠊл܂۳֥၂ᇕޙਈٚمč๙ӈӫቔM1ĎđႮൌ࠽ႨႿࢌၞ֥ཛଢđࠧགྷࣁބᆦௐᅫܒӮb Transfer paymentsđ government ᆟکሇ၍ᆦڱ ᆟکཟ۱ದ෮ቔ֥aླ۱ದၛ֒భ֥ڛༀ߭Б֥ᆦڱb২ೂഠ߶ЌགᆦڱބാြЌག֩b Treasury billsčT-billsĎ ؋௹ݓ९ಊ ৳Ϲᆟک෮ؿྛ֥؋௹ᅏಊࠇᆣಊb U UndergroundĒeconomy ֹ༯ࣜ࠶ ໃБ֥ۡࣜ࠶ࠃbֹ༯ࣜ࠶ЇওЧඋކمđໃཟඥ൬ࠏܱБ֥ۡࠃ[ೂགྷӆࣸࠊԛ൲čgarage saleĎࠇழࡗิ܂֥ڛༀłބ٤مࠃčೂٔaѰބછႀĎb Unemployed ാြᆀ ໃФܦႨࠒࠞ࿙ᅳ۽ቔࠇ֩րᇗْ۽ቔ֥ದb Unemployment ാြ č1Ďᄝࣜ࠶ඌეᇏđ٤ሱ჻ാြčinvoluntary unemploymentĎ൞ᆷğ჻ၩᄝགྷྛ֥۽ሧඣ༯۽ቔ֥۽ದᅳ҂֞۽ቔbč2Ďᄝܲٚčૅݓস࠹अĎקၬᇏđඪ၂۱۽ದ൞ാြ֥đᆷࠇෲğčaĎင༯ીႵ۽ቔĠčbĎᆞᄝ֩րᇗྍФܦႨđࠇᄝቋ࣍4ᇛᇶ࿙ᅳ۽ቔໃb
ܻದຩᅟ Unemploymentđfrictional ଉ҈ྟാြ ଉ҈ྟാြčfrictional unemploymentĎb Unemployment rate ാြੱ ാြᆀᄝস৯ᇏ෮ᅝ֥Ϥٳбb UnitĒelastic demand ֆ໊ྟླ ࢺႿႵࡎ۬ྟ֥ླčpriceĒelastic demandĎބ٤ࡎ۬ྟ֥ླčprice-inelastic demandĎᆭࡗ֥၂ᇕ౦ঃbࡎ۬ྟ֥धؓᆴఞݺ֩Ⴟlb္ླ֥ࡎ۬ྟčprice elasticity of demandĎb Unlimited liability ཋᄳ Ⴕཋᄳ(limited liabilityĎb Usury ۚ০վ ؓ෮ࢹࠊл෬౼ۚႿمקቋۚඣ০ੱ֥ྛູb Utilityčalso total utilityĎ ིႨčࠇሹིႨĎ Ֆഅބসༀ֥ཨٮᇏࠆ֤֥෮Ⴕડቀbطш࠽ིႨčmarginal utilityĎᆷğ؟ཨٮ၂ֆ໊അط֤֥֞ྍᄹࡆི֥Ⴈb Utility-possibility frontier ིႨॖିྟшࢸ აളӁॖିྟшࢸཌྷؓႋbཁൕ۲ᄝ၂ᇠഈ֥ਆ۱čࠇਆቆĎཨٮᆀི֥Ⴈࠇડቀ֥ࠫޅbཟ༯ౠོđၛіൕՖAᇀBࣉྛ൬ೆᄜٳࡼࢆ֮Aི֥ႨطิۚBི֥ႨbԩᄝིႨॖିཌഈุ֥ׄགྷሢᇂčࠇஂກĎིੱŀallocativečor ParetoĎ effciencyr]b۴ऌஂກႵིᇂჰđଖུದঃڿđطൈ҂ᇁఃದঃэߊ֥Ϸمᄝᆃ่ཌഈ൞҂թᄝ֥b V Value added ڸࡆࡎᆴ ෮ളӁ֥അ֥ࡎᆴაളӁૌ෮Ⴈ֥ҋਘބ܂۳֥ӮЧᆭࡗ֥ҵحbᄝ၂ॶ1ૅჭ֥૫ЇᇏđॖିЇݣਔ0ē6ૅჭ֥ཬચބఃҋਘ֥ࡎᆴđᆃൈఃڸࡆᆴູૅჭbڸࡆࡎᆴႮ၂۱ఒြࠇ၂۱ྛြࡆႿఃӁԛᇏ֥۽ሧb০༏ބሧЧܒӮb Value-added taxčVATĎ ᄹᆴඥ οఃڸࡆࡎᆴ֥၂קϤٳбؓఒြ෮ᆘ֥ඥb Valueđparadox of ࡎᆴᙣં ࡎᆴᙣંčparadox of valueĎb Variable эਈ ၂۱ॖקၬބॖޙਈ֥ࣜ࠶ਈbࣜ࠶࿐ᇏᇗေ֥эਈЇওࡎ۬aࢌၞਈa০ੱa߸ੱaҍڶ֥ࡎᆴ֩֩b Variable cost ॖэӮЧ ҕॖэӮЧčcostđvariableĎb Velocity of money ࠊлᇛሇੱ ࠊлᆳྛࢌၞૂࢺᆯିൈđՖઙᆀੀཟછᆀđᄜ֞ྍ֥ઙᆀđೂՎ҂؎ࣉྛbo֥ᇛሇੱpᆷ֥൞ᆃᇕᄎ֥؇čspeedĎbࠊл֥൬ೆᇛሇčੱincome velocity of moneyĎקၬູၬGNPԢၛࠊлሹ܂۳đࠇV=P*Q/M=GNP/MbVertical equityሺཟ֩ޘཟ֩აሺཟ֩čhorizontal equlty vsē vertical equityĎb Vertical integration ሺཟᆜކ ҕᆜކaሺཟᆜކაޘཟᆜކčintegrationđvertical vs. horizontalĎb
ܻದຩᅟ Vertical merger ሺཟ࡙ѩ ࡙ѩčmergerĎb Voluntary unemployment ሱ჻ാြ ֒۱ದۋ֞۽ሧ֥ࡎᆴഒႿࡼൈࡗљቔႨčೂ༽༫Ďൈ֥ࡎᆴ֥౦ঃ༯෮ؿള֥ാြb W Wealth ҍڶ ۳קൈׄഈ၂ݓࠇ၂۱ದ෮ႵൌބࣁವӁ֥࣪ࡎᆴb֩Ⴟ෮ႵሧӁࡨಀ෮Ⴕڵᅏb Welfare economics ڞ০ࣜ࠶࿐ ؓࣜ࠶ุ༢֥ܿٓྟٳ༅đࠧࣜ࠶ᄎྛᇏહ൞oؓpaહ൞oհp֩໙ี֥࣮b Welfare state ڞ০ݓࡅ 19ൗࡀພ௹ᄝᇝࡶႵ႕ཙ֥၂ᇕࠁކࣜ࠶֥ۀb20ൗࡀ30୍սФႄೆૅݓbᄝགྷսڞ০ݓࡅۀđ൧ӆऎุᆷ֝ರӈࣜ࠶ࠃđطᆟکᄵܿٓഠ߶ߌaิ܂အࣁa၄ူЌࡲބഠ߶νಆุ༢֩b What,how and for Whom હaೂޅބູජ ࣜ࠶ቆᆮ֥۱ࠎЧ໙ีboહpടࠣၛഠ߶Ⴕཋ֥ሧჷࠇೆ֥թਈđؓૄᇕॖି֥അބসༀളӁ؟