ROHS教育材料
Environmental Protective Requirements on waste electronic & electrical products
对废弃电子电器产品的环保要求
WEEE & RoHS
They are resourced main on political reason, then are the environmental target
他们是主要源于政治原因，其次才是环境的目的
They are the new barrier,
他们是新的壁垒
* WEEE more like the tariff wall, the invisible wall to increase your cost.
WEEE更象是关税壁垒，犹如一堵无形的墙增加你的支出。
* RoHS more like the TBT; the environmental related certification, similar as the safety certification but misty.
RoHS更象是技术性贸易壁垒，环境认证就与安规认证相似，但更模糊。
WEEE Directive
2002/96/EEC
Why WEEE Directive ? 为什么要有WEEE
About 90% of the EEE waste is land-filled 90%的电子废弃物被填埋
Landfill 填埋96%
Mechanical Recycling
机械循环利用率 3%
Energy Recovery
能源再生率 1%
Total Collected in W. Europe (1999)- - 764,000 tonnes
欧洲总的回收量(1999年) – 万吨
A producer responsibility directive. It aims to:
一个生产者承担责任的指令。它的目的在于：
Reduce the waste from electrical and electronic equipment
减少来自电子设备的废弃物
Increase recovery and recycling rates of WEEE
增加废弃电子电器产品的再生和循环使用。
Improve environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of WEEE
提高废弃电子电器产品全部生命周期中所涉及到的所有操作者的环保执行情况
Objective 目的
Objective 目的
Resource
资源
Product
产品
Resource
资源
Today
今天
Future
将来
Product
产品
Landfill 填埋
Burning 焚烧
Throw away freely 随意丢弃
Dispose, Burning, Landfill designedly
and collection organically
有计划地处置/焚烧和填埋,
以及有组织地收集
Recovery 再生
Reuse 再利用
Recycling 循环使用
Scope – General 范围- 一般
Covers discarded EEE 包括:
Designed to operate at a maximum voltage of 1,000 V . or 1,500 V ; 最大工作电压不超过 1000 V 或 1500 V ，通过电流、电磁场、发电机、变压器工作的设备或测量这种电流的设备；和
Falling within 10 categories of WEEE (Annexes IA & IB);
适用于10类产品
Includes all components, sub-assemblies and consumables forming part of the EEE when discarded—94 products.
包括产品的所有元件、配件及消耗材料—94个产品品目(有豁免类).
Excludes EEE that is 不包括：
Part of equipment not covered by the WEEE Directive;
不在WEEE指令覆盖范围的设备
Specifically intended for military use.
军事用途
Scope – Categories 范围-分类
Large household appliances
大型家用电器
Small household appliances;
小型家用电器
3. IT & telecommunications equipment;
IT及通讯设备
Consumer equipment;
消费性设备
5. Lighting equipment;
Except filament light bulbs & household luminaires.
照明设备（ 白炙灯泡和家用照明光源除外）
Electrical & electronic tools;
Except large stationary
industrial tools.
电子电气工具（大型固定工业用途工具除外）
Toys, leisure & sports equipment;玩具、休闲及运动设备
Medical devices;
Except implanted & infected products.
医疗器材（植入部件或污染处除外）
Monitoring & control instruments;监控设施
Automatic dispensers.自动售货机
Producer’s responsibility 生产者责任
WEEE from private households: 来自私人用户的WEEE
- Producers install systems for take back free of cost for final user
生产者设立对最终使用者免费的回收体系
- Individual or collective possible
可以是个别的，也可以是集体的
- Producers take over cost of reuse, recycling, disposal
生产者负责再利用、循环和处理的费用
- Distributors voluntarily(but free of cost) may take back WEEE
批发者可以回收WEEE(但是是免费的）
WEEE from other than private users: 来自非私人用户的WEEE
- Producers responsible for collection, reuse, recycling, disposal and costs
生产者负责收集、再利用、循环使用和处理的费用
- Producers responsible for management cost of historical waste
生产者负责历史性废弃物的管理费用
- Member states as well as users and producers may agree on different financing
成员国，还有使用者和生产者可以对不同的财务费用达成一致意见
Product Design 产品设计
Product designs shall 产品的设计应当:
Allow selective removal of certain materials/components.
允许有选择性地淘汰处理某些原料和部件。
Permit repair and end-of-life dismantling for the recovery (reuse & recycling) of materials/components.
准许修复或淘汰产品分解出的原料和部件的回收利用（再利用和循环在利用）
Not include design features which hinder reuse, unless required for overriding reasons such as safety or environmental protection.
