ꆰ랢햹뺭볃톧폫훐맺뺭볃랢햹ꆱ맺볊톧쫵퇐쳖믡싛컄 뺭볃퓶뎤벫벰웤펦폃ꎺ튻룶낸샽럖컶 퇕 열 량 쟸폲뺭볃믲훐맛뺭볃뗄믹놾샭싛횮튻뻍쫇틔늻욽뫢랢햹샭싛캪떼쿲뗄쳝뛈췆뷸샭싛뫍뺭볃퓶뎤벫샭싛ꆣ뫳헟풴폚램맺뺭볃톧볒뢥샊쯷췟ꆤ엥슳ꎨF. Perrouxꎩ뗄ꆰ랢햹벫ꆱꎨPoles of Developmentꎩ샭싛ꎬ펢쏀톧헟듳뛠쪹폃퓶뎤벫ꎨPoles of Growthꎩ믲퓶뎤뗣ꎨPoints of Growthꎩ쫵폯ꎬ뗼틲쯹퓚뺭볃쟸폲뗄듳킡탎ힴ룷틬ꎬ폖맚횮틔퓶뎤듸ꆢ퓶뎤훡ꆢ퓶뎤좦ꎬ늻튻뛸ퟣꆣ놾컄쾵춳닻쫶뺭볃퓶뎤벫샭싛뗄퇝뇤ꆢ쳘헷뫍믹놾쓚죝ꎬ늢펦폃헢튻샭싛뻟쳥뾼달뫾놱쪡뺭볃랢햹컊쳢ꆣ 튻ꆢ퓶뎤벫샭싛랢햹쪷ꎨ20쫀볍훐뫳웚ꎩ 뺭볃퓶뎤벫샭싛쫇40쓪듺쒩50쓪듺컷랽뺭볃톧볒맘폚튻맺뺭볃욽뫢퓶뎤틖믲늻욽뫢퓶뎤듳싛햽뗄닺컯ꆣ틔싞즭쮹첹-싞떤ꎨRosenstein-Rodanꎩꆢ쓉뿋쮹ꎨꎩ뫍쮹쳘샯뛙ꎨꎩ캪듺뇭뗄욽뫢퓶뎤싛헟잿뗷ꎬ뺭볃랢햹펦춨맽뛔헻룶맺쏱뺭볃룷늿쏅ꎨ폈웤쫇릤튵늿쏅ꎩ춬쪱좫쏦뗄듳맦쒣춶ꎬ틔벰탭뛠쿠뮥틀삵뗄웳튵뗄춬늽욽뫢퓶뎤살쪵쿖ꆣ헢튻엉뗄샭싛믹뒡훷튪쫇죸틁ꎨSayꎩ뚨싉ꎬ틔벰뛔헢튻뚨싉뷸탐훘탂닻쫍뫍탞헽뗄쓂샕ꎨꎩ뫍얦싼ꎨꎩ뗄샭싛ꆣ늻욽뫢퓶뎤싛ꎨ웤훐냼삨닺튵ꆢ늿쏅뫍뗘쟸늻욽뫢퓶뎤싛ꎩ헟퓲잿뗷ꎬ본폚튻킩맺볒폈웤랢햹훐맺볒쿖폐컯훊풴ꎨ폈웤쫇놾ꎩ뗄쾡좱뫍죋솦풴ꎨ폈웤쫇웳튵볒ꎩ뗄?랦ꎬ뺭볃욽뫢랢햹쪵볊짏쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꎬ뺭볃랢햹뗄쪵볹튲캴쓜쳡릩헢랽쏦뗄뺭퇩퇩횤뫍돉릦낸샽ꆣ 엥슳퓚ꆶ뺭볃뿕볤ꎺ샭싛뗄펦폃ꆷꎨ1950쓪ꎩ뫍ꆶ싔싛랢햹벫뗄룅쓮ꆷꎨ1955쓪ꎩ뗈훸쫶훐ꎬퟮ퓧쳡돶틔ꆰ랢햹벫ꆱ캪뇪횾늢틔ꆰ늻욽뗈뚯솦톧ꆱ믲ꆰ횧엤톧ꆱ캪믹뒡뗄늻욽뫢퓶뎤샭싛ꆣ싥쪩ꎨAugust Loschꎩ쯤좻퓚1939쓪ퟮ퓧쳡돶맘폚쟸폲뺭볃믮뚯뻟폐쿲랢햹벫벯훐뗄쟷쫆뗄쮼쿫ꎬ떫캴뗃떽쾵춳뗄닻쫶ꆣ엥슳듓돩쿳뗄뺭볃뿕볤돶랢ꎬ죏캪뺭볃뿕볤듦퓚ퟅ죴룉훐탄ꆢ솦뎡믲벫ꎬ닺짺샠쯆ꆰ듅벫ꆱퟷ폃뗄룷훖샫탄솦뫍쿲탄솦ꎬ듓뛸닺짺쿠뮥솪뫏뗄튻뚨랶캧뗄ꆰ뎡ꆱꎬ늢ퟜ쫇뒦폚럇욽뫢ힴ뿶뗄벫뮯맽돌횮훐ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ튻맺뺭볃쫇평룷훖ꆰ뺭볃뿕볤ꆱ릹돉ꎬ쯼믲헟쫇ꆰ볆뮮쓚죝ꆱ믲헾닟퓋폃뗄뺭볃뿕볤탎쪽ꎬ춳볆톧틢틥뗄뻹훊뗄뺭볃뿕볤탎쪽ꎬ믲헟쫇ퟷ캪ꆰ쫆솦랶캧ꆱꆢꆰ솦뎡ꆱ뫍ꆰ퓶뎤훐탄ꆱ뗄뺭볃뿕볤탎쪽ꆣ엥슳ퟅ훘럖컶쇋ퟮ뫳튻훖뺭볃뿕볤탎쪽ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ뺭볃퓶뎤쫇퓚늻춬늿쏅ꆢ탐튵믲뗘쟸ꎬ내늻춬쯙뛈늻욽뫢퓶뎤뗄ꆣ풭틲퓚폚ꎺ웤킩ꆰ췆뷸탍닺튵ꆱꎨ훷떼닺튵ꎩ믲폐뒴탂쓜솦뗄웳튵ꆪꆪ웳튵볒 1
뗄뒴탂쫇랢햹뷸돌뗄훷튪뚯틲ꆪꆪ퓚튻킩뗘쟸믲돇쫐뗄벯뻛뫍폅쿈랢햹ꎬ듓뛸탎돉잡쯆ꆰ듅뎡벫ꆱ뗄뛠릦쓜뗄뺭볃믮뚯훐탄ꎬ틠벴랢햹벫ꆣ쯼늻뷶듙뷸ퟔ짭랢햹ꎬ닺짺ꆰ돇쫐뮯쟷쿲ꆱꎬ늢쟒틔웤컼틽뫍삩즢ퟷ폃뷸튻늽췆뚯웤쯼뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꎬ듓뛸탎돉뺭볃쟸폲뫍뺭볃췸싧ꆣ엥슳냑헢훖컼틽뫍삩즢킧펦맩뷡캪벼쫵뗄뒴탂뫍삩즢ꎬ놾뗄벯훐뫍쫤돶ꎬ맦쒣뺭볃킧틦뫍벯뻛뺭볃킧틦ꎨ돇쫐뮯쟷쫆ꎩꆣ늢뛔랢햹벫뗄탎돉쳵볾ퟷ쇋룅삨ꎺ뇘탫튪폐튻엺폐뒴탂쓜솦뗄웳튵뫍웳튵볒ꎬ뇘탫뻟폐맦쒣뺭볃킧틦ꎬ틔벰솼뫃뗄춶뮷뺳뫍짺닺뮷뺳ꆣ 엥슳뗄랢햹벫샭싛쯤좻짦벰닺튵뫍웳튵뗄늻욽뫢랢햹ꎬ떫ퟮ훕맩뷡캪돇쫐뫍쟸폲뗄늻욽뫢랢햹ꆣ늢쟒잿뗷뻛벯뫍컼틽킧펦ꎬ삩즢킧펦틔벰뗘샭ꆢ쟸캻뫍훐탄폅쫆ꆣ쯻뗄샭싛듲짏쇋뿋샯쮹쯾샕ꎨꎩ뗄ꆰ훐탄뗘샭싛ꆱ뗄샓펡ꆣ뫳헟횸돶쇋맘폚돇쫐쟸캻뗄돩쿳샭싛뫍돇쫐늼뻖뗄뻟쳥쒣쪽ꎬ늢룹뻝쫐뎡풭퓲ꆢ붻춨풭퓲뫍탐헾풭퓲ꎬ퇐뺿퓚뻹훊욽풭쟸폲쓚죧뫎탎돉틔돇쫐캪훐탄ꎬ평쿠펦뗄뛠벶쫐뎡쟸ퟩ돉뗄췸싧쳥쾵ꎬ잿뗷돇쫐쟷쿲폚짨훃퓚쇹뇟탎쫐뎡랶캧뗄훐탄ꎬ평듋쓜폐킧뗘ퟩ횯컯훊뫍닆뢻뗄짺닺뫍쇷춨ꆣ헢쫇퓶뎤훐탄샭싛뗄돻탎ꆣ틲뛸엥슳뗄랢햹벫샭싛캴쏢쪧횮욫웄ꎬ맊놻돆캪ꆰ뗘샭탔랢햹벫ꆱ뫍ꆰ퓶뎤훐탄ꆱ샭싛ꎨN.몺즭폯ꎩꆣ폫엥슳폐쯹늻춬ꎬퟷ캪욽뫢랢햹샭싛뗄훷튪엺움헟뗄뫕뛻쾣싼ꎨꎩ퓲잿뗷뺭볃늿쏅믲닺튵뗄늻욽뫢랢햹ꎬ늢잿뗷맘솪킧펦뫍풴폅뮯엤훃킧펦ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒펦벯훐폐쿞뗄풴뫍놾ꎬ폅쿈랢햹짙쫽ꆰ훷떼늿쏅ꆱ폈웤쫇ꆰ횱뷓짺닺탔믮뚯ꆱ늿쏅ꆣ죧뫎톡퓱폅쿈랢햹뗄닺튵뫍늿쏅쓘?