ഒ֥໙ีboೂޅp൞ؓႋࡼളӁ֥۲ᇕӁčoહpĎđ෮Ⴈหקඌ֥࿊ᄴĠoູජpᆷཨٮᄝھഠ߶Ӯჴᇏ֥ٳb WinnerĒtakeĒall game ഻ᆀಆ֤Ѱᒮ ᆦڱҦ౼थႿؓႿఃࣩᆚᆀࠇҕაದط֥ཌྷؓࡎᆴط٤धؓࡎᆴbᆃোѰᒮ֥၂Ϯหᆘ൞ğ߭БᇶေࠇປಆࠢᇏႿପུቋႪ֥ࣩᆚᆀb Y Yield ൬ၭ ა০ੱčinterest rateĎࠇሧӁ֥൬ၭੱčrate of returnĎၬb Z Zero-profit-point ਬ০ׄ ؓ၂۱ӌഅطđ൬ᆦཌྷַൈ֥ࡎ۬ඣbࠧಆ҆ӮЧ֤֞Ҁ০ູਬ֥ࡎ۬ඣb ========================================================== ************************************************************************** ========================================================== ************************************************************************** ==========================================================
ܻದຩᅟ धؓႪ൝čAbsolute advantageĎ ೂݔ၂۱ݓࡅႨ၂ֆ໊ሧჷളӁ֥ଖᇕӁбਸ਼၂۱ݓࡅ؟đପહđᆃ۱ݓࡅᄝᆃᇕӁ֥ളӁഈაਸ਼၂ݓཌྷбࣼऎႵधؓႪ൝b ཟ࿊ᄴčAdverse choiceĎ ᄝՎሑঃ༯đЌག܄ඳؿགྷૌ֥ग़ᇏႵն֥၂҆ٳটሱۚڄགಕุb ࿊ᄴӮЧčAlternative costĎ ೂݔၛቋݺ֥ਸ਼၂ᇕٚൔႨ֥ଖᇕሧჷđ෮ିളӁ֥ࡎᆴࣼ൞࿊ᄴӮЧđ္ॖၛӫᆭູࠏ߶ӮЧb ླ֥ྟč Arc elasticity of demandĎ ೂݔP1ބQ1ٳљ൞ࡎ۬ބླਈ֥ԚᆴđP2 ބQ2 ֻູؽቆᆴđପહđྟࣼ֩Ⴟ -čQ1-Q2ĎčP1ĐP2Ď/čP1-P2ĎčQ1ĐQ2Ď ٤ؓӫ֥ྐ༏čAsymmetric informationĎ ᄝଖུ൧ӆᇏđૄ۱ҕაᆀႚႵ֥ྐ༏ѩ҂ཌྷb২ೂđᄝࣸӚ൧ӆഈđႵܱࣸӚᇉਈ֥ྐ༏đછᆀ๙ӈေбమᄝ֥ઙᆀᆩ֤֡؟b नӮЧčAverage costĎ नӮЧ൞ሹӮЧԢၛӁਈb္ӫູनሹӮЧb नܥקӮЧ( Average fixed costĎ नܥקӮЧ൞ሹܥקӮЧԢၛӁਈb नӁčAverage productĎ नӁ൞ሹӁਈԢၛೆ֥ඔਈb नॖэӮЧčAverage variable costĎ नॖэӮЧ൞ሹॖэӮЧԢၛӁਈb ሧ֥Ȧ(BetaĎ Ȧ؇ਈ֥൞აሧཌྷ৳֥҂ॖٳ֥ڄགbؓႿ၂ᇕܢௐطđіൕ෮Ⴕགྷྛܢௐ֥൬ၭؿളэ߄ൈđ၂ᇕܢௐ֥൬ၭ߶ೂޅૹۋֹэ߄b ᅏಊ൬ၭ(Bond yieldĎ ᅏಊ൬ၭ൞ᅏಊ෮ࠆ֤֥০ੱb ൬ᆦޙčBreakĒeven chartĎ ൬ᆦޙіൕ၂ᇕӁ෮ԛ൲֥ሹඔਈڿэൈሹ൬ၭބሹӮЧ൞ೂޅэ߄֥b൬ᆦޙׄ൞ູх૧ാطсྶછԛ֥ቋཬඔਈb ყෘཌ(Budget lineĎ ყෘཌіൕཨٮᆀ෮ିܓઙ֥അXބഅY֥ඔਈ֥ಆ҆ቆކbོ֥ੱ֩ႿഅX֥ࡎ۬ԢၛഅY֥ࡎ۬ᄜӰၛ၂1b Ͼཧ൲čBundlingĎ Ͼཧ൲ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆႏཧ൭؍đԛ൲ਆᇕӁ֥ӌഅđေܓઙఃᇏ၂ᇕӁ֥ग़đ္ေܓઙਸ਼၂ᇕӁb ሧЧčCapitalĎ ሧЧ൞ᆷႨႿളӁaཧ൲ࠣഅބڛༀٳ֥ഡСaӌٜaթࠊaჰҋਘބః٤ದ৯ളӁሧჷb ሧЧ൬ၭčCapital gainĎ ሧЧ൬ၭ൞ᆷದૌછԛܢௐčࠇఃሧӁĎൈ෮ࠆ֤֥ӑݖჰটູᆦڱ֥ପ၂҆ٳb ሧЧᇶၬčCapitalismĎ
ܻದຩᅟ ሧЧᇶၬ൞၂ᇕ൧ӆุ༢đ၇ঠࡎุ۬༢ಀࢳथࠎЧ֥ࣜ࠶໙ีğളӁહĤೂޅളӁĤᄸဢٳĤࣜ࠶ᄹӉੱႋູ؟ഒĤ ࠎඔིႨ(Cardinal utilityĎ ࠎඔིႨ൞ᆷཞ۱ದุ֥ᇗࠇദۚପဢᄝࠎඔ֥ၩၬഈॖၛ؇ਈི֥ႨčၩሢིႨᆭࡗ֥ҵљđࠧш࠽ིႨđ൞Ⴕၩၬ֥ĎbඔིႨაཌྷّđᆺᄝඔ֥Ҫ૫ഈҌႵၩၬb वหغčCartelĎ वหغ൞ᆷӌഅᆭࡗູਔކଔطదר܄षބᆞൔླྀၰᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒྙb ॓҃၂֡۬ঘථളӁݦඔčCobb-Douglas production functionĎ ॓҃၂֡۬ঘථളӁݦඔ൞ᆷᆃဢ֥ളӁݦඔQ=ALoIKp2 Mi3bൔᇏđQູӁਈĠLູস֥ඔਈĠKູሧЧ֥ඔਈĠMູჰҋਘ֥ඔਈĠAđ31đ12đ23नູӈඔb ܍ࢲčCollisionĎ ܍ࢲ൞ᆷ၂۱ӌഅބြଽః֥ӌഅదרႵܱࡎ۬aӁਈބః൙ၒ֥ླྀၰb бࢠႪ൝čComparative advantageĎ ೂݔაളӁఃഅ֥ӮЧཌྷбđ၂۱ݓࡅളӁ֥ଖᇕӁ֥ӮЧбਸ਼၂۱ݓࡅ֮đପહđھݓࣼᄝᆃᇕഅ֥ളӁഈაਸ਼၂۱ݓࡅཌྷбऎႵбࢠႪ൝b ҀčComplementsĎ ೂݔXބY൞ҀđX֥ླਈࣼაY֥ࡎ۬Ӯّཟэ߄b ӮЧ҂эྛြčConstant-cost industryĎ ӮЧ҂э֥ྛြ൞ᆷऎႵඣ֥Ӊ௹܂۳౷ཌ֥ྛြđ֥ঔնѩ҂߶ႄఏೆࡎ֥۬ഈശࠇ༯ࢆb