产品不得有妨碍再利用的设计，除非是出于安全及环保因素考虑
Rate for Collection, Recovery, Recycling
收集，再回收和再循环比例
Separate collection 4 kg per inhabitant and year from households
Automatic dispensers
Large household appliances
- Recovery: 80%
- Recycling, reuse*: 75%
IT & telecommunications appliances
Consumer equipment
- Recovery: 75%
- Recycling, reuse*: 65%
Small household appliances
Lighting equipment
Electrical and electronic tools
Toys, leisure & sports equipment Monitoring and control instruments
- Recovery: 70%
- Recycling, reuse*: 50%
Medical device
To be determined by
31 December 2006
Example 例子:
Refrigerator Weight 冰箱重量: 100 kg (Category 1) Recovery Target 再生目标 : 80% Reuse / Recycling Target 再利用/循环使用目标: 75% Conclusion 结论: Disposal as Landfill 填埋处置: max. 20 kg Recovery as incineration 焚烧: max. 5 kg Back into resource stream 循环利用: minimum 75 kg
Recovery & Recycling Targets 回收再用和再循环的目标
Treatment - Selective Removal 处理-选择性除去
All liquids;所有液体
Capacitors containing PCB’s & PCT’s; 含有PCB’s & PCT’s的电容
Mercury-containing components; 含汞零件
Batteries; 电池
Printed circuit boards from mobile phones; 手机的电路板
Printed circuit boards from other devices with a surface area
印刷电路板面积大于10 平方厘米的其他仪器
Toner cartridges etc; 碳粉盒等
Plastics containing brominated flame retardants; 含溴化阻燃剂的塑料
Refractory ceramic fibre-containing components;
耐火陶瓷纤维元件
The following materials, substances, components must be removed from the product by the treatment facilities(the information should be provided by manufactories)
至少下列物质、配制件和组件要必须从任何分类收集的废弃电子电气设备中除去(相关的有毒物质存在部位的信息应由工厂提供)
Treatment - Selective Removal 处理-选择性除去
Cathode ray tubes; 阴极射线管
External electric cables; 外置电线
Radioactive substances;
放射性物质
CFC’s, HCFC’s, HFC’s & HC’s;
臭氧层消耗物质
Liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) with a surface area > 100 cm²;
表面积大于100 平方厘米的液晶显示器
LCD’s back-lit by gas discharge
lamps;
液晶背光-气体放电灯；
Electrolyte capacitors which contain relevant substance and depth≥25mm/diameter≥25/as the similar volumn proportion
含相关物质的电解电容器（高度≥25 毫米，直径≥25 毫米或者按比例类似容积）
Gas discharge lamps;
气体放电灯
Asbestos waste.
石棉废料
Treatment – Process 处理-步骤
Only permitted at licensed or registered sites.
处理机构应该有执照或在主管当局登记的单位
Storage sites must prevent environmental contamination.
储存场所必须防止环境污染
Treatment sites shall 处理地点应当:
－ Use the best available techniques.
应用最好的可用技术
－Prevent environmental contamination.
避免环境的污染
－Include appropriate storage facilities.
有适当的贮存场所
－Treat water before discharge.
污水处理后方可排放
－Have balances to monitor incoming WEEE, outgoing recovered materials & waste.
监控WEEE进料及回收材料和废物输出的平衡
Minimum quality standards for treatment may be set up.
处理的最低质量标准应当建立。
Word Definition 名词定义
Word 单词
Explain 解释
Prevention
预防
Reduced the hazardous substance content
产品中有害物质的减少
Treatment
处理,包括破碎、 分解、再生等经过设备处理的过程
Recovery
再生
Reuse
再利用
Fulfill the requirement of the desiring designing use
符合设计使用目的的用途
Recycle
循环使用
Re-produce or re-process
将材料经过再加工或再生产
Energy recovery
能量回收
Recover the heat energy or the other energy
回收热能或其他能源
Disposal
处置
Just cremate or bury only
单纯焚化或掩埋
Recovery & Recycling Targets 回收再用和再循环的目标
Dismantler
拆分拆解
WEEE
Shredder
切碎机
Landfill
填埋
Re-use
再利用
Siderurgy
熔炼
Foundry
铸造厂
Steel
钢
Non-ferr metal
有色金属
SR
视情况
Energy recovery
能量再生
Metals
金属
Glass
玻璃
Plastics
塑料
Rubber
橡胶
Other
其他
Recycling
循环使用
Components
零件
Recovery & Recycling 回收再用和再循环
Waste Stream during Recycling example: 废弃物循环利用流程实例
Component suppliers
零件供应商
Component suppliers
零件供应商
Manufactory
整机制造商
Raw material producers
原材料生产商
Raw material producers
原材料生产商
Cost Estimations 费用估算
Collection costs: 200-400 Euro per ton
收集费用： 每吨200－400欧元
- 4kg pp, 350M inhabitants: 300-600M Euro per year
4公斤每人每年，亿人口：每年3亿－6亿欧元
Treatment costs: 300-800 Euro per ton
处理费用：每吨300－800欧元
- 450-1200M Euro per year
每年亿-12亿欧元
Original average price increase of % to 2% per electric/electronic device
最初的平均价格每台电子电器设备增加%至2%.
To be detailed per product category
每种产品详细的目录
Marking - All WEEE 1 标记- 所有WEEE 1
Information for Users 提供给使用者的信息
The products placed on the market after 13 August 2005 must be labeled with 2005年8月13日以后投放市场的电子电器应注明:
Marking the product according to prEN 50419, Marking must include: 按 prEN 50419 规定，产品标识内容应包括:
- A unique identification of producer ( brand name, trade mark or others means) 唯一的生产者身份标识 (例如品牌，注册商标或其他内容)
- Date or year of manufacture/placed on the market in coded or un-coded text 生产日期或年份/以编码或非编码形式投放市场
Marking - All WEEE 1 标记- 所有WEEE 1
- Marking as above with the crossed-outwheeled bin and additional bar Crossed wheelie bin symbol.
