0
0
Future Forum White Paper on Analysis of Global
Progress on 6G and D2D Candidate Frequency
Bands, and Perspectives on Study of China’s
Spectrum
ABSTRACT
This white paper provides an analysis of global
progress and strategic trends in identifying
candidate spectrum bands for 6G and Direct-to-
Device (D2D) satellite connectivity and proposes
our views on study of 6G and D2D spectrum for
China
Future Forum Spectrum WG
1
Contents
Executive Summary .........................................................................................................4
1 China 5G-A development ..............................................................................................5
2 Global Mobile Development Trends ..............................................................................6
3 Spectrum is the key to make sure mobile network to support AI applications .............. 7
4 Background of Future Forum Spectrum White Paper ...................................................7
5 Global status of study on candidate bands of 6G......................................................... 7
Europe ....................................................................................................................7
RSPG.............................................................................................................. 7
CEPT/ECC level of work: ...............................................................................10
....................................................................................................................... 12
Legislative and Regulatory Context ............................................................... 12
Spectrum Supply Pipeline Objectives ............................................................13
Upper C Band (– GHz): Primary Near-Term IMT Candidate ............. 13
Emerging Federal Mid-Band Candidates Beyond C Band ............................ 14
Institutional Roles and Resourcing ................................................................ 14
Implications for IMT and 6G Planning ............................................................14
Japan ................................................................................................................... 15
MIC Beyond 5G Proposition Strategy ......................................................15
MIC/ Radio Regulatory Council Frequency Reorganization Action Plan
(FY2025 Version) ....................................................................................................16
India ..................................................................................................................... 17
The Bharat 6G Vision Statement ................................................................... 17
India Spectrum Roadmap for 6G services .....................................................18
GCC..................................................................................................................... 19
Africa .................................................................................................................... 19
3GPP Status .........................................................................................................20
6 Global status of study on candidate bands for D2D ................................................ 21
Europe ..................................................................................................................21
ECC Report 373 ........................................................................................... 21
2
RSPG Opinion of the EU-level policy approach to satellite Direct-to-Device
connectivity and related Single Market issues .......................................................22
EC Mandate to study feasibility of and develop of least restrictive harmonized
technical conditions for the use of EU-harmonized frequency bands for terrestrial
wireless systems providing electronic communication service by satellite system
providing direct to device IMT connectivity ............................................................ 23
CEPT Work on D2D-IMT ............................................................................... 24
WRC-27 AI .............................................................................................25
D2D Market Development Landscape ...........................................................25
Evolution of Spectrum Usage Trends ............................................................ 26
Current Status of Regulatory Framework Development from administrations26
Development trends and challenges ............................................................. 27
....................................................................................................................... 28
FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space (SCS) Framework .......................28
Authorized Frequencies and Technical Parameters .......................................29
Japan ................................................................................................................... 29
Japan’s -D2D commercial launch .................................................................. 29
Domestic Legislation and Technical Parameters: .......................................... 30
WRC-27 AI position ............................................................................... 31
India ..................................................................................................................... 32
Current Activities ............................................................................................32
WRC-27 AI .............................................................................................32
GCC..................................................................................................................... 33
Saudi CST D2D Regulatory Initiative .............................................................33
Technical and Spectrum Approach ................................................................ 33
Africa .................................................................................................................... 34
ATU and WRC-27 Agenda Item Position ............................................... 34
Proposed Frequency Arrangements .............................................................. 34
7 Future Forum Analysis of the global spectrum development trends ........................... 34
Global trends of harmonized 6G Candidate Bands ..............................................34
Analysis of Global 6G Candidate Band Trends ..............................................34
. Analysis for the Regional and National Strategic Trends .............................. 35
3
Technology and Standardization Drivers (3GPP) .......................................... 35
Conclusion: Convergence of Global Trends .................................................. 36
Global Trends of D2D candidate bands: .............................................................. 36
Analysis of Global D2D Candidate Band Trends ........................................... 36
National & Regional Regulatory Frameworks: A Patchwork Under
Development .......................................................................................................... 38
Key Technical Limitation and Market Trends ................................................. 39
. Conclusion: Converging Paths to Harmonization ......................................... 39
8 Conclusion and suggestions .......................................................................................40
4
Executive Summary
This white paper provides an analysis of global progress and strategic trends in
identifying candidate spectrum bands for 6G and Direct-to-Device (D2D) satellite
connectivity. The primary goal is to inform and shape a forward-looking spectrum policy,
with views on the critical discussions at the upcoming World Radiocommunication
Conference 2027 (WRC-27).
The transition to 6G and the rise of AI-native applications are driving an unprecedented
demand for high-capacity, low-latency connectivity. Spectrum is the foundational
resource to meet this demand. WRC-27 is identified as a pivotal global forum for
securing harmonized spectrum for 6G and establishing a clear regulatory framework for
D2D services, which use mobile spectrum to provide satellite connectivity to standard
smartphones.
There is a clear, converging global strategy focusing on mid-band spectrum to balance
capacity and coverage for initial 6G deployments around 2030.
:
o 6425–7125 MHz (Upper 6 GHz): Already identified for IMT at WRC-23,
current work focuses on implementation
o – GHz (7 GHz band): Study under WRC-27 Agenda Item (AI)
.
Technology Driver: 3GPP standardization is defining a maximum channel
bandwidth of 400 MHz in the downlink for bands around 7 GHz, technically
necessitating the large, contiguous blocks of spectrum.
The development of D2D spectrum policy is evolving rapidly, marked by a strategic shift
and regulatory diversity.
Divergent Regulatory Approaches: A patchwork of national frameworks exists.
The . (FCC), UK (Ofcom), and Japan have established pioneer regimes
allowing D2D in IMT bands under RR Article . The European Union is taking a
more cautious, coordinated approach via a detailed EC Mandate to CEPT, aiming
to develop a harmonized framework that absolutely protects terrestrial IMT
networks from interference.
Strategic Shift to MSS Spectrum: Industry operators are increasingly pursuing
dedicated MSS spectrum (., 2 GHz MSS in Europe) for stability, moving
beyond initial reliance on IMT band access under Article .
Long Term solution is seen to harmonize under WRC-27 AI
5
The white paper concludes that from an industry perspective:
For 6G: For 6G's high-bandwidth requirements. Early planning and
international coordination are essential for timely deployment.
For D2D: The protection of terrestrial IMT networks from harmful interference
is the non-negotiable principle. A national regulatory framework should be
established where spectrum authorization for D2D-IMT is granted under Mobile
Network Operator (MNO) licenses, with MNOs partnering with and maintaining
control over Satellite Network Operators (SNOs). Regulatory measures must be
technically verifiable and aligned with ITU-R processes.
Success at WRC-27 is critical for establishing a harmonized global foundation for 6G in
the 2030s and a sustainable regulatory model for D2D. The converging focus on 6G
spectrum demand and the structured efforts to enable D2D while protecting terrestrial
networks represent the definitive global spectrum development trends that will shape
the next decade of mobile and satellite connectivity.
1 China 5G-A development
As of early 2026, China's 5G-Advanced (5G-A) development has experienced its
tremendous development in the 2nd years since its commercial launch in 2024. China
has built the world's largest 5G-A network, with coverage extending beyond major cities
to key industrial zones and other vertical markets. 5G-A commercial networks have
been deployed in over 300 cities across China, including all provincial capitals and
major economic hubs. The total number of 5G BS exceeds million, supporting
features like 3CC Carrier Aggregation or RedCap, over 30 million 5G-A package
subscribers as of 2025. Users experience enhanced services like naked-eye 3D, XR
cloud gaming, and "speed boost packages" for stadiums and high-speed railway. 5G-A
supports Industrial Digitalization, deep integration into manufacturing, ports, and mining
to support real-time machine control and AI quality inspection. In logistics area,
supporting drone delivery routes secured by 5G-A networks has been developed in
Shenzhen and Hangzhou. In Smart Grids applications, it is widely deployed for Ultra-
reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in power distribution automation. Industry
ecosystem has been formed gradually. In summary, China is currently in the "5G-A
Golden Year" (2025-2027), rapidly scaling the technology to serve as the foundational
network for the digital and intelligent transformation of its economy, while
simultaneously laying the groundwork for 6G research.
6
2 Global Mobile Development Trends
Based on the Ericsson Mobility Report from November 2025, global mobile network
data traffic is characterized by stable and significant growth, primarily driven by the
transition to 5G and changing user behaviors. Total mobile data traffic (excluding Fixed
Wireless Access) is projected to increase by a factor of approximately by 2031.
Traffic from smartphones is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate
(CAGR) of 14 percent, reaching 304 EB per month by 2031. Mobile PC, tablet, and
mobile router traffic is also expected to rise significantly, with CAGR projections
between 11 and 13 percent. Monthly data traffic per smartphone is forecast to nearly
double, rising from 21 GB in 2025 to 39 GB by 2031. The Key Drivers of Traffic Growth
are coming from:
Video Dominance: Video content remains the primary driver of traffic. By the end
of 2025, video is expected to account for 76 percent of all mobile data traffic.
The Rise of Uplink Traffic: The convergence of AI, cloud, and mobile technologies
is expected to fundamentally shift traffic patterns, specifically driving significant
growth in uplink demands over the next decade.
New Technologies: The emergence of 6G (standardization of which has already
begun) and AI-native networks will enable new use cases like autonomous
mobility and massive digital twinning, further contributing to future traffic surges.
Recent global AI development is bringing mobile industry transition as well. While 5G
enabled unlimited data and high-definition video, the mission of 6G is to be the wireless
technology for the Age of AI as well. The shift to an Agent-Centric ecosystem is
happening, AI as a traffic driver, Apps based ecosystem moving from smartphone
centric to an agent centric where AI agents to observe, interpret, and act across all
devices and the agents require real-time context and generate massive amounts of data
at the "edge,". As AI expands from centralized clouds to distributed, real-time inference,
the demand for high-performance connectivity will surge. We are entering a new era
of hyperconnectivity, where everything that can go wireless will go wireless and that
strongly depends on robust mobile network from 5G-A and future 6G.