ܿଆ൬ၭ҂эčConstant returns to scaleĎ ೂݔ෮Ⴕೆ֥ඔਈၛཌྷ֥Ϥٳඔᄹࡆđѩ֝ᇁӁਈ္ၛཌྷ֥Ϥٳඔᄹࡆđࣼ൞ܿଆ൬ၭ҂э֥b ཨٮᆀഺჅčConsumer surplusĎ ཨٮᆀഺჅ൞ᆷཨٮᆀ჻ၩູଖᇕഅࠇڛༀ෮ᆦڱ֥ቋնඔਈაൌ࠽ᆦڱ֥ඔਈᆭҵb ॖࣩᆚ൧ӆčContestable marketĎ ॖࣩᆚ൧ӆ൞ᆷପᇕࣉೆປಆሱႮၛࠣԛીႵӮЧ֥൧ӆbॖࣩᆚ൧ӆ֥ЧᇉᄝႿૌޓಸၞ൳֞յਔ֥ࣼࣉೆᆀ֥ഄݝb ఔჿ౷ཌčContract curveĎ ఔჿ౷ཌ൞čᄝཨٮᆀᆭࡗࣉྛࢌߐൈĎਆ۱ཨٮᆀ֥ш࠽ูսੱཌྷ֥֥֩ׄ݅ࠖđࠇᆀčᄝളӁᆀᆭࡗࣉྛࢌߐൈĎਆ۱ളӁᆀ֥ш࠽ඌูսੱཌྷ֥֥֩ׄ݅ࠖb ࢘ׄࢳčCorner solutionĎ ࢘ׄࢳ൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕ౦ྙđყෘཌᄝ໊Ⴟቕѓᇠഈ֥ׄԩղ֞ቋ֥ۚॖࠆ֤֥ҵၳ౷ཌbčᄝളӁᆀંᇏ္߶ؿളোර֥౦ঃbĎ ླ֥ࢌҭྟčCross elasticity of demandĎ ླ֥ࢌҭྟ൞ᆷഅY֥ࡎ۬ؿള1Ċ֥э߄ൈ෮ႄఏ֥അX֥ླਈэ߄֥Ϥٳбb ؎֥໌ാčDeadweight loss of monopolyĎ ೂݔ၂۱ປಆࣩᆚ֥൧ӆሇэູ၂۱؎֥൧ӆđᆃᇕሇэ෮ջট֥ሹഺჅ֥ࡨഒࣼ൞໌ാb ઙٚ؎֥໌ാčDeadweight loss of monopsonyĎ ೂݔ၂۱ປಆࣩᆚ֥൧ӆሇэӮ၂۱ઙٚ؎֥൧ӆđᆃᇕሇэ෮ջট֥ሹഺჅ֥ࡨഒູࠧ໌ാb
ܻದຩᅟ ӮЧ־ࡨྛြčDecreasing-cost industryĎ ӮЧ־ࡨྛြ൞ᆷऎႵཟ༯ౠོ֥Ӊ௹܂۳౷ཌ֥ྛြđ֥ঔն߶ႄఏनӮЧ༯ࢆb ܿଆ൬ၭ־ࡨč Decreasing return to scaleĎ ೂݔ෮Ⴕೆ֥ඔਈၛཌྷ֥Ϥٳඔᄹࡆđѩ֝ᇁӁਈᄹࡆ֥ϤٳඔཬႿھϤٳඔđࣼ൞ܿଆ൬ၭ־ࡨ֥b ླ౷ཌčDemand curveĎ ླ౷ཌіൕᄝૄ၂ࡎ۬༯෮ླ֥അඔਈb ॖվሧࣁ֥ླ౷ཌčDemand curve of loanable fundsĎ ॖվሧࣁ֥ླ౷ཌіൕॖվሧࣁ֥ླਈა০ੱؽᆀᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ์གྷੱč Discount rateĎ ֒০ੱႨႿ࠹ෘሧ֥࣪གྷᆴൈđФӫູ์གྷੱb ॖٳڄག(Diversifiable riskĎ ॖၛ๙ݖ؟ဢ߄টх૧֥ڄག൞ॖٳڄགb ᇶ֝ӌഅč Dominant firmĎ ᄝܪ؎֥ྛြᇏđᇶ֝ӌഅ൞၂۱ᇅקࡎ֥۬նӌഅđᄍྸھྛြᇏ֥ཬӌഅᄝՎࡎ۬༯ཧ൲ૌམԛ൲֥ಆ҆ඔਈ֥അb Ⴊ൝ҦčDominant strategyĎ ҂ંఃअᇏದҐ౼હҦđႪ൝Ҧؓ၂۱अᇏದط൞ቋݺ֥Ҧb ච؎čDuopoly) ච؎൞ᆷႵਆ۱છᇶᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒbܞ୶ଆđၛࠣఃଆᇏടࠣච؎b ࣜ࠶ིੱčEconomic efficiencyĎ ࣜ࠶ིੱ൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕሑঃđ෮ࣉྛ֥ޅڿэ҂߶۳ޅದջটാطିᄹࡆ၂ུದ֥ڞ০bᆃဢ၂ᇕሑࣼ൞ࣜ࠶֥ႵིੱሑঃčࠇᆀஂກིੱࠇஂກቋႪĎb ࣜ࠶০čEconomic profitĎ ࣜ࠶০൞ᆷӌഅ֥൬ၭა֥ӮЧᆭҵđުᆀЇওՖቋႵ০֥ਸ਼ຓ၂ᇕӌഅሧჷ֥Ⴈᇏॖၛࠆ֤֥൬ၭb ളӁ֥ࣜ࠶თčEconomic region of productionĎ ളӁ֥ࣜ࠶თ൞ᆷ֩Ӂਈཌོੱູڵ֥ೆቆކbીႵ၂۱ӌഅ߶ᄝ֩Ӂਈཌོੱູᆞ֥ׄഈᄎྛđၹູᄝᆃᇕׄഈሹ߶Ⴕ၂ᇕೆ֥ш࠽Ӂູڵb ࣜ࠶ሧჷčEconomic resourceĎ ࣜ࠶ሧჷ൞ᆷ၂ᇕ༎ಌ֥aေ၂۱٤ਬࡎ֥۬ሧჷb ٓຶࣜ࠶čEconomies of scopeĎ ٓຶࣜ࠶൞ᆷႮӌഅ֥ٓຶط٤ܿଆջট֥ࣜ࠶bᆺေϜਆᇕࠇ۷؟֥Ӂކѩᄝ၂ఏളӁбٳषটളӁ֥ӮЧေ֮đࣼ߶թᄝٓຶࣜ࠶b Ⴕི൧ӆࡌඪčEfficient markets hypothesisĎ ۴ऌᆃ၂ࡌഡđሧᆀᄝઙછܢௐൈ߶Ⴕֹི০Ⴈॖି֥ྐ༏.෮Ⴕၘᆩ֥႕ཙ၂ᇕܢௐࡎ֥۬ၹၘّࣜ႘ᄝܢௐ֥ࡎ۬ᇏđၹՎ۴ऌᆃ၂ંđܢௐ֥ඌٳ༅൞ི֥bčᆃ۱ࡌഡႵᇕྙൔbĎ ҍڶሑঃčEndowment positionĎ ҍڶሑঃ൞ᆷཨٮᆀૄ୍֥൬ದb ض۬غ౷ཌčEngel curveĎ ض۬غ౷ཌّ႘֥൞෮ܓઙ֥၂ᇕഅ֥नޙඔਈაཨٮᆀ൬ೆඣᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b൞ၛ19ൗࡀ֣ݓ֥࠹࿐ࡅضථห·ض۬غ֥ሳଁ֥b