뫕뛻쾣싼쳡돶ꆰ맘솪킧펦ꆱ풭샭ꆣ헢쫇웤늻욽뫢퓶뎤샭싛뗄뫋탄ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ맘솪킧펦펦룃쫇룷룶닺튵늿쏅훐뿍맛듦퓚뗄쿠뮥펰쿬ꆢ쿠뮥틀듦뗄맘솪뛈ꎬ늢뿉폃룃닺튵닺욷뗄탨쟳볛룱떯탔뫍쫕죫떯탔살뛈솿ꆣ틲듋ꎬ폅쿈춶뫍랢햹뗄닺튵뇘뚨쫇맘솪킧펦ퟮ듳뗄닺튵ꎬ튲쫇룃닺튵닺욷뗄탨쟳볛룱떯탔뫍쫕죫떯탔ퟮ듳뗄닺튵ꆣ뫕뛻쾣싼죏캪ꎬ랲폐맘솪킧펦뗄닺튵ꆪꆪ늻맜쫇잰쿲솪쾵닺튵ꎨ튻냣쫇훆퓬욷믲ퟮ훕닺욷짺닺늿쏅ꎩ뮹쫇뫳쿲솪쾵닺튵ꎨ튻냣쫇얩닺욷ꆢ돵벶닺욷짺닺늿쏅ꎩꆪꆪ뚼쓜춨맽룃닺튵뗄삩헅뫍폅쿈퓶뎤ꎬ훰늽삩듳뛔웤쯻쿠맘닺튵뗄춶ꎬ듸뚯뫳쿲솪쾵늿쏅ꆢ잰쿲솪쾵늿쏅뫍헻룶닺튵늿쏅뗄랢햹ꎬ듓뛸퓚ퟜ쳥짏쪵쿖뺭볃퓶뎤ꆣ듋췢ꎬ퓚뫕뛻쾣싼뾴살ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒퓚돵웚랢햹뷗뛎늻뷶훘뗣랢햹뫍폅쿈춶뻟폐뷏듳잰쿲뫍뫳쿲솪쾵뗄뷸뿚쳦듺릤튵ꎬ늢쟒잿뗷뇘탫훘뗣쪵쪩늻욽뫢랢햹햽싔ꎻ떫퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄룟벶뷗뛎ꎬ맺쏱뺭볃룷늿쏅뗄킭뗷뫍욽뫢랢햹붫쳡짏틩쫂죕돌ꎬ듓뛸뛔욽뫢퓶뎤폫늻욽뫢퓶뎤뗄쿠뮥맘쾵ퟷ쇋뇧횤뗄닻쫶ꆣ 엥슳뗄랢햹벫샭싛뮹폐솽듳좱쿝ꎺ튻쫇맽럖잿뗷랢햹벫뗄헽쏦킧펦뛸뛔뢺쏦킧펦늻훃튻듊ꎻ뛾쫇붫랢햹벫붨훾퓚돩쿳뗄뺭볃뿕볤믹뒡짏ꆣ죰뗤뺭볃톧볒뛻듯뛻ꎨꎩ뫍뫕뛻쾣싼쏖늹쇋뗚튻룶좱쿝ꎬ램맺뺭볃톧볒늼듺캬뛻ꎨBoudevilleꎩ쏖늹쇋뗚뛾룶좱쿝ꆣ 뛻듯뛻퓧퓚1944쓪돶냦뗄ꆶ뷸췋캬마뗄쏀맺ꎺ뫚죋컊쳢뫍쿖듺쏱훷ꆷ훐쳡돶ꆰ톭뮷뗄믲믽샛뗄틲맻맘쾵ꆱ풭샭ꎬ벴ꆰ샛믽뗄뗘쟸퓶뎤뫍쿂붵ꆱ샭싛ꎬ늢퓚ꆶ뺭볃샭싛뫍늻랢듯뗘쟸ꆷꎨ1957쓪ꎩ뫍ꆶ퇇훞쾷뻧ꎺ룷맺욶삧컊쳢뾼달ꆷꎨ1968쓪ꎩ뗈훸쫶훐ꎬ쪹폃ꆰ믘늨ꆱ뫍ꆰ삩즢ꆱ뗄룅쓮ꎬ쮵쏷뺭볃랢듯뗘쟸ꎨ랢햹벫ꎩ뛔웤쯼실뫳뗘쟸뗄쮫훘ퟷ폃뫍펰쿬ꎬ틲듋뛸탎돉뗄ꆰ뗘샭짏뗄뛾풪뺭볃뷡릹ꆱ싛틔벰쿠펦뗄헾닟훷헅ꎬ럡뢻뫍랢햹쇋쟸폲뺭볃뫍퓶뎤벫샭싛ꆣ 2
퓚뛻듯뛻뾴살ꎬ짧믡뺭볃랢햹맽돌쫇튻룶뚯첬뗄룷훖틲쯘ꎨ웤훐냼삨닺돶폫쫕죫ꎬ짺닺뫍짺믮쮮욽ꎬ훆뛈뫍헾닟뗈쇹듳틲쯘ꎩ쿠뮥ퟷ폃ꆢ뮥캪틲맻ꆢ톭뮷믽샛뗄럇뻹뫢랢햹맽돌ꆣ죎뫎튻룶틲쯘ꆰ웰쪼뗄뇤뮯ꆱ믡틽훂웤쯼틲쯘쿠펦뇤뮯ꎬ늢듙돉돵쪼틲쯘뗄ꆰ뗚뛾벶잿뮯퓋뚯ꆱꆣ죧듋톭뮷췹뢴뗄샛믽ꎬ떼훂뺭볃맽돌퇘돵쪼틲쯘랢햹뗄랽쿲랢햹ꆣ뛻듯뛻뷸뛸쳡돶뛾훖톭뮷믽샛틲맻퓋뚯벰웤헽뢺킧펦ꎺ튻훖쫇랢듯뗘쟸ꎨ퓶뎤벫ꎩ뛔훜캧실뫳뗘쟸뗄ퟨ낭ퟷ폃믲늻샻펰쿬ꎬ벴ꆰ믘늨킧펦ꆱꎬ듙돉룷훖짺닺튪쯘쿲랢햹벫뗄믘쇷뫍뻛벯ꎬ닺짺튻훖삩듳솽듳뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹닮뻠뗄퓋뚯쟷쫆ꆣ쇭튻훖쫇뛔훜캧실뫳뗘쟸뗄췆뚯ퟷ폃믲폐샻펰쿬ꎬ벴ꆰ삩즢킧펦ꆱꎬ듙돉룷훖짺닺튪쯘퓚튻뚨랢햹뷗뛎짏듓랢햹벫쿲훜캧늻랢듯뗘쟸뗄삩즢ꎬ틲뛸닺짺튻훖쯵킡솽듳뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹닮뻠뗄퓋뚯쟷쫆ꆣ쯻잿뗷횸돶ꎺ쫐뎡믺훆뗄ퟷ폃ퟜ쫇쟣쿲폚삩듳뛸늻쫇쯵킡뗘쟸볤뗄닮뻠ꎬ헢뻍틢캶ퟅ믘늨킧펦듳폚삩즢킧펦ꎬ듓뛸탎돉ꆰ뗘샭짏뗄뛾풪뺭볃뷡릹ꆱꆣ뫳살뗄톧헟냑헢훖쟩뿶맩뷡캪뺭볃ퟔ평훷틥햼짏럧뗄ꆰퟔ랢뗄랢햹벫ꆱ쿖쿳ꆣ쿠랴뗘ꎬ뛻듯뛻별쾣췻폚헾뢮닉좡믽벫뗄룉풤헾닟ꎨ늻펦쿻벫뗈듽랢듯뗘쟸믲랢햹벫뗄ꆰ삩즢킧펦ꆱꎩ살듌벤랢햹벫훜캧실뫳뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꎬ쳮늹샛믽탔틲맻톭뮷쯹퓬돉뗄뺭볃닮뻠ꆣ뫳살뗄톧헟냑헢훖쟩뿶맩뷡캪맺볒룉풤훷틥햼짏럧뗄ꆰ폕떼뗄랢햹벫ꆱ쿖쿳ꎬ헢쫇뛻듯뛻퓶뎤벫샭싛뗄뺫쯨ꆣ 뫕뛻쾣싼짔뫳튲쳡돶샠쯆뗄맛뗣ꎬ벴퓶뎤벫닺짺벫뮯킧펦ꎨ벴믘쇷킧펦ꎩ뫍쇷킧펦ꎨ벴삩즢킧펦ꎩꎬ늢잿뗷횸돶ꎺ뺡맜헢솽훖킧펦믡춬쪱웰ퟷ폃ꎬ떫퓚쫐뎡믺훆ퟔ랢ퟷ폃쿂ꎬ벫뮯킧펦햼횧엤뗘캻ꆣ늢뷸뛸쳡돶쇋ꆰ뇟볊늻욽뫢퓶뎤샭싛ꆱꎬ틔벰ꆰ뫋탄폫뇟풵쟸샭싛ꆱꆣ뫳살ꎬ샍났뗂ꆤ싞뗂컂쳡돶ꆰ벯훐뗄럇훐탄뮯ꆱ쟸폲랢햹샭싛ꎬ횼퓚잿뮯삩즢킧펦ꎬ늢훷헅퓚뇟풵실뫳뗘쟸붨솢탂뗄퓶뎤벫믲퓶뎤훐탄ꎬ쪹랢듯뗘쟸샏퓶뎤벫뫍실뫳뗘쟸뗄탂퓶뎤벫킭뗷랢햹ꆣ 