6G will use wide channels to efficiently support the mobile data demand and accelerate
as AI applications. 6G will operates with wider channel sizes than the previous
generation. Successful 6G deployments will use contiguous channel bandwidths up to
400 MHz/200MHz wide. ITU-R has defined the requirements and 3GPP would define
the maximum channel bandwidth of 400MHz for single operator network.
7
3 Spectrum is the key to make sure mobile network
to support AI applications
A strong increasing demand for mobile network requires right amount of spectrum
resources utilization to meet the growing demand of connectivity to ensure low band in
rural area and mid-band in urban capacity, high-band spectrum for hot spots. It is
significant importance for forward planning for the upcoming WRC-27 to unlock the
potential of effective spectrum regulation to support mobile connectivity expansion and
to build global consensus on IMT spectrum identification for great economy of scale and
technological development. There are 2 critical topics for the coming WRC-27, one is
global harmonized 6G spectrum and the other one is DC-MSS-IMT1 for direct to device
(D2D) satellite connectivity that use terrestrial mobile spectrum as long as they don’t
interfere with terrestrial networks.
4 Background of Future Forum Spectrum White
Paper
This Future Forum white paper will focus on analyze the global research on candidate
6G spectrum and D2D (Direct to Device of Satellite Connection) spectrum and
regulatory frameworks and will provide a Future Forum views and suggestions on these
2 critical topics. The Chapter 5 will address the global status of study on candidate
bands of 6G and Chapter 6 will focus on D2D frequency bands global development
status. Chapter 7 will give a Future Forum analysis of the trends on spectrum
development from global perspectives and Chapter 8 will suggest a Future Forum view
and recommendations in these 2 key areas.
5 Global status of study on candidate bands of 6G
Europe
Spectrum plays a pivotal role in Europe's mobile development and economy, as timely,
harmonized, and investment-certain spectrum policies are fundamental to building
future-proof connectivity ecosystems. The work from Europe is from EU level and CEPT
level.
RSPG
The RSPG is a high-level advisory group established to feed EU decision-making
around spectrum policies, with primary role to act as the "strategic architect" for
European spectrum policy. 6G is one of their key focal areas. They completed their first
8
deliverable on 6G the RSPG Report on 6G Strategic vision, in February 2025,
outlines the European Union's policy framework for the development and deployment of
6G, targeting a launch around 2030. The report identifies potential frequency bands for
6G in Europe, emphasizing the need for a coordinated 6G spectrum roadmap and
highlights critical strategic areas including the integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial
networks, and the growing necessity spectrum sharing solutions with the incumbent
services.
RSPG now focus on the development of a 6G spectrum roadmap for the EU. They have
issued a draft Opinion on a 6G Spectrum Roadmap for public consultation in Feb, 2026.
The deadline of comments will be 27 March 2026. The roadmap targets to facilitate the
launch of 6G on a large scale in Europe, the goal is to create a common ecosystem and
market for network and terminal equipment in Europe so that the benefits of 6G services
are available to all European citizens in a timely manner, driving industrial and societal
transformation and economic growth in Europe from 2030 and beyond. This timeline
should also be supported by EU spectrum policy to enable the initial launch of 6G
networks and services across the EU.
In the current draft, the RSPG reiterates its opinion that 6G can be implemented in all
the frequency bands currently used for mobile phone systems. It proposes that the
upper 6GHz band would be the primary band suitable for the introduction of 6G in
Europe by 2030, subject to market demand. The RSPG called on equipment
manufacturers to develop equipment supporting 6G technology within these bands. The
RSPG also encourages mobile network operators to plan the migration of their networks
to 6G in line with their market strategies, consumer demands and the availability of
relevant equipment.
The opinion of the RSPG on the strategic spectrum roadmap towards 6G identifies the
frequency band(s) includes:
- Already Harmonized Bands for ECS (WBB)
Low Bands (<1 GHz): 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz for nationwide and indoor
6G coverage.
Mid Bands: 1500 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2 GHz, GHz, GHz to support and
supplement high - capacity 6G network roll - out in suburban and urban areas.
High Bands: 26 GHz, 42 GHz for very high - capacity hot spot 6G coverage.
- Upper 6 GHz Band: Considered the primary band for 6G introduction in Europe
by 2030. It can enable 6G use cases requiring more capacity than 5G. The
frequency range depends on WRC - 27 outcome but consists of at least 540 MHz
of continuous spectrum, helping meet mobile industry and operators' mid - band
spectrum demands and consistent with a 2030 6G launch.
9
- Other Bands
7125 - 7250 MHz Band: Under study at WRC - 27 in Region 1 for possible
IMT identification, which could provide additional 6G spectrum.
- GHz Band: Harmonized and suitable for developing low/medium
power local area networks using 6G technology to support vertical markets.
Other national - level frequency bands for local networks are also noted.
470 - 694 MHz Band: Allocated to the mobile (except aeronautical mobile)
service on a secondary basis in almost all EU countries and could enhance
6G coverage and low - band capacity.
Very High Frequency Bands (including sub - THz): Currently under research
and long - term study at the international level and could facilitate Integrated
Sensing and Communications applications.
Mobile equipment manufacturers should develop 6G - supporting network and terminal
equipment within already harmonized frequency bands. And mobile network operators
should plan network migration to 6G in line with market strategies, needs, and
equipment availability.
Spectrum sharing solutions are essential due to rising spectrum demand, and the
RSPG encourages research and development of sharing mechanisms. The RSPG
encourages research and development of sustainable 6G technologies addressing
environmental requirements and integrating them into the standardization process.
6G should build on the coordinated evolution and interoperability of terrestrial and non -
terrestrial networks (NTN). NTN implementation in terrestrial spectrum should be
pursued based on relevant studies and potential Commission decisions.
The RSPG reflects on the importance of seamless interoperability between mobile and
fixed broadband networks with WAS/RLAN wireless access.
The RSPG and CEPT will assess scenarios for flexible use of the 470 - 694 MHz band
and provide guidance on repurposing spectrum for alternative mobile service uses.
WRC - 31 intends to study possible regulatory actions for the 614 - 694 MHz band.
A final decision on the EU's recommended use of the band would have to come from
the European Commission, and then be implemented by national governments in the
EU member states. Aside from upper 6 GHz, 6G could eventually be implemented in all
frequencies currently harmonized by the EU for use in telecoms and internet services,
including low bands in the 700 MHz, 800 MHz and 900 MHz range, mid bands including
1,500 MHz, 1,800 MHz, 2 GHz, GHz and GHz for suburban and urban rollouts,
and mmWave bands 26 and 42 GHz for densified capacity builds. The draft position
aims to align with the RSPG's broader 6G strategic vision paper from February 2025,
10
also integrating earlier findings on EU-level policies in the 470-694 MHz band
and satellite direct-to-device technology.
CEPT/ECC level of work:
CEPT 6G Roadmap
6G work in CEPT ECC level includes CEPT 6G Roadmap and other relevant reports .
U6GHz.
CEPT 6G Roadmap outlines the strategic plan and core tasks for 6G development and
spectrum harmonization within the CEPT region. It aims to establish harmonized
technical conditions for 6G spectrum in 2027/2028 time frame.
Key tasks consists:
- Harmonization of Bands for 6G in CEPT
- WRC-23 Follow-up (focus on upper 6GHz bands 6425-7125MHz)
- WRC-27 Preparation (CEPT positions for two key WRC-27 Ais, AI and AI
- Other spectrum challenges
- Numbering Aspects
Harmonization of Bands for 6G in CEPT involves considering and deciding on
frequency bands (both existing and potentially new) for 6G, including those for the initial
launch. It includes reviewing and updating existing ECC Decisions for relevant MFCN
(Mobile/Fixed Communications Networks) bands to ensure suitability for 6G, and
developing new harmonization measures for potential new bands.
WRC-23 Follow-up (Focus on Upper 6 GHz band: 6425-7125 MHz). This is a major
component, centered on implementing the WRC-23 identification of the 6425-7125 MHz
band for IMT in Europe, noting its potential shared use with Wireless Access Systems
(WAS)/RLANs. The tasks are structured in response to a European Commission (EC)
Mandate and include:
Assessment of coexistence/compatibility with incumbent services (Task 1).
Feasibility and sharing studies on the potential shared use between MFCN and
WAS/RLANs in this band, and determining preferred scenarios (Task 2).
Developing a harmonized framework for the band (Task 3).
WRC-27 Preparation work is to prepares CEPT positions for two key World
Radiocommunication Conference 2027 (WRC-27) Agenda Items of AI and AI
Other Spectrum Challenges include considering supplementary solutions like
satellite/Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) and Device-to-Device (D2D) to provide
11
geographical coverage, investigating new spectrum sharing opportunities enabled by
6G technologies and supporting administrations with tools for implementing
harmonization, including band reorganization and cross-border coordination etc.
Numbering Aspects involves monitoring relevant 6G standards and their potential
impact on numbering resources.
U6GHz Development Status
EU Level Work on U6GHz:
RSPG issued its opinion for Upper 6GHz Long Term Vision on Nov 12th, 2025. Having
considered the responses to the public consultation and the preferences expressed by
Member states,
The RSPG agree a prioritized use of the band 6585-7125 MHz for IMT.
For the 6425-6585 MHz the RSPG has agreed to use this as a guard band
(together with a BEM applicable to IMT in the 6585-7125 MHz) to protect
WAS/RLAN in the lower 6 GHz band (5945-6425 MHz) until the WRC-27 which
may identify the additional band 7125-7250 MHz for IMT. Member States will not
release the band neither for IMT nor for WAS/RLAN
Following the WRC-27, RSPG intends to decide on the exact use of the 160 MHz
(6425-6585 MHz).
o If WRC-27 identifies the 7125–7250 MHz band for IMT and no significant
new developments or insights suggest otherwise, there is a strong case
for designating the 6425–6585 MHz band for primary WAS/RLAN use.
o If WRC27 does not identify the 7125–7250 MHz band for IMT and no
significant new developments or insights suggest otherwise, there is a
strong case for designating the 6425–6585 MHz band for primary MFCN
use.