ܻದຩᅟ नޙčEquilibriumĎ नޙ൞ᆷીႵޅэ߄൝֥ሑb২ೂđनޙࡎ۬ࣼ൞၂ᇕିܔົӻ֥ࡎ۬b ݖഺളӁି৯čExcess capacityĎ ݖഺളӁି৯൞ᆷӮЧቋ֮ӁਈაӉ௹नޙᇏ֥ൌ࠽Ӂਈᆭҵb؎ࣩᆚંႵ၂۱ᇷ֥Ⴕᆚં֥ࢲંđಪູᆃᇕ൧ӆࢲܒᆭ༯֥ӌഅສສ߶ᄝߎႵݖഺളӁି৯֥౦ঃ༯ࣉྛളӁb ঔᅦਫ਼ࣥ( Expansion pathĎ ঔᅦਫ਼ࣥ൞ᆷა۲ᇕӁਈཌྷؓႋ֥֩Ӂਈཌა֩ӮЧཌཌྷ్֥֥ׄ݅ࠖbč෮Ⴕೆ൞ॖэ֥bĎ ௹ຬࠊлࡎᆴčExpected monetary valeĎ ູਔಒק၂ཛࠏ֥௹ຬࠊлࡎᆴđ࠹ෘૄ၂ᇕॖିԛགྷ֥ࢲݔ֥ࠊл൬ၭčࠇാĎაఃԛགྷ֥ۀੱཌྷӰၛު֥ބb ყ௹০čExpected profitĎ ყ௹০ࣼ൞Ӊ௹֥न০ᆴđ္ࣼ൞Ⴈ෮ԛགྷ֥ۀੱࡆಃၛު֥۲ᇕॖି֥০ඣᆭބb ປಆྐ༏֥ყ௹ࡎᆴčExpected value of perfect informationĎ ປಆྐ༏֥ყ௹ࡎᆴ൞ᆷथҦᆀࠆ֤ປಆྐ༏෮֝ᇁ֥ყ௹֥ࠊлࡎᆴ֥ᄹࡆb൞थҦᆀູࠆ֤ປಆ֥ྐ༏طିᆦڱ֥ቋնඔਈb ཁӮЧčExplicit costsĎ ཁӮЧ൞ᆷᅬଢഈ෮Їও֥ӌഅ֥ᆞӈٮႨđᇭೂ۽ሧӮЧބჰҋਘᆦڱb ຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶čExternal diseconomyĎ ຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶൞ᆷႮႿཨٮࠇᆀఃದބӌഅ֥Ӂԛ෮ႄఏ֥၂۱ದࠇӌഅمҀӊ֥ӮЧb ຓ҆ࣜ࠶čExternal economyĎ ຓ҆ࣜ࠶൞ᆷႮႿཨٮࠇᆀఃದބӌഅ֥Ӂԛ෮ႄఏ֥၂۱ದࠇӌഅم෬౼֥൬ၭb ༵Ⴊ൝čFirst-mover advantagesĎ ༵Ⴊ൝൞ႮႿᄝѰᒮᇏֻ၂۱Ґ౼ྛ֥अᇏದ෮ႚႵ֥Ⴊ൝b ܥקӮЧčFixed costĎ ܥקӮЧູૄ۱ൈ௹҂эೆ֥ሹӮЧb ҂эದčFIXed inputĎ ҂эೆ൞ᆷളӁݖӱᇏ෮Ⴈ֥čೂӌٜބഡСĎaᄝॉҳ֥௹ࡗ ඔਈ҂э֥ሧჷb ሱႮሧჷčFree resource) ሱႮሧჷ൞ᆷหљڶღၛᇁᄝਬࡎ۬ࣼॖၛࠆ֤֥ሧჷb ၂Ϯनޙٳ༅čGeneral equilibrium analysisĎ ၂Ϯनޙٳ༅൞ᆷčაअ҆नޙٳ༅ཌྷّĎϜ۲ᇕ൧ӆބࡎ֥۬ཌྷቔႨॉ੮ࣉಀ֥ٳ༅b ࠝٯّંčGiffen`s paradoxĎ ࠝٯّં൞ᆷഅ֥ླਈაࡎ۬Ӯᆞཟܱ༢ᆃဢ၂ᇕሑঃb֒ਜᇉഅࡎู֥۬սིႋѩ҂ቀၛַཨ൬ದིႋൈࣼ߶ؿളᆃဢ֥౦ঃb ႅӮЧčImplicit costĎ Ⴈఒြ෮ႵᆀႚႵ֥ሧჷčᇭೂ֥ൈࡗაሧЧĎ֥࿊ᄴӮЧࣼ൞ႅӮЧb ൬ೆҀӊ֥ླ౷ཌč IncomeĒcompensated demand curveĎ ൬ೆҀӊ֥ླ౷ཌіൕđ֒ཨٮᆀ֥൬ೆטᆜ֞҂ંࡎ۬ೂޅॖၛܓઙቋԚ֥൧ӆথ
ܻದຩᅟ ሰđᆃൈᄝૄ၂ᇕࡎ۬༯ཨٮᆀ෮ླ֥അ֥ඔਈႵ؟ഒb ൬ೆ--ཨٮ౷ཌčIncome-consumption curveĎ ൬ೆ၂ཨٮ౷ཌ൞Ϝսіაಆ҆ॖି֥ཨٮᆀࠊл൬ೆཌྷႋ֥नޙ൧ӆথሰ֥ׄ৵ࢤطӮ֥၂่౷ཌbᆃᇕ౷ཌॖၛႨႿ֝ض۬غ౷ཌb ൬ದིႋčIncome effectĎ ൬ೆིႋ൞ᆷđ෮Ⴕࡎ۬҂эൈປಆႮႿཨٮᆀડቀඣ֥э߄෮ႄఏ֥അX֥ླਈ֥ڿэb ླ֥൬ೆྟčincome elasticity of demandĎ ླ֥൬ೆྟ൞ᆷđ֒ࡎ۬Ќӻ҂эൈཨٮᆀ൬ೆؿള1Ċ֥э߄ൈđ෮ႄఏ֥ླඔਈэ߄֥Ϥٳбb ӮЧ־ᄹ֥ӁြčIncreasing-cost industryĎ ӮЧ־ᄹ֥ྛြ൞ᆷऎႵཟഈౠོ֥Ӊ௹܂۳౷ཌ֥ྛြđ֥ঔն߶ႄఏೆࡎ֥۬ഈശb ܿଆ൬ၭ־ᄹčincreasing returns to scaleĎ ೂݔ෮Ⴕೆ֥ඔਈၛཌྷ֥Ϥٳඔᄹࡆđѩ֝ᇁӁਈᄹࡆ֥ϤٳඔնႿھϤٳඔđࣼ൞ܿଆ൬ၭ־ᄹ֥b ҵၳ౷ཌčIndifference curveĎ ҵၳ౷ཌіൕؓཨٮᆀીႵљ֥൧ӆথሰ֥֥ׄ݅ࠖb ਜᇉഅčInferior goodĎ ਜᇉഅ൞ᆷః൬ೆིႋ֤ൌ࠽൬ದᄹࡆ֝ᇁླਈࡨഒ֥അb ԷྍčInnovationĎ ֒၂ཛؿૼֻ၂ՑႨൈđૌӫᆭູԷྍb ದ(InputĎ ളӁݖӱᇏ෮Ⴈ֥ޅሧჷ൞ೆb ০ੱčlnterest rateĎ ೂݔࢹԛ1ૅჭ၂୍đ၂୍ުࢹԛᆀ൬֥֞์ඣູ০ੱbೂݔ০ੱູrđ၂୍ުࡼ൬֞(1+rĎૅჭb ᇏࡗčIntermediate goodĎ ᇏࡗ൞ᆷႨႿളӁఃഅބڛༀ֥Ӂb ଽ҆൬ၭੱčInternal rate of returnĎ ଽ҆൬ၭੱ൞၂ཛሧཛଢ֥࣪གྷࣁੀ֥གྷᆴ֩Ⴟཛଢሧᆦԛ֥০ੱb ሧčInvestmentĎ ሧ൞ᆷԷᄯྍሧӁ֥ݖӱb ሧླ౷ཌč Investment demand curveĎ ሧླ౷ཌіൕሧ֥ሹඔਈაحຓ1ૅჭሧ֥൬ၭੱᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ֩ӮЧ౷ཌč Isocost curveĎ ֩ӮЧ౷ཌіൕ၂۱ܥק֥ሹᆦԛ෮ି֤֥֞۲ᇕೆቆކb ֩০౷ཌč Isoprofit curveĎ ֩০౷ཌіൕିܔӁളଖ၂০ඣ֥෮Ⴕೆቆކb ֩Ӂਈ౷ཌčIsoquantĎ ֩Ӂਈ౷ཌіൕିܔӁളଖ၂Ӂਈ֥෮Ⴕॖି֥čႵིੱ֥Ďೆቆކ. ֩൬ၭཌč lsorevenue lineĎ ֩൬ၭཌіൕିܔӁളཌྷሹ൬ၭ֥ਆᇕഅӁਈ֥ಆ҆ቆކb