퓶뎤벫샭싛뫍헾닟퓚20쫀볍60쓪듺폐쇋뎤ퟣ뗄랢햹ꆣ1945-1957쓪뎤듯쪮뛾쓪뗄놾훷틥뺭볃뗄랱죙퓬돉쇋솽듳퇏훘뫳맻ꆣ튻쫇듳돇쫐ꎨퟔ랢뗄퓶뎤벫ꎩ돶쿖틔맽뛈퓶뎤뫍닺튵뷡릹뛱뮯캪쳘헷뗄ꆰ뻛벯늻뺭볃ꆱ쿖쿳ꎻ뛾쫇훜캧뗘쟸뗄쮥췋뫍쫕죫닮뻠뗄삩듳ꎬ듓뛸횤쪵쇋퓶뎤벫샭싛뗄헽좷탔ꆣ틲듋벱폚룄뇤헢훖ힴ뿶뗄랢듯맺볒틔벰튻킩랢햹훐맺볒ꎨ샽죧쒫컷룧ꆢ쓏뎯쿊ꆢ냍컷ꆢ펡뛈ꆢ탂볓웂ꎩ럗럗붫헢튻샭싛뢶훮폚쪵볹ꆣ 램맺헾뢮1960쓪냤늼뿕볤랢햹볆뮮ꎬ늢돉솢맺췁헻훎폫쟸폲뾪랢믺릹ꎬ톡뚨8듳돇쫐뗘쟸캪ꆰ훐탍랢햹벫ꆱꎬ틖훆냍샨훐퇫뗘쟸뗄맽뛈엲헍ꎬ춨맽폅믝헾닟듙뷸램맺실뫳뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹ꆣ쏀맺헾뢮쿠볌훆뚩쟸폲퓙뾪랢램ꎨ1961쓪ꎩꎬ낢뛻냍삭웵쟸폲뾪랢램ꎨ1965쓪ꎩꆣ웤훐뛔실뫳뗄쳯쓉컷뫓쇷폲뗘쟸뗄뾪랢쫇ힿ폐돉킧뗄ꆣ죕놾헾뢮1962쓪틔살뛠듎훆뚨좫맺ퟛ뫏뾪랢볆뮮ꎬ냑죕놾뮮럖캪웟듳뺭볃쟸ꎬ뇣폚춳튻맦뮮뫍럖샠횸떼룷뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ뗂맺냤늼맘폚룄짆쟸폲뺭볃뷡릹뗄릲춬죎컱램ꎨ1969쓪ꎩꎬ솪냮헾뢮쳡릩쟸폲뺭볃듙뷸럑폃뗄50%ꆣ 퓶뎤벫헾닟퓚랢햹훐맺볒훐닉좡뛠훖쪵쿖탎쪽ꆣ샽죧ꎬ튻킩맺볒쿞훆돤럖뻍튵뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹ꎬ춨맽뛔쮽죋늿쏅뷸탐뷰죚폕떼ꎬ듙뷸실뫳뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹ꎬ믲헟냑훘뗣럅퓚믹뒡짨쪩뗄붨짨짏ꎬ춨맽헾뢮춶쳡릩튻룶ퟮ뗍쿞뛈쮮ힼ뗄뚯솦ꆢ쮮ꆢ붻춨뫍웤쯼릫릲짨쪩ꆣ폐킩맺볒퓲틔릫릲웳튵뗄훐탍믲훘릤튵믮뚯캪믹뒡ꎻ헢킩쪵쪩볆뮮뚼냼몬폐훮죧쳺ꆢ룖ꆢ싁ꆢ쪯 3
폍뮯릤틔벰믺킵릤튵뗈늿쏅퓚쓚뗄릤튵ퟛ뫏웳튵ꆣ탭뛠랢햹훐맺볒닉좡짧믡뺭볃ퟛ뫏랢햹햽싔ꎬ냑뾪랢실뫳뇟풶뗘쟸ퟷ캪뺭볃랢햹뗄햽싔훘뗣ꎬ늢틔훮죧복쏢쮰쫕ꆢ쳡릩뗍쾢듻뿮뗈폅믝헾닟ꎬ뾪뇙룷샠탂릤튵쟸뫍쓚뗘ퟔ평쎳틗쟸ꆣ냍컷뗄훐컷늿뫍놱늿쫇뺭볃실뫳뗘쟸ꆣ1960쓪냍컷쫗뚼듓샯풼죈쓚슬잨떽훐늿뗄냍컷샻퇇ꎬ틔듋듸뚯훐늿뗄뺭볃랢햹ꎻ늢퓚놱늿짨훃십쮹ퟔ평쎳틗쟸ꎬ돉솢퇇십톷뺭볃뾪랢볆뮮맜샭뻖ꆢ뚫놱늿뾪랢맜샭뻖ꆢ뚫놱틸탐뫍뚫놱뷌폽믹뷰ꎬ듓뛸쪹헻룶퇇십톷뫓쇷폲뗄뺭볃ힴ뿶듳캪룄짆ꆣ뻝춳볆ꎬ50쓪듺훁70쓪듺돵웚ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒퓋폃뗄퓶뎤벫헾닟뗄돉릦싊햼50%ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ랢햹벫샭싛뗄헾닟뮯뫍쪵폃뮯돉쇋뗚뛾뷗뛎랢햹벫샭싛뗄훷튪쳘헷ꆣ웤듺뇭ퟷ폐췾솮쒷즭ꎨꎩ뗄ꆶ뗘쟸럇뻹뫢뫍맺볒랢햹뷸돌ꆷꎨ1965쓪ꎩꎬ뢥샯뗂싼ꎨFriedmanꎩ뗄ꆶ쟸폲헾닟ꆷꎨ1966쓪ꎩꎬ뫺런ꎨHooverꎩ뗄ꆶ쟸폲뺭볃떼싛ꆷꎨ1972쓪ꎩꎬ몺즭ꎨHansenꎩ훷뇠뗄ꆶ쟸폲뾪랢훐뗄퓶뎤벫ꆷꎨ1972쓪ꎩꎬ샻냂틁뗂ꎨLioydꎩ뗄ꆶ뿕볤쟸캻ꆷꎨ1977쓪ꎩꎬ펢뗙룇쳘ꎨintigatorꎩ뗄ꆶ뺭볃쒣탍벼쫵폫펦폃ꆷꎨ1977쓪ꎩꎬ늼샊ꎨBrownꎩ뗄ꆶ쟸폲ꆪꆪ맺볒뺭볃쒣탍ꆷꎨ1978쓪ꎩ뗈ꆣ폈웤쫇났죸뛻뗂ꎨꎩퟜ뷡쇋훮뛠맺볒쪵쪩쟸폲뺭볃뫍랢햹벫헾닟뗄뺭퇩ꎬ늢룹뻝쟗ퟔ닎폫쟸폲맦뮮뫍뾪랢릤ퟷ뗄쪵볹ꎬ쿠볌킴ꆶ쟸폲럖컶랽램ꆷꎨ1960쓪ꎩ뫍ꆶ쟸폲뿆톧떼싛ꆷꎨ1975쓪ꎩ뗈훸쫶ꎬ캪맺볒룉풤쟸폲뺭볃쳡릩쇋뿉뻟닙ퟷ탔뗄헾닟샭싛뫍랽램ꎬ뗬뚨쇋냼삨퓶뎤벫샭싛퓚쓚뗄컷랽쟸폲뺭볃톧뗄믹뒡ꆣ 헢튻뷗뛎퓶뎤벫샭싛뗄췆뚯헟뫍췪짆헟뮹폐엥슳뗄뗜ퟓꆢ램맺뺭볃톧볒늼듺캬뛻ꎨꎩꆣ쯻퓚ꆶ쟸폲뺭볃맦뮮컊쳢ꆷꎨ1957쓪ꎩ뫍ꆶ맺췁헻훎뫍랢햹벫ꆷꎨ1972쓪ꎩ뗈훸쫶훐뛔ꆰ뺭볃뿕볤ꆱ헢튻쫵폯ퟷ쇋뾪췘탔ꎨ듓뺭볃뿕볤췘햹떽뗘샭뿕볤늢듓뺭볃샭싛퇓짬떽뺭볃헾닟ꎩ뗄쾵춳닻쫍ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ뺭볃뿕볤볈냼삨뺭볃뇤솿횮볤뗄뷡릹맘쾵ꎬ튲몭룇뺭볃쿖쿳뗄뗘폲뷡릹믲쟸캻맘쾵ꎻ랢햹벫볈뿉틔쫇늿쏅뗄ꎬ튲뿉틔쫇쟸폲뗄ꎬ늢헽쪽쳡돶ꆰ쟸폲랢햹벫ꆱ룅쓮ꆣ쯻뮹뷸뛸냑뺭볃뿕볤믲뺭볃쟸폲뮮럖캪죽샠ꎺ웤튻쫇춬튻믲뻹훊쟸폲ꎻ웤뛾쫇벫뮯쟸폲ꎬ쯹캽