上述标识内容应该以带有叉形符号的轮式垃圾箱以及条状文字符号的形式构成
In exceptional cases, where the product’s size and function prevent this, the symbol shall be placed on:
如果产品的大小和功能不适于加贴上述标志时，可印在：
Packaging 包装;
Instructions for use 说明书;
Warranty.保证卡
Information Supplied - All WEEE
信息提供- 所有WEEE
Information for Treatment Facilities 给处理机构的信息
- Information about reuse and treatment of EEE, of components and hazardous substances used inside the product and their location inside the product and disassembly information.
该信息应该包括针对电子电气设备以及相关零部件的再生与处理，零部件与有害物质在产品中的具体位置以及相应的拆除方法
- Plastic parts, which is >25g or >200mm2 must be marked according ISO 1043
对于总重量大于25克或面积大于200平方毫米的塑料部件必须按 ISO 1043 规定的方法标识
Information Supplied - All WEEE
信息提供- 所有WEEE
- This information must be made available to all interested parties especially to reuse centers, treatment and recycling facilities in the form of manuals, by electronic means or on-line on Internet. The information must be available within one year after placing the product on the market.
关于处理方法的信息，必须使所有对此感兴趣的机构均可获得，尤其应该对废弃物再生中心、处理或循环使用机构开放该信息可以通过用户手册、电子出版物或互联网在线服务等方式发布该信息应该在产品投放市场后的一年内仍能查询
Information Supplied - Household WEEE 信息提供- 家用WEEE
Details to be supplied to consumers:提供如下资料给消费者：
Not to dispose of WEEE as unsorted municipal waste, but collect it separately; 不要将WEEE当做未分类垃圾随意丢弃，应进行分类回收
Available return and collection systems;有效的回收系统
The role of consumers in the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery; 消费者应如何处理这些需要重复使用、再生及回收的事项
The potential effects on the environment & human health of hazardous substances in the WEEE. WEEE中有害物质对环境和人身健康的潜在影响
Meaning of the crossed wheelie bin symbol.
带大叉有轮垃圾桶标志的含义
May be required in the instructions and/or at point of sale.
可以在说明书或/和销售地点获得
RoHS Directive
2002/95/EEC
Reason and Objective 原因和目的
WHY? 为什么?
Increased risk that lead disposed at landfills contaminates drinking water supplies 饮用水水源受废弃填埋物中铅污染的危机日益严重
22% of the annual world consumption of mercury is used in electronic and electrical equipment 全世界每年消耗的汞，有 22%被应用在电子电气设备中
Brominated flame retardants emit furan and dioxin during heating
塑料中的溴化物阻燃剂在加热时会释放出呋喃与二噁英
Objective 目的
Restriction of of the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment限制电子电气设备中有害物质的使用
and contribute to the protection of human health and recovery and disposal of waste of electrical and electronic equipment
并有利于保障人类健康，有利于报废电子电气设备的再生或处理
Scope 范围 1
Similar to the WEEE Directive, except:
与WEEE指令相似，除了：
Applies to new EEE placed on the market after 1 July 2006.
仅对于2006年7月1日起投放市场的新产品。
Includes household filament light bulbs & luminaries.
包括家用的白炙灯泡和光源。
Should not disobey the special regulation or directive to safety and healthy
不应违反特殊的关于安全和健康要求的专门指令或规定
- Vehicle ELV (2000/53/EEC)
车辆指令
- Battery directive, 91/157/EEC, 93/86/EEC & 98/101/EC
电池指令
Scope 范围 2
Excludes 不包括：
- Medical devices or monitoring & control equipment (WEEE categories 8 & 9);
医用器材或监控设备-WEEE指令第8，9类
- Spare parts for the repair of EEE placed on the market before 1 July 2006;
在2006年7月1日前投放市场的维修备件。
- Re-used EEE originally placed on the market before 1 July 2006.
2006年7月1日前原先投放市场的再利用产品
Large Household Appliances 大型家用电器
Small Household Appliances 小型家用电器
IT and Telecommunications Equipment
信息与通讯设备
4. Consumer Equipment 消费者
5. Lighting Equipment 照明设备
Electrical and Electronic Tools
电子与电气工具
7. Toys, Leisure and Sports Equipment
玩具, 休闲娱乐设备与运动器材
8 Medical Devices (not implanted and infected devices) (after 2008)
医疗装置 (不包含灌输与被污染的装置) (2008之后)
9 Monitoring and Control Instruments (after 2008)
监测与控制仪表 (2008之后)
Dispenser自动售货机
Requirements – Outline 要求- 概要
Restricted hazardous substances:
限制的有毒物质:
Heavy metals 重金属:
Lead 铅;
Mercury 汞;
Cadmium 镉;
Chromium (VI) 六价铬.
Certain brominated flame retardants:
某些溴化阻燃剂
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB’s);
多溴联苯
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE’s).
多溴联苯醚
Requirements – Outline 要求- 概要
Proposal by TAC (Technical Adaptation Committee)
TAC 的提议(技术编写委员会)
A maximum concentration value up to % by weight in specific materials of electrical and electronic equipment for lead 1) , mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and up to % by weight in specific materials for cadmium, shall be tolerated.
电子电气设备使用的特定原材料中，允许的铅1)，汞，六价铬，多溴联苯 (PBB) 和多溴联苯醚 (PBDE) 含量最高为重量百分比%，允许的镉含量最高为重量百分比%。
1) For solder alloys used to attach electrical components to printed circuit boards, a
maximum concentration of lead of % by weight of solder alloy shall be tolerated.
For electrical components attached to the printed circuit board, a maximum concentration of lead of % by weight of the component shall be tolerated.
用于印刷电路板上电气零部件焊接的焊料，其合金成分中允许的铅含量，最高为重量百分比。用于印刷电路板的电气零部件，其组成中允许的铅含量，最高为重量百分比 %。
Requirements – Outline 要求- 概要
Definition of Material: (under discussion)
原材料定义: (讨论中)
Metals, (. solder alloys, electroplated coatings, copper alloys, steel alloys, aluminum alloys), plastics and plastic blends (. ABS, polyamide, PBT), ceramics, glass etc. in this case the limits apply to mass of the single material
金属, (例如合金焊料, 电镀层, 铜合金, 铁合金, 铝合金), 塑料及其混合物 (例如 ABS, 聚酰胺, PBT), 陶瓷, 玻璃等。在这种条件下，其含量限制适用于单一原材料
Components (. capacitors, switch, semiconductors, PCB, relays etc.) in this case the limits would apply to the mass of the whole component
元器件 (例如电容器, 开关, 晶体管, PCB, 继电器等)。在这种条件下，其含量限制适用于整个元件
Assemblies
组合件
Lead - Current Use 铅- 实际应用
Solder 焊锡
Glass 玻璃
Lead halides and lead phosphors in certain gas discharge lamps.
某些气体放电灯中: 铅的卤化物和铅的磷酸盐
Electronic ceramic parts.
电子陶瓷元件
Amiable-Cutting metal and alloy.
易切削金属或合金中的应用
Metallic coatings – brightener & stabiliser.
金属覆盖物- 光亮剂和稳定剂
Thermal stabiliser for plastics/rubber
塑胶/橡胶的热稳定剂
Ink/pigment/paint for printing/painting
墨水/颜料/油漆
Batteries 电池
Resin additives 树脂添加剂
Optical components 光学组件
Contacts 触点
Power cords and wires 电源和电缆
Lead - Permitted Uses (RoHS Exemptions) 铅- 允许应用(豁免)
Glass in 玻璃:
Cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管;
Electronic components 电子元件;
Fluorescent tubes 荧光管.
Alloying elements in 合金:
Steel (maximum % lead) 钢 (最高%的铅);
Aluminium (maximum % lead) 铝 (最高 % 的铅);
Copper (maximum 4% lead) 铜 (最高4%的铅).
Solders 焊锡:
Lead in high melting temperature type solders (. tin-lead solder alloys containing more than 85% lead lead based alloys containing 85% by weight or more lead.)
高温融焊料中的铅（即：锡铅焊料合金中铅含量超过85%, 铅基体合金铅含量85％或更多）
Servers, storage & storage arrays (until 2010);
服务器，存储器 ，存储器阵列（至2010）
Network infrastructure & telecom management.
网络基础设施和电信管理
Electronic ceramic parts,. piezoelectronic devices.
电子陶瓷元件. 如压电陶瓷.
Lead in solders for
and storage array systems,
Network infrastructure equipment
for switching, signaling,
transmission as well as net work
management for telecommunications
Lead - Permitted Uses (RoHS Exemptions) 铅- 允许应用(豁免)
Summary 总之:
Clarification 明确了:
lead used in compliant pin connector systems
铅在倾向于接脚连接系统中的应用
lead as a coating material for the thermal conduction module o-ring
铅在热传导模块C形圈涂层材料中的应用
lead and cadmium in optical and filter glass
铅和镉在光学和滤镜玻璃中的应用
lead in solders consisting of more than two elements for the connection between the pins and the package of microprocessors with a lead content of more than 80% and less than 85% by weight
铅在微处理器的接脚和封装间连接的由大于两种元素组成的焊锡的应用，铅的含量大于80％，小于85％。 半导体
lead in solders to complete a viable electrical connection between semiconductor die and carrier within integrated circuit Flip Chip packages
铅在集成电路变址浮点运算芯片封装中半导体die核心和载子间完成可行的电连接。
RoHS Directive Mercury - Current Use 汞- 实际应用
Fluorescent lamps, High intensity discharge (HID) lamps,
荧光灯管, 高强度放电(HID) 灯管,
Painting or pigment or ink 涂料或颜料
LCD back light 液晶背光
Tilt switches/adjuster 倾斜度开关/调节器
Reed-relays 簧片式继电器
Contact point materials( relays) 连接材料（如继电器）
Anti-corrosion treatment 抗腐蚀处理
Thermostats 调温器
Batteries 电池
etc 等….