ܻದຩᅟ ᅼຕ֥ླ౷ཌčKinked demand curveĎ ᅼຕ֥ླ౷ཌ൞؎ӌഅ૫֥ؓᄝགྷྛ֥ࡎ۬༯Ⴕ၂۱ᅼ֥ׄླ౷ཌđླᄝࡎ۬ഈശൈေбࡎ۬༯ࢆൈ۷ڶႵྟb সč LaborĎ স൞ᆷളӁഅބڛༀ֥ݖӱᇏ෮Ⴈ֥ದૌ֥୭৯aุ৯ބଷ৯b ֹ( LandĎ ֹ൞ᆷႨႿളӁ֥aЇওঀӁބֹᄝଽ֥ሱಖሧჷb ш࠽൬ၭ־ࡨੰčLaw of diminishing marginal returnsĎ ۴ऌᆃ၂مᄵđೂݔ҂؎เࡆཌྷᄹਈ֥၂ᇕೆčఃೆЌӻ҂эĎđᆃဢ෮֝ᇁ֥Ӂᄹਈᄝӑݖଖ၂ׄުࡼ߶༯ࢆđ္ࣼ൞ඪđш࠽Ӂࡼ߶ࡨഒb ш࠽ིႨ־ࡨੰčLaw of diminishing marginal utilityĎ ۴ऌᆃ၂مᄵđ֒၂۱ದཨٮᄀটᄀ؟֥ଖᇕഅൈčఃഅ֥ཨٮЌӻ҂эĎđഅ֥ш࠽ིႨቋᇔ߶Ⴟ༯ࢆb ীବᆷඔčLerner indexĎ ীବᆷඔ؇ਈ၂۱ӌഅ෮ႚႵ֥؎൝৯֥նཬđ֩ႿčP-MCĎĔPđՎԩP൞ӌഅ֥ࡎ۬đMC൞ш࠽ӮЧb ࿐༝౷ཌčLearning curveĎ ࿐༝౷ཌіൕ၂ᇕഅ֥नӮЧაളӁᆀ֥ࠒሹӁਈᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ཋᇅྟקࡎčLimit pricingĎ ཋᇅྟקࡎ൞ᆷູਔቅᆸఃӌഅࣉದطҐ౼֥၂ᇕקࡎbཋᇅྟࡎ۬൞၂ᇕ֤ࣉೆᆀാຬࠇቅᆸૌࣉೆ֥ࡎ۬b Ӊ௹čLong runĎ Ӊ௹൞ᆷ෮Ⴕೆ൞ॖэ֥ൈࡗ௹ཋbᄝӉ௹ᇏӌഅॖၛಆ҆ڿэ෮Ⴈ֥ሧჷb ш࠽ӮЧčMarginal costĎ ш࠽ӮЧ൞ᆷႮႿᄹࡆቋު၂ֆ໊Ӂਈ֝ᇁ֥ሹӮЧ֥ᄹࡆb ш࠽ӮЧקࡎčMarginal cost pricingĎ ш࠽ӮЧקࡎ൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕקࡎܿᄵđӌഅࠇݓႵఒြ֤ࡎ۬֩Ⴟш࠽ӮЧb ш࠽ᆦԛ౷ཌčManginal expenditure curveĎ ш࠽ᆦԛ౷ཌіൕӌഅᄹࡆ1ֆ໊ದX෮ႄఏ֥ӮЧ֥ᄹࡆb ш࠽ӁčMarginal productĎ ш࠽Ӂ൞ᆷႮႿᄹࡆቋު၂ֆ໊ଖᇕೆčఃೆ֥ඔਈЌӻ҂эĎ෮ջট֥ሹӁਈ֥ᄹࡆb ш࠽ӁሇߐੱčMarginal rate of product transformationĎ ш࠽Ӂሇߐੱ൞ᆷളӁॖିྟ౷ཌོੱ֥ڵඔb ш࠽ูսੱčMarginal rate of substitutionĎ ш࠽ูսੱ൞ᆷೂݔཨٮᆀᄝ൬֞حຓ၂ֆ໊അXᆭުေЌӻડቀඣ҂эطсྶ٢ఙ֥അY֥ඔਈb ш࠽൬ၭčMarginal revenueĎ ш࠽൬ၭ൞ᆷԛ൲حຓ၂ֆ໊Ӂ෮ջট֥ሹ൬ၭ֥ᄹࡆb ш࠽൬ၭӁčMarginal revenue productĎ ш࠽൬ၭӁ൞ᆷႮႿႨحຓ၂ֆ໊ೆX෮ջট֥ሹ൬ၭ֥ᄹࡆb֩ႿೆX֥ш࠽ӁӰၛӌഅ֥ш࠽൬ၭb
ܻದຩᅟ ш࠽ིႨč Marginal utilityĎ ш࠽ིႨ൞ᆷč֒෮Ⴕః֥അ֥ཨٮඣЌӻ҂эൈĎՖحຓ၂ֆ໊അᇏ෮ࠆ֤حຓડቀčིࠧႨĎb ൧ӆčMarketĎ ൧ӆ൞ᆷູਔઙބછଖུഅطაఃӌഅބ۱ದཌྷ৳༢֥၂ಕӌഅބ۱ದb ൧ӆླ౷ཌčMarket demand curveĎ ൧ӆླ౷ཌіൕᄝᆜ۱൧ӆᇏӁ֥ࡎ۬ބ֥ླਈᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ൧ӆᇛ௹čMarket periodĎ ൧ӆᇛ௹൞ᆷ၂ᇕഅ֥܂۳ਈЌӻ҂э֥၂؍ൈ௹b ൧ӆࢲܒč Market structureĎ ඹᇕ၂Ϯ֥൧ӆো൞ປಆࣩᆚa؎a؎ࣩᆚބܪ؎b၂۱൧ӆ֥ࢲܒ၇ঠႿઙᆀބછᆀ֥ඔਈၛࠣӁҵљ֥նཬb ൧ӆ܂۳іč Market supply scheduleĎ ൧ӆ܂۳ііൕᄝ۲ᇕࡎ۬༯၂ᇕഅ෮ିܔ܂۳֥ඔਈb ࡆӮקࡎčMarkup pricingĎ ࡆӮקࡎ൞ᆷđູਔಒק၂ᇕӁ֥ࡎ۬طϜ၂۱Ϥٳбčࠇध֥ؓĎඔਈࡆ֞෮ܙ࠹֥Ӂनčࠇш࠽֥ĎӮЧഈđᆃࣼၩሢھඔਈေ࠹ೆଖུم߄݂ޅऎุӁᇏಀ֥ӮЧđѩᆻᄝົӻӌഅ֥ଖ၂ሧ߭Бੱb ቋնቋཬҦčMaximin strategy) ቋնቋཬҦ൞ᆷअᇏದ֤ିܔࠆ֤֥ቋཬ൬ၭቋն߄֥Ҧb ັܴࣜ࠶࿐čMicroeconomicsĎ ັܴࣜ࠶࿐൞ࣜ࠶࿐֥၂҆ٳđٳ༅ཞཨٮᆀaӌഅބሧჷ෮Ⴕᆀᆃུ۱ุ֥ࣜ࠶ྛčູޡܴࣜ࠶࿐აᆭཌྷّđٳ༅ཞݓଽሹӁᆃဢ֥ࣜ࠶ሹุྛູĎb ۽ӌ֥ቋཬႵིܿଆčMinimum efficient size of plantĎ ᄝӉ௹ᇏनӮЧԩႿࠇࢤ࣍ఃቋཬᆴ֥ቋཬ֥۽ӌܿଆb ଆčModelĎ ଆ൞ᆷၛؓགྷൌࣉྛࡥ߄ބԎའ֥ࡌഡູࠎԤ֥ંđ۴ऌॖၛႄണԛؓགྷൌൗࢸ֥ყҩࠇࢲંb ࠊл൬ದčMoney incomeĎ ࠊл൬ೆ൞ᆷႨૄ۱ൈ௹֥ൌ࠽ૅჭඔਈ؇ਈ֥ཨٮᆀ֥൬ೆb ؎ࣩᆚ(Monopolistic competitionĎ ؎ࣩᆚ൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒđᄝھ൧ӆᇏႵޓ؟ႵҵљӁ֥છᆀđࣉೆޓಸၞѩӌഅᆭࡗીႵ܍ࢲྛູb ؎(MonopolyĎ ؎൞ᆷ၂ᇕӁᆺႵ၂۱છᆀ֥൧ӆࢲܒb܄܋൙ြ๙ӈࣼ൞ᆃဢ֥౦ྙb ઙٚ؎čMonopsonyĎ ઙٚ؎൞ᆷ၂ᇕӁᆺႵ၂۱ઙᆀ֥൧ӆࢲܒbܦႨ၂۱۽ြӬᆓ֥ಆ҆স৯֥ӌഅࣼ൞၂۱২ሰb ֣֡ڄགčMoral hazardĎ ֣֡ڄག൞ᆷđᄝܓઙਔЌགᆭު၂۱ದࠇӌഅ֥ྛູؿളэ߄ၛᇁᄹࡆਔЌག܄ඳӵք֥֢aࠅᄙބఃാؿള֥ۀੱb ॴݓ܄ඳčMultinational firmĎ ॴݓ܄ඳ൞ᆷᄝఃݓࡅሧѩᄝݓຓളӁބཧ൲Ӂ֥ӌഅb ؟ӌ؎č Multiplant monopoly)