EC issued its mandates to CEPT to perform technical work in December of 2024 to
study feasibility of and develop least restrictive harmonized technical conditions for the
potential shared use of 6425-7125MHz frequency bands.
The EC Mandate of Potential Shared Ues of the U6GHz band is under ECC PT1 in 3
tasks and timeline of task is like the following:
Task 1: Coexistence with incumbent—July, 2026
Task 2: Shared use IMT vs WiFi —Oct, 2026
Task 3: technical conditions —July, 2027
12
CEPT Report A covering Task 1 – studying the coexistence of IMT/RLAN with
Incumbents in the U6GHz band to response to the Task 1of the EC Mandate. The draft
was completed for public consultation in January 2026 and approval.
CEPT Report B covering Task 2 – Feasibility of Shared Use IMT/RLAN to respond to
the Task 2 of EC Mandate. ECC Report 366 has been developed and a CG was
established to continue the work.
CEPT Report C covering the Task 3 – Harmonized Technical Conditions for IMT to
response to the Task 3 of the EC Mandate. A draft work item was prepared, reflecting
concerns raised. The draft work item will be submitted to ECC for further consideration.
WRC-27 AI :
CEPT preliminary position for WRC-27 AI has been developed in the draft CEPT
brief document. The drafting work is still ongoing. Europe Common Proposal is not
finalized yet. However, according to their current Preliminary Position for WRC-27 AI ,
it shows that they could support 7125-7250MHz for IMT identification.
They oppose 4400-4800MHz for IMT identification, (mainly use by AMS and MMS ) that
in case deployment scenarios and parameters of IMT have not changed with respect to
WRC-15, WRC-19 and WRC-23 studies. Adjacent band of altimeter is also their
concern.
They opposed 7250-8400MHz since the range is heavily used by critical military,
satellite, and existing fixed services in Europe, making it challenging to clear for mobile.
They opposed the GHz IMT identification due to un-feasible AMS
coexistence.
Legislative and Regulatory Context
In July 2025, the United States enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA),
establishing a renewed statutory framework for commercial spectrum policy with a
strong emphasis on mid- band spectrum availability for IMT and future 6G systems. A
central element of the Act is the restoration of the Federal Communications
Commission’s (FCC) spectrum auction authority, which had lapsed in 2023 and is now
reinstated through September 30th, 2034. This legislative certainty enables long- term
planning for spectrum identification, reallocation, and licensing.
While restoring auction authority, the Act also defines explicit exclusions reflecting
national security and federal mission requirements. In particular, the – GHz band
13
remains reserved for radar operations, and the – GHz range is protected for
critical federal functions. These exclusions materially constrain the candidate pool for
commercial mid- band IMT spectrum and elevate the importance of adjacent bands.
Spectrum Supply Pipeline Objectives
The OBBBA mandates the identification of at least 800 MHz of spectrum below
GHz for commercial use, implemented through a dual- track spectrum supply
pipeline.
First, a federal spectrum reallocation mechanism requires the NTIA, in coordination with
the FCC, to identify and transition at least 500 MHz of federal spectrum within the –
GHz range, excluding protected bands. This process is staged, with a minimum of
200 MHz to be identified by July 2027 and auctioned by July 2029, followed by the
remaining spectrum to be identified by July 2029 and auctioned by July 2033. The Act
allows flexibility in the resulting usage model, including exclusive licensing, shared
access, or hybrid arrangements.
Second, the FCC is directed to conduct supplementary auctions totaling at least
300 MHz before 2034. Within this category, the Act imposes a mandatory requirement to
auction no less than 100 MHz of spectrum in the Upper C Band (– GHz) by July
2027, effectively anchoring near- term mid- band IMT expansion.
Upper C Band (– GHz): Primary Near- Term IMT Candidate
The Upper C Band has emerged as the most immediate and consequential mid- band
opportunity under the new framework. In November 2025, the FCC initiated a Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) seeking comment on opening up to 180 MHz of this
band for mobile services, exceeding the statutory minimum of 100 MHz.
Industry stakeholders, including 5G Americas and CTIA, have broadly supported
aggressive reallocation, with some advocating release of up to 220 MHz to maintain
international competitiveness. In contrast, opposition has been raised by broadcasting
and satellite stakeholders, as well as the aviation sector, due to concerns regarding
radio altimeter interference and the cost and feasibility of mitigation.
A key constraint identified in inter- agency discussions is the dependency on aviation
equipment upgrades. NTIA assessments suggest that approximately 150 MHz may be
practically achievable only if new radio altimeters are deployed, potentially affecting
more than 10,000 aircraft. As a result, there is a non- trivial risk that although the
spectrum may be auctioned by the statutory 2027 deadline, large- scale commercial
mobile deployment could lag due to relocation, certification, and mitigation timelines.
14
Emerging Federal Mid-Band Candidates Beyond C Band
Beyond the Upper C Band, the OBBBA and subsequent presidential memoranda
highlight several additional mid- band ranges of strategic interest for IMT evolution and
6G.
The – GHz band has been identified by industry as a potential 6G “cornerstone”
band, offering favorable propagation characteristics and wide contiguous bandwidth.
Importantly, the Department of Justice, a major federal incumbent in this range, has
indicated increased flexibility regarding spectrum clearance, reducing a previously
significant institutional barrier. A presidential memorandum directs NTIA to initiate
immediate feasibility studies for reallocating portions of both the – GHz and –
GHz bands for full- power licensed commercial use.
Similarly, the – GHz band has been targeted through a December 2025
presidential memorandum. NTIA is instructed to conduct relocation studies for federal
systems operating in this range, including potential migration to the adjacent –
GHz band, and to report estimated transition costs and timelines within twelve
months. While certain fixed satellite telemetry and radio astronomy sites are explicitly
excluded, the memorandum concurrently directs NTIA to begin designation of –
GHz for full- power commercial licensing, positioning it as a longer- term IMT
candidate.
Institutional Roles and Resourcing
The implementation of the spectrum pipeline relies on a clear division of institutional
responsibilities. NTIA leads technical feasibility analyses, including assessments of net
economic benefit, relocation cost, and sharing constraints. The FCC is responsible for
auction design, service rules, and commercial authorization, while the President retains
oversight to balance economic growth objectives with national security considerations.
Coordination with federal stakeholders, notably the Department of Defense, Department
of Justice, and NOAA, is explicitly required to preserve essential missions.
To support this process, the Act allocates USD 50 million in fiscal year 2034 to NTIA to
fund detailed studies of candidate bands, including – GHz, – GHz, and
– GHz.
Implications for IMT and 6G Planning
Collectively, these developments represent a significant shift toward long- term spectrum
certainty in the United States. The Upper C Band is positioned as the primary near- term
expansion band for IMT, while the – GHz and – GHz ranges are
emerging as critical candidates for 6G-era deployments. However, aggressive statutory
timelines, complex federal relocation requirements, aviation coexistence challenges,
15
and high mitigation costs introduce substantial execution risk. Outcomes from ongoing
NTIA studies and FCC rulemakings, as well as alignment with global processes such as
WRC-27, will be decisive in determining the ultimate contribution of these bands to
future IMT ecosystems.
Frequency
Range
Status MNOs
– GHz Reallocation study ongoing
– GHz
Study ongoing; excluded from
auction
– GHz Auction completed (Jan 2022) AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, Dish
– GHz CBRS (shared access) Verizon, AT&T, Cable Providers,
enterprises
– GHz Auction completed (Feb 2021) Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, US
Cellular
– GHz FCC NPRM (Nov 2025)
– GHz Federal band, study ongoing
– GHz
Federal reallocation study
ongoing
Japan
MIC Beyond 5G Proposition Strategy
MIC (The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) published the “Strategy for
Realizing Next-Generation Information and Communication Infrastructure to Support AI
Society - Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy -” on June, 18th, 2024 since the MIC
published the “Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy - Roadmap to 6G” in June 2020 to
realize Beyond 5G, the next-generation information and communication infrastructure.
The evolution from Japan’s original Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy () to the Strategy
reflects a transition from foundational research and development to a focus on
social implementation, economic security, and AI integration. While the strategy,
established in 2020, was primarily concerned with defining the 6G vision and securing
initial R&D seeds—such as a target for 10% of global essential patents—Strategy
(2024) shifts into an "acceleration phase." Key evolution points include a move toward
16
an AI-native society, where the network is designed to handle the massive computing
demands of distributed AI agents, and a heightened emphasis on Non-Terrestrial
Networks (NTN), incorporating HAPS and satellites for 100% geographic coverage.
Furthermore, Strategy prioritizes Economic Security and global market share,
aiming for Japanese infrastructure to capture 30% of the global market by promoting
Open RAN and resilient, energy-efficient "Green AI" networks.
MIC/ Radio Regulatory Council Frequency Reorganization Action
Plan (FY2025 Version)
The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) of Japan manages the
country’s radio wave resources through an annual Frequency Reorganization Action
Plan. This plan is a core component of a PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Action) cycle designed
to ensure the effective utilization of the spectrum as demand for new technologies like
5G and 6G grows. The plan was first formulated and announced in August 2004 to
address increasing frequency demand and the introduction of new radio utilization
systems. It has been updated and published annually. Its primary goal is to ensure
transparency and predictability for businesses and carriers, facilitating a smooth
transition and reorganization of frequencies. Starting in FY2023, the responsibility for
evaluating the effective use of the radio spectrum transitioned from the MIC to the Radio
Regulatory Council, with intention of consultation from outside experts and the report
will be sent back to MIC for final publishing.
