Chinese-English Bilingual Teaching For
Logistics & Supply Chain Management
Chapter 4. Logistics Information Management
Logistics Information and communication technology (LICT) is the use of electronic processing media for the collection, analysis and evaluation of data, and the transfer of information from one point to another.
Flows of information in logistics and supply chains are as fundamental as the flows of goods and materials and people.
The timing and quality of the information affects the quality of decision-making. Good information enables good decisions to be made. Inadequate or incorrect information leads to poor decisions.
组织的管理层次和业务流
高层决策层（战略层）
中间管理层（战术层）
执行管理层（操作/作业层）
策划 人事 制造 市场营销 财务 日常管理
DSS
MIS
EDP/TPS
人员流
事务流
资金流
物资流
信息流
领导职能 组织职能 计划职能 控制职能 作业职能
数据处理/事务处理
决策支持
管理信息系统
1. Definition
There are different levels of information required in logistics. These different levels and functions can be identified as the strategic, tactical and operational levels.
Information at the strategic level
The strategic levels are mainly involved with medium to long-term planning. This level requires information on the following areas, typically for the senior managers in a business.
Purchasing: . information about alternative suppliers
Production: . information to help determine product ranges
1. Definition
Inventory: . information to help decide on format of stockholding(储入仓库/仓储管理/库存管理stockkeeping, stockholding, warehousing)
Warehousing: . information to help in deciding on using an own-account operation or third party contractors
Transportation: . information to help in decision to buy or lease vehicles
Marketing: . information on demographic patterns
1. Definition
Information at the tactical level
The tactical levels are mainly involved with medium- to short-term planning such as forecasting, scheduling and resource planning. This level requires the following types of information, typically for the middle managers in a business:
1. Definition
Purchasing: information to assist with order scheduling
Production: information to assist in deciding run lengths
Inventory: information to assist in setting stock levels
Warehousing: information on resource levels needed
Transportation: information on routing and scheduling, and resource provision
Marketing: information to assist in planning seasonal orders
1. Definition
Information at the operational level
The operational level is mainly involved with shorter-term to minute-by-minute decisions such as dealing with contingencies and changes. This level requires information for typically the first line management and operatives in a business.
1. Definition
Purchasing: information to help decide when to place orders with suppliers
Production: information on release(出库) of raw materials from stock
Inventory: information on scheduling supplier orders
Warehousing: picking lists(领料/提货单)
Transportation: delivery notes（交货通知 ）
Marketing: order receiving
2. Information Application
Many of the techniques in logistics, (such as MRP, JIT, ERP), rely on the electronic gathering and manipulation of data. Electronic communication enables
automatic decision-making,
the modeling of proposed changes,
automatic tracking control,
and the automatic generation of performance monitoring and control.
2. Information Application
Modeling proposed changes
Proposed （所提议的，建议的， alternative ）changes to operations and networks can be modeled so that the effects can be assessed and then decisions taken.
For example, a company may wish to change the way it schedules its vehicle operations. They can then model many alternative routes. These are then assessed and decisions are taken on any changes that are to be made to the current network.
2. Information Application
Automatic tracking control（自动跟踪控制 ）
Automatic tracking control of vehicles, loads and assets (such as packing trays搬运托盘, roll cages滚柱罩/盒). This enables constant visibility（连续可见性 ）, which improves security and can enable real time response to routing and scheduling (线路和行程安排)of vehicles. The safety improvement for automobiles is a roll cage, already used in race cars,
EDI标准
用户文件
发送方
用户文件
接收方
平台文件
标准文件
标准文件
平台文件
或
PSTN等
传输网络
加封
对照
翻译
解封
EDI作业流程图
EDI标准指的是各企业共同的交流标准，是数据交换的翻译，它使得遵循这一标准的企业与组织能进行电子数据交换作业流程。 如图
EDI系统的类型
目前最常用的EDI系统主要有两种类型：单对多EDI系统和增值网（VAN） ，如图
制造商
零售商
供应商
供应商
供应商
制造商/零售商
制造商/零售商
制造商/零售商
第三方
供应商
供应商
供应商
单对多EDI系统、VAN系统
物流EDI
所谓物流EDI是指货主、承运业主以及其他相关单位之间通过EDI系统进行物流数据交换，以此为基础实施物流活动的方法，其框架结构如图所示。
相关单位（仓储等）
协作单位（金融保险）
承运业主
货主（厂商、贸易商）
电子数据交换（EDI）
物流EDI框架结构
3. Use of EDI in the Supply Chain
Electronic point of sale (EPOS，销售电子终端 ) technology is the capture of data on electronic files at the point where a sale takes place. A familiar example occurs at the supermarket checkout : products being purchased are passed across a scanner, which recognises details of the product from the barcode. From the customer’s point of view this means that pricing is done quickly, which leads to shorter queues. From the store’s point of view, the information captured in this way is a valuable resource. Computer software enables managers to track(跟踪 ) quantities sold of each product; meanwhile, stock records are updated (更新) automatically.
3. Use of EDI in the Supply Chain
EPOS data is sent via EDI to the retailer’s regional warehouses and to their Headquarters. This triggers replenishment from retailer’s stock and triggers replenishment from the manufacturer’s stock to the retailer’s warehouse, so as to shorten lead times and lower stock levels.
3. Use of EDI in the Supply Chain
EDI enables the supplier and the customer to view each other’s operations. This reduces the need to hold stocks ‘just in case’ of stock outs(以防缺货). Information replaces stocks, which means that stock holding costs are minimised. The identification of accurate and timely data leads to lower costs. Additionally better performance is possible because of greater speed and certainty of decision making. Improved and accurate information replaces guesswork(盲目决策 ).
3. Use of EDI in the Supply Chain
Guesswork represents delays, more costs, more inventory cover, and poor customer service. Wherever there is a need to improve service and to reduce costs, then closely co-ordinating and integrating information flows with EDI (and other electronic communications such as the Internet), represent a powerful approach to improving supply chain performance.
4. LOGISTICS NETWORKING
上海联华超市集团EDI应用系统
系统结构:
GPS技术
全球定位系统（Global Positioning System）
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the . Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use -- freely available to all civilian users. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
全球定位系统是由一系列卫星组成的，它们24小时提供高精度的世界范围的定位和导航信息。目前主要的全球卫星定位系统包括美国国防部的GPS系统、俄罗斯的GLONASS系统和国际海事卫星组织的INMARSA系统。
GPS系统的特点
（1）全球 （2）定位精度高 （3）功能多，应用广
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)射频识别
---athletes at the Special Olympic Games
GIS技术
地理信息系统
地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,简称GIS )是一种能把图形管理系统和数据管理系统有机地结合起来，对各种空间信息进行收集、存储、分析和可视化表达的信息处理与管理系统。GIS提供的信息产品不仅仅是简单的文字和数据，而且还有一幅幅空间图形或图像。大到地球、国家、省市，小到村镇、街道乃至地面上的一个点位，GIS都能以直观、 方便、互动的可视化方式，实现数据信息的快速查询、计算、分析和辅助决策。
Exercises
教材 P 51