ܻದຩᅟ ؟ӌ؎൞ᆷႚႵބࣜႏ҂ᆸ၂۱۽ӌѩေथקૄ۱۽ӌӁਈ֥၂۱ӌഅb ؟Ӂӌഅč Multiproduct firmĎ ؟Ӂӌഅ൞ᆷളӁ҂ᆸ၂ᇕӁ֥ӌഅb২ೂđϹ܄ඳളӁ߄۽aെႲ֩ٚ૫֥ᇕোَ؟֥Ӂb ܋ࠎࣁčMutual fundĎ ܋ࠎࣁ൞Ϝնਈሧᆀބܦჴ֥ఫࠢᇏᄝ၂ఏđՖطܓઙ۲۱ӌഅ֥ܢௐb ବनޙčNash equilibriumĎ ବनޙ൞ᆷѰᒮંᇏ֥၂ᇕनޙđೂݔ۳ԛૄ۱ఃअᇏದ֥ҦđᄝՎनޙ༯đ෮ႵअᇏದીႵႮڿэሱ֥࠭Ҧb ሱಖ؎čNatural monopolyĎ ሱಖ؎൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕྛြđᄝՎྛြᇏđᄝӁਈն֞ቀၛડቀಆ҆൧ӆ֥౦ঃ༯അ֥नӮЧղ֞ቋཬđၹՎ҂ॖିթᄝࣩᆚđࣇႵ֥၂۱ӌഅࣼӮູ؎ᆀb ࣪གྷᆴܿᄵčNet-Present-Value RuleĎ ࣪གྷᆴܿᄵေӌഅႋھՖ൙࣪གྷᆴູᆞ֥ሧཛଢbሧ֥࣪གྷᆴ൞ሧໃটགྷࣁੀ֥གྷᆴࡨಀሧ֥ӮЧb ҂ॖٳ֥ڄགčNondiversifiable riskĎ ҂ॖٳ֥ڄག൞ᆷ҂ି๙ݖ؟ဢ߄টࡨཬ֥ڄགb ٤ࡎࣩ۬ᆚčNonprice competitionĎ Ⴎ࣮षؿބڄ֥۬э߄അหᆘ֥۲ᇕڿэđၛࠣӌഅࡗ֥ܼۡაఃႏཧ൭؍টࣉྛ֥ࣩᆚđ൞٤ࡎࣩ۬ᆚb ᆞӈഅčNormal goodsĎ ླਈෛཨٮᆀ֥ൌ࠽൬ೆഈശطᄹࡆ֥അӫູᆞӈഅb ܪ؎čOligopolyĎ ܪ؎൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆྙđᄝఃᇏᆺႵഒඔછᆀđഅॖၛ൞ᇉ္֥ॖၛ൞Ⴕҵљ֥b২ೂđ࠹ෘࠏބെႲ൧ӆࣼ൞ᆃဢ֥b ઙٚܪ؎čOligopsonyĎ ઙٚܪ؎൞ᆷᆺႵഒඔઙᆀ֥൧ӆྙb ࠏ߶ӮЧčOpportunity costĎ ೂݔၛቋݺ֥ਸ਼၂ᇕٚൔ০Ⴈଖᇕሧჷđ෮ିളӁԛট֥ࡎᆴູࠏ߶ӮЧđ္ӫູ࿊ᄴӮЧb ቋႪದቆކčOptimal input combinationĎ ೂݔೆቆކ൞ࣜ࠶ഈႵིੱ֥ࠇᆀ֤০ቋն߄č္ࣼ൞ඪđՖ০ቋն߄֥ӌഅ֥࢘؇ԛؿ൞ቋႪ֥Ďࠇᆀਆᆀ࡙طႵᆭđᆃ၂ቆކࣼ൞ቋႪೆቆކb ඔིႨčOrdinal utilityĎ ᄝඔ֥ၩၬഈॖၛ؇ਈི֥Ⴈ൞ඔིႨđᆃіૼ၂۱ཨٮᆀᆺି۴ऌ۲ᇕ൧ӆথሰ۳ջট֥ડቀট۳ᆃུ൧ӆথሰஆb ஂກѓሙčPareto criterionĎ ஂກѓሙ൞ಒק၂ᇕڿэ൞ڎ൞၂ᇕڿࣉ֥ѓሙđ۴ऌᆃ၂ѓሙđ҂ݝޅದطିն؟ඔದčᄝૌुটĎэ֤۷ݺ֥ڿэҌ൞၂ᇕڿࣉb अ҆नޙٳ༅č Partial equilibrium analysisĎ अ҆नޙٳ༅൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕٳ༅đčა၂Ϯनޙٳ༅ཌྷّĎࡌഡ၂۱൧ӆഈ֥ࡎ۬ڿэൈ҂߶֝ᇁః൧ӆ֥ࡎ۬ؿളૼཁ֥э߄b
ܻದຩᅟ ࠊл൬ၭč Pecuniary benefitsĎ ႮႿࣜ࠶ؓ၂۱ཛଢ֥טᆜႄఏ֥ཌྷؓࡎ֥۬э߄ջট֥൬ၭčႨၛაᄹࡆഠ߶ڞ০֥ᆇൌ൬ၭཌྷљĎb ປಆࣩᆚčPerfect CompetitionĎ ປಆࣩᆚ൞ᆃဢ၂ᇕ൧ӆࢲܒđᄝఃᇏᇉ֥അႵޓ؟છᆀđીႵ၂۱છᆀࠇઙᆀି॥ᇅࡎ۬đࣉೆޓಸၞѩሧჷॖၛෛൈՖ၂۱Ⴈᆀሇཟਸ਼၂۱Ⴈᆀb২ೂđྸ؟୪Ӂ൧ӆࣼऎႵປಆࣩᆚ൧ӆᆃུหᆘb ҂ॖؑߐ֥܄ඳᅏಊčPerpetuityĎ ҂ॖؑߐ֥܄ඳᅏಊ൞ᆷႥჹᆦڱ၂۱ܥק୍༏֥ᅏಊb ؠྟקࡎč Predatory pricingĎ ؠྟקࡎ൞ᆷູਔϜࣩᆚྟӌഅՖྛြᇏۊሼՖطᇅק၂۱֮ࡎ֥ቓمb གྷᆴč Present valueĎ གྷᆴ൞གྷᄝބࡼটčࠇݖಀĎ֥၂гᆦڱࠇᆦڱੀᄝࣂ฿֥ࡎᆴb ቋۚཋࡎčPrice ceilingĎ ቋۚཋࡎ൞ᆷᆟکؓଖᇕഅ෮ܿק֥ቋۚࡎ۬b২ೂđ୧ჿ൧֥ሿࣁ॥