Based on the Frequency Reorganization Action Plan (FY2025 Version), the primary goal
is to secure a total of GHz of bandwidth by 2040 to accommodate the explosive
growth of digital infrastructure, including 6G.
The MIC’s broader spectrum initiatives focus on enhancing digital infrastructure and
ensuring social resilience including:
Expansion of 5G and Wireless LAN: The MIC is implementing "value-based
competition" for the allocation of the 26 GHz and 40 GHz bands for 5G. It also
continues to extend frequencies for wireless LANs to meet diverse consumer
needs.
Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN): To ensure connectivity everywhere—including at
sea and in the air—the MIC is advancing the use of HAPS (High-Altitude
Platform Stations) and satellite direct communications, particularly in the 2 GHz
and 700 MHz bands.
Spectrum Reorganization and Migration: The ministry is actively migrating
underutilized systems, such as analog MCA wireless, to free up space for new
services like 3D positioning systems and broadband low-power wireless in the
800/900 MHz bands.
17
Public Service Efficiency: The MIC evaluates the effective use of frequencies by
government agencies every year, pushing for the digitalization of analog disaster
prevention radio systems to reduce costs and improve performance.
Strategic Planning for 6G Spectrum: The MIC’s 6G efforts are guided by the
"Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy " and focus on three key technical areas:
Next-generation Mobile (6G), All-Photonics Networks (APN), and Non-Terrestrial
Networks (NTN).
o Targeting Candidate Bands: Japan is accelerating studies to identify IMT
frequencies for 6G, specifically focusing on the bands to be discussed at
the WRC-27 (World Radiocommunication Conference 2027):
– GHz (Sub-6 range).
– GHz (Centimeter-wave "Golden Band").
– GHz.
o Millimeter Wave and High-Frequency Utilization: The MIC aims to secure
GHz of bandwidth in the high bands (above 30 GHz) for mobile
networks by 2040. This includes promoting the use of the terahertz bands
(above 100 GHz) for ultra-high-capacity applications like AR/VR and
sensing.
Advanced Network Technologies: Research and development are underway for
vRAN-based network control and flexible network construction technologies to
support the dense, high-capacity deployments required for 6G.
Cybersecurity and Resilience: The MIC is prioritizing the development of post-
quantum cryptography (PQC) and symmetric key cryptography specifically for
implementation within 6G wireless systems.
India
India is actively preparing for the next generation of telecom innovation. Even as 5G
continues to roll out nationwide, the government has already accelerated research
investments, policy frameworks, and industry collaborations to develop 6G technology.
The Bharat 6G Vision Statement
The Government of India's Department of Telecommunications published “The Bharat
6G Vision Statement” in March 2023, outlines a strategic roadmap to position India as a
global leader in the development and deployment of 6G wireless technology.
The Bharat 6G Mission is divided into two phases:
Phase 1 (2023-2025): Ideation, explorative research, and proof-of-concept tests.
18
Phase 2 (2025-2030): Conceptualizing and delivering commercial-ready
technology solutions for India and the world.
India government will establish a robust funding mechanism, including a corpus of
₹10,000 crore over 10 years, to support high-risk research by industry, startups, and
academia. The government also will implement shared use of spectrum, particularly in
higher frequency bands, and rationalise congested bands to support Industry and
actively participate in and contribute to global standards forums (like 3GPP and ITU) to
ensure Indian innovations are incorporated into global products. They aim for a flexible,
integrated optical and wireless network reaching every household by the end of the
decade.
India Spectrum Roadmap for 6G services
Government of India Ministry of Communications Department of Telecommunications
release its Spectrum Roadmap for 6G services on Dec, 30, 2025, providing a strategic
and forward-looking plan for making the right spectrum available to enable IMT-2030
(6G) services in India.
It plans for IMT-2030 services across three phases (2025–2035) to make India a global
6G hub. Key focus areas include securing the upper 6 GHz band (6425–7125 MHz),
utilizing 37–40 GHz for high capacity, and aligning with WRC-27/WRC-31 for global 6G
harmonization. India is making spectrum available in the upper 6 GHz band for IMT. The
GHz and 7 GHz bands are also being considered following WRC-27 along with 67
MHz in the 1500 MHz band.
Spectrum Roadmap Phases (2025-2035)
Short Term (2025–2026): 400 MHz in 6425-6725 MHz and 7025-7125 MHz and
3000 MHz in 37-40 GHz.
Medium Term (2027–2030): 367 MHz, including 300 MHz in 6725-7025 MHz and
67 MHz in 1427-1518 MHz, and 1000 MHz in GHz. WRC-27 studies:
4400-4800 MHz, 7125-8400 MHz, and GHz.
Long Term (2031–2035): 66-71 GHz Band for mobile telecommunication services.
Sub-Terahertz Bands: GHz to 252-275 GHz, studied under WRC-31.
6 GHz Band: Identified as a crucial mid-band resource for both 5G-Advanced and 6G.
And they also try to align with WRC to ensure harmonization with ITU-R studies for 6G
global standards. They will also support the indigenous research and development of
6G testbeds and manufacturing under the PIB Bharat 6G Vision.
India’s 6G spectrum roadmap is guided by sound spectrum policies, including making
all spectrum technology-neutral and allowing practices such as sharing and leasing to
enhance spectrum efficiency. These policies can enable India to efficiently
release additional spectrum within existing frequency bands where opportunities exist.
19
GCC
The GCC region, led by administrations such as the Communications, Space and
Technology Commission (CST) of Saudi Arabia and the Communications Regulatory
Authority (CRA) of Qatar, is positioning itself as a global leader in the transition toward
AI-enabled network architectures. Their spectrum strategies are closely linked to
national digital transformation programs, such as Saudi Vision 2030.
Early Exploration of Upper 6 GHz for IMT Evolution: GCC regulators have shown
significant early interest in the upper 6 GHz band (– GHz) as a
potential candidate for future IMT evolution beyond 5G-A. This band is
recognized for its ability to provide a critical balance between wide-area coverage
and high capacity.
Exploratory Studies on Sub-THz and Millimeter-Wave: Regulators are beginning
preliminary research into millimeter-wave and sub-THz bands (above 40 GHz).
These are being studied as potential candidate bands for future 6G high-capacity
communications, integrated sensing, and advanced backhaul solutions.
Africa
African administrations, coordinated primarily through the African Telecommunications
Union (ATU), emphasize a spectrum policy that bridges the digital divide while fostering
industrial growth through global standards.
Prioritizing Mid-Band for Balanced Growth: African nations are actively studying
mid-band spectrum ranges (including portions around – GHz and 7–
GHz) as potential candidates for future IMT systems. These bands are viewed as
the most effective ranges for balancing coverage and capacity across the
continent’s vast geographic areas.
The "Low-Band" Requirement: To ensure rural inclusivity, African nations are
advocating for the continued use and optimization of bands below 1 GHz (such
as the 470–694 MHz range) for 6G. This is essential for providing foundational
"AI-Lite" services to agricultural and remote sectors..
Emphasis on WRC-27 Global Harmonization: The African Group places a high
priority on international spectrum harmonization, particularly regarding studies
under Agenda Item of WRC-27. Harmonization is seen as the primary driver
for achieving economies of scale, which will reduce the cost of 6G devices and
infrastructure for African consumers.
20
3GPP Status
In 5G, the maximum channel bandwidth is100MHz for sub-6GHzbased on 4K FFT. For
6G design, companies have consensus to increase the maximum channel bandwidth for
sub-6GHz based on larger FFT size to increase the schedule efficiency, positioning
accuracy and other performance.
3GPP started discussion on how to address the support of larger channel bandwidth
since Oct 2025 (. RAN1#122bis and RAN4#116bis). RAN1 #122bis (Oct. 2025)
approved 400MHz (network side) as maximum channel bandwidth (at the network side)
and 30KHz SCS for physical layer design for sub-6Ghz. Extensive discussion
continued in multiple RAN4 meetings on how to balance the implementation complexity
and address the support of larger channel bandwidth in sub-6GHz for both UL and DL.
RAN#111 (Mar. 2026) approved a WF on Maximum CBW of both DL and UL for ~7GHz,
with the following agreements captured.
• In a BS with a CBW of 400MHz, support UEs operating with Maximum CBW of
400MHz in DL(., non-CA single CC) and Maximum CBW of 200MHz in UL, as
detailed in the following slides.
• For DL
• Specification of CBW of 400MHz in DL operation is to be addressed in
RAN WGs for one RF and two RF chains implementations aiming at a
common air interface description (based on the already identified options
in RAN1), covering:
• Single DCI/PDSCH from UE perspective
• A single scheduled PDSCH that spans the entire CBW shall be supported
with applicable restrictions on resource configuration mapping (. to
avoid SSB, PRG/REG spanning across any applicable boundary of RF
chains) and UE measurements
• Design details, if any, to be further studied in RAN WGs.
• The support of the DL 400MHz operation is optional and subject to UE
capability
• Specifications will support other CBW values in DL between 200MHz and
400MHz as needed based on operator’s spectrum needs
• CBW definition is referring to the existing definition of 5G NR for CBW
equal or less than 200MHz. The UE CBW definition for >200MHz in the DL
21
will be revised as necessary with the assumption of one RF and two RF
chains implementations.
• For UL
• The data transmission (., frequency alignment, UL switching possibility)
and sounding transmission in UL max CBW of 200MHz is to be addressed
via further discussions at WGs.
• Sounding in the UL of all parts of the DL bandwidth over time is to be
supported
6 Global status of study on candidate bands for D2D
Europe
ECC Report 373
A work item was created in June 2023 in CEPT under FM44 (Satellite Communication)
WG on Satellite based Direct-to-Device (D2D) communications for smartphones, aiming
to study the regulatory and technical elements with respect to national authorization of
satellite based D2D in CEPT. It has been finalized after public consultation in Feb 2026
in ECC Report 373. This report investigates the regulatory and technical
frameworks required for the national authorization of satellite-based Direct-to-Device
(D2D) communications using unmodified, off-the-shelf smartphones.