RoHS Directive Mercury - Permitted Uses (RoHS Exemptions) 汞- 允许使用 (豁免)
Compact fluorescent lamps (maximum 5 mg per lamp); 微型荧光灯（每个灯最多不超过5毫克）
Straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes: 一般直式荧光灯
Halophosphate (maximum 10 mg per lamp); 每个灯最多不超过10毫克
Triphosphate with normal life (maximum 5 mg per lamp); 普通使用三磷酸盐（每个灯最多不超过5毫克）
Triphosphate with long life (maximum 8 mg); 长期使用三磷酸盐（最多不超过8毫克）
Straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes; 特殊用途直荧光灯
Other lamps not specifically mentioned. 其他灯具
RoHS Directive Cadmium - Current Use 镉- 实际应用
Cadmium plating. 镉电镀
Solar cells & other light-sensitive devices, CdTe
太阳电池和其他光敏器件
Electrical contact alloys, relay, switch, thermostat
电接触合金, 如继电器，开关，调温器
Pigments, yellow – red - orange pigments 颜料
Connection point 接点
Solder 焊锡或熔丝
Thermal stabiliser for plastics
塑胶的热稳定剂
Optical parts 光学组件
Batteries, Cd-Ni battery
电池，如镍镉电池
Springs 弹簧
Power cords 电源线
Wires 电缆
RoHS Directive Cadmium - Permitted Uses (RoHS Exemptions) 镉- 允许使用 （豁免）
Cadmium plating, except for applications banned under the Cadmium Directive 91/338/EEC. . production equipment or machinery and the associated products in certain industries.
电镀镉，除了91/338/EEC禁止应用的以外。如生产设备、机器和在摹写工业领域的相关的产品。
Cadmium and its compounds in electrical contacts and cadmium plating except for applications banned under Directive 91/338/EEC amending directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. Clarification of the
cadmium plating exemption.
在电接触部件和电镀镉中的镉及其化合物。明确了镉电镀的豁免。
lead and cadmium in optical and filter glass
铅和镉在光学和滤光镜
RoHS Directive Chromium (VI) - Current Use 六价铬-实际应用
Metallic coatings，eg. Zinc electrical plating surface: Anti-Corrosion layer
金属表层、和表面，如电镀锌金属表面的防腐层（钝化层 ）。
Metal plated plastics.
金属电镀的塑料
Coatings, paints, inks for printer
印刷和打印用的油墨、墨水
Dichromate anti-corrosion surface
重铬酸盐防腐和自修复钝化层
(-2µm)
Zinc electrical plating surface 镀锌层(-10µm)
Metal base 金属基材
RoHS Directive Chromium (VI) - Current Use 六价铬-实际应用
Anti-corrosion agent for the carbon steel system cooling system in absorption refrigerators. And phase out with exemption.
碳钢中的防腐剂，和电冰箱制冷剂中的防腐剂。并逐步停止使用。
RoHS Directive PBB’s & PBDE’s - Current Use 多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 实际应用
There are series of compounds concerned.
它们涉及一系列的化合物。
They are used as Flame retardants used for Housings; Printed circuit boards; Cables, rated V-0/V-1 according to UL94.
它们以阻燃剂的用途用于屏蔽物和遮盖物，印刷电路板，电缆和电线等，根据UL94, V-0/V-1设定。
RoHS Directive PBB’s & PBDE’s - Current Use 多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 实际应用
PBBs: mainly used for ABS plastic(arylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)
主要用于ABS塑料
US stop used in 1976, EU stop used in 2001
美国于1976年停用，欧盟2001年停用
PBDEs: used in plastics, PCB boards and cables.
用于塑料，印刷电路板和电缆
And Penta/Octa/Deca-BDEs always are available.
五/八/十溴联苯醚经常被使用
- Penta-BDEs: mainly used for phenolic resins/PVC/rubber/PU,
五溴联苯醚：主要用于酚醛树脂/PVC塑胶/橡胶/聚氨酯
- Octa-BDEs: mainly used for ABS/PA/PBT,
八溴联苯醚：主要用于ABS/聚酰氨/聚丁烯
- Deca-BDEs: mainly used for PA, PBT, PET, PVC, PU, rubber,
十溴联苯醚：主要用于聚酰氨/聚丁烯/聚酯/PVC/聚氨酯/橡胶
RoHS Directive PBB’s & PBDE’s - Permitted Uses (RoHS Exemptions) 多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 允许使用（豁免）
There are currently no exemptions for these brominates flame retardants except Deca-BDE. And Deca-BDE is under consideration by European Commission.
除了十溴联苯醚以外无豁免，十溴联苯醚正在重新评估之中。
Penta-/Octa-BDEs have already banned by EU directive-2003/11/EEC.
五溴联苯醚和八溴联苯醚已经被欧盟指令－2003/11/EEC所禁用。
RoHS Directive
Exemption Ongoing evaluation 正在进行评估的豁免
With reference to Article 7(2), the Commission shall evaluate the applications for:
根据在条款 7(2)条中提及的程序，欧盟委员会将评价以下方面的应用
- deca-BDE;
The lead in lead-bronze bearing shells and bushes
The lead crystal in the glass of chandeliers
The use of non-RoHS compliant parts from old electrical and electronic equipment in the manufacture of new equipment.