ᇅࣼܿקਔٜሿ֥ഈཋb ࡎ۬--ཨٮ౷ཌčPric-consumption curveĎ ࡎ۬--ཨٮཌ൞Ϝაᄝ၂ᇕഅ֥۲ᇕࡎ۬༯ཨٮᆀ෮࿊ᄴ֥൧ӆথሰཌྷؓႋ֥۲۱नޙׄ৵ࢤطӮ֥၂่౷ཌb ࡎ۬ఆ൪č Price discriminationĎ ࡎ۬ఆ൪൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕቓمđԛ൲၂ᇕഅđӌഅཟ၂۱ઙᆀ෬౼֥ࡎ۬ۚႿః֥ઙᆀb ڶႵࡎ۬ྟčPrice elasticĎ ೂݔླ֥ࡎ۬ྟնႿ1đପહഅ֥ླࣼ൞ڶႵࡎ۬ྟb ླ֥ࡎ۬ྟčPrice elasticity of demandĎ ླ֥ࡎ۬ྟ൞ᆷࡎ۬э߄1Ċ֝ᇁ֥ླਈэ߄֥Ϥٳбč༝ܸഈ๙ӈၛᆞඔіൕĎb ܂۳֥ࡎ۬ྟčPrice elasticity of supply) ܂۳֥ࡎ۬ྟ൞ᆷࡎ۬э߄1Ċ֝ᇁ֥܂۳ਈэ߄֥Ϥٳбb ቋ֮ཋࡎčPrice floorĎ ቋ֮ཋࡎ൞ᆷᆟکؓଖᇕഅ෮ܿק֥ቋ֮ࡎ۬b২ೂđ৳Ϲ୪ြ࠹߃ܿקਔཬચބზ֥ቋ֮ࡎ۬b ಌكࡎ۬ྟ(Price inelasticĎ ೂݔླ֥ࡎ۬ྟཬႿ1đପહഅ֥ླࣼ൞ಌكࡎ۬ྟb ࡎ۬ਵ֝ᆀč Price leaderĎ ࡎ۬ਵ֝ᆀ൞ᆷᄝܪ؎֥ྛြᇏᇅקࡎ۬ѩఃӌഅ჻ၩ۵ෛ֥ӌഅb ࡎ۬༢čPrice systemĎ ᄝࡎ۬༢༯đഅބڛༀႵ၂۱ࡎ۬đᄝՂե֥ሧЧᇶၬࣜ࠶ᇏࡎ۬ᆳྛ၂۱ࣜ࠶༢֥ࠎЧᆯିčथקളӁહaᄸဢളӁaૄ۱ದႋھ֤֞؟ഒၛࠣ၂۱ݓࡅ֥ᄹӉੱႋھ൞؟ഒĎb ກ--ս໙ีčPrincipal-agent problemĎ ႮႿࣜࠇ۽ದॖି߶ሔሱ֥࠭ଢѓđࠧьᆃဢቓ߶ࡨഒఒြ෮Ⴕᆀ֥০đՖط֝ᇁਔກ--ս໙ีbࣜࠇ۽ದ൞ູ෮Ⴕᆀ۽ቔ֥սದđ෮Ⴕᆀ൞ກದb ٕčPrisoner`s dilemmaĎ ٕ൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕ౦ྙđՎൈਆ۱ದčࠇӌഅĎކቔေб҂ކቔݺđ൞ૄ۱ದत֤҂ކቔژކ֥০ၭđၹՎૄ۱ದ֥ሑঃေߊႿೂݔૌކቔൈ֥ঃb
ܻದຩᅟ ದӮЧčPrivate costĎ ದӮЧ൞ᆷֆ۱ႨᆀູਔିܔႨଖ၂ሧჷطջট֥ٮႨb ۀੱčProbabilityĎ ۀੱ൞ᆷᄝӉ௹ᇏଖᇕࢲݔؿള֥ՑඔაሹՑඔᆭбb২ೂđೂݔ؟Ցᆿᷓሰѩ 1ׄԛགྷ֥Ցඔ൞ሹՑඔ֥ 1Ĕ6đପહԛགྷ 1֥ׄۀੱࣼ൞ 1Ĕ6b ളӁᆀഺჅčProducer surplusĎ ളӁᆀഺჅ֩ႿӌഅളӁ၂ᇕӁ֥ሹ০ࡆഈҀӊ۳ေ෮Ⴕᆀӑԛބ֮Ⴟૌ෮ေ֥ቋཬ൬ၭ֥ඔਈbՖࠫޅ֥࢘؇ुđ֩Ⴟࡎ۬౷ཌᆭ༯a܂۳౷ཌᆭഈ֥თb ളӁॖିྟ౷ཌč Production possibilities curveĎ ളӁॖିྟ౷ཌіൕႨ၂קඔਈ֥ሧჷ෮ିܔളӁԛট֥ਆᇕഅ֥۲ᇕඔਈቆކb ളӁݦඔčProduction functionĎ ളӁݦඔіൕᄝૄ۱ൈ௹෮Ⴈ֥۲ᇕೆ֥ඔਈაૄ۱ൈ௹෮ିളӁԛট֥ቋնӁਈᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ০čProfitĎ ӌഅ֥൬ၭࡨಀ֥ӮЧࣼ൞০b ܄܋čPublic goodĎ ܄܋൞ᆷ٤ࣩᆚྟބ٤ஆྟ֥b෮໌٤ࣩᆚྟđၩᆷູਸ਼၂۱ཨٮᆀิ܂ᆃ၂෮ջট֥ш࠽ӮЧູਬb෮໌٤ஆྟđၩᆷ҂ିஆԢఃದཨٮᆃ၂č҂ંૌ൞ڎڱٮĎb ሙሿࣁčQuasi-rentĎ ሙሿࣁ൞ᆷؓ܂۳ᄠൈ҂э֥ೆ֥ᆦڱb২ೂđӌഅ֥ӌٜᄝ؋௹ᇏ൞҂ିڿэ֥đؓބః҂эದ֥ᆦڱࣼ൞ሙሿࣁb حčQuotaĎ ح൞ᆷؓ၂ᇕഅૄ୍ିܔࣉ१֥ඔਈ෮ീࡆ֥ཋᇅb ഝཌčRayĎ ഝཌ൞ᆷՖଖུׄԛؿཟॢࡗഥ֥ཌbೂݔሧЧᄝ၂۱ᇠഈđসᄝਸ਼ຓ၂۱ᇠഈđପહՖჰׄԛؿ֥၂่ഝཌࣼ૭ඍਔሧЧ၂সбੱ҂э֥ಆ҆ೆቆކb ّႋ౷ཌč Reaction curveĎ ّႋ౷ཌіൕ၂۱ච؎ᆀളӁބཧ൲؟ഒඔਈđھ౷ཌ၇ঠႿ၂۱ӌഅಪູਸ਼၂۱ච؎ᆀࡼളӁބཧ൲֥ඔਈb ᆇൌ൬ၭčReal benefitsĎ ᆇൌ൬ၭ൞ᆷିܔᄹࡆഠ߶ڞ০֥൬ၭbčࠊл൬ၭაՎ҂đіൕႮႿ֒ࣜ࠶ཟਸ਼၂۱࠹߃טᆜႄఏཌྷؓࡎ۬ڿэൈ෮ջট֥൬ၭᄹࡆbĎ ሿࣁčRentĎ ሿࣁ൞ᆷؓ܂۳҂э֥ೆ֥ᆦڱb ࠬཌčRidge linesĎ ᄝস໊Ⴟ၂۱ᇠطሧЧ໊Ⴟਸ਼၂۱ᇠ֥ᇏđࠬཌ൞ᆷᄝՎᆭࡗЇওਔ০ቋն߄֥ӌഅିܔ࿊ᄴ֥ಆ҆ೆቆކ֥ཌb ڄགčRiskĎ ڄག൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕሑঃđఃᇏࢲݔ൞҂ಒק֥đ൞ૄ۱ࢲݔ֥ۀੱ൞ॖᆩࠇॖၛܙ࠹֥b ڄགညذᆀčRisk averterĎ ֒૫ؓऎႵཌྷყ௹ࠊлࡎᆴ֥ࠏൈđڄགညذᆀ༟ߋࢲݔбࢠಒק֥ࠏđط҂༟ߋࢲ
ܻದຩᅟ ݔ҂ପહಒק֥ࠏb ڄགιݺᆀčRisk loverĎ ૫ؓऎႵཌྷყ௹ࠊлࡎᆴ֥ࠏൈđڄགιݺᆀ༟ߋࢲݔ҂ପહಒק֥ࠏđط҂༟ߋࢲݔбࢠಒק֥ࠏb ڄགᇏྟčRisk neutralĎ ڄགᇏྟᆀѩ҂ࢺၩ၂ཛࠏ൞ڎऎႵбࢠಒקࠇᆀ҂ପહಒק֥ࢲݔbૌᆺ൞۴ऌყ௹֥ࠊлࡎᆴট࿊ᄴࠏđหљطđૌေ௹ຬࠊлࡎᆴቋն߄b ԥྐྵčSavingĎ ԥྐྵ൞ᆷཨٮᆀՖ෮Ⴕ֥aᆞᄝཨٮ֥ପུഅᇏࢫസ༯ট҆ٳb ؽࠩࡎ۬ఆ൪čSecond-degree Price discriminationĎ ؽࠩࡎ۬ఆ൪൞ᆷđ؎ӌഅ၇ᅶཨٮᆀܓઙ֥ඔਈ؟