벫뮯쫇횸랢햹벫뗄ꆰ듅벫ꆱퟷ폃ꎬ벫뮯쟸폲쓚늿늻춬늿럖춨맽랢햹벫쿠뮥맘솪ꆢ쿠뮥틀듦ꎻ웤죽쫇볆뮮쟸폲ꆣ헢쫇늼듺캬뛻훘뗣럖컶뗄뛔쿳ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ볆뮮쟸폲쫇헾뢮뗄볆뮮뫍헾닟뗄쪵쪩쟸폲ꎬ틲뛸튲쫇쪵볊듦퓚뗄맘솪쟸폲ꎬ늢퓚탔훊짏룼뻟폐헾훎탔ꎻ볆뮮쟸폲뫍벫뮯쟸폲튻냣쫇킭뗷뗄ꎬ떫본폚벫뮯쟸폲뗄뛠뇤탔ꎬ틲뛸쪹헢훖킭뗷폐튻뚨뗄쓑뛈ꆣ펦룃잿뗷횸돶ꎬ헢샯쪵볊짏틑냑퓶뎤벫럖캪평쫐뎡믺훆횧엤뗄ퟔ랢짺돉뗄퓶뎤벫ꎨ벫뮯쟸폲ꎩ뫍볆뮮믺훆횧엤뗄폕떼짺돉뗄퓶뎤벫ꎨ볆뮮쟸폲ꎩꆣ헽틲캪죧듋ꎬ퓶뎤벫샭싛쫇쟸폲뺭볃톧뫍훐맛뺭볃톧퇐뺿뗄튻룶춻웆ꎬ탭뛠맺볒냑헢튻샭싛퓋폃폚쟸폲뺭볃헾닟뫍뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆣ 퓶뎤벫샭싛뫍헾닟퓚70쓪듺뫳웚폐맽튻뛎돁볅웚ꎬ떫퓚80쓪듺쒩웚폖훘탂뗃떽훘쫓ꆣ헢튻샭싛퓚70쓪듺쒩웚퓢쫜뛠훖퓰쓑뫍럇틩뗄풭틲쫇뛠랽쏦뗄ꎬ떫ퟮ룹놾뗄풭틲쫇ꎺ볌60쓪뫍70쓪듺돵뗄뺭볃퓶뎤웚횮뫳ꎬ뷓뛸살뗄쫇뺭볃퓶뎤뗄럅싽뫍쮥췋웚ꎬ퓶뎤벫샭싛뫍헾닟뗄펰쿬솦쿂붵ꎬ틔훁폚쯼쏇놻돆캪ꆰ랢햹뺭볃톧컄쿗뗄웦첸맖싛횮튻ꆱꎨ쾣뷰쮹폯ꎩꆣ폐킩컷랽톧헟맩뷡캪ꎺ튻쫇퓶뎤벫뗄ꆰ량뗘탔훊ꆱꎨ폫훜캧뮷뺳좱랦폐믺뗄뷴쏜뗄솪쾵ꎩꎻ뛾쫇퓶 4
뎤벫맦뮮뫍뻱퓱뗄헾훎탔훊뫍볆뮮탔훊ꎬ퓬돉벫뮯쟸폲뫍볆뮮쟸폲뗄럇볦죝탔뫍럇킭뗷탔ꎻ죽쫇퓶뎤벫뗄뚨캻듸폐쎤쒿탔ꆣ퓶뎤벫캻훃뗄톡퓱뚼쫇붨솢퓚돇쫐죋뿚퓶뎤볆뮮믲좫맺늿쏅볆뮮뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ뛸늻쫇붨솢퓚ퟔ짭랢햹잱솦믲훜캧욫풶뗘쟸탨쟳뗄믹뒡횮짏ꎻ쯄쫇퓶뎤벫샭싛뫍헾닟맽폚볲떥뮯뫍샭쿫뮯ꎻ컥쫇떥뒿뗄퓶뎤벫맽럖틀삵췢늿솦솿늢퓚쪵볊뫳맻짏랴뛸쪹쟸폲닮틬볓뻧ꎬ틔훁폚퓶뎤벫헾닟놻쮵돉쫇ꆰ솽벫럖뮯뗄랢햹햽싔ꆱꆣퟜ횮ꎬꆰ뛔퓶뎤벫햽싔뗄웕뇩첬뛈틑듓ퟮ돵뗄샖맛훷틥맽뛉떽튻훖놯맛훷틥ꆱꎨ몺즭폯ꎩꆣ 헢튻쪱웚횵뗃돆뗀뗄샭싛맛뗣뫍헾닟훷헅폐ꎺ ꆪꆪ탂쟸폲훷틥ꎨNew Regionalismꎩꆣ쯼쯦ퟅ놱쏀ퟔ평쎳틗쟸뫍얷쏋뗄탎돉ꎬ뾪쪼좡듺뛾햽뫳뒫춳뗄뻉쟸폲훷틥ꆣ컷랽톧헟늢냑탂뺭볃뗘샭싛ퟷ캪쯼뗄샭싛믹뒡ꆣ낣쮼뛻ꎨEthierꎩퟜ뷡웤쳘헷죧쿂ꎺ맄샸쫀뷧쟸폲쎳틗뫍뛠뇟쎳틗뗄ퟔ평랢햹ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒믲맬훐맺볒럅웺뇕맘ퟔ쫘ꆢ랴뛔쫐뎡뺭볃뗄헾닟ꎬ뛸듺횮틔죚죫뛠뇟쎳틗쳥쾵뗄헾닟ꎻ웳튵뗄쟸캻ꆢ랢햹벫ꆢ쟸폲퓶뎤랽쪽뫍퓶뎤쒣쪽뗄톡퓱튲쯦횮랢짺뇤뮯ꆣ뗏뿋쮹쳘ꎨDixitꎩꆢ쮹뗙룱샻ꎨStiglitzꎩꆢ뿋슳룱싼ꎨKrugmanꎩꆢ낢쏷ꎨAminꎩꆢ뢥죻뛻ꎨFeserꎩꆢ십뚡ꎨMartinꎩꆢ늮룱싼ꎨBergmanꎩ뫍컖쓉늮뛻쮹ꎨVenablesꎩꆢ틁뛙ꎨEatonꎩꆢ뾼춼쒷ꎨKortumꎩ뫍믹랲쓎뗙ꎨGivannettiꎩ뗈캪듋ퟷ돶쇋탂릱쿗ꆣ ꆪꆪ엪믷ퟔ짏뛸쿂틀뾿췢솦붨솢퓶뎤벫뗄헾닟ꆣ늮룱싼ꎨꎩꆢ쎷뛻ꎨꎩ뫍췐쳘쇖ꎨꎩ퓚ꆶ맘폚쟸폲뺭볃컊쳢뗄퓙쮼뾼ꆷꎨ1991쓪ꎩ뗈훸쫶훐ꎬ뛔뒫춳뗄ꆰퟔ짏뛸쿂ꆱ붨솢퓶뎤벫뫍퓶뎤훐탄뗄헾닟쳡돶퓰쓑뫍랴쮼ꎬ랴뛔떥뒿틀뾿췢솦ꎨ샽죧췢뗘놾뫍놾뗘ퟔ좻풴?뢳ꎩ뗄뗀슷ꎬ훷헅틀뾿쓚솦ꎨ샽죧횪쪶뫍벼쫵뗄뒴탂쓜솦ꎩ랢햹쟸폲뺭볃뗄햽싔ꆣ ꆪꆪ럵뮯웷ꎨ뒴탂훐탄ꎩ샭싛ꆣ헢쫇컷랽톧헟럖컶뿆톧풰헾닟쪱ꎬ뛔뒫춳퓶뎤벫샭싛랴쮼뗄닺컯ꆣ뫳헟맽럖잿뗷췢솦ꎨ죧컼틽췢ꎬ잶죫췆뷸탍닺튵ꎩꎬ틲뛸틗떼훂쟸폲닮뻠삩듳뗄뛱맻ꆣ룃샭싛잿뗷ꎺ탂웳튵폈웤쫇킡웳튵뗄웰뫍랱퇜쫇탂탋쟸폲랢햹뗄훘튪뇪횾ꎬ헾뢮펦춨맽룷훖듫쪩ꎨ샽죧뒴솢킡웳튵뒴튵럾컱훐탄ꎩ뫍폅믝헾닟ꎨ샽죧쳡릩럧쿕뷰뫍솼뫃뗄믹뒡짨쪩ꎩ뒴퓬솼뫃뗄럵뮯뮷뺳뫍짺뎤믺훆ꎬ폃틔붵뗍뒴탂웳튵뗄뒴튵럧쿕뫍뾪랢돉놾ꎬ쳡룟탂탋웳튵뗄돉믮싊뫍돉릦싊ꆣ좫쟲웹뷱틑폐뷼4000볒럵뮯웷ꆣ ꆪꆪꆰ햳붺킧펦ꆱ뫍햳탔쟸ꆣ횼퓚럀횹탂탋퓶뎤벫믲퓶뎤훐탄뷰ꆢ웳튵뫍죋닅췢쇷뗄ꆰ뿕뚴뮯ꆱ뫍ꆰ뿕뿇뮯ꆱ뛸쳡돶뗄햳붺킧펦ꎬ뿉퇜짺캪쯄훖샠탍뗄햳탔쟸폲ꆣ튻쫇십킪뛻믲틢듳샻쪽릤튵쟸ꆣ샽죧틢듳샻뚫놱늿뫍쏀맺뗄맨마ꆣ룃쟸쓚늿룷웳튵ꎨ튻냣쫇킡탍웳튵햼훷떼뗘캻ꎩ횮볤뗄뫏ퟷꎬ웳튵뗄뒴탂쓜솦벰컼쫕뻍튵쓜솦잿ꎬ뛀쳘뗄뗘쟸컄뮯쳘헷뫍룟킧싊뗄탐헾믺훆쫇퓶잿웤햳뛈뗄훘튪풭틲ꆣ뛾쫇뛦싖쪽릤튵쟸ꎨHub-and-Spoke Industrial Districtsꎩꆣ샽죧몫맺뗄뢪즽ꆢ쏀맺뗄컷퇅춼ꎨ늨틴량믺돇ꎩ뫍뗗쳘싉ꎨ뢣쳘웻뎵돇ꎩꆣ웤쳘뗣쫇ꎺ짙쫽듳탍웳튵랢믓쟸폲뺭볃뗄뛦싖뫍훡탄ퟷ폃틠벴햳붺킧펦ꆣ죽쫇맺볒삭뚯쪽릤튵쟸ꆣ웤햳탔닺짺뗄풭뚯솦살ퟔ맺볒ꎨ웤훐냼삨맺볒짨쪩ꎬ죧뻼쫂믹뗘틔벰맺폐웳튵ꎩ뫍럇펯샻탔믺릹ꎨ죧릫폐톧킣ꎩꎬ샽죧쏀맺뗄싳뗏즭ꆢ죸뿋삭쏅췐ꆣ쯄쫇컀탇쪽릤튵욽첨쟸ꎨStatellite Platformsꎩꎬ웤 5
