2010쓪02퓂ꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡ(뗚24뻭뗚02웚ꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡ)EꆡꆡFeb1,2010astChinaEconomicManagement(,)ꇱ샭싛쫶움ꆾDOIꆿ1013969/j1issn11007-5097120101021037붻틗돉놾,췁뗘훊솿맜샭뫍췁뗘ퟢ쇞ퟮ폅벤샸뫏풼짨볆ꆪꆪꆪ맺췢퇐뺿ퟛ쫶쓾뗂뇳1,췵ꆡ쟭1,2(11뫾쓏훐튽튩듳톧ꆡ맜샭쾵,뫾쓏ꆡ뎤즳ꆡ410208;21훐쓏듳톧ꆡ짌톧풺,뫾쓏ꆡ뎤즳ꆡ410083)[햪튪]췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼컊쳢튻횱쫇뫜뛠뺭볃톧볒맘힢뗄붹뗣ꆣ맺췢췁뗘ퟢ쇞샭싛뗄믘맋뫍췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼짨볆뗄붻틗돉놾쒣탍뗄ퟜ뷡뛔컒맺췁뗘쇷훐뗄ퟮ폅췁뗘ퟢ쇞벤샸뫏풼짨볆폐ퟅ훘튪뗄웴쪾틢틥,쳘뇰쫇췁뗘훊솿뛔뫏풼짨볆뗄펰쿬뛔폚퇐뺿췁뗘놣뮤탔춶ꆢ볓잿췁뗘뗄훊솿맜샭쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆣ[맘볼듊]붻틗돉놾;췁뗘훊솿맜샭;췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼;뗀뗂럧쿕[훐춼럖샠뫅]F120ꆡꆡꆡ[컄쿗뇪횾싫]Aꆡꆡꆡ[컄헂뇠뫅]1007ꆪ5097(2010)02ꆪ0149ꆪ05TransactionCost,LandQualityAdministrationandOptimalStimulusinContractDesignaboutFarmland2lease:ꆪꆪꆪALiteratureReviewonForeignResearchesNINGD1e2bin,WANGQ1,2iong(11AdministrationDepartment,HunanUniversityofChineseMedicine,Changsha410208,China;21SchoolofBusiness,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410083,China)Abstract::transactioncost;landqualityadministration;contractaboutfarmland-lease;moralhazardꆡꆡ폐킧뗄뫏풼낲업믲뫏풼짨볆쫇짧믡뺭볃돉뎤뇘늻뿉짙뗄킧쪹폃,늢틲듋풤닢럖돉훆뫏풼붫놻만뚨ퟢ풼좡듺ꆣ쳵볾ꆣ떱췁뗘쇷컊쳢듓췁뗘샭싛뿲볜훐췑펱뛸돶뗄쪱뫲ꋙ,Marshell죏캪평폚퓚럖돉훆뫏풼쿂췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟횻뗃떽샍럖컶뫍ퟜ뷡맺췢맘폚췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼샭싛뗄퇐뺿늢볓틔뷨본,뚯뗄늿럖뇟볊샻죳,듓뛸떼훂쇋벤샸늻ퟣ,틲듋럖돉훆뫏풼뻟폐돤럖뗄쿖쪵틢틥ꆣ붫떼훂풴뗄럇폐킧엤훃[2]ꆣD1GaleJohnson죏캪십킪뛻럇튻ꆢ맺췢췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼샭싛랢햹룅쫶킧싊쮵뗄뷡싛쫇붨솢퓚뛔뫏풼떥랽뗄ퟷ폃뗄뾼싇짏[3]ꆣ쯻횸컷랽맺볒뛔얩튵췁뗘ퟢ쇞ퟮ폅벤샸뫏풼짨볆컊쳢뗄퇐뺿돶십킪뛻뗄샭싛뷶뷶뾼싇쇋췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄풴럖엤뻶닟,췪평살틑뻃ꆣ퓧퓚튻룶뛠쫀볍틔잰,맅뗤뺭볃톧볒A좫뫶쫓쇋췁뗘쯹폐헟퓚뫏풼톡퓱훐뗄ퟷ폃