ഒ෬౼҂֥ࡎ۬Ֆطิ֥ۚ൬ၭބ০b ཧ൲ٮႨčSelling expensesĎ ཧ൲ٮႨ൞ᆷ၂ᇕӁ֥ܼۡބཧ൲ၛࠣ൫ඪڛॖିܓઙ֥మᄝཨٮᆀ෮Ⴈ֥ٮႨb ؋௹čShort runĎ ؋௹൞ᆷӌഅ֥၂ུೆč๙ӈᆷ֥ӌٜބഡСĎᄝඔਈഈЌӻ҂э֥ൈ௹b ഠ߶ӮЧčSocial costĎ ഠ߶ӮЧ൞ᆷളӁ၂ᇕഅࠇᆀҐ౼ଖᇕྛ۳ഠ߶ջট֥ӮЧbᆃ၂ӮЧ҂၂ק֩ႿದӮЧb ི࣡ੱčStatic efficiencyĎ ི࣡ੱ൞ᆷඌބொݺЌӻ҂эൈི֥ੱbೂݔொི࣡ੱႄఏ၂۱۷ॹ֥ඌэ߄ੱބളӁੱ֥ิۚđૌࣼ߶ӁളۚႿડቀི࣡ੱ่֥ࡱൈ֥ཨٮᆀડቀඣb ҦईծčStrategic moveĎ Ҧईծ൞ᆷၛؓሱ࠭Ⴕ০֥ٚൔ႕ཙದ࿊ᄴ֥ईծđ൞๙ݖ႕ཙఃದؓሱ࠭ࡼೂޅྛ֥ყ௹টቓ֥֞b ูսčSubstitutesĎ ೂݔഅXބഅY൞ཌྷูս֥đX֥ླਈࣼაY֥ࡎ۬ӯٚཟэ߄b ูսིႋ(Substitution effectĎ ูսིႋ൞ᆷđ֒ཨٮᆀ֥ડቀඣЌӻ҂эൈ၂ᇕഅࡎ۬э߄෮ႄఏ֥ླඔਈ֥ڿэb ܂۳౷ཌčSupply curveĎ ܂۳౷ཌіൕᄝഅ֥ૄ၂ࡎ۬ඣ༯ିܔ܂۳؟ഒଖᇕഅb ॖվሧࣁ֥܂۳౷ཌčSupply curve of loanable fundsĎ ॖվሧࣁ֥܂۳౷ཌіൕ෮܂۳֥ॖվሧࣁ֥ඔਈა০ੱᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ଢѓ൬ၭčTarget returnĎ ଢѓ൬ၭ൞ᆷ၂۱ӌഅ༐ຬႨӮЧࡆӮ֥ٚم෮ࠆ֤֥ކၩ֥൬ၭੱb ܱඥčTariffĎ ܱඥ൞ᆷᆟکؓࣉ१അ෮ᆘ൬֥ඥčଢ֥൞ູਔࡨഒࣉ१ၛࠣЌაຓݓࣩᆚ֥ЧݓӁြބ۽ದĎb ඌࣉ҄(Technological changesĎ ඌࣉ҄൞ᆷളӁགྷႵӁ֥ྍٚمaྍӁ֥ളӁ֤ၛൌགྷ֥ྍഡ࠹ބቆᆮaႏཧa֥ࠣܵྍඌb
ܻದຩᅟ ඌčTechnologyĎ ඌ൞აႨ၂קඔਈ֥ሧჷିܔളӁԛ؟ഒഅބڛༀႵܱ֥ഠ߶܋Ⴕᆩ്b ࠩࡎ۬ఆ൪(ThirdĒdegree price discriminationĎ ࠩࡎ۬ఆ൪൞ᆷᆃဢ၂ᇕሑঃđᄝՎᆭᇏđ၂۱؎ᆀᄝ҂ᆸ၂۱൧ӆഈཧ൲അѩᆃᇕഅ҂ିՖ၂۱൧ӆሇ၍֞ਸ਼၂۱൧ӆഈᄜཧ൲đၹՎӌഅॖၛᄝ҂൧ӆഈᇅק҂֥ࡎ۬b ᆌڃཌྷؓčTit for tatĎ ᆌڃཌྷؓ൞Ѱᒮંᇏ֥၂ᇕҦđࠧૄ۱अᇏದᄝᆃ၂ᇏ෮ቓ֥൞ఃअᇏದᄝഈ၂෮Ґ౼֥b ሹӮЧčTotal costĎ ሹӮЧ൞၂۱ӌഅ֥ሹܥקӮЧބሹॖэӮЧᆭބb ሹӮЧݦඔčTotal cost functionĎ ሹӮЧݦඔ൞ᆷӌഅ֥ሹӮЧބ֥Ӂਈᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢b ሹܥקӮЧqTotal costĎ ሹܥקӮЧ൞ᆷૄ۱ൈ௹ӌഅᄝ҂эೆഈ֥ሹᆦԛb ሹ൬ၭ(Total revenueĎ ሹ൬ၭ൞ૄ۱ൈ௹ӌഅሹ֥ૅჭཧ൲حb ሹഺჅčTotal surplusĎ ሹഺჅ൞ཨٮᆀഺჅބളӁᆀഺჅᆭބb ሹིႨčTotal utilityĎ ሹིႨ൞սіཨٮᆀՖଖ۱൧ӆথሰᇏ෮ࠆ֤֥ડቀඣ֥ඔሳb ሹॖэӮЧčTotal variable costĎ ሹॖэӮЧ൞ᆷૄ۱ൈ௹ӌഅᄝॖэೆഈ֥ሹᆦԛb સၞॖିྟ౷ཌčTrading possibilities curveĎ સၞॖିྟ౷ཌ൞၂่іൕೂݔ၂۱ݓࡅაఃݓࡅࣉྛસၞൈ෮ିࠆ֤֥۲ᇕഅ֥ඔਈb ࢌၞӮЧ(Transaction costĎ ࢌၞӮЧ൞છᆀބઙᆀሼ֞၂ఏaదרކၛࠣࠆ֤Ⴕܱ൧ӆྐ༏֥ٮႨb ॖሇಞ֥ஆ٢ྸॖᆣčTransferable emissions permitsĎ ॖሇಞ֥ஆ٢ྸॖᆣ൞၂ᇕॖၛӁളඔਈ၂קႵཋ֥ಙ֥ྸॖᆣđٳᄝ۲۱ӌഅᆭࡗѩॖၛᄝૌᆭࡗࣉྛઙછb චᇗ൬ٮčTwo-part tariffĎ චᇗ൬ٮ൞၂ᇕקࡎඌbཨٮᆀԢਔູܓઙଖ၂Ӂ֥ಃ০ᆦڱ၂ק֥ԚٮႨᆭຓđߎေູࠇෲ෮ܓઙ֥ૄ၂ֆ໊ӁᆦڱႨٮb ձ൲čTyingĎ ձ൲൞၂ᇕཧ൲ඌbӌഅളӁ֥၂ᇕӁᆺႵᄝა֥ਸ਼၂ᇕӁ၂ఏႨൈҌିؿߨቔႨđӌഅေग़ཟط҂൞ཟљ֥ӌഅܓઙު၂ᇕӁb ֆ໊ྟčUnitary elasticityĎ ླ֥ࡎ۬ྟ֩Ⴟ1b ིႨ(UtilityĎ սіཨٮᆀՖ၂۱൧ӆথሰᇏࠆ֤֥ડቀඣ֥ඔሳ൞ཨٮᆀڮჍھ൧ӆথሰི֥Ⴈb ིႨॖିྟ౷ཌčUtility of possibility curveĎ ིႨॖିྟ౷ཌ൞၂่іൕᄝ۳קਸ਼၂۱ದ෮ི֤֥Ⴈൈ၂۱ದିࠆ֤֥ቋնིႨb
ܻದຩᅟ ш࠽ӁࡎᆴčValue of marginal productĎ ш࠽Ӂࡎᆴູ၂ᇕೆ֥ш࠽Ӂč္ࣼ൞حຓ၂ֆ໊ೆ෮֝ᇁ֥حຓӁԛĎӰၛӁ֥ࡎ۬b ॖэӮЧč Variable costĎ ॖэӮЧ൞ૄ၂ൈ௹ᇏ֥ॖэೆ֥ሹӮЧb ॖэೆč Variable inputĎ ॖэೆ൞ളӁݖӱᇏ෮Ⴈ֥ሧჷđఃඔਈᄝ෮ॉҳ֥ൈ௹ଽ൞ॖၛڿэ֥b ڈ·୧ણ--ଉ۴ථฌིႨݦඔčvon Neumann-Morgenstern utility functionĎ ᆃ၂ݦඔіൕथҦದູ၂अѰ֥ૄᇕॖି֥ࢲݔ෮ڮჍི֥ႨđඪૼਔथҦᆀؓڄག֥ொݺb ႓ᆀ֥ቄᇣčWinners curseĎ ࡌഡଖ၂หקֹ֥čࠇఃഅࠣሧӁĎթᄝޓ؟ᇕѓࡎ۬đѓᆀૌֹؓࡎᆴ֥ܙ࠹ࠎЧഈ൞ᆞಒ֥đೂݔૄ۱ѓᆀ֥Бࡎࢥ൞ֹؓࡎᆴ֥ܙ࠹đପહđቋۚБࡎᆀ๙ӈޓॖିࣼေູᆃॶֹᆦڱӑݖ෮ᆴ֥ࡎఫb