쳘뗣쫇ퟜ늿짨퓚쟸췢뗄듳웳튵햼훷떼뗘캻ꎬ놾뗘헾뢮믹뒡짨쪩뗄맦뮮뫍헾닟떼쿲ꎨ죧쮰쫕복쏢뫍헐짌쿮쒿ꎩꎬ뻶뚨룃뗘쟸뗄햳붺잿뛈ꆣ ꆪꆪ퓶뎤벫ꎨ웤컯훊퓘쳥믲뇭쿖탎쪽냼삨룷훖샠뇰뗄돇헲ꆢ닺튵ꆢ늿쏅ꆢ탂릤튵풰쟸ꆢ뺭볃킭ퟷ쟸뗈ꎩ햽싔펦잿뗷뺺헹폅쫆ꆢ뫏ퟷ폅쫆뫍놾뗘뮯햽싔ꆣ늨쳘ꎨMꆤPorterꎩ냑짺닺튪쯘뮮럖캪믹놾튪쯘ꎨꆰ틅뒫ꆱ뗄쿈쳬뗄ퟔ좻풴ꆢ뗘샭ꆢ웸뫲뫍죋뿚뗈ꎩ뫍룟뗈튪쯘ꎨꆰ죋퓬ꆱ뗄ꆢ뫳쳬뾪랢늢탨튪뎤웚춶뗄룟벶죋닅ꆢ뿆뷌믺릹ꆢ믹뒡짨쪩뫍훆뛈뮷뺳뗈ꎩꆣ뒫춳뗄뇈뷏폅쫆붨솢퓚믹놾튪쯘뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ뛸뺺헹폅쫆삵틔돉솢뗄믹뒡쫇룟뗈튪쯘ꆣ튻룶맺볒뗄뺺헹솦맩룹뷡뗗좡뻶폚룷룶쟸폲엠횲뗄뻟폐뺺헹폅쫆뗄쳘즫닺튵뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ뫏ퟷ폫뺺헹춬퇹훘튪ꎬ늻쓜욫럏ꆣ짺닺쾵춳ꎨ짺닺쒳훖죵헻쳥탔뗄ퟮ훕닺욷뗄죴룉웳튵쯹랢짺뗄튻쾵쇐솪쾵ꎩꆪꆪ헢쫇뢥샯뿋즭ꎨFredrikssonꎩ뫍쇖뗂십뿋ꎨLindmarkꎩ1979쓪쫗듎쳡돶뗄룅쓮ꆪꆪ돶쿖튻훖뇤뒹횱튻쳥뮯캪뒹횱럖샫뮯뗄쟷쫆ꎬ탭뛠웳튵틲뛸풽살풽뛠뗘닉폃늿럖췢릺뛸늢럇냼룉뗄햽싔ꆣ헢뻍튪헽좷뒦샭솽훖솪쾵ꎬ벴붵뗍붻틗돉놾뫍퓋쫤돉놾뗄놾뗘솪쾵ꎨ쟸폲뺭볃쓚룷웳튵뗄솪쾵ꎩ뫍붵뗍횱뷓짺닺돉놾뗄럇놾뗘솪쾵ꎨ쟸폲쓚췢웳튵뗄솪쾵ꎩꎬ틔벰헽좷뒦샭맦쒣뺭볃ꎨ짺닺쾵춳뗄듳킡ꎩ뫍랶캧뺭볃ꎨ짺닺쾵춳뗄벯뫏럖샫ꎩ뗄맘쾵ꎬ늢춨맽튵뮯닺튵벯뻛뗄뗘샭쫖뛎살쪵쿖췢늿랶캧뺭볃ꎨ벴짺닺쾵춳룷샠뺭볃믮뚯놻횫뷢캪죴룉킡웳튵ꎬ뫳헟춨맽췢늿붻틗뷡돉췸싧ꎩꎬ듓뛸ퟩ돉볈뫏ퟷ폖뺺헹뗄킡웳튵췸싧뫍쟸폲짺닺ퟛ뫏쳥ꆣ듋췢ꎬ쟸폲쓚웳튵뮹튪힢훘폫쯹퓚뗘쫐뎡ꆢ뿍뮧ꆢ릩펦짌ꆢ웳튵ꆢ듳톧ꆢ뿆퇐떥캻ꆢ탐헾믺릹뗄솪쾵뫍뫏ퟷꎬ폈웤쫇췢살실뮧뗄웳튵ꎬ튪쫊펦쯹퓚뗘뗄뮷뺳ꆢ램싉뫍탐헾램맦ꎬ퓺룹폚떱뗘뗄짧믡뫍컄뮯ꆣ헢뻍쫇룱샗억캬쳘ꎨMꆤGranovetterꎩ닻쫶뗄퓺룹쪽ꎨEmbeddednessꎩ믲놾뗘뮯뗄랢햹햽싔ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ ퟛ짏쯹쫶ꎬ컷랽퓶뎤벫샭싛뺭맽뎤듯냫룶뛠쫀볍뗄샭싛퇝퇜뫍폐솦뗄뺭퇩퇩횤ꎬ죕헩돉쫬ꆣ쯼뺡맜폐쒳킩좱쿝뫍뻖쿞탔ꎬ떫죔늻쪧횮캪랢햹쟸폲뺭볃늻뿉믲좱뗄훘튪샭싛횮튻ꆣ탭뛠맺볒폈웤쫇랢햹훐맺볒틑붫쯼맣랺펦폃폚뺭볃맦뮮ꆢ짺닺솦늼뻖뫍쟸폲뺭볃뗄랢햹햽싔ꆣ 뛾ꆢ맘폚퓶뎤벫샭싛놾췁뮯뗄첽쯷 컒쏇펦듓컷랽쟸폲뺭볃뫍퓶뎤벫샭싛컼쫕퇸쇏ꎬ듳탋뗷닩퇐뺿횮럧ꎬ짆폚ퟜ뷡쪵볹뺭퇩ꎬ뒴붨쫊뫏훐맺맺쟩뫍쟸쟩늢뻟폐놾뗘쟸쳘즫뗄퓶뎤벫샭싛ꆢ헾닟뫍쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆣ ꎨ튻ꎩ뺭볃퓶뎤벫뗄몭틥뫍럖샠 튻맺퓚쟸폲탔뾪랢훐ꎬ펦퓚쫐뎡믺훆뫍볆뮮믺훆뗄뷡뫏뗣짏톡퓱뷏캪랢듯뗄돇헲ꆢ뷏캪쿈뷸뗄뗘쟸ꎬ뻟폐맘솪뛈뗄췆뷸탍닺튵ퟷ캪퓶뎤벫ꎬ쪵탐훘뗣췆뷸ꎬ듸뚯웤쯻뗘쟸뗄쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆣ ꆪꆪ쿁틥뺭볃퓶뎤벫폐죽훖샠탍ꆣ튻쫇닺튵퓶뎤벫ꆣ헢샯붲뗄닺튵쫇뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꆢ뺺헹폅쫆뫍뷏듳맘솪뛈늢폐맣삫쫐뎡잰뺰뗄닺튵ꎬ헢쫇뻟폐뒿뺭볃틢틥뗄퓶뎤벫ꆣ뛾쫇돇쫐퓶뎤벫ꎬ헢샯붲뗄돇쫐믲돇쫐좺펦뻟폐잿폐솦뗄컼틽ꆢ벯뻛믲벫뮯킧펦ꎬ삩햹킧펦믲쇷킧펦ꎻ 6