The study report covers 2 distinct spectrum approaches:
D2D-MSS: Utilizing spectrum already allocated to the Mobile-Satellite Service
(., L-band and S-band).
D2D-IMT: Utilizing spectrum allocated to the Mobile Service (IMT bands),
typically used by terrestrial mobile network operators (MNOs).
The objective of the study is to provide regulators with clarity on national
authorization regime, licensing, technical interference, and cross-border coordination to
prevent harmful interference between systems. The main content include the
description of system, spectrum analysis, regulatory consideration, operational issues.
The key conclusions are:
The existing MSS framework is ready to accommodate compliant D2D-MSS
without regulatory changes;
D2D-IMT requires further regulatory development at both national and European
levels, including potential adjustments to licensing conditions
and harmonised measures;
22
Studies are needed on coexistence of D2D-IMT with IMT and adjacent band
services, as well as on cross-border coordination mechanisms;
Preparations towards ITU-R World Radiocommunication Conference 2027
(WRC-27) Agenda Item will be central to addressing long-term regulatory
solutions for D2D-IMT.
It proposes CEPT administrations will need to exchange information, study technical
compatibility, and develop harmonised ECC approaches to ensure that D2D-IMT
services can evolve while protecting existing users of spectrum.
RSPG Opinion of the EU-level policy approach to satellite Direct-to-
Device connectivity and related Single Market issues
The Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG) issued its opinion on June
17, 2025 to provide a strategic framework for the EU-level approach to satellite Direct-
to-Device (D2D) connectivity and related Single Market issues. It addresses the
technical harmonization, national authorization, and European market access issues
related to satellite D2D connectivity. It specifically identifies and defines 4 types of D2D
services based on their spectrum access frameworks:
D2D-IMT: Services using bands harmonized for terrestrial mobile services
(ECS).
D2D-MES: Services to mobile earth stations in satellite-specific bands.
D2D-IoT SRD: Services to IoT devices in short-range device (SRD) bands.
D2D-IoT MSS: Services to IoT devices in Mobile Satellite Service bands below 1
GHz
Note: The 2 GHz MSS band and international issues under the scope of WRC-27 are
excluded from this specific Opinion's core technical scope.
The key conclusions are:
Given the current EU and CEPT harmonization, national licensing in most
Member States only covers mobile terrestrial use. The technical harmonization
decisions in relevant ECS bands all support development of mobile terrestrial use,
so are the underlying CEPT deliverables. Thus, the introduction of D2D-IMT is
currently generally not possible in ECS licenses in EU Member States.
Within EU, contrary to other parts of the world, there are no “landing rights” for
satellites (. space segment authorizations) to offer services on the EU market.
In that light, the RSPG has identified a need for a safeguarding mechanism on
the basis of national authorizations to enable Member States to react
collectively in the benefit of EU interests.
Possible establishment of common requirements on electronic communications
satellites services, as basis of possible safeguarding mechanism(s) to enable
Member States to react collectively in case of non-compliance, has been
discussed . Compliance of satellite networks with the ITU-R RR including
of coordination and notification (ITU Master International Frequency Register
23
(MIFR) entry) procedures respecting ITU status/dates of protection and carried
out in good faith etc
Key Recommendations:
For D2D-IMT Services
o Technical Mandate: The European Commission (EC) should mandate the
CEPT to develop harmonised technical conditions for D2D-IMT in ECS
bands.
o Regulatory Updates: The EC should consider amending existing
ECS harmonisation decisions to allow D2D-IMT while protecting terrestrial
networks.
For IoT and MES Services
o Registry/Licensing: Member States should consider national licensing
regimes or registries to better identify satellite operators in specific bands.
o Receiver Standards: Recommend improving receiver blocking in L-band
MES terminals to reduce interference with mobile downlink services.
EC Mandate to study feasibility of and develop of least restrictive
harmonized technical conditions for the use of EU-harmonized frequency
bands for terrestrial wireless systems providing electronic communication
service by satellite system providing direct to device IMT connectivity
European Commission officially issued a mandate to the CEPT on October 27,
2025. The objective is to develop least restrictive harmonized technical conditions for
satellite systems providing D2D-IMT services to off-the-shelf terminal stations (such as
smartphones). These satellite services are intended to complement existing terrestrial
coverage, particularly in rural, remote, and maritime areas.
The mandate covers a wide range of bands currently harmonized for terrestrial
Electronic Communications Services (ECS):
Sub-1 GHz: 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 900 MHz.
Mid-Bands: GHz, 1800 MHz, paired terrestrial 2 GHz, and GHz.
High-Capacity/mmWave Bands: GHz, 26 GHz, and 42 GHz
Mandated Tasks: The CEPT is required to complete 3 specific tasks to ensure these
services do not interfere with existing terrestrial networks:
Task 1: Feasibility and Compatibility Studies: ensure the protection of existing TN
and incumbent services in those bands and adjacent bands. And Identify which
specific bands from the list are technically feasible for D2D-IMT
deployment. (Draft Report A available in June, 2026, Final in Nov, 2026)
Task 2: Development of Technical Conditions: Study the technical and
operational conditions required to protect terrestrial services without overly
constraining them. And Develop the harmonized technical conditions to be
implemented into the EU regulatory framework and ensure these
24
conditions facilitate cross-border frequency coordination. (Draft Report B is
available in March, 2027, final in July, 2027)
Task 3: Post-WRC-27 Review: if necessary, revise the results of Tasks 1 and 2
based on the outcomes of the WRC-27. (Draft Report C available in July, 2028
and final in Nov, 2028)
CEPT Work on D2D-IMT
CEPT has officially started its technical work on the D2D-IMT mandate as of November
2025. The work is currently in the active study phase, with several specialized groups
collaborating to meet the July 2026 deadline for the first major deliverable.
The work is being split between 2 main technical bodies:
WG FM (Frequency Management) / Working Group FM44: Acting as the lead
group for drafting the final CEPT Reports for the Commission. Established a
skeleton for CEPT Report B (Report on harmonised technical and operational
conditions for D2D-IMT in EU). They are coordinating the "regulatory model" for
D2D-IMT, which is expected to include a requirement for satellite networks to be
registered in an "ECC list" before starting service.
WG SE (Spectrum Engineering) / Working Group SE40: Leading the
technical compatibility and sharing studies (Work Item SE40_49). 2 CGs
established for studying protection of terrestrial component of IMT (led by AST)
and protection of other incumbent services (led by France).
ECC PT1: providing specific technical parameters for terrestrial mobile
networks (characteristic and deployments, protection criteria, etc.), as well
as PFD limits for protection of terrestrial IMT. Based on the mandate's
timeline, currently the main focus is on Report A. The groups are
currently studying the sub-3 GHz bands (which overlap with WRC-27
preparations) and investigating the challenges and feasibility of D2D-IMT in TDD
bands and in the higher bands ( GHz, 26 GHz, and 42 GHz). The result of
studies on feasibility of the bands for D2D-IMT is expected to be ready for WG
FM's review by May 2026 to meet the July 2026 public consultation target. CEPT
Report B Initial discussions have started on "Least Restrictive Technical
Conditions" (LRTC), but detailed work will ramp up once the feasibility studies in
Report A are more stable.
Key Technical Challenges Under Discussion
Multi-system aggregate impact: CEPT is debating how to account for multiple
satellite constellations operating co-frequency in neighboring countries. They are
considering that the "aggregate PFD limits" for protection of IMT might need to be
partitioned among multiple systems to ensure that the total interference from all
satellite systems doesn't exceed the threshold for terrestrial networks.
Cross-Border Coordination: There is significant work on how to protect an
MNO mobile network in Country A from a satellite service operating co-
frequency authorized in neighboring Country B,.
25
Adjacent band/channel protection within the country: There is significant work on
how to protect the MNO mobile network A from a satellite service operating in
adjacent channel/band in the same country.
Protection of IMT base stations:
Feasibility of D2D-IMT in TDD bands:
Compliance verification methodology:
6G Evolution: The studies are specifically tasked with ensuring that D2D-IMT
does not block the future deployment of 6G terrestrial technologies in these same
bands.
WRC-27 AI
In the CEPT, the work on WRC-27 Agenda Item is distributed between 2 main
groups:
Overall Responsibility: CPG-PTC, is responsible for drafting the CEPT Brief and
the European Common Position (ECP)
Technical Support: ECC PT1, performs the sharing and compatibility studies,
specifically focusing on the protection of the terrestrial component of IMT. Their
technical results are fed back to CPG PTC to be included in ECP.
While they involve different groups, they are highly coordinated to ensure that the
European technical rules developed for the EC Mandate are consistent with the
positions Europe takes at the global negotiations for WRC-27.
Current CEPT preliminary view is that:
CEPT is considering possible new MSS allocations for direct connectivity
between space stations and IMT UEs to complement the terrestrial IMT network
coverage and supports the development of an international regulatory framework
that enables such usage in agreed IMT identified bands, in the frequency range
694-2700 MHz, with frequency arrangements in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R , while ensuring the protection of existing
services both in band and in the adjacent bands.
CEPT is further of the view that terrestrial IMT operations shall be protected both
within the countries as well as in cross-border situations, including in the
territorial waters. The protection of stations on fixed installations in Exclusive
Economic Zones (EEZ) or onboard ships in international waters (Mobile
Communication Services onboard Vessels (MCV)) also need to be addressed.
CEPT is of the view that the frequency band 2300-2400 MHz is not an option for
complementary DC-MSS-IMT usage since Recommendation ITU-R only
considers TDD in this band and aeronautical mobile telemetry systems (AMT) are
particularly sensitive to interference from satellites. It is also noted that PMSE is
used in this band in CEPT.
D2D Market Development Landscape
Europe has formed two major camps:
26
The Starlink-Deutsche Telekom Alliance: Adopts a vertically integrated model,
providing coverage extension through a unified global satellite network.
The SCE (Satellite Connect Europe) Open Platform: Formed by Vodafone,
Orange, Telefonica, and AST SpaceMobile, emphasizing European control and
multi-operator access.
Technological Capability Limitations:
According to GSMA's analysis at MWC26, D2D technology faces clear performance
ceilings:
Even with a deployment of 42,000 satellites and access to the entire IMT
spectrum, D2D could only provide basic 2 Mbps service to about 12% of the
global population.
Service at 20 Mbps would cover less than 2% of the population.
The main technical constraints are signal loss from space and limited spectrum
reuse (with satellite spot beams spanning 25-50 km compared to terrestrial cell
ranges of hundreds of meters).
Evolution of Spectrum Usage Trends
Strategic Shift from IMT to MSS
The spectrum strategy of the satellite industry has undergone significant changes:
Initial Phase: Primarily utilized terrestrial IMT (International Mobile
Telecommunications) spectrum bands to enable D2D. This was permitted under
Article of the ITU Radio Regulations (allowing operation on a non-
interference, no-protection basis) in countries like the US, Canada, Australia,
New Zealand, Japan, and Tanzania.
Current Trend: A shift towards competing for scarce Mobile Satellite Service
(MSS) spectrum bands:
o The EU 2 GHz MSS band: Considered a potential "golden band" for D2D in
Europe, attracting competition from multiple operators.
o The US market: AST SpaceMobile acquired L-band MSS spectrum rights
from the bankrupt Ligado Networks; Starlink applied for access to the 2
GHz band.
o Technical Considerations: MSS bands are seen as more suitable for D2D
services, but they typically require specialized hardware upgrades in devices.
Current Status of Regulatory Framework Development from
administrations
Regulatory Progress in Various Countries
27
The UK Leads Western Europe:
Ofcom's D2D regulatory framework, which took effect in February 2026, is a
pioneering initiative.
VMO2 was the first to modify its license to enable Starlink's satellite D2D
service.
The framework covers the 700MHz, 800MHz, 900MHz, 1400MHz, 1800MHz,
, and frequency bands.
It employs Power Flux Density (PFD) limits to prevent cross-border interference.
EU Coordination Process:
A unified D2D regulatory framework has not yet been established.
The RSPG (Radio Spectrum Policy Group) has recommended that the European
Commission develop technical conditions for D2D in mobile bands.
Luxembourg has become the headquarters for the Vodafone-AST joint venture,
but a supporting legal framework is lacking.
Developments in other countries:
Ukraine: Kyivstar, in partnership with Starlink, began offering services in 2025
using the 1725-1730/1820-1825 MHz bands.
France: ARCEP (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et
des Postes) launched a consultation process at the end of 2025.
Germany: BNetzA (Bundesnetzagentur) is developing a framework but has not
yet initiated a public consultation.
Technical Standards Development
3GPP Standardization
AST Space Mobile’s L-band and S-band profiles have been incorporated into
3GPP industry standards.
This supports the extension of D2D services over existing “high-quality low-
frequency bands” that are already supported by billions of devices.
However, challenges related to device compatibility and the complexity of
manual updates still need to be resolved.
Development trends and challenges
Leading D2D operators are widely adopting a dual-track strategy:
28
AST SpaceMobile: Shifting from sole reliance on IMT spectrum to acquiring MSS
spectrum.
Starlink: Acquired MSS spectrum assets through its $17 billion acquisition of
EchoStar.
Lynk Global: Embraced a “multi-spectrum satellite technology platform” following
its merger with Omnispace.
Driving factors include regulatory barriers (most countries do not allow MNOs to share
spectrum with satellite operators), technical complexity, and market access
considerations.
Short-Term Expectations (2026–2027)
Authorizations for the EU’s 2 GHz MSS band are set to expire in 2027,
triggering a new allocation process.
Commercial D2D services in the UK are expected to launch in early 2026.
Medium- to Long-Term Trends (2027–2030)
WRC-27 will be a critical milestone for global D2D regulation.
The integration between satellite D2D and terrestrial networks will deepen.
Success Factors：
Spectrum Access: The strategic importance of MSS bands is becoming
increasingly prominent.
Regulatory Harmonization: Balancing transnational unified frameworks with local
requirements.
Technical Standardization: Continuous improvement of device compatibility and
network interoperability.
FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space (SCS) Framework
In March 2024, the FCC adopted the world's first comprehensive regulatory framework
for SCS. This framework allows satellite operators to collaborate with terrestrial Mobile
Network Operators (MNOs) to provide coverage using the MNO's licensed flexible-use
spectrum.
29
Authorized Frequencies and Technical Parameters
Authorized Bands: Currently includes 600 MHz (614-652 MHz), 700 MHz, 800
MHz, GHz (PCS), and GHz.
Protection of Terrestrial Networks: To prevent interference, the FCC established
an aggregate Power Flux Density (PFD) limit of -120 dBW/m²/MHz measured at
meters above ground level for satellite downlink emissions.
Emergency Services: Terrestrial providers must route SCS 911 calls to a Public
Safety Answering Point (PSAP) using location-based routing.
Japan
Japan’s -D2D commercial launch
Starlink was issued a license by the MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications) to operate the ground station for Starlink service installed at KDDI’s
Yamaguchi Satellite Communication Center.
KDDI's AU has launched what it claims is the first direct-to-cell satellite service in Japan,
allowing the mobile operator to connect 40% of the coverage area that its terrestrial
network cannot reach because of the country's rugged geography. Services available in
satellite mode include sending and receiving text messages (SMS), RCS messages (for
Android-based smartphone users), and iMessages (for iPhone users); sharing current
location data; and receiving earthquake alerts, tsunami alerts, and J-Alert. In addition,
users of Android-based smartphones will be able to send queries to Gemini, Google's AI
assistant, via the text message app. It is expected that voice and data services will
eventually be introduced to AU Starlink Direct.
NTT Docomo announced on Feb, 09, 2026 that it is on track to launch its direct-to-cell
satellite services in early fiscal year 202 6. The service does not require a special
device and users can access it on Docomo's LTE-compatible phones. The subscribers
using the service will be able to send and receive text messages and communicate
through compatible apps in areas where communication via ground BSs has not been
possible. Details such as partner companies, fees, supported areas, compatible models,
and compatible apps will be announced at a later date.
Softbank announced on February 9, 2026, that the company will begin offering direct
satellite-to-smartphone communication services in the 2026 fiscal year. He emphasized
the importance of prioritizing service availability over differentiation from competitors,
aiming for a unified user experience.
Rakuten Mobile is advancing a project with .-based AST SpaceMobile, aiming to
launch services in Japan by the fourth quarter of 2026. The project aimed at achieving
30
direct "high-speed internet communication" (voice and video calls, etc.) using low-orbit
satellites and commercially available smartphones.
Domestic Legislation and Technical Parameters:
Japan established its D2D regulatory framework in 2024, with a technical study
approved in October and a ministerial order in November.
Technical Study & Regulatory Framework for D2D Satellite Services in Japan
Technical Study:
Defined technical parameters for NGSO satellite systems using the 2GHz band to
provide cellular coverage via D2D (Device-to-Device) communication. Reported results
of frequency sharing studies between D2D services and existing systems in co-
frequency and adjacent bands.
Draft Ministerial Order:
Updated the definition of “earth station” to include D2D user terminals. Specified
technical requirements for D2D terminals, including frequency range, output power,
modulation, and maximum deviation.
Note on Satellite Licensing:
Satellite station licenses will be issued by foreign administrations under RR , subject
to Japanese government consent.
The regulations define the technical parameters for Non-Geostationary (NGSO) satellite
systems to provide cellular phone coverage:
The service link for D2D operates in the 2GHz IMT band (Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz,
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz), with a maximum bandwidth of 5MHz per link. The feeder
link uses the Ka band.
Key system parameters include a maximum of 7,500 satellites at altitudes of 340 km or
525 km, a maximum of 256 beams per satellite, and a service beam diameter of
approximately 50 km.
Frequency Sharing Study:
A sharing study was conducted to assess compatibility with existing services in Japan's
2GHz band allocation. It examined five specific interference scenarios between the new
D2D service (both satellite and mobile terminals) and incumbent services, including IMT,
Space Operation, MSS-QZSS, and Digital Cordless Telephones.
31
WRC-27 AI position
Japan supports ongoing studies in ITU-R in accordance with Resolution 253 (WRC-23).
Japan supports new allocations to the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) for direct
connectivity between space stations and IMT user equipment to complement terrestrial
IMT network coverage (DC-MSS-IMT), in accordance with Resolution 253 (WRC-23),
provided that the protection of incumbent services, such as Space Operation Service
(SOS), MSS and Broadcasting Service, is ensured. It is also essential to implement
technical and operational measures to ensure that the stations of DC-MSS-IMT do not
cause interference to, or claim protection from stations operating in the Mobile Service,
including the terrestrial component of IMT, HIBS and 760MHz ITS.
Japan is generally satisfied with the candidate frequency bands under discussion
(including 2GHz and bands) but has major concerns regarding frequency
sharing with specific incumbent services like MSS-QZSS and MSS-N-Star.
Japan has proposed solutions for protecting these services, such as setting hard limits
for aggregated Power Flux Density (PFD) or Equivalent Power Flux Density (EPFD).
32
India
Current Activities
The national roadmap for D2D satellite communication services is being finalized, with
an emphasis on universal connectivity and digital inclusion. It aims to integrate next -
generation satellite technologies into standard smartphones.
This initiative will be submitted to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).
TRAI will engage with stakeholders, set regulatory frameworks, and propose a spectrum
allocation model for D2D satellite communication (satcom) services.
There are ongoing pilot projects with BSNL and Viasat, which have demonstrated the
technical feasibility of messaging and emergency services. Major industry players are
seeking clarity on whether D2D will utilize satellite or terrestrial spectrum. The roadmap
is in line with international developments, especially the spectrum band identification at
the 2027 World Radiocommunication Conference. It also aims to simplify licensing,
spectrum access, and business operations to encourage private - sector participation.
The underlying policy goal is to bridge the digital divide and support national objectives.
This will be achieved by leveraging hybrid (satellite - terrestrial) infrastructure and new
satellite constellations. After regulatory approvals and the establishment of global
interoperability standards, the commercial roll - out is likely to accelerate.
Jio claims including L/S bands in the auction (and treating them as equivalent to IMT
spectrum) will enable a unified, software - defined network architecture—supporting
D2D and other non - terrestrial innovations under the 6G framework, while significantly
expanding network coverage.
In its submission to TRAI’s consultation paper on spectrum auctions, Jio emphasized
these bands should be part of India’s IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications)
spectrum roadmap.
Additionally, Jio urged pilot trials to establish coexistence parameters between IMT
(terrestrial mobile) and satellite services in the 6 GHz band (to ensure seamless
integration of terrestrial and satellite networks).
WRC-27 AI
Proposed Frequency Arrangements:
470-960 MHz Range:
Recommended FDD frequency arrangements: A3 (832-862 MHz/ 791-821 MHz),
A5 (703-748 MHz/ 758-803 MHz), A7 and A9 (subsets of A5), A8 (698-703 MHz/
753-758 MHz).
33
TDD/SDL frequency arrangements: A6 and A10 may require additional
considerations.
1427-1518 MHz Range:
Recommended FDD frequency arrangement: G2 (1427-1470 MHz/ 1475-1518
MHz) to protect existing incumbents.
1710-2200 MHz Range:
Recommended FDD frequency arrangements: B1 (1920-1980 MHz/ 2110-2170
MHz), B2 (1710-1785 MHz/ 1805-1880 MHz), B3 (1850-1920 MHz/ 1930-2000
MHz), B6 (1980-2010 MHz/ 2170-2200 MHz), B7 (2000-2020 MHz/ 2180-2200
MHz).
2300-2400 MHz Range:
This range is excluded from studies due to the use of unpaired (TDD)
arrangements that cannot be harmonized for MSS.
2500-2690 MHz Range:
This range is also excluded from studies due to the use of both paired (FDD) and
unpaired (TDD) arrangements that cannot be harmonized for MSS.
GCC
Saudi CST D2D Regulatory Initiative
Saudi Arabia’s CST launched a public consultation on Direct-to-Device (D2D)
connectivity to extend mobile coverage to 100% of the Kingdom's territory, including
remote areas and maritime zones .
Technical and Spectrum Approach
MSS and IMT Integration: The CST is evaluating both the use of existing Mobile
Satellite Service (MSS) bands (L-band/S-band) and the use of terrestrial IMT
bands through sharing agreements .
Coexistence: Focus is placed on managing interference between satellite D2D
systems and incumbent terrestrial MNOs, following 3GPP NTN standards
(Releases 17/18).
34
Africa
ATU and WRC-27 Agenda Item Position
African administrations are actively participating in ITU-R Working Party 4C studies to
facilitate D2D connectivity to complement terrestrial networks in rural Africa.
Proposed Frequency Arrangements
Based on regional technical studies, Africa supports the evaluation of the following FDD
arrangements for DC-MSS-IMT to leverage existing smartphone hardware :
Sub-1 GHz: A3 (832-862 MHz/ 791-821 MHz) and A5 (703-748 MHz/ 758-803
MHz).
Mid-Band (2 GHz): B1 (1920-1980 MHz/ 2110-2170 MHz) and B6 (1980-2010
MHz/ 2170-2200 MHz) are identified as key ranges for ensuring high-quality
satellite-to-mobile data services.
7 Future Forum Analysis of the global spectrum
development trends
Global trends of harmonized 6G Candidate Bands
Analysis of Global 6G Candidate Band Trends
Based on above status from different countries and regions, there is a clear and
converging global strategy for identifying and harmonizing spectrum for 6G.
Upper 6 GHz Band (6425-7125 MHz): A Post-WRC-23 Implementation Focus
o This band was already identified for IMT at WRC-23. Current global work
is focused on implementing this decision, particularly on coexistence
and sharing studies (., with Wi-Fi/WAS/RLANs).
o Europe (CEPT/ECC) is actively working on a harmonized framework
under an EC Mandate, with studies on coexistence (Task 1), shared use
feasibility (Task 2), and technical conditions (Task 3) scheduled through
2027.
o India has already outlined plans to release 400 MHz in this band (6425-
6725 MHz & 7025-7125 MHz) in the short term (2025-2026).
35
. Analysis for the Regional and National Strategic Trends
Asia-Pacific: Leading the "Golden Band" Push
o Rationale: This band offers an optimal balance of capacity and coverage,
allowing for the reuse of existing 5G cell site infrastructure, which is critical
for affordable and rapid deployment.
o They emphasize active participation in WRC-27 to ensure these bands
are harmonized globally, preventing market fragmentation.
Europe (CEPT): A Structured, Phased Approach
o CEPT's strategy is defined by its 6G Roadmap, aiming for harmonized
technical conditions by 2027/2028.
o Its work is split into:
1. WRC-23 Follow-up: Implementing the Upper 6 GHz band (6425-
7125 MHz) with a focus on sharing with Wi-Fi.
2. WRC-27 Preparation: Developing a common European position
to possibly support -7250GHz for IMT, while opposing -
GHz and GHz based on current studies.
United States: Legislative-Driven Pipeline with Near-Term Focus
o The . strategy is now guided by the OBBBA Act, which mandates
identifying 800 MHz of spectrum below GHz.
o Near-term focus is on the Upper C-Band ( GHz), with an FCC
rulemaking underway.
o Mid/Long-term candidates align with global trends: ,
GHz and GHz have been identified for federal reallocation
studies. Notably, the GHz range is statutorily excluded for
federal use, which may impact the . position on the full GHz
band at WRC-27.
GCC & Africa: Aligning with Global Harmonization
o GCC (., Saudi Arabia, Qatar) is showing early interest in the Upper 6
GHz band and exploring sub-THz bands, linking spectrum to national
digital transformation agendas.
o Africa (via ATU) supports Upper 6GHz bands and prioritizes mid-band
spectrum ( GHz, GHz) for balanced growth and strongly
emphasizes WRC-27 harmonization to achieve economies of scale and
lower device costs. Africa also advocates for sub-1 GHz bands for
inclusive rural coverage.
Technology and Standardization Drivers (3GPP)
The 3GPP standardization work is defining the technical envelope for 6G
spectrum. A key decision is the support for a maximum channel bandwidth of 400
MHz in the downlink (with 200 MHz in uplink initially) for bands around 7 GHz.
36
This 400 MHz channel bandwidth target is a major technical driver behind the
push for large, contiguous blocks of spectrum in the GHz range, as it
directly enables the high-performance goals of 6G.
Conclusion: Convergence of Global Trends
1. Implementation of Upper 6 GHz is underway. The 6425-7125 MHz band is
transitioning from identification to implementation, with major work focused on
defining sharing mechanisms with incumbent services.
2. National Roadmaps are Aligning with WRC Process. Countries like India and
Japan have published detailed spectrum roadmaps that are explicitly
synchronized with the WRC-27 timeline, aiming to allocate spectrum shortly after
the conference.
3. Higher Bands for the Future: While mid-bands are the immediate focus, all
regions acknowledge the role of millimeter-wave (., 37-40 GHz) and sub-
Terahertz bands (above 100 GHz) for extreme capacity in the longer term, with
studies targeted for WRC-31 and beyond.
Global Trends of D2D candidate bands:
Based on the above status review in Chapter 6, there is an analysis of the trends for
potential global Direct-to-Device Mobile Satellite Service ( D2D) candidate bands, with a
focus on harmonization efforts, national developments, and the critical role of WRC-27.
Analysis of Global D2D Candidate Band Trends
The global development of D2D spectrum policy is rapidly evolving, characterized by a
strategic shift from initial IMT bands under ITU-R Article under national/regional
framework to dedicated existing MSS band. World Radiocommunication Conference
2027 (WRC-27) AI regulatory framework will be a long-term global harmonized
approach.
Strategic Shift: From IMT Bands to MSS Bands: A major trend is the strategic
pivot from using terrestrial IMT spectrum to securing dedicated MSS spectrum.
Initial Phase (D2D-IMT): Early movers (USA, Japan, UK) authorized D2D
services in terrestrial IMT bands (., 600 MHz, 700 MHz, GHz, GHz)
under ITU RR Article (non-interference, no-protection basis). This
allowed for rapid commercial launches (., Starlink in Japan, AST
SpaceMobile tests).
Current Trend (D2D-MSS): The industry is now competing for scarce
dedicated MSS bands, recognized as a more sustainable long-term solution.
Examples include:
37
o The EU 2 GHz MSS band (1980-2010/2170-2200 MHz) is viewed as
a "golden band" in Europe.
o In the US, AST SpaceMobile acquired L-band MSS rights, and Starlink
applied for 2 GHz MSS access.
Rationale: While IMT bands offer immediate device compatibility, they come
with regulatory uncertainty, complex sharing requirements, and lacking of
common regulatory framework in EU. MSS bands provide clearer rights and a
more stable regulatory home for satellite operators, though they may
require device hardware upgrades.
WRC-27 (Agenda Item ): The Decisive Forum for Global Harmonization:
WRC-27 Agenda Item is the single most important global process for
establishing a future-proof, harmonized regulatory framework for D2D. The
positions of key administrations are converging on a common scope.
Proposed Candidate Bands (Range 694-2700 MHz):
o Sub-1 GHz Bands (., 700-900 MHz range): Favored for their
excellent propagation characteristics, crucial for coverage in remote
areas. Specific arrangements like A3 (832-862/791-821 MHz) and
A5 (703-748/758-803 MHz) are supported by India and Africa.
o GHz Band: India has proposed the G2 arrangement (1427-
1470/1475-1518 MHz). This band is seen as promising due to
relatively lighter incumbent usage in some regions.
o 2 GHz Band (1710-2200 MHz): This is the most active and
contentious range, with several proposed FDD arrangements:
B1 (1920-1980/2110-2170 MHz): This is a globally supported
key candidate (Japan, India, Africa) as it aligns with existing
3G/4G IMT bands, enabling hardware reuse.
B2 (1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz) and B6 (1980-2010/2170-
2200 MHz) are also under study (India, Africa).
o Excluded Bands: There is a strong objection to include the TDD
bands . the 2300-2400 MHz and 2500-2690 MHz ranges in India
from D2D-MSS studies. Europe (CEPT) explicitly rules out 2300-
2400 MHz due to TDD-only usage (incompatible with MSS FDD needs)
and sensitive aeronautical mobile telemetry (AMT) incumbents. India
also excludes both and bands due to their
unpaired/TDD nature.
38
Regional Positions for WRC-27:
o Europe (CEPT): Supports new MSS allocations in the 694-2700
MHz range, with frequency arrangements per ITU-R , but
insists on absolute protection for terrestrial IMT (in-country and
cross-border). CEPT's technical studies heavily influence its cautious
stance.
o Japan: Supports the WRC-27 studies and new MSS allocations,
provided protection is ensured for incumbents like Space Operation
Service (SOS) and its national MSS-QZSS system. Japan is
generally satisfied with the candidate bands but has proposed
technical solutions like aggregate PFD limits to enable sharing.
o India & Africa: Have provided the most detailed proposed frequency
arrangements (listed above), focusing on FDD paired spectrum in
sub-1 GHz and 2 GHz bands to leverage existing smartphone
hardware.
National & Regional Regulatory Frameworks: A Patchwork Under
Development
Global regulation is a mix of first-mover national frameworks and slower regional
harmonization.
Pioneers (National Frameworks):
o USA: The FCC's SCS framework (March 2024) was the world's first
comprehensive rule-set, authorizing specific IMT bands and establishing
aggregate PFD limits (., -120 dBW/m²/MHz) to protect terrestrial
networks.
o UK: Ofcom's framework (effective Feb 2026) is the first in Western
Europe, covering seven IMT bands and using PFD limits for cross-border
protection. VMO2 has already modified its license for Starlink service.
o Japan: Established its framework in 2024, specifically for the 2 GHz IMT
band (1920-1980/2110-2170 MHz), with detailed technical parameters for
terminal and sharing studies. Multiple operators (KDDI, NTT Docomo,
SoftBank) have launched or announced services.
The EU's Coordinated, Cautious Approach: The EU is lacking of harmonized
framework and is developing the least restrictive harmonized technical conditions
for satellite systems providing D2D-IMT services to off-the-shelf terminal stations
(such as smartphones).
39
o Current Status: There is no unified EU D2D framework yet. The RSPG
Opinion (June 2025) concluded that D2D-IMT is currently not possible
under existing EU harmonization rules.
o Path Forward: The European Commission issued a Mandate (Oct
2025) to CEPT to study technical conditions for D2D-IMT across a wide
range of bands (from 700 MHz to 42 GHz). The work, split into feasibility
studies (Report A), technical conditions (Report B (finalization in March,
2027)), and a post-WRC-27 review (Report C), will run through 2028.
o Key EU Challenge: Balancing the introduction of D2D with the absolute
protection of terrestrial IMT networks, both domestically and in cross-
border scenarios, is the paramount technical and regulatory hurdle.
Current key concerns are, SNOs using IMT bands needs to partner with
MNOs and under MNOs license and controllable by MNOs, the service
should be geographically complementary to terrestrial networks rather
than usage complementary to TN. TDD bands need to be avoid. And
compliance method should be aligned with ITU-R decision.
Key Technical Limitation and Market Trends
Dual-Track Operator Strategy: Leading operators (AST SpaceMobile, Starlink,
Lynk) are adopting a dual-track strategy, pursuing both IMT-band access for
near-term service and MSS spectrum acquisition for long-term stability.
Technical Limitations: GSMA analysis indicates fundamental capacity limits for
D2D; even with vast constellations and full IMT spectrum, it is envisioned as a
basic coverage complement, not a substitute for terrestrial networks.
Standardization: 3GPP standardization (Releases 17/18 and beyond) is
incorporating NTN profiles, which is crucial for device compatibility and
ecosystem development.
. Conclusion: Converging Paths to Harmonization
1. WRC-27 is the primary path to global band harmonization runs through WRC-
27 AI . The most likely outcome is new MSS allocations in specific FDD-
paired blocks within the 694-2700 MHz range.
2. Near-Term Deployment Relies on IMT Bands: Until WRC-27 outcomes are
implemented, commercial services will continue to roll out using national
authorizations in IMT bands under non-interference conditions, leading to a
fragmented global patchwork.
40
3. The MSS Band is a clear strategic shift from IMT bands, that dedicated MSS
spectrum is the optimal solution for D2D, leading to a industry rush to secure
these scarce resources.
4. Protection of Terrestrial IMT network is the paramount requirement to protect
existing terrestrial mobile networks from harmful interference. Technical
measures like aggregate PFD limits and stringent sharing studies are central to
all regulatory developments.
5. Regional Paces Vary: The USA, UK, and Japan are first movers with active
commercial services. The EU is methodically building a complex harmonized
framework that may become a global model for coexistence. Other regions like
India, GCC, and Africa are actively studying the issue, with their positions for
WRC-27 largely aligned on candidate bands.
8 Conclusion and suggestions
Early planning for the U6 GHz band ahead of WRC-27 will help garner wider global
support for IMT footnote identification and will be critical for enabling timely 6G
deployment in China. Leveraging multiple international forums for coordination will also
be an effective way for China to positively influence administrations worldwide during
WRC-27.
Regarding D2D, from an industry perspective, it is essential to ensure that terrestrial
IMT networks are protected from harmful interference caused by D2D systems.
Regulatory measures for protecting IMT should be based on methodologies whose
compliance can be verified through the relevant ITU-R regulatory processes.
Notes:
Note 1: DC-MSS-IMT particular refers to the mobile direct to device for satellite
connection (D2D) mode using IMT frequency bands in the 698–2700 MHz range under
WRC-23 AI
References:
1） RADIO SPECTRUM POLICY GROUP 6G Strategic vision https://radio-
495a-9a10-437711cbe831_en?filename=RSPG25-006final-
2） DRAFT RSPG Opinion on a 6G spectrum roadmap https://radio-spectrum-
0f48eedf082c_en?filename=RSPG26-004final-DRAFT-
41
3） RSPG Opinion on Long-term vision for the upper 6 GHz https://radio-
bfcd-cfb572a5972f_en?filename=RSPG25-031final-RSPG-Opinion-
4） CEPT Roadmap for 6G
5） MANDATE TO THE CEPT TO STUDY FEASIBILITY OF AND DEVELOP
LEAST RESTRICTIVE HARMONISED TECHNICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE
POTENTIAL SHARED USE OF THE 6425-7125 MHZ FREQUENCY BAND
FOR THE PROVISION OF WIRELESS BROADBAND BY TERRESTRIAL
SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF PROVIDING WIRELESS BROADBAND
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES AND BY WIRELESS
ACCESS SYSTEMS, INCLUDING RADIO LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
%
6） CEPT Report A (Report on studies between MFCN in upper 6 GHz and
incumbents for publication)
pt1/news/ecc-pt1-finalised-draft-report-on-studies-between-mfcn-in-upper-6-
ghz-and-incumbents-for-publication
7） ECC Report 366 Feasibility of a potential shared use of the 6425-7125 MHz
frequency band between Mobile/Fixed Communications Networks (MFCN)
and Wireless Access Systems including Radio Local Area Networks
(WAS/RLAN)
8） Draft CEPT Brief on WRC-27 agenda item
27
9） Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy
10） Frequency Reorganization Action Plan (FY2025Version)
11） XGMF white paper of Recommendations for Securing Mid-Band Spectrum for
the 6G Era
12） Bharat 6G Vision document
Document/Bharat-6G-Vision-Document
13） Spectrum Roadmap for 6G Services
42
14） Bharat 6G Alliance Whitepaper on Spectrum Roadmap for 6G in India
15） ECC Report 373 Exploring the regulatory and technical elements with respect
to national authorisation of satellite based Direct-to-Device (D2D)
communications via existing available smartphone
16） RSPG Opinion on the EU-level policy approach to satellite Direct-to-Device
connectivity and related Single Market https://radio-spectrum-policy-
a222c5b36545_en?filename=RSPG25-020final-
&prefLang=hr
17） Mandate to the CEPT to study feasibility of and develop least restrictive
harmonized technical conditions for the use of Eu-harmonized frequency
bands for terrestrial wireless systems providing electronic communications
services by satellite systems providing direct-to-device-imt1 connectivity
EPT%20on%20D2D-IMT%20in%20EU-
harmonised%20ECS%
%20OF%20AND%20DEVELOP%20LEAST%20RESTRICTIVE%20HARMON
ISED%20TECHNICAL&text=use%20of%20EU%2Dharmonised%20bands%2
0by%20satellite%20systems%20providing%20D2D%2DIMT.
18） Draft CEPT Brief on WRC-27 agenda item
27
19） Preliminary views on WRC-27 agenda items , , and
APG27-2/INP-58
20） Technical Requirements for 2 GHz Band Non-Geostationary Satellite
Communications Systems for Mobile Phones Using a Satellite Constellation
(hereinafter referred to as "Technical Requirements for Mobile Phones")
21） PROPOSED FREQUENCY ARRANGEMENTS UNDER WRC-27 AGENDA
ITEM Selection of frequency arrangements for studies on WRC-27
agenda item Document 5D/58-E
22） ATU APM27-2 Outcome Documents (Nairobi, 2025)
10th Sub-Sahara Spectrum Management Conference & APM27-2
23） ATU Strategic Plan 2023–2026