— Lead used in compliant-pin VHDM (Very High Density Medium) connector system
顺应针(很高密度介质)连接系统中的铅
— Lead as a coating material for a thermal conduction module c-ring
热传导模块o形圈覆盖材料中的铅
— Lead and cadmium in optical and filter glass
光学和滤光玻璃中的铅和镉
— Lead in optical transceivers for industrial applications
工业用途的光学收发器中的铅
— Lead in solders consisting of more than two elements for the connection between the
pins and the package of microprocessors with a lead content of more than 85% in
proportion to the tin-lead content (exemption until 2010)
微处理器的接脚和封装间的超过两个元素组成的连接焊锡中的铅,其铅含量超过85%比例
的铅锡合金.
— Lead in high melting temperature type solders (. tin-lead solder alloys containing
more than 85% lead) and any lower melting temperature solder required to be used
with high melting temperature solder to complete a viable electrical connection
高温型焊锡中的铅(如锡铅合金中的铅含量超过85%),和要求用于高熔化温度焊接以完成一可行的电连接的任何低温合金.
RoHS Directive
Exemption amendment for RoHS Directive (VII) 修改的豁免
— Lead in solders to complete a viable electrical connection internal to certain
Integrated Circuit Packages (Flip Chips) (exemption until 2010)
焊锡中的铅是为满足某些集成电路(变址浮点运算芯片)有效可行的内部连接.
— Article 4(1) substances in safety equipment for fire and rescue services.
第4(1)章中的物质在安全设备(火灾和营救服务)中.
— Lead in lead-bronze bearing-shells and bushes
在铅-青铜轴承外壳和衬套中的铅
RoHS Directive
Exemption amendment for RoHS Directive (VIII) 修改的豁免
Implementation Timetable on WEEE & RoHS
WEEE/RoHS 执行时间表
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
WEEE and RoHS
publish in official
EU-Journal
National
implementation
Collection quote 4kg/inhabitant
from household, recycling
and recovery quotes
Take back system on
the market
Material bans
Amendment of quota
for recycling, recovery,
reuse
Deadlines Extended for new EU-Member
, 2003
, 2004(?)
, 2006
, 2005
, 2006
, 2008
Implementation present situation of EU countries on WEEE & RoHS
欧盟国家WEEE/RoHS 执行的现状
There are 3 types:
有三类国家
A type: actively to push, sternly execute the directive, and they always have the good condition and basic on waste treatment system.
A类：积极推进，执法严厉, 他们通常有很好的废弃物处理系统
-B type: just follow, they have the waste treatment system
B类：仅跟进，他们一般有废弃物处理系统
-C type: antipathy,
C类：反感
Recommendation
建议
Design 设计
Bring the environmental concept into the design scheme, actively and initiatively research and develop the new material/new technology/new ideas 在设计中纳入环保理念，积极主动研发和使用环保新材料、新技术和新观念：
a）the dosage of the raw material: as less as better, the number of assistant materials: as less as better, the output rate: as higher as better. The input material had better to be recovery and easy to collect.
原材料用量越少越好；辅助材料用得越少越好、产出率越高越好;导入的材料最好可再生、易回收；
b）performance/quality/security/reliability of the product should be design to better or perfect, and prolong the durability.
产品的性能、质量、安全性、可靠性越高越好，使用寿命越长越好；
c）easy-disassembly design: try to design the product as blocking, easy for dismantling/assemble/collection, in order to reduce the dismantling fee, and can also prolong the complete product life—only remove and exchange one part.
拆卸设计，要尽可能把产品各功能部分做成积木式，便于拆卸、组装和回收,降低回收处理拆解费用；同时可以延长整机的使用寿命-只换其中一部分便可.
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
d）the performance of the products can show more benefit to environment, and energy exhaust should be as lower as better.
产品性能对环境越有利越好, 能耗越小越好
e）reduce the manufacture cost include cost used for environmental protection.
尽量降低包括环境成本在内的生产成本；
f) Reuse and recycle design concept, and lead to more parts with reused or recycling function.
再生设计，产品中可重复利用的部分越多越好；
But,
Generally speaking it will not solve the WEEE problem(some people think so,
but it is not true. 总体来说：设计无法解决所有问题
Design for recycling is useful when combined with other item
循环设计只有和其他方面相结合才有用。
* Lower disassembly time=lower assembly time
* Less materials diversity=good for lower bill of material
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
Join the Eropean Indstry Association EICTA
加入欧洲工业协会EICTA
Join consortium of companies dealing with WEEE implementation
加入致力于WEEE实施的公司联合会
Collective implementation of individual producer responsibility is allowed
允许单独生产者责任制的集体实施
don’t try to do by yourself 不要尝试着自己做
-No competitive advantage, but also no competitive disadvantage
没有竞争的优势，而且没有竞争的劣势。
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
Material declaration:
材料申明
-Prepare the material list, and the material’s detail location;
准备材料清单，和材料的具体位置；
-Provide the each material’ weight, these materials can be reused or recycled,
提供每种有用材料的重量，这些材料可以被再利用和循环利用
Then, It can reduce the treatment cost, because the waste treatment manufactories can sale the useful materials, such as gold or copper to earn the money by using the material declaration.
这样，就可以降低处理的费用，应为废弃物处理工厂可以通过卖掉有用的材料来赚钱，如金子和铜，但只有清楚的材料申明才有助于这一行为
mark or provide the plastic information, then the plastic can be reused or recycled again. 标明和提供塑料的信息以便再利用和循环使用
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
Complies with EU Directive, 2002/96/EEC(WEEE) for:
满足WEEE指令的要求
Marking
标签
Product Design Article
产品实际项目
Information for treatment Facilities Article
信息提供项目
Additional Information for recycling facilities about substances and materials impacting the recycling process in particular the metal smelting process included in parts and components others than Printed Circuit Boards
额外的为便于循环使用的关于物质和材料影响的信息
Report template 报告模板:
How to approach WEEE? 如何实施以应对WEEE
1. Build the environmental quality ensure management system
环境品质保证管理体系的建立
2. Assuring the products not contain the banned substances of the environmental QMs
产品不含有环境管理禁用物质的保证
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
know the hazardous substances content information in raw materials and request suppliers provide the relevant information. Entirely survey to the composition of all the materials. Set up the system and criterion on factory auditing to all the suppliers. Supervising the suppliers on real time. Provide the necessary support and help to rectify and improve the products for the suppliers. Provide the essential information to suppliers.
对原材料化学物质含有情况的了解和要求供应商提供相关信息，全面调查供应商材料所含的成分；建立对供应商的工厂审核制度和规范；实时监督供应商，并协助供应商整改，为供应商提供必要的信息；
- Test report: set up the documentation system for the test reports of own products, the test report from suppliers.
产品的检测和报告：自己工厂成品的监测和对供应商报告的要求及文件系统
- Confirm and establish the control point on the producing process, real time inspection
建立，确认产品生产过程的控制点，实时监控；
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
Manufacturer conduct Supplier Survey 由供应商到生产者的审核途径
Material Supplier
材料供应商
Component Supplier
零件供应商
Other parts Supplier
其他部件供应商
Material,
Component
and
Parts
Declaration
原材料,
零件和
部件
申明
Establish Component and Material Database
建立
零部件和原材料
数据库
Suppliers 供应商
Manufacturer 生产者
Supplier Survey 供应商审核
Survey for every supplier must cover
针对每个供应商的审核必须函盖:
- Manufacturing process
制造工艺
- Packaging material content (if any)
包装材料目录 (如果存在)
- Product / Component / Part content
产品 / 零件 / 部件目录
- Batteries content (if any)
电池目录 (如果存在)
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
Design and manufacture 设计和生产
- Design
a）control the hazardous substance, understand the quality and possible harmful of every raw material. Set up the documentation system, and stop the use of the materials containing the banned substances. And confirm the materials has much less toxicity
有毒物质的控制，详细地了解原材料质量及其可能的危害性，进行分类并造册存档，杜绝使用世界上的禁用物质；原材料的毒性越小越好；
b）control the contamination during manufacture: design the manufacture process and work flow in pertinence, in order to prevent generating hazardous substances in every working procedure; or have the corrective action plan.
工艺过程产生污染越少越好：要有针对地进行工艺设计，使每一道工序都不产生或避免产生危害性物质，或考虑好危害性物质的处理方法和措施；
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
- Manufacture 生产
a) Control the contamination: use testing for supervision
控制污染：事后处理，采用检验，在发现污染后采取措施，由于反复检测，根据结果进行改进，成本较高；但对工厂技术人员要求低，是个可用的“笨办法”；
b) Depollution 防止污染：Control beforehand, control the design.
事前管理，通过设计和重新设计的办法，在产品的设计阶段就预先取消或改变有可能产生危害性副产品的工艺和制造方法。。这种方法需要大量的启动资金进行前期的誓言，开始会投入较大的人力和物力成本，但一旦完成，就可以从本质上杜绝污染，并且可以降低长期的检测成本，一劳永逸。
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
If find banned substances: 如果发现了禁用物质
don’t fear 不必害怕
find if it is exempted 查一下是否是豁免的。
if it is no exempted, then find if other companies also content all use, or if it is under considering to be exempted by EU
如果不是豁免的，查一下是否有其他公司用，或是否是欧盟正在考虑豁免的项目
if no way to change, and no exemption, no plan to be exempted, no other companies use, then ask help from the some EU association or European famous experts, provide a letter to government of related EU country, to explain and confirm the improvement plan to ask the excuse.
如果无法改，无豁免，无计划豁免，无其他公司用，则应向欧盟的相关行业协会或著名的专家寻求帮助，准备向欧盟国家的相关政府提交说明信函，解释和确认改进计划以求谅解。
How to approach RoHS? 如何实施以满足RoHS
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
Lead free solder 无铅焊锡
At present most of solders is the tin-lead alloy as：63% tin / 37%lead (187 °C) 最常用的焊料是铅锡合金（63%锡，37%铅）(187 °C)
Main replacement: SnAgCu (Ag %, Cu %)
锡、银、铜作为主要替代物 (银%, 铜 – %)
LF218TM Sn / Ag / (217-218)* recommended by JEIDA patented.(为JEIDA专利推荐)
96 Sn / Ag / Cu (217-218)* no patented(未获专利)
CASTIN® Sn / Ag / Cu / Sb (217)* patented(已获专利)
*=melting point in °C
熔点为 °C
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
Alloy
Cost Per Kg (US Dollar)
63Sn / 37Pb
Sn / Ag /
96 Sn / Ag / Cu
Sn / Ag / Cu / Sb
Lead free soldering cost comparison 无铅焊锡合金价格比较
Japan companies leading in lead free soldering 日本无铅焊锡进展和计划
Replacement-Example
替代物质-例子
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
Cadmium free Contact point 无镉连接点
At present, the materials for contact point are 目前的替代品:
AgCdO or AgCdSe or AgCdO + Cu
And the main replacement is 主要的替代品:
AgSnO or AgZnO
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFR)
可以使用的溴化阻燃剂
- Oligomeric brominated flame retardants
低聚溴化阻燃剂 - Tetrabromobisphenol – A (TBBPA) mainly used for PCB board
四溴二苯酚 – A (TBBPA)， 主要用于印刷电路板 - Ethylene 1,2 bis(tetrabromophthalimide) – (EBTBP)
乙烯1,2 二(四溴苯邻二甲酰亚胺) – (EBTBP) - Ethane 1,2 bis(pentabromophenyl) – (EBP)
乙烷1,2 二(五溴联苯) – (EBP)
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
4. Replacement of Mercury 汞的替代品
tilt switches, reed-relays, thermostats. contact point material (. relays) - replacement available 跌倒开关，干簧继电器，温控器触点材料 (如继电器上使用的) - 可使用替代物
Replacement-Example 替代物质-例子
4. Replacement of Cr(6+) 六价铬的替代品
DACROMET technology ，invented by US, but Japanese buy the patent. This material has a good anti-corrosion performance, and no Cr(6+)
达克罗技术，美国发明,日本买下了专利。有良好的耐腐蚀性，无六价铬。
Test method
检测方法
Heavy metal test method 重金属检测方法
Test method
检测方法
Destroying method 破坏性方法
Non-destroying method
非破坏性方法
BS EN 1122，EPA 3050，EPA 3051，EPA 3052，EPA3060，etc.
Instrument
仪器
AAS- FAAS, GAAS, Hydride-AAS
AFS
ICP-AES
ICP-MS
UV-Vis
XRF
EDX
Excellence
优点
Good recovery 重现性、回收率好
Exact quantitative method 准确定量
Standard support method 标准支持方法
Can detect most of metal elements 可以测量大部分金属元素
Rapid and simple method 分析快速、简单
Reserve sample integrality 保存样品完整性
No sample preparation procedure, so no pollution 无需样品的前处理，省去消化、存取等步骤，没有酸雾等废气、废液的污染
Has the certain high detection sensitivity for Lead and Cadmium 对某些元素有一定高的灵敏度
Disadvantage
缺点
Take long time and need more HR 消化时间长，好人力
Bad pollution, and create waste water and gas 污染大，有较多的废气、废液污染
Dangerous method 消化过程危险性较大
Investment more 设备投入大
High requirement to staff 对人员要求高
Cannot detect most of metal elements, just Lead/Cadmium at present 无法反映样品全部的元素含量，目前，只有铅/镉.
It is not the quantitative method, just the semi-quantitative method 不是经典的定量方法，属于半定量范畴
Heavy interference 有较高的干扰.
It is not the international standard supported method 是一个非标准方法
Heavy metal Detection instruments
重金属检测仪器
EDX
能量分散型X光射线衍射光谱仪
Graphite Furnace AAS
石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪
ICP-MS
电感耦合等离子质谱仪
AFS(Hydride generator)
原子荧光光谱仪(氢化物发生原子吸收光谱仪)
UV-Vis spectrum meter
紫外可见分光光度计
ICP-AES
电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪
Flame Furnace AAS
火焰原子吸收光谱仪
EDX method
能量分散型X光射线衍射光谱仪方法的应用
Quantitative and qualitative applying 定量和定性分析
- strictly speaking, EDX is a semi-quantitative method, or the qualitative method, normally can tell the user: contain or not.
严格来说,EDX是一种半定量或定性地方法,一般可告诉使用者:含有或不含有.
- As the technical development, EDX use standard reference calibration curve, and can quantitatively and truly detect the some elements(such as lead/cadmium, etc) in some base material(PVC, the same material as the reference std. sample). For Cr(6+) and Bromine flame retardant, should use other methods such as GC-MS or HPLC or LC-MS for the confirmation, since the EDX can only detect Total Cr and Total Bromine.
随着技术地发展,EDX应用标准物质参数法可对一些元素(如铅/镉)在特定基材(PVC, 由于仪器供应商使用PVC作为标准物质的基材)中进行较为准确的定量. 但如果测出铬或溴,则需用其他方法进一步确认,因为EDX测出的是总铬和总溴含量.
Actual usage 实际应用:
- Filtering the raw materials 遴选原材料.
- A lot of manufactories begin to use this method. 已有许多工厂在应用.
. Cadmium 如对于镉: <20ppm accepted(接受);
20-50ppm Confirmed by ICP(用ICP法进行确认);
>50ppm Unaccepted (不接受)
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
*
Darryl Yun
*