늢뻟폐쟸캻폅쫆ꆢ풴폅쫆뫍쫐뎡폅쫆ꎬ틔벰튻엺뢻폐뒴탂쓜솦뗄닺튵좺뫍웳튵볒좺쳥ꎻ폐튻뚨쓽뻛솦뫍쿊쏷쟸폲쳘헷뗄짧믡컄뮯뗗퓌벰뺫짱럧쎲ꎬ틔벰랢듯뫍췪놸뗄돇쫐ퟛ뫏믹뒡짨쪩뗈뗈ꆣ헢쫇뻟폐뗘샭믲뿕볤틢틥뗄퓶뎤벫ꆣ죽쫇잱퓚뗄뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ헢탨튪컒쏇ퟅ솦톰쏙뫍엠폽ꎬ쪹잱퓚뗄퓶뎤벫뮯캪쿖쪵뗄퓶뎤벫ꎬ헢쫇쪱볤틢틥짏뗄퓶뎤벫ꆣ ꆪꆪ맣틥뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ틢캽랲쓜듙뷸뺭볃퓶뎤뗄믽벫틲쯘뫍짺뎤뗣ꎬ웤훐냼삨훆뛈뒴탂뗣ꆢ뛔췢뾪럅뛈ꆢ쿻럑죈뗣뗈뗈ꆣ 듋췢ꎬ듓닺짺뗄룹풴살뾴ꎬ뺭볃퓶뎤벫뮹뿉쟸럖캪샺쪷짏쿈쳬ퟔ랢짺돉뗄퓶뎤벫뫍뫳쳬ퟔ짏뛸쿂릹훾뗄퓶뎤벫ꆣ잰헟쫇쫐뎡믺훆뫍ퟔ좻톡퓱램퓲뎤웚ퟷ폃뗄뷡맻ꎬ훷튪춨맽쫐뎡믺훆뗄뗷뷚ퟔ랢틽떼죴룉닺튵뫍탐튵퓚듳돇쫐뫍랢듯뗘쟸뻛벯랢햹뛸닺짺뗄ꆣ뫳헟쫇평헾뢮돤떱훷뷇ꎬ춨맽뺭볃볆뮮뫍훘뗣춶훷뚯붨솢뗄ꆣ뗚죽훖쫇믬뫏탍퓶뎤벫ꆣ쯼볈뻟폐잰뛾훖퓶뎤벫뗄뎤뒦ꎬ폖쓜뿋럾룷ퟔ뗄뇗뛋ꆣ톰쏙뫍엠폽헢훖냑쫐뎡믺훆뫍볆뮮믺훆죜폚튻쳥뗄믬뫏뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꎬ뻟폐훘튪틢틥ꆣ ꎨ뛾ꎩ뺭볃퓶뎤벫뻟폐쿠뛔탔뫍뇤틬탔ꆣ뻍쫀뷧랶캧뛸퇔ꎬ훐맺쫇ퟮ뻟퓶뎤잱솦뗄쫀뷧뺭볃랢햹뗄튻룶훘튪퓶뎤벫ꆣ폐죋돆21쫀볍쫇훐맺쫀볍ꆣ뻍훐맺랶캧뛸퇔ꎬ뎤붭쇷폲쫇훐맺ퟮ뻟퓶뎤잱솦뗄튻룶훘튪퓶뎤벫ꆣ폐죋돆21쫀볍쫇뎤붭쫀볍ꆣ뻍뫾놱쪡뛸퇔ꎬ쳘듳돇쫐커몺쫐쫇뫾놱뺭볃퓶뎤뗄쇺춷뫍쫗튪퓶뎤벫ꆣ 퓶뎤훡ꎨ췸ꆢ듸ꆢ좦ꆢ쟸ꎩ쓋훁쪮ퟖ탎ꎨH탍ꆢT탍ꆢ쇢탎ꎩ퓶뎤훡뗈뗈뚼쫇퓶뎤벫뗄삩듳ꆢ퇓짬뫍뇤탎ꆣ퓶뎤훡쫇퓶뎤벫뗄랢듯탎쪽ꆣ쯹캽퓶뎤훡믲뗣훡뾪랢샭싛ꎬ횻쫇잿뗷훡쿟ꎨ샽죧붻춨룉쿟ꎬ쮮뗀ꎬ춨톶쿟ꎬ쓜풴릩펦쿟뗈ꎩ뛔뺭볃삩햹뗄펰쿬ꎬ벴틲웤뻟폐뺭볃퓋탐춨뗀뗄릦쓜ꎬ듓뛸붵뗍퓋쫤럑폃ꎬ탎돉폐샻뗄쟸캻ꎬ컼틽룷훖짺닺튪쯘뫍닺튵쿲훡쿟솽닠벯뻛ꎬ평듋탎돉늻춬뗈벶뗄퓶뎤훐탄ꆣ퓶뎤췸ꎨ벴평룷훖퓶뎤벫ꆢ퓶뎤훡ꎬ짺닺튪쯘쇷뚯췸ꎬ붻춨췸ꆢ탅쾢췸뗈ퟩ돉ꎩ퓲쫇퓶뎤벫뗄룟벶탎쪽ꆣ잰헟틔벯뻛ꆢ럇뻹뫢캪쳘헷ꎬ뫳헟틔럖즢ꆢ뻹뫢캪쳘헷ꆣ 펦룃잿뗷횸돶ꎬ퓶뎤뗣뇭쿖탎첬퓚룄룯뾪럅뗄쪵볹훐ꎬ돊뛠퇹탔ꆣ튻쫇쳘뚨뗄뾪럅쟸폲돉캪탂뗄뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꎬ웤쟸캻쳘헷쏷쿔ꎬ튻냣캻폚퇘몣ꆢ퇘붭ꆢ퇘뇟ꆢ퇘쿟틔벰탭뛠쓚슽쪡믡돇쫐ꎻ늢닉좡쇋뺭볃쳘쟸ꆢ퇘몣뺭볃뾪럅쟸ꆢ뺭볃벼쫵뾪랢쟸ꆢ퇘뇟뾪럅돇쫐ꆢ룟탂뿆벼뾪랢쟸ꆢ뇟뺳뺭볃뫏ퟷ쟸ꆢ놣쮰쟸ꆢ뺭볃킭ퟷ쟸뗈뛠훖탎쪽ꆣ뛾쫇돵늽탎돉믲헟쳡돶쇋룷뻟쳘즫뗄맘폚뺭볃퓶뎤벫ퟜ쳥늼뻖믲짨쿫ꆣ죧T탍랢햹훡ꎨ냑랢햹퇘몣뗘쟸뫍퇘뎤붭뗘쟸ퟷ캪훐맺뺭볃랢햹뗄뫋탄쟸뫍랢햹훷훡ꎩꎬ죽듳훷훡뿲볜ꎨ뗚튻쳵랢햹훡쫇냼삨뮷늳몣좦뫍뎤붭죽뷇훞퓚쓚뗄퇘몣뗘쟸ꎬ웤쯼뛾쳵랢햹훡럖뇰캪짏몣ꆪ뎤붭ꆪ훘쟬뎤붭쇷폲쟸ꎬ틔벰스몣ꆪ삼탂퇘쿟뫍믆뫓훐짏폎뗘듸ꎩꎬ쪮ퟖ탍퓶뎤훡ꎨ뺩뮦룛폥캪쯄룶퓶뎤벫ꎩꎬH탍뿕볤뺭볃룱뻖ꎨ벴틔훐늿뫓뒨뺭볃캪훡탄ꎬ컷뷡컷늿룟풭뺭볃ꎬ뚫솪뚫늿퇘몣뺭볃ꎩꎬ틔듳돇쫐뺭볃좦캪훐탄뗄닺튵뺭볃듸믲릤튵ퟟ새ꎨ죧맾뛻뇵ꆪ웫웫맾뛻닺튵뺭볃듸ꎬ쓏닽ꆪ뻅붭릤튵ퟟ새ꎬ뢣훝ꆪ쿃쏅닺튵뺭볃듸ꎬ틔십낰즽춭쇪캪훐탄뗄췮쓏닺튵뺭볃듸ꎬ춼쏅붭닺튵뺭볃듸ꎩ뗈ꆣ ꎨ죽ꎩ쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔 7
훐맺쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔뺭샺쇋뻹뫢ꎨ20쫀볍50-70쓪듺ꎩꆪ럇뻹뫢ꎨ80쓪듺ꎩꆪ럇뻹뫢킭뗷ꎨ90쓪듺ꎩ뗄뚯첬랢햹맽돌ꆣ뗤탍뗄랢햹훐듳맺뫍쟸폲뺭볃랢햹뗄늻욽뫢탔헢튻맺쟩뫍쟸쟩ꎬ뻶뚨쇋컒쏇펦룃닉폃틔퓶뎤벫샭싛캪믹뒡뗄럇뻹뫢탍쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꎬ웤훐냼삨ꎺ ꆪꆪ쳝뛈췆뷸뗄샭싛뫍랢햹햽싔ꎨ80쓪듺돵ꎩꆣ헢튻샭싛틔벰뻝듋쳡돶뗄맘폚뚫ꆢ훐ꆢ컷죽듳뺭볃뗘듸뗄맦뮮틔벰훘뗣볓쯙랢햹퇘몣뗘쟸뗄헾닟ꎬ돐죏쳝뛈ꎨ웤훐냼삨벼쫵쳝뛈ꆢ쟸캻쳝뛈ꆢ닺튵쳝뛈뫍뺭볃랢햹쳝뛈ꎩ뗄뿍맛듦퓚ꎬ볡돖ꆰ킧싊폅쿈ꆱ풭퓲ꎬ뗚튻듎뛔뒫춳뗄힢훘릫욽뗄뻹뫢랢햹햽싔쳡돶쇋쳴햽ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ룟쳝뛈쿲뗍쳝뛈뗄틆맽돌쫇벫뮯킧펦뫍삩햹킧펦릲춬ퟷ폃뗄뷡맻ꎬ틲뛸죝틗닺짺뗘쟸닮뻠뗄삩듳뮯ꆣퟷ캪쳝뛈췆뚯햽싔뗄늹돤ꎬ퓲쫇1988쓪쳡돶뗄ꆰ맺볊듳톭뮷햽싔ꆱꆢꆰ퇘몣뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆱ틔벰ꆰ랴쳝뛈췆틆샭싛ꆱꆣ ꆪꆪ쟸폲뺭볃럇뻹뫢킭뗷랢햹햽싔ꎨ90쓪듺돵ꎩꆣ웤쳘헷쫇ꎺퟜ쳥뻹뫢ꎨ듳뻹뫢ꎩ뫍뻖늿럇뻹뫢ꎨ킡럇뻹뫢ꎩ쿠뷡뫏ꎬ킧싊뫍릫욽쿠뷡뫏ꎬ럇뻹뫢췆뷸폫킭뗷랢햹쿠뷡뫏ꎬ쫐뎡ퟔ랢뗷뷚믺훆뫍헾뢮뫪맛뗷뿘릦쓜쿠뷡뫏ꎬ틔벰췢퓚잣틽솦ꆢ쓚퓚쟽뚯솦뫍쟸폲솪뚯솦쿠뷡뫏ꆣ헢튻햽싔ퟮ돵뻟쳥뇭쿖캪1992쓪뾪쪼쪵탐뗄좫랽캻뾪럅헾닟ꆣ1996쓪춨맽뗄ꆰꆮ뻅컥ꆯ볆뮮뫍2010쓪풶뺰쒿뇪룙튪ꆱ헽쪽냑좫맺뮮럖캪웟룶뿧쪡쫐쟸뗄룷폐닠훘ꆢ룷뻟쳘즫ꆢ럖샠횸떼ꆢ쿠뮥틀듦ꆢ릲춬듙뷸뗄ퟛ뫏뺭볃쟸폲ꎬ늢쾵춳닻쫶쟸폲뺭볃킭뗷랢햹햽싔뫍맺볒듙뷸훐컷늿랢햹뗄쇹듳헾닟ꆣ샭싛뷧죋쪿쿠볌쳡돶쯄듳뺭볃킭ퟷ쟸ꎨ뮷늳몣ꆢ뎤붭쇷폲ꆢ훩붭죽뷇훞뫍컷늿ꎩ짨쿫ꎬꆰ뗣훡랢햹햽싔ꆱꎬꆰ삩듳뫋탄쟸햽싔ꆱꎬ췸싧뾪랢햽싔ꎬ췆뷸돇쫐좦폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꎬ쳝뛈췆틆뫍훐탄럸짤쿠뷡뫏뗄ꆰ훐탄돇쫐솪췸럸짤햽싔ꆱꎬ훐늿웰뗄ꆰ얣뛇ퟓꆱ햽싔ꎬ틔벰룷쪡쫐쿘췆돶뗄뗘랽탔뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆣ2000쓪쳡돶뗄컷늿듳뾪럅햽싔뫍쿠맘헾닟퓲쫇럇뻹뫢킭뗷랢햹햽싔뗄랢햹뫍뷸튻늽짮뮯ꆣ 죽ꆢ낸샽럖컶ꎺ훐맺훐늿ꎨ뫾놱쪡ꎩ뺭볃퓶뎤벫뗄뚨캻뫍랢햹 퓶뎤벫뫍쟸폲뺭볃샭싛퓋폃폚뫾놱쪡뺭볃랢햹쪵볊ꎬ뿉뗃돶쿂쫶뷡싛ꆣ ꎨ튻ꎩퟜ싛ꎺ퓶뎤벫뫍쟸폲뺭볃ퟜ쳥늼뻖ꆣ 뫾놱폈웤커몺쫐컞싛쫇퓚T탍ꆢH탍ꆢꇳ탍믲쪮ퟖ탍훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤벫훐ꎬ뚼쫇뻓훐뛀뫱ꆢ쓏놱붻믣ꆢ뚫솪컷뷓ꎬ뇣폚쪵탐쟸폲볤쳝뛈뒫뗝ꆢ뮥뚯뫍킭뗷뗄훘튪쫠얦뫍햽싔횧독뗣ꎬ뻟폐뛀쳘뗄쟸캻폅쫆뫍훐탄럸짤폅쫆ꎬ뫜폐뿉쓜돉캪볌훩붭죽뷇훞ꆢ뎤붭죽뷇훞ꆢ뮷늳몣죽듳뺭볃퓶뎤쟸ꎬ틔벰뺩뮦룛폥쯄듳퓶뎤벫횮뫳탂뗄훘튪퓶뎤벫ꆣ ꆰ듳뷰죽뷇ꆱ돇쫐퓶뎤벫좺실늼뻖죕쟷뫏샭ꆣ쯘폐쏷쟥ꆰ쯄듳쏻헲ꆱꆢꆰ쳬쿂쯄뻛ꆱ뫍ꆰ뚫랽횥볓룧ꆱꎨ쯯훐즽폯ꎩ횮돆뗄듳커몺쫇훐늿벰뎤붭훐폎쳘듳훐탄돇쫐ꆢ뫾놱뺭볃랢햹뗄쇺춷뫍훐컷늿뗘쟸햽싔듳횧뗣ꆣ펦얬솦냑커몺붨돉뮪훐뗘쟸뗄뺭볃ꆢ쎳틗ꆢ뷰죚ꆢ붻춨ꆢ뿆톧뷌폽컥듳훐탄ꎬ틔듋쳡짽돇쫐릦쓜ꎬ퓶잿뛔뫾놱뫍뎤붭쇷폲뗄컼틽솦뫍럸짤솦ꎬퟮ훕붨돉짭폚쫀뷧쪮듳뎬벶돇쫐ꎨMꆤ뾵캤폯ꎩ탐쇐뗄쿖듺뮯맺볊탔짺첬돇쫐ꆣ좫쪡틔커몺캪훐탄ꎬ탎돉뚼쫐럸짤좦ꎬ틀췐뛵훐ꎬ듸뚯뛵뚫ꎬ뾪랢뛵컷ꆣퟷ캪뗘쟸탔훐탄돇쫐뗄믆쪯ꆢ틋닽ꆢ뺣훝ꆢ 8
쿥랮뫍쪮퇟쫇뗚뛾벶퓶뎤벫ꆣ뛵뚫뗘쟸뗄랢햹튪틔믆쪯캪퓶뎤훐탄ꎬ뛵컷쓏춻돶틋닽ꎬ뛵훐쓏춻돶뺣훝ꎬ뛵컷놱춻돶쿥랮ꆢ쪮퇟ꆣ죽벶랢햹벫퓲쫇ퟷ캪돇쿧뺭볃뷡뫏뗣뗄튻듳엺룷뻟쳘즫뗄쿘벶쫐뫍킡돇헲ꆣ펦믽벫랢햹킡돇헲ꎬ볓뿬얩듥돇쫐뮯뷸돌ꎬ뛸쿧헲웳튵ꆰ뛾듎뒴튵ꆱ뫍얩튵닺튵뮯뺭펪쫇맘볼ꆣ뫾놱돇쫐퓶뎤벫늼뻖튪랢햹돉캪틔커몺ꆪ뎤즳ꆪ쓏닽캪믹놾횧뗣뗄뎤붭훐폎돇쫐쳥쾵ꎬ늢죚죫훐맺돇쫐좦폲ꆣ 룷뻟쳘즫뗄닺튵퓶뎤벫뿲볜튵틑춹쿖ꆣ커몺ퟅ훘붨짨컥듳릤튵믹뗘ꎨ맺볒맢뗧ퟓ탅쾢닺튵믹뗘ꆢ틔뷎뎵훆퓬캪쳘즫뗄훆퓬릤튵믹뗘ꆢ룖닄훆퓬벰짮볓릤튵믹뗘ꆢ틔짺컯벼쫵캪뫋탄뗄탂튽튩벰놣붡욷닺튵믹뗘틔벰뮷놣닺튵믹뗘ꎩ뫍ꆰ솽쟸ꎨ뚫뫾탂벼쫵뾪랢쟸ꆢ커몺뺭볃벼쫵뾪랢쟸ꎩ뛠풰ꎨ컢볒즽몣쾿솽낶뿆벼풰ꆢ붭몺쏱펪뿆벼풰ꆢ쓏뫾룟뿆벼얩튵풰뗈10룶뿆벼닺튵뾪랢풰ꎩꆱꎬ늢틔듋캪틀뻝ꎬ뷸뛸릹훾ꆰ튻뗣죽쿟ꆱꎨ뛵훝ꆪ믆쪯ꆪ믆룔ꎬ뺣쏅ꆪ뺣훝ꆪ틋닽ꎬ킢룐ꆪ쯦훝ꆪ쿥랮ꆪ쪮퇟ꎩ퇘붭룟탂벼쫵닺튵듸ꎬ틔벰폃룟탂벼쫵룄퓬뫍릹훾퇘붭죽듳릤튵ퟟ새ꎬ벴커몺ꆪ뛵훝ꆪ믆쪯뗄룖쳺릤튵ퟟ새ꆢ커몺ꆪ쿥랮ꆪ쪮퇟뗄웻뎵릤튵ퟟ새ꆢ커몺ꆪ뺣쏅ꆪ틋닽뗄뮯톧릤튵ퟟ새ꎬퟮ훕쪵쿖뫾놱ꆰ릤튵잿쪡ꆱ뫍좫맺훘튪뗄릤튵퓶뎤벫뗄쒿뇪ꆣ ꆰ죽쳵퇘쿟ꆱꆢꆰ죽쳵퇘붭ꆱꆢꆰ뛾쳵퇘슷ꆱ쫇뫾놱뺭볃뗄퓶뎤훡ꆣ잰헟쫇횸뺩뻅쿟ꆢ뺩맣쿟뫍붹쇸쿟ꎬ훐헟쫇횸뎤붭ꆢ몺쮮뫍쟥붭ꎬ뫳헟쫇뺩훩ꆢ뮦죘룟쯙릫슷ꆣ죽쿟쟸폲ꆢ죽붭쟸폲뫍뛾슷쟸폲쫇뺭볃퓶뎤ퟮ뿬뗄뗘쟸ꆣ뫾놱튪볓뿬ퟶ뫃맘폚죽붭뺭볃퓶뎤훡ꎨ폈웤뎤붭쮮퓋ꎩ헢욪듳컄헂ꆣ헢뻍탨튪춨맽쟸폲솪춨뫍짏쿂킭뗷샭쮳쮮풴ꎨ폈웤쫇쮮퓋풴ꎩ맜샭쳥훆ꎬ볓뿬커몺ꆪ낲쟬몽뗀뗄몽뗀쫨뾣릤돌ꎬ쪵쿖5잧뛖벶뒬늰좫쓪춨몽ꎬ볓뿬퇴싟맺볊벯ힰ쿤퓋훐탄붨짨ꎬ늢뺡뿬탞춨몺쓾퇘붭쳺슷ꎬ탎돉ꆰ죽붭튻췸ꎨ붭몺욽풭몽뗀췸ꎩ뛠룛ꆱ뗄춨붭듯몣뗄쮮퓋쳥쾵ꆣ뺡뿬릹훾틔쮮슽뿕붻춨솢쳥췸싧뫍쓜풴탅쾢뒫쫤솢쳥췸싧캪뇪횾뗄탂ꆰ뻅쪡춨ꆱ룱뻖ꎬ쫇뫾놱뺭볃웰량뗄뇘튪잰쳡뫍믹뒡ꆣ ꎨ뛾ꎩ쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔 캪냑뫾놱붨돉좫맺탂뗄훘튪퓶뎤벫ꎬ뇘탫훆뚨뫍쪵탐헽좷뗄퓶뎤벫헾닟뫍쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꆣ헢뻍쫇쫊펦뺭볃좫쟲뮯뫍컷늿듳뾪랢탎쫆ꎬ늢폫맺볒쟸폲뺭볃헾닟뫍뺭볃랢햹햽싔쿠쿎뷓뗄뿧풽쪽럇뻹뫢킭뗷랢햹햽싔ꆣ룷뗘쟸룷늿쏅캧죆헢룶ퟜ햽싔뿉훆뚨뻟쳥뗄럖햽싔ꆣ샽죧커몺쫐쿈뫳훆뚨뫍쪵쪩ꆰ솽춨춻웆ꆱꆢꆰ뾪럅쿈떼ꆱꆢꆰ뿆뷌솢쫐ꆱꆢꆰ솽틭웰량ꆱ랢햹햽싔ꆣ 뿧풽쪽럇뻹뫢킭뗷랢햹햽싔뗄훆뚨뫍쪵쪩쫇뿆톧뫏샭뫍쟐쪵뿉탐뗄ꆣ뫾놱쪡헽뒦폚릤튵뮯훐웚ꎬGDPퟜ솿햼좫맺5%럝뛮ꎬ뻓룷쪡쫐GDP업쏻뗚9캻ꆣ1980-2000쓪뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈룟폚좫맺욽뻹쮮욽룶냙럖뗣ꎬ늢퓚쟸캻ꆢ풴ꆢ쇷춨ꆢ뿆뷌ꆢ죋컄뗈컥룶랽쏦뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆ꎬ뛸퓚훆뛈뒴탂ꎨ죧맺폐웳튵룄룯ꆢ랢햹쏱펪뺭볃ꎩꆢ뿆벼뒴탂ꎨ룟탂뿆벼닺튵뮯ꎩꆢ돇쫐쿖듺뮯ꎨ쳡짽커몺돇쫐릦쓜ꎬ듲웆럢뇕탔ꎬ퓶볓삩즢탔ꆢ럸짤탔틔벰볓뿬얩듥돇헲뮯ꎩꆢ횧훹닺튵룟탂뮯ꎨ룄퓬샏릤튵믹뗘ꎩꆢ삩듳뛔췢뾪럅ꎨ뫾놱뺭볃췢쿲뛈욫뗍ꎩ뗈컥룶랽쏦ꎬ폐랢햹잱솦뫍뫳랢폅쫆ꆣ랢믓뇈뷏폅쫆뫍쫍럅뫳랢폅쫆뗄맽돌튲쫇톡퓱뫍엠폽퓶뎤벫뗄맽돌ꆣ ꎨ죽ꎩ훷튪뺭볃퓶뎤벫뗄뻱퓱뫍뚨캻ꆣ 1.맢뗧ퟓ탅쾢ꆢ싌즫짺쏼릤돌ꆢ짺컯벼쫵폫탂튽튩ꆢ탂닄쇏폫뺫쾸뮯릤ꎬ틔벰맢믺뗧튻쳥 9
뮯뗈룟탂벼쫵닺튵좺ꎬ펦쫇훘뗣엠폽뗄뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ좫쪡룟탂벼쫵닺튵닺횵튻횱틔쓪뻹30%틔짏쯙뛈뗝퓶ꆣ죧맺볒벶커몺뚫뫾탂벼쫵뾪랢쟸폐749볒룟탂벼쫵웳튵ꎬ1999쓪췪돉뿆릤쎳ퟜ쫕죫틚풪ꎬ뇈짏쓪퓶뎤37%ꎬ돶뿚뒴믣틚쏀풪ꎬ퓶뎤%ꎻ웤훐커몺맢뗧ퟓ탅쾢닺튵믹뗘ꎨ커몺ꆤ훐맺맢마ꎩꆰ쪮컥ꆱ웚볤뿉췻듯떽뿆릤쎳ퟜ쫕죫1000틚풪ꆣ 2.웻뎵릤튵ꆢ룖쳺릤튵뫍뗧솦닺튵쫇퓚맺쓚햼폅쫆뗄횧훹닺튵믲믹뒡닺튵ꆣ쯼쏇듳쳥쫴폚뒫춳닺튵뫍맺폐듳탍웳튵ꎬ뺭맽룟탂벼쫵룄퓬뫍맺폐웳튵룄룯ꎬ뿉엠폽뫍탎돉뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ ꆪꆪ웻뎵릤튵뻟폐닺튵맘솪뛈룟ꆢ삭뚯쏦듳늢쓜늻뛏컼쫕쿖듺뿆벼돉맻뗈쳘뗣ꆣ1998쓪쪡쓚웻뎵릤튵닺횵틑햼좫쪡릤튵ퟜ닺횵%ꎬ돉캪뫾놱뗚튻횧훹닺튵ꆣ탐튵쇺춷웳튵뚫럧웻뎵릫쮾쫐뎡햼폐싊듯12%ꎬ뫾놱틑돉캪웻뎵잿쪡ꆣ웻뎵탐튵튪틀췐뚫럧ꎬ듳ힳ듳ꎬ럅킡청쇓ꎬ쪵쪩웻뎵뒴탂릤돌ꎬ쿲벯췅뮯ꆢ벯풼뮯랢햹ꎬ탎돉뾨뎵ꆢ쟡탍뎵ꆢ얩폃뎵ꆢ뺭볃탍뷎뎵뻣좫뗄웻뎵닺욷쾵쇐ꆣ ꆪꆪ룖쳺릤튵쫇뫾놱쪡폅쫆닺튵뫍횧훹닺튵ꎬ룖쓪닺솿800폠췲뛖ꎬ햼좫맺룖닺솿8%ꎬ튻횱캻뻓좫맺잰컥쏻탐쇐ꆣ펦볓쯙뷡릹뗷헻ꎬ닺튵벼쫵짽벶ꎬ볓뿬튵뮯ꆢ맦쒣뮯뫍벯풼뮯뷸돌ꎬ믽벫뾪랢벼쫵몬솿룟ꆢ뢽볓횵룟뗄닺욷ꎬퟮ훕듯떽평룖쳺듳쪡뮯캪룖쳺잿쪡뗄쒿뇪ꆣ ꆪꆪ뫾놱쫇쮮풴뫍랢뗧듳쪡ꎬ쎿쓪뿉뾪랢뗧쓜ퟜ솿1494틚잧췟ꎬ햼좫맺ퟜ솿뗄%ꎬ뻓뗚4캻ꆣ틋닽놻돆캪ꆰ쫀뷧쮮뗧횮뚼ꆱꎬ쮮뗧ힰ믺닺솿붫뎬맽2300췲잧췟ꎨ냼삨죽쾿쮮뗧햾ꎩ붫돉캪쫀뷧ퟮ듳뗄쮮뗧믹뗘ꆣ펦힡죽쾿릤돌ꆢ쓏쮮놱뗷훐쿟릤돌ꆢ컷뗧뚫쯍ꆢ컷웸뚫쫤뗄믺폶ꎬ볓뿬얩췸뫍돇췸뗄룄퓬릤돌ꎬ듓뛸쪹뫾놱돉캪룟쮮욽뗧웻뮯듳쪡ꆣ 3.뗚죽닺튵쫇퓶뎤벫뢻벯뗄놦뗘ꆣ뫾놱쪡닺튵뷡릹돊ꆰ뛾ꆢ죽ꆢ튻ꆱ룱뻖ꎨ뗚죽닺튵햼GDPퟜ횵%ꎬ뗚뛾닺튵햼%ꎬ뗚튻닺튵캪%ꎩꎬ뗚죽닺튵훐뗄탂탋닺튵ꎨ죧뷰죚ꆢ놣쿕튵ꎩ뇈훘뗍폚뒫춳닺튵ꎨ죧짌튵ꆢ붻춨퓋쫤튵ꆢ닍틻튵ꎩꆣ싃폎튵ꆢ컯쇷튵ꆢ믡햹튵ꆢ얩닺욷볓릤튵ꆢ컄뮯쳥폽닺튵ꆢ탅쾢톯튵ꆢ뷰죚놣쿕튵ꆢ뿆벼럾컱튵ꆢ힡햬벰붨훾럾컱튵ꆢ짌욷쇷춨튵ꆢ사미뒦샭닺튵ꆢ엤쳗닺튵뗈10쿮닺튵뚼폐췻탎돉퓶뎤벫ꆣ2005쓪붫틲듋탎돉ꆰ죽ꆢ뛾ꆢ튻ꆱ닺튵뷡릹ꆣ 샽죧싃폎튵틑돉캪뫾놱뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ뫾놱쫇컄뮯듳쪡뫍싃폎풴듳쪡ꆣ평폚췆탐ꆰ싃폎튵폅쿈랢햹햽싔ꆱ뫍ꆰ싃폎튵탂퓶뎤뗣햽싔ꆱꎬ틑탎돉ꆰ튻좦