次贷危机
我们正处于1930年以来最严重的金融危机
—乔治.索罗斯
经济背景:1美國聯邦基金利率走勢
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Understanding interest rates(3/4/5/6)
Tools of Monetary Policy(17)
Conduct of Monetary Policy: Goals and Targets(18)
经济背景:2美國政府的住房政策
美国政府住房政策有三大支柱:
——低息、低首付以及为银行提供担保
1932年美国制定《联邦家庭贷款银行法》,以财政部发行债券集资,然后再以低息贷款的方式借给银行,供其发放住房贷款。成员银行得到了低息资金,发放的住房贷款,利息也跟着下降。
1934年美国制定了《联邦住宅法》,为低收入者住房贷款提供按揭保险。这一政策一直持续至今:凡购买中低价位、自用住房的人,都可申请这项保险,大大降低购房首付,最低可达房款的3%。这项政策大大增加了中低收入居民的购房能力。
Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions(9);
圖二:美國住宅自有率走勢圖
資料來源:US Census Bureau
Homeownership Rates
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经济背景:次贷危机产生的土壤——美联储宽松货币政策
Money and inflation(24)
次贷定义
Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions(9)
次贷危机示意图
An Overview of the Financial System(2)
Financial derivatives(13)
Jingle mail
Unlike many other countries, the US homeowner ( = mortgagor) can walkaway from a mortgage, simply handing the keys to the bank (= mortgagee).[In other countries, the homeowner would remain liable to pay the loanbalance if the bank cannot sell the house for ≥ loan value. If you can’t repay, you can be declared bankrupt.]‘Jingle mail’ was the outcome as many of the subprime loans turned badfrom 2006. Owner simply posted the keys to the bank
次贷危机生成过程
一、次贷危机释义
5.次贷危机产生的深层次原因—全球经济结构性失横
美国政府、私人依靠借债来刺激消费、投资支持经济增长
经常帐户
The Foreign Exchange Market(19); The International Financial System(20)
次贷危机冲击为何如此之大?
金融衍生品泛滥
信贷紧缩
资产证券化的种类
交易结构:
基本类型:资产支持证券(ABS)、抵押支持证券(MBS)
衍生形式:债务抵押证券(担保债务凭证)(CDO);信用违约互换(Credit Default Swap,CDS)
抵押贷款支持证券(Mortgage Backed Securities,MBS):
房地产金融机构将抵押贷款债券组成资产池,以该资产池产生的现金流为基础发行的定期还本付息债券。
美国政府国民抵押贷款协会(俗称Ginnie Mae,吉利美)1970 年首次发行MBS。
对应于同一资产池,MBS分为不同的等级(tranches):优先级、中间级、股权级
优先满足优先级;其次满足中间级;最后是股权级。即优先级产品的偿付有中间级和股权级产品作为保障。
因此,股权级债券持有者承担的风险最高,因而回报率也最高;对冲基金是主要持有者
优先级债券持有者承担的风险最低,回报率也最低;养老金和保险公司是主要持有者。
MBS中,优先级占80%,中间级和股权级各占10%左右。
再证券化(Resecuritization )
处于中段的MBS缺乏吸引力(既不安全,也没有高回报),于是又以此为基础进行新一轮的证券化:即发行担保债务权证(Collateralized Debt Obligation,CDO)。
CDO也能被划分为不同的等级:优先段、中间段、股权段
4.其他衍生性金融商品
結構圖
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信用违约互换(Credit Default Swap,CDS):
CDS本身是一种保险工具:合同买方定期向合同卖方支付“保费”,将某种风险资产的违约风险从合同买方(信用风险资产的投资者)转移到合同卖方(信用风险保险提供者)。
4.其他衍生性金融商品
結構圖
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合約信用資產(Reference Assets)的信用風險
但CDS也可以成为一种投机工具:例如,CDS卖方可以和CDS买方签订一项CDS合同,并收取10万美元保费,如果作为信用参照体的公司并未倒闭,卖方就能获利10万美元。
特点:MBS、CDO等的供应量是有限的,CDS作为一种场外衍生交易工具,其供应量可以是无限的,2008年CDS价值总额达62万亿美元。
美国国际集团的倒闭就是因为涉足CDS市场导致的亏损。
信贷紧缩
Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process(15); Determinants of the Money Supply(16)
美国的救市措施1: Finance sector
Government guarantees
• Of retail bank deposits and other financial institutions
Direct government support of financial institutions ( . US TARP)
o Purchase of troubled assets
o Uptake of preference shares in troubled banks
o Provision of loans, perhaps with share warrants attached
IMF : bailouts of Hungary, Turkey, Belarus, Ukraine, Pakistan,
Structure of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System(14)
Tools of Monetary Policy(17)
The International Financial System(20)
Policy measures 2: The Treasury as Public Sector Capitalist
BY mid Nov the US government had, or was about to acquire, equity stakes in many of the largest banks in the US:
Citigroup, JP Morgan, together with proposals to inject equity into some smaller banks.
The UK Labour government has likewise become a capitalist: Northern Rock. Lloyds TSB & HBOS (40%), Royal Bank of Scotland (60%).
? How will the govt, as major shareholder in common, manage competing banks
? How will the govt proceed to stage out its shareholding
It is possible that state shareholding will extend to commercial/industrial sectors
• US govt and big three automakers
2.主要经济指标恶化趋势明显
真实GDP增长率
工业生产
Transmission mechanisms of monetary policy(26)
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