ꆣJohnson횤쏷,횻damSmith뻍뛔듋뷸탐쇋퇐뺿ꆣ튪냑닺돶럖쿭뇈샽(퓚십킪뛻쒣탍훐헢룶닎쫽쫇만뚨뗄)뗷헻캪룹뻝췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟샍뚯춶죫뿉틔뷸탐뇤뮯뗄뇤솿,췁뗘쯹11럖돉훆뫏풼뗄폐킧탔컊쳢폐헟뻍뿉틔럀횹ퟢ쇞헟뗄럇폐킧샍뚯춶죫ꆣSmith죏캪럖돉훆뫏풼쫇뺭볃럇폐킧뗄,틲캪럖돉훆ퟨCheung짔뫳쳡돶럖돉훆뻟폐럧쿕럖떣뗄폅쫆,만뚨ퟢ뷰낭쇋췁뗘춶틔벰떼훂쇋럇폐킧뗄풴쪹폃[1]ꆣ퓚뛔18쫀뫏풼뫍릤훆뫏풼퓲뻟폐뷏뗍뗄붻틗돉놾,퓚쳘뚨쳵볾쿂솽볍펢맺뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼쳥쾵뫍램맺뗄럖돉훆뫏풼쳥쾵뷸탐뇈훖돉놾뗄뇈뷏폅쫆뫍샻틦좨뫢뻶뚨쇋뫏풼톡퓱[4-6]ꆣ쯻죏캪뷏뗄믹뒡짏,Smith죏캪뫳헟쪵훊짏뿉틔쫓캪뛔췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟죧맻쎻폐샍뚯볠뿘돉놾뫍뫏풼싄탐돉놾(벴붻틗돉놾캪쇣),헷쫕뗄튻훖듓볛쮰ꆣ쫇헢튻ꆰ쮰쫕ꆰ쳘헷떼훂쇋풴뗄럇폐퓚럖돉훆뫏풼쿂뗄풴엤훃뫍퓚쇭솽훖뫏풼쿂춬퇹폐킧ꆣ뫍[쫕룥죕웚]2009ꆪ11ꆪ12[믹뷰쿮쒿]뫾쓏쪡뷌폽쳼폅탣쟠쓪믹뷰(07B057);뫾쓏쪡쟠쓪맇룉뷌쪦엠퇸볆뮮(엺ힼ뫅:쿦뷌춨[2008]284뫅);뫾쓏훐튽튩듳톧훘뗣톧뿆훺쿮쒿(엺ힼ뫅:킣탐뿆ퟖ[2007]8뫅)[ퟷ헟볲뷩]쓾뗂뇳(1968ꆪ),쓐,뫾쓏쓾쿧죋,뢱뷌쫚,퇐뺿랽쿲:훎샭샭싛;췵ꆡ쟭(1974ꆪ),얮,뫾쓏뫢퇴죋,뫾쓏훐튽튩듳톧붲쪦,훐쓏듳톧늩쪿퇐뺿짺,퇐뺿랽쿲:춶죚뻶닟폫맜샭ꆣꆪ149ꆪ
만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼쿠뇈,죧맻럧쿕럖떣뗄쫕틦듳폚붻틗돉놾뗄쯰뫏풼뫍만뚨ퟢ뷰훆뫏풼ꆣ볠뿘돉놾퓲폫ퟢ쇞췁뗘쏦믽폐맘,쪧,럖돉훆뫏풼퓲붫놻쪹폃ꆣ럖돉훆럇킧싊뗄룹풴퓚폚뛔럖쯻쏇죏캪췁뗘룻ퟷ쏦믽풽듳,뛔릤죋뗄볠뿘돉놾풽룟,튲뻍돉훆뫏풼뗄훆뛈쿞훆(죧뛔럖돉뇈샽뗄쿞훆)뛸늻쫇웤놾쫇췁뗘쏦믽뫍뫏풼탎쪽쿔훸쿠맘ꆣ짭,훁짙퓚훐맺죧듋ꆣ늻맽볠뿘늢럇ퟜ쫇컞돉놾뗄,퓚얩ퟷDattaetal퓋폃삩햹뗄JensenꆪMeckling붻틗돉놾샭컯짺닺훐뗄볠뿘돉놾폈웤룼룟,틲캪얩ퟷ컯뗄짺닺쫜떽훖훖싛[19]뛔룷훖뫏풼쒣쪽쿂뗄붻틗돉놾뷸탐쇋뷧뚨뫍쮵쏷[17],늻좷뚨틲쯘뗄펰쿬,뇈죧쳬웸뗄쯦믺탔,췁죀쳵볾틔벰짺컯쯻쳡돶뗄췁뗘쇷훐뗄돉놾냼삨평폚췁뗘쪹폃헟춵상,믑놨짺닺뗄웤쯻랽쏦,틲듋쿞훆쇋뛔짺닺싊뗄맛닢ꆣStiglitz뫍닺돶뫍췁뗘샄폃뗈믺믡훷틥탐캪룸췁뗘쯹폐헟듸살뗄쯰쪧틔Newberry횸돶Cheung샭싛듦퓚뗄쇭튻룶컊쳢[7,8],죧맻샍뚯벰췁뗘쯹폐헟뛔췁뗘쪹폃헟뷸탐볠뿘뫍췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟쯑톰릤ퟷ뗄맦쒣놨돪늻뇤,춨맽뛔만뚨릤뫏풼뫍만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼뷸탐닺짺뗄돉놾ꆣ쫊떱뗘ퟩ뫏(뇈죧튻늿럖췁뗘닉폃만뚨릤훆뫏풼,쇭튻늿Allen죏캪췁뗘쇷뗄붻틗돉놾돽쇋평폚췁뗘늻떱쪹폃럖췁뗘닉폃만뚨ퟢ뷰훆뫏풼),춬퇹뿉틔듯떽럖돉훆뫏풼뗄룸췁뗘쯹폐헟듸살뗄쯰쪧횮췢,뮹냼삨틔벰퓚럖돉훆쿂뗄퓚럧쿕럖떣킧맻ꆣ떫쫇죧맻헢솽훖뫏풼헦뗄뻟폐뷏뗍뗄붻틗돉뫏풼쮫랽뷸탐닺솿뮮럖뫍뫢솿뗄돉놾,쯻돆횮캪뫢솿돉놾뗄뮰,럖돉훆뫏풼붫늻믡듦퓚ꆣ놾[20]ꆣ쯻죏캪헢룶돉놾럇뎣훘튪,뻶뚨쇋쒣탍뗄볬퇩쓜솦ꆣ21캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭쒣탍퓚췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼퇐뺿훐뗄21붻틗돉놾쒣탍뗄랢햹틽죫(1)붻틗돉놾퓚췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼짨볆훐뗄ퟷ폃StiglitzꆢNewberry뫍Stiglitz쫗듎냑캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭쒣탍펦Murrell죏캪뫏풼뗄톡퓱믹폚늻춬뫏풼쒣탍뗄ퟛ뫏뇈뷏샻폃폚췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄퇐뺿[7,9]ꆣ퓚볙짨짺닺쯦믺뫍듦퓚샍뚯틦[21]ꆣ퓋폃췾솮쒷즭뗄붻틗돉놾샭싛,쯻럖컶쇋펰쿬헢킩볠뿘돉놾쿂,쯻쏇냑췁뗘쯹폐헟쫓캪캯췐죋,냑췁뗘돐ퟢ헟샻틦뗄죴룉틲쯘,늢룹뻝헢킩틲쯘살에뛏퓚늻춬뮷뺳쿂늻춬ퟷ캪듺샭죋,캯췐죋쿲듺샭죋쳡릩ퟢ쇞뫏풼ꆣ평폚짺닺쫇쯦뫏풼쪹폃뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ웤훐쯻훷튪럖컶쇋럖돉훆뫏풼쯹뻟폐뗄믺뗄,늻뿉쓜춨맽닺솿뛔췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄얬솦돌뛈뷸탐에뛏,뛀쳘탔틔벰훘튪릦쓜,뇈죧첸에뫍탅뫅뒫떼릦쓜,뫏풼킭짌쪹뗃컞램뛔웤뷸탐볠뿘,틲듋퓚뫏풼훐얬솦돌뛈쫇늻뿉잩풼릦쓜,붨솢릫욽뫍탅죎릦쓜,복짙믺믡훷틥릦쓜,틔벰듙뷸뗄뇤솿ꆣ쯻쏇뗄퇐뺿쮵쏷럖돉훆뫏풼ퟷ캪튻훖쫖뛎,볈쓜뛔췁뗘뫏샭쪹폃릦쓜뗈ꆣ퓚헢룶믹뒡짏,듓붻틗돉놾뗄쫓뷇쳡듺샭죋쳡릩폐킧뗄벤샸,폖쓜퓚캯췐죋뫍듺샭죋횮볤쪵쿖ퟮ돶쇋튻룶폫틔췹늻춬뗄샭싛살뷢쫍럖돉훆뫏풼듦퓚뗄뫏샭뫍폅뗄럧쿕럖떣쫕틦,틲듋,닺돶럖쿭뫏풼쫇퓚뗀뗂럧쿕쿂뗄폐킧탔,헽쪽쮵쏷쇋붻틗돉놾퓚얩듥췁뗘ퟮ폅ퟢ쇞뫏풼짨볆ퟮ병듎폅뫏풼낲업,틲캪헢훖뫏풼낲업쫇퓚벤샸뫍럧쿕럖떣훐뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ횮볤좨뫢뗄뷡맻ꆣ샻폃뫏풼낲업쪵쿖럧쿕럖떣놻죏캪뛔랢햹EswaranandKotwal짔뫳튲쳡돶쇋튻룶붻틗돉놾쒣탍[22]ꆣ훐맺볒폈웤훘튪,틲캪헢킩맺볒췹췹좱랦쿠펦뗄놣쿕뫍탅듻퓚쯻쏇뗄쒣탍훐,췁뗘쯹폐헟뫍췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뚼캪퓚럖돉훆뫏쫐뎡ꆣBraveman뫍Stiglitz냑헢룶듎폅샭싛뷸탐쇋췘햹[10],풼낲업쿂뗄짺닺풴펵폐헟뫍쳡릩헟,평폚퓚얩튵짺닺훐탨죏캪췁뗘쯹폐헟펦룃닎폫떽쓇킩늻췪쏀뗄,좻뛸췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟튪뛠훖늻뿉뚨볛뗄풴춶죫,늢쟒헢킩풴쫇늻뿉뚨볛뫍늻탨튪닎폫뗄쫐뎡훐살,뇈죧탅듻,놣쿕틔벰튪쯘춶죫쫐뎡ꆣ뿉맛닢뗄,틲듋닺짺쇋뗀뗂럧쿕ꆣ떱냑럖돉훆뫏풼ퟷ캪튻훖31췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼훐붻틗돉놾컊쳢뗄쳡돶쮫랽뚼뻟폐ퟔ컒볠뿘뚯믺뗄뫏ퟷ맘쾵쪱,뿉틔춨맽샻죳럖쿭ퟔStiglitz횮뫳,췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄컊쳢훷튪퓚Harris뫍쪹뗃헢킩늻뿉뚨볛풴뗄펵폐헟돉캪쿠펦쪣폠쫕틦좨튪쟳Raviv,Holmstrom,andShavell뗄캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭샭싛뿲볜쿂뷸헟,틲뛸뿉틔벯뫏쮫랽뗄ퟮ병춶죫,복쟡쮫랽뗄뗀뗂럧쿕뫍탐[11-13]ꆣ훚뛠톧헟쳡돶쇋늻춬뗄샭싛쒣탍살쮵쏷얩튵췁뗘붵뗍붻틗돉놾ꆣ떫쫇쯼뻟폐벤샸킧펦뷏뗍뗄늻ퟣ,뛔틔짏폅ퟢ쇞ퟮ폅벤샸뫏풼뗄짨볆,죧Hallagan뗄ퟔ컒톡퓱쒣탍[14],뗣뫍늻ퟣ틔벰뫏ퟷ쮫랽믺믡쫕틦뗄뾼싇뻶뚨쇋ퟮ폅뗄췁뗘ퟢAgrawal뗄쮫훘뗀뗂럧쿕쒣탍뗈[15]ꆣ헢킩췁뗘ퟢ쇞쒣탍죏캪쇞뫏풼ꆣ췁뗘쯹폐헟뗄쒿뇪쫇룹뻝뺻샻죳,얬솦돌뛈뫍뫏풼샠탍살ퟮ(2)붻틗돉놾쒣탍폫췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄톡퓱듳뮯웚췻킧폃[9,16]ꆣ뫍헢킩쒣탍늻춬,붻틗돉놾쒣탍쯤좻튲Allen뫍Lueck죏캪췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼훐뗄붻틗돉놾,뛸늻퓋폃캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭샭싛뗄퇐뺿랶쪽,떫닠훘퇐뺿늻춬뫏풼쿂쫇럧쿕뫍벤샸뗄좨뫢,쫇뻶뚨뫏풼샠탍뗄훷튪틲쯘[20,23-24]ꆣ뗄붻틗돉놾,뻝듋뷸탐ퟮ폅뫏풼뗄짨볆ꆣ쯼뗄믹놾샭싛믹뒡붻틗돉놾훷튪냼삨볠뿘돉놾(췁뗘쯹폐헟뛔ퟢ뮧뷸탐볠뿘틔쫇퓚캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭뿲볜쿂,탅쾢늻뛔돆뫍늻췪좫뫏풼닺짺쇋럀횹ퟢ뮧맽뛈쪹폃췁뗘,춵상틔벰늻벰쪱룻훖뫍쫕룮뗈)뫍뗀뗂럧쿕,뛸뗀뗂럧쿕쫇붻틗돉놾뗄훷튪살풴[17]ꆣ릫욽럖엤닺돶뗄돉놾ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪퓚뒫춳캯췐ꆪꆪꆪ듺샭쒣탍훐뛾ꆢ췁뗘뫏풼짨볆뗄붻틗돉놾쒣탍랢햹폫룅쫶쳡돶뗄럧쿕뫍벤샸횮볤뗄좨뫢컊쳢웤쪵늢늻훘튪,뫏풼뗄톡11췁뗘쇷훐붻틗돉놾뗄살풴퓱훷튪쫇믹폚ퟮ킡뮯붻틗돉놾ꆣ늢뛔SouthKakota,Nebraska,Alston뫍Higgs죏캪췁뗘쇷훐뗄붻틗돉놾뿉틔훁짙럖Louisiana틔벰BritishColumbia(Canada)뗈뗘랽뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞돉솽늿럖:횴탐돉놾뫍볠뿘돉놾[18],잰헟쫇폫뫏풼쇭튻랽뫏풼뷸탐쇋쪵횤퇐뺿,퇐뺿랢쿖죧맻췁뗘쯹폐헟늻폃떣탄ퟢퟱ쫘뫏풼폐맘뗄돉놾;뫳헟쫇뫍뫏풼쇭튻랽쫇럱퓚뫏풼맦뚨뮧맽뛈쪹폃췁뗘,쓇쎴뻍룼뿉쓜쪹폃만뚨횧뢶뫏풼,헢튻뷡뗄쪱볤내헕뫏풼맦뚨뗄쫽솿뫍훊솿쳡릩쒳튻춶죫뗄돉놾ꆣ웤싛럻뫏붻틗돉놾볙쮵ꆣ쯻쏇춬쪱랢쿖짺닺랽닮퓶듳늻믡퓶볓훐,만뚨릤뫏풼뻟폐ퟮ룟뗄뫏풼횴탐돉놾,헢룶횴탐돉놾쪹폃뇈샽횧뢶뫏풼뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ쇭췢,쯻쏇뮹랢쿖ퟢ뮧뗄닆뢻폫샍뚯솦쫐뎡뷴쏜쿠맘ꆣ떱좻,뫏풼랽뿉틔춨맽톡퓱쓜릻쳡(럧쿕퇡뛱뛈뗄횸뇪)뛔뫏풼톡퓱쎻폐펰쿬ꆣ믹폚헢킩뷡싛,릩ퟔ컒횴탐벤샸뗄뫏풼살복짙뫏풼횴탐돉놾,뇈죧쮵럖돉훆쯻쏇쳡돶붻틗돉놾,뛸늻쫇럧쿕럖떣퓚뫏풼톡퓱훐룼캪훘ꆪ150ꆪ
튪ꆣ죽ꆢ췁뗘훊솿폫췁뗘ퟢ쇞ퟮ폅뫏풼짨볆Dattaetal퓚잰쫶맘폚붻틗돉놾뷧뚨뗄믹뒡짏붨솢쇋튻컒쏇퓚붻틗돉놾쒣탍훐뿉틔뾴떽,뛔췁뗘뗄늻떱쪹폃쫇룶붻틗돉놾샭싛쒣탍살뷢쫍죽훖뫏풼뗄톡퓱[17](쯻뗄샭싛뗀뗂럧쿕뗄닺짺뗄쇭튻룶훷튪살풴ꆣ뿉틔뫏샭볙짨쯦ퟅ췁뗘뛔만뚨킽뷰훆뫏풼튲뷸탐쇋쮵쏷,뛸퓚듳뛠쫽쿠맘뗄퇐뺿ퟢ쇞헟샻죳럖엤뇈샽퓶듳(ퟮ듳캪1,벴만뚨ퟢ뷰횧뢶뫏훐,죏캪만뚨릤룼뛠뗄쫇퓚췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뫍췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟ퟢ폃풼),췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟늻떱쪹폃췁뗘쒱좡룶죋샻틦뗄뚯믺풽듳ꆣ뗄럇쫬솷릤죋훐쪹폃,뛸늻쫇퓚췁뗘쯹폐헟뫍췁뗘돐ퟢ헟횮퓚붻틗돉놾쒣탍훐,샍뚯뗄싄탐돉놾,믲헟퓚십킪뛻샭싛훐볤쪹폃[20])ꆣ쒣탍훷튪탎쪽죧쿂:평폚샍뚯뗄늻떱춶죫퓬돉뗄킧싊쯰쪧돉놾뇤캪췁뗘훊솿맜샭만뚨릤쿂뗄붻틗돉놾(퓚만뚨릤쿂,릤죋뗄훷튪믺뗄돉놾컊쳢ꆣGustavoSainandMonikaZurek죏캪죽룶훷튪틲믡탐캪쫇춵상):쯘펰쿬췁뗘훊솿뗄뇤뮯[26]:(1)얩튵ꆪ짺첬쳘헷;(2)췁tcw=tcw(g,ꛁ,nw),웤훐,tcw캪떥캻췁뗘짏뗄붻틗뗘쪹폃랽쪽;(3)얩뮧닉폃뗄룻ퟷ벼쫵ꆣ뗚튻룶쫇얩튵쾵춳(+)(-)(+)돉놾;nw캪릤뗄샍뚯쏜벯뛈;ꛁ캪뮻닎쫽,듺뇭쓜릻쪹뗄췢늿틲쯘틲듋뛔췁뗘룻ퟷ헟살쮵쫇늻뿉뿘훆뇤솿;뛸쪣쿂볠뿘뇤뗃룼죝틗뗄틲쯘,틲듋룟뗄ꛁ뇭쪾볠뿘룼캪죝틗;g뗄솽룶퓲쫇쯻쏇뗄뿘훆뇤솿ꆣ평폚퓚쏀맺50%틔짏뗄얩뗘뚼캪떥캻샍뚯춵상뗄뇟볊쫕틦ꆣ쫇ퟢ쇞쪹폃뗄[17],헢틢캶ퟅ퓚췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄짨볆훐뇘탫만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂뗄붻틗돉놾(퓚만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂훷튪뗄믺믡탐캪튪뾼싇떽췁뗘훊솿캬뮤ꆣ헽죧Ray횸돶,뫏풼뗄짨볆늻뷶튪쫇췁뗘샄폃):뾼싇떽뺭볃샻틦,뮹튪뾼싇떽웤쯻뗄짧믡킧틦ꆣ[27]tcr=tc()rh,ꛂ,k,웤훐,h캪췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟평폚맽뛈쪹11췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼폫췁뗘훊솿뗄쿠뮥펰쿬(+)(-)(+)폃췁뗘뗃떽뗄뇟볊샻틦;ꛂ캪췁뗘쯹폐헟랢쿖췁뗘맽뛈쪹폃MeredithJ1Souleetal퇐뺿쇋췁뗘뫏풼뗄톡퓱뛔놣뮤탔룻룅싊뗄닎쫽;k뇭쪾떥캻췁뗘평폚맽뛈쪹폃듸살뗄훊솿쿂붵ퟷ벼쫵닉폃뗄펰쿬[28]ꆣ쪵횤퇐뺿뷡맻쿔쪾췁뗘ퟢ쇞쫇펰쿬뗈쯰몦ꆣ톡퓱얩뮧놣뮤탔벼쫵뗄튻룶훘튪틲쯘ꆣ만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂췁뗘ퟢ쇞럖돉훆쿂뗄붻틗돉놾(퓚닺돶럖쿭쿂,훷튪뗄붻틗돉놾헟쪹폃췁뗘놣뮤탔룻ퟷ벼쫵뗄뿉쓜탔뇈췁뗘쯹폐헟놾죋킡,늻뷶냼삨춵상뫍췁뗘맽뛈쪹폃,뮹냼삨믑놨닺돶):떫쫇럖돉훆쿂뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟닉폃췁뗘놣뮤탔룻ퟷ벼쫵뗄벸싊tc뫍췁뗘쯹폐헟놾죋벸뫵쫇튻퇹뗄ꆣ늻맜쫇퓚만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂뮹쫇s=tc(sg,ꛃ,k,h,n)s,웤훐,ꛃ캪뮻닎쫽,뇭(+)(-)(+)(+)(+)쪾췁뗘쯹폐헟랢쿖췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟믺믡탐캪뗄룅싊;ns뇭쪾럖돉퓚럖돉훆쿂췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟닉폃훁짙튻훖훐뎤웚놣뮤벼쫵뗄룅싊훆쿂뗄샍뚯쏜벯뛈ꆣ뚼튪뇈췁뗘쯹폐헟놾죋튪킡,헢쮵쏷췁뗘놣뮤벼쫵믘놨훜웚쯻죏캪붻틗ퟜ돉놾뻶뚨쇋늻춬뫏풼샠탍뗄닉폃,늢쟒뛔뛔벼쫵뗄닉폃뻟폐훘튪펰쿬ꆣ얩뮧뫍췁뗘웤쯻쳘헷횵뛔벼쫵쒣탍뷸탐쇋쪵횤볬퇩톡퓱뗄펰쿬쯦ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄늻춬뛸늻춬,떫튻룶쿔훸뗄랢쿖쫇,쪵횤볬퇩뷡맻횧돖쇋붻틗돉놾쮵ꆣ(3)붻틗돉놾폫췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼짨볆훐뗄벤샸컊쳢HEL(죝틗놻쟖쪴뗄췁뗘)늻맜퓚쪲쎴탎쪽뗄ퟢ풼쿂뛔훐뎤Gha웚벼쫵뗄닉폃뚼폐ퟅ쿔훸뗄펰쿬,쇭췢뛔만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂췁뗘ퟢtakandPandey뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞ퟮ폅낲업쒣탍훷튪믹폚솽훖늻춬뗄벤샸횮볤뗄좨뫢,튻훖쫇맄샸췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟얬솦릤ퟷ쇞헟닉폃놣뮤탔룻ퟷ벼쫵튲뻟폐훘튪뗄펰쿬ꆣ뺡맜쯻쏇뗄퇐뗄벤샸뺿쫇믹폚얩뮧뗄뷇뛈듓ퟮ듳뮯룶죋뺻쫕틦돶랢냑놣뮤탔벼쫵,쇭튻훖쫇복짙췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟닉폃룟럧쿕벼쫵뗄벤샸[25]ꆣ쯻뗄쒣탍뗄믹놾볙짨쫇퓚얩튵짺닺훐폐솽훖늻춬뗄뗄닉폃ퟷ캪튻룶룶죋톡퓱쒣탍,떫쫇뛔췁뗘훊솿뗄맘힢쪹뗃뗀뗂럧쿕춬쪱듦퓚,튻훖쫇뒫춳뗄얬솦맦뇜뗀뗂럧쿕,벴평헢튻컊쳢뎬맽쇋룶죋돉놾뫍쫕틦뗄랶돫ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪뛔얩뗘뗄폚췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄얬솦컞램놻췁뗘쯹폐헟맛닢뫍퇩횤,틲듋듦놣뮤붫닺짺훘튪뗄믽벫뗄췢늿킧틦,늢쟒믽벫맄샸ퟢ쇞헟볓퓚얬솦늻ퟣ뗄럧쿕;쇭튻훖쫇췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟닉폃뛔췁뗘쯹폐헟잿닉폃놣뮤탔벼쫵,폈웤쫇훐뎤웚벼쫵ꆣ살쮵럧쿕맽룟뗄룻ퟷ벼쫵뗄럧쿕ꆣ죧맻횻폐얬솦뗀뗂럧쿕Dubois퇐뺿쇋뗀뗂럧쿕뫍췁죀럊솦뛔ퟮ폅췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼,ퟮ폅뗄뫏풼낲업쫇만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼;죧맻횻폐벼쫵뗀뗂럧쿕낲업뗄펰쿬[29]ꆣDubois쒣탍횤쏷쇋ퟮ폅뫏풼좡뻶폚짺닺벼,ퟮ폅뗄뫏풼퓲쫇만뚨릤뫏풼ꆣ떱솽훖뗀뗂럧쿕뚼춬쪱듦쫵,췁뗘럊솦뚯첬탔틔벰럧쿕퇡뛱뛈ꆣ튻랽쏦,평폚뎤웚뫍퓚뛌웚쒿뇪몯쫽뗄돥춻틔벰췁뗘룻ퟷ헟탐캪뛔췁뗘훊솿뗄펰,ퟮ폅뗄뫏풼낲업퓲캪닺돶럖쿭뫏풼ꆣ쯻춬쪱횸돶벼쫵뗀뗂럧쿕퓚얩튵짺닺훐맣랺듦퓚,틲캪럊쇏믲즱돦볁뗈춶죫뗄쿬,벴뇣퓚럧쿕훐솢쿂럖돉훆뫏풼튲폅폚만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼,틲쪹폃뿉틔쿔훸뗘퓶볓뛌웚쫕틦,떫쫇뛔췁뗘뗄뎤웚훊솿뿉쓜캪만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼죝틗떼훂췁뗘럊솦뗄붵뗍뛸뛔뎤웚짺닺폐늻뻟폐늻샻펰쿬ꆣGhatakꆪPandey쒣탍뮹뾼싇쇋폐쿞퓰죎뫏풼샻펰쿬ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦,ퟮ폅벤샸쮮욽좡뻶폚췁뗘맽뛈쪹폃뗄뿉뗄펰쿬ꆣ폐쿞퓰죎뫏풼쫇횸늻맜퓚쪲쎴쟩뿶쿂췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄쓜탔뫍럊솦쮮욽ꆣ뛔럊솦룼룟뗄췁뗘,췁뗘쯹폐헟톡퓱벤샸쫕죫뻹캪럇뢺횵,헢쫇퓚쯻쏇뗄쒣탍훐벤샸컊쳢닺짺뗄훷튪솦뛈뷏듳뗄뫏풼,뛸퓚마컯룻훖룼틗떼훂췁뗘맽뛈쪹폃뗄쪱룹풴ꆣ퓚폐쿞퓰죎뫏풼쿂,죧맻닺솿뗍폚폐쿞퓰죎뫏풼냳뚨뫲,퓲붫톡퓱벤샸솦뛈뷏뗍뗄뫏풼ꆣ틲듋,췁뗘훊솿돉캪퓚뗄쒳튻쇙뷧횵,췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄쫕죫쫇췪좫뇢욽뗄ꆣ튻랽쏦,췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼낲업훐뇘탫튪뾼싇뗄튻룶훘튪뗄뺭볃틲쯘ꆣ헢헢쪹뗃췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄얬솦릩룸늻ퟣ;쇭튻랽쏦,헢튲믡쪹뗃펦룃돉캪퓚맘폚췁뗘놣뮤,얩튵짺닺쮮욽뫍얩튵믺릹폐킧탔췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟톡퓱럧쿕듳뗄룻ퟷ벼쫵,틲캪쯻컞탨돐떣뛮췢뗄뗄헾닟훆뚨훐뾼싇뗄랶돫ꆣ럧쿕,쯻횻쿭쫜뷏룟뗄닺돶듸살뗄룼듳뗄샻틦ꆣ춨뎣살쮵,21췁뗘훊솿폫췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼ퟮ폅벤샸뗄짨볆죧맻뫏풼쮫랽뚼럧쿕훐솢,ퟮ폅뷢캪만뚨횧뢶ퟢ풼ꆣ떫쫇TridipRay뾼싇쇋췁뗘훊솿뗄뚯첬탔퇝뇤,붨솢쇋쿠펦GhatakꆪPandey쒣탍횸돶퓚폐쿞뫏풼뗄쟩뿶쿂,만뚨ퟢ뷰쿂뗄뚯첬쒣탍퇐뺿췁뗘ퟮ폅ퟢ쇞뫏풼뗄짨볆컊쳢[27]ꆣ퓚쯻뗄뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄얬솦뗍폚ퟮ폅뷢ꆣ쒣탍훐닺돶럖쿭뫏풼늻뷶쫇ퟮ폅뗄췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼탎쪽,죧맻ꆪ151ꆪ
냑췁뗘춶뗄돉놾뫍쫕틦뷸탐쫊떱뗘럖엤,쯼튲쫇ퟮ폅뗄뷢볆폐ퟅ훘튪뗄웴쪾틢틥ꆣ뻶췁뗘룄솼춶컊쳢늻ퟣ뗄뫏풼탎쪽ꆣRay쒣탍뗄튻룶훘튪뗚튻,틔췁뗘벯쳥쯹폐ꆢ볒춥뺭펪캪쳘헷뗄췁뗘훆뛈낲쳘헷쫇뾼싇쇋췁뗘춶몯쫽뫍췁뗘훊솿뗄뚯첬탔,럖뇰캪Q업,평폚닺좨늻쟥컺뫍쯹폐좨죋좱캻,췁뗘돶ퟢ죋(캯췐t=q+h(x)뫍qttt+1=G(L,Q),웤훐q뇭쪾t웚웚돵뗄췁뗘죋)뫜짙닎볓룻훖맜샭(뇈죧쮵평폚췢돶컱릤뗈),췁뗘돐ttt훊솿,x캪췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟퓚t웚뗄췁뗘룄솼춶횧돶;Q캪tퟢ죋(듺샭죋)벸뫵펵폐좫늿뗄짺닺뻶닟좨ꆣ헢훖ힴ뿶퇚룇tt웚췁뗘훊솿,L캪t웚샍뚯춶죫ꆣ쒣탍뗄튻룶훘튪볙짨쫇샍쇋쯹폐헟폫췁뗘돐냼헟횮볤뗄늩?맘쾵ꆣ뛸쫂쪵짏,평폚쎻t뚯춶죫횻펰쿬떱웚닺솿,췁뗘훊솿퓲펰쿬떽쿖퓚뫍붫살뗄닺폐뛔펵폐췁뗘돐냼뗄얩뮧쫇럱폐퓰죎쪵쪩뛔췁뗘짺닺뺭펪훐솿ꆣ쒣탍뗄뷡맻캪:퓚죎뫎웚볤,췁뗘쯹폐헟뿉틔춨맽쳡릩폐킧뗄벼쫵듫쪩ꆢ룻ퟷ훆뛈뫍뿆톧뗄쳯볤맜샭랽램뗈ퟶ돶쏷쿂쇐탎쪽뗄뫏풼살뗃떽ퟮ폅닺돶:좷맦뚨,얩뮧뺭펪췁뗘벸뫵췪좫틀웤ퟔ짭뗄뺭볃ퟮ듳뮯캪쒿ꛇF뇪,룻뗘놣뮤쓑틔뗃떽쟐쪵횴탐[31],볓훘쇋췁뗘풴뛌좱=Q(L
,Q)tttꛒ
t뫍얩뗘놣뮤뗄톹솦ꆣ틲듋,닺좨쏷컺뮯돉캪얩튵췁뗘훆뛈짨ꛁꛒG볆늻뿉믘뇜뗄컊쳢,쯹폐헟폫돐냼헟붫쏦쇙캧죆췁뗘뗄뫏풼=1+L(L
,Q)ꛒ
ttt+1tFLFQ(L
,Q)tt톡퓱컊쳢(뇘탫탞룄쿖탐뗄늻췪좫뫏풼)ꆣꛂ=K-ꛁF(L
,Q)+ꛁꛇx+c(L
)tttttt뗚뛾,평폚뺭펪좨럖즢,늻샻폚얩튵뗄맦쒣뺭펪뫍쿖듺ꛇ뇭쪾럖엤떽t웚볤뗄떥캻춶돉놾,벴죧맻춶ퟜ뛮t뮯랢햹,얩튵폃뗘뗄벯풼뺭펪쫇얩튵쿖듺뮯뗄뇘좻튪쟳ꆣ틲캪x,췁뗘쯹폐헟럖엤룸ퟢ쇞헟뗄춶돉놾캪ꛇxꆣꛇ뗄럖tttt듋,췁뗘돐냼뺭펪좨뗄쇷,쪹췁뗘닺좨맘쾵ퟟ쿲짌욷뮯,ퟓ뇭쪾췁뗘룄솼춶횧돶뗄떱웚믘놨,럖쒸뇭쪾캴살쫕틦뗄쫇쿖듺쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂쪵쿖췁뗘풴폅뮯엤훃뗄뿍맛튪쟳,헛뿛쿖횵ꆣ틲듋,헢룶럖엤램퓲튪쟳퓚춶뗄믘놨뫍돉놾뷸쫇쿖듺뺭볃랢햹뇭쿖돶뗄튻냣쳘헷[32]ꆣ평폚컒맺죋뻹룻뗘탐쫊떱뗘엤뇈ꆣ평폚GL(L
,Q);0,틢캶ퟅꛁ킡폚1,틲듋ttt쏦믽쿁킡쟒쏦쇙ퟅ룻뗘쇷쪧뗄퇏훘럧쿕,컒맺췁뗘쇷뗄쒿뗃떽ퟮ폅뗄뫏풼쫇럖엤훆뫏풼ꆣRay쒣탍뻟폐튻킩훘튪뗄웴뗄늻뷶튪쳡룟췁뗘쇷뗄킧싊,쳡룟췁뗘뗄쪹폃킧틦,듓뛸쪾틢틥:듓룹놾짏쳡룟얩쏱뗄뺭볃샻틦,뛸쟒뮹튪듓뎤풶짏폐샻폚얩쫗쿈,퓚쒣탍훐죧맻ꛑ=0뗄뮰ꛁ=1,벴만뚨ퟢ뷰횧뢶폃췁뗘뗄놣뮤뫍췁뗘훊솿뗄쳡룟,틔쪵쿖얩튵폃뗘뗄뿉돖탸뫏풼놻닉폃ꆣ헢뻍쫇쮵,죧맻췁뗘쯹폐헟늻맘탄췁뗘볛횵,샻폃뫍얩듥짧믡쫂튵뗄좫쏦랢햹ꆣ평듋,퓚쯹폐헟ꆢ폃틦좨ퟮ폅뗄뫏풼쫇만뚨ퟢ풼훆ꆣ웤듎,죧맻GL(.,.)=0,ꛁ=1ꆣ죋폫뺭펪헟횮볤탎돉쇋룹놾샻틦튻훂믹뒡짏뗄뻟쳥샻틦늩?GL(.,.)뗄듳킡뇭쪾얩ퟷ컯퓔엠뛔췁뗘쟖쪴뛈뗄펰쿬ꆣ뻙샽맘쾵ꆣ살쮵,쒳킩얩ퟷ컯(룉닝,??믲듳싳)튪쟳뗍쏜벯룻ퟷ,퓚컒맺쿖탐뗄췁뗘쇷믺훆쿂,늻싛쫇볒춥솪닺돐냼퓰틲듋뛔헢킩얩ퟷ컯살쮵GL(.,.)뿉틔놻죏캪뗈폚0;뛔폚쇭죎훆뗄믹놾훆뛈뫏풼뮹쫇췁뗘뺭펪좨쇷훐뗄ퟢ쇞뫏풼,죧튻킩얩ퟷ컯(뇈죧폱쏗,십쇥쫭,듳뚹뫍쳰닋)탨튪룟쏜벯맻퓚췁뗘ퟢ풼뫏풼짨볆훐늻닉좡쿠펦뗄얬솦믲룸폫쿠펦뗄벤룻ퟷ,틲듋뛔헢킩ퟷ컯살쮵GL(.,.)믡뫜듳ꆣ틲듋,훐룻ퟷ샸뷸탐췁뗘훊솿캬뮤,뎤웚뗄췁뗘훊솿뇘붫믡쫜떽늻샻뗄펰컯룼틗닉폃럖돉훆뫏풼,쇭췢뗄ퟷ컯닉폃만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼뗄뇈쿬[33]ꆣ쯹틔퓚췁뗘쇷뗄ퟮ폅벤샸뫏풼짨볆훐,뾼싇떽췁샽붫룼듳ꆣ퓙듎,뛔룟훊솿뗄췁뗘럖돉훆뫏풼붫룼죝틗놻닉뗘뗄훊솿맜샭쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆣ폃,뛸만뚨횧뢶ퟢ풼퓲룼쫊폃폚뗍훊솿뗄췁뗘ꆣ볙짨,췁뗘[힢ꆡ쫍]훊솿ퟷ캪짺닺몯쫽F(.,.)뗄돋쫽ꆣ평폚룟훊솿췁뗘뛔훊솿ꋙꆡ떳뗄쪮웟뷬죽훐좫믡ꆶ뻶뚨ꆷ쳡돶뗄췁뗘돐냼뺭펪좨쇷캬뮤뫍룻ퟷ벼쫵뗄닉폃룼쏴룐,틲듋GL(.,.)뗄뻸뛔횵붫믡쫇뛔얩뗘닺좨맘쾵룄룯뗄짮뮯ꆣ컒맺얩튵췁뗘쇷듳뷏룟ꆣ쇭췢쳥폐죽훖탎첬:뗚튻,쯹폐좨붻틗,죧맺볒헷폃,헢늻,GQ(.,.)뇭쪾췁뗘훊솿쿂붵쫜ퟔ좻틲쯘뗄펰쿬,틲듋뿉틔뫏샭볙짨헢룶볛횵늻믡쯦ퟅ췁뗘훊솿뗄룄뇤뛸룄퓚놾컄퇐뺿랶돫횮쓚ꆣ뗚뛾,쯹폐헟폫뺭펪헟횮볤뗄붻뇤ꆣ틗,볒춥돐냼퓰죎훆캪뗄쓚죝뻍쫇벯쳥췁뗘쯹폐좨폫뺭펪좨뗄럖샫ꆣ뗚죽,뺭펪좨붻틗,췁뗘돐냼뺭펪좨쇷ErikLichtenberg쳡돶틔췹맘폚췁뗘훊솿폫췁뗘ퟢ쇞뫏풼쫇횸얩쏱뿉틔붫췁뗘돐냼뺭펪좨틔냼ꆢ돶ퟢꆢ뮥뮻ꆢ짨볆뗄퇐뺿뚼뷶뷶쫇듓췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟뗄뷇뛈돶랢,뫶쫓쇋췁뗘죃ꆢ막럝뫏ퟷ뗈탎쪽퓚늻춬뗄얩뮧믲뺭볃ퟩ횯횮볤뷸쯹폐헟뗄탐캪,듓뛸퓚쯻뗄쒣탍샯틽뷸쇋췁뗘쯹폐헟탐캪뇤탐쇷ꆣ솿,볬퇩쇋떱췁뗘쯹폐헟돽쇋뿉틔톡퓱뫏풼샠탍췢,뮹뿉틔[닎뾼컄쿗]톡퓱퓚췁뗘짏뷸탐뎤웚놣뮤탔춶쪱뗄뷡맻[30]ꆣ죧맻췁뗘[1]ퟢ쇞헟캪럧쿕훐솢,퓚만뚨ퟢ뷰뫏풼쿂췁뗘쯹폐헟맽뛈뷸탐WealthofNations[M].Oxford:theClarendonPress,놣뮤탔춶1880:368.,뿉틔듯떽ퟮ폅쮮욽닺돶틔벰뇜쏢퓚럖돉훆뫏풼쿂떼훂뗄췁뗘훊솿쿂붵뗄컊쳢ꆣ뛸죧맻췁뗘ퟢ쇞헟캪럧쿕퇡[2][M].London:Mac2Millian,1890.뛱,붫늻뿉쓜듯떽ퟮ폅닺돶ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,퓚럖돉훆쿂놣[3]뮤탔춶듸살뗄닺돶뗍폚ퟮ폅뷢,뛸뻹뫢놣뮤탔춶퓲폐뿉[J].JournalofPoliticalEconomy,1950,58(4):111-쓜듳폚믲킡폚ퟮ폅뷢ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪뫏풼샠탍뫍놣뮤탔춶뗄톡123.퓱쫇춬쪱뷸탐뗄,틲듋퓚퇐뺿췁뗘놣뮤탔춶쪱죧맻냑뫏풼[4]-Cropping샠탍쫓캪췢짺뇤솿붫뿉쓜닺짺욫닮ꆣ[J].PolitEcon,1950,58(4):1107-1122.쯄ꆢ퇐뺿뷨본틢틥[5][M].Chica2go:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.틔짏퇐뺿뛔컒맺췁뗘쇷훐뗄ퟮ폅췁뗘ퟢ쇞벤샸뫏풼짨[6],riskaversion,andtheꆪ152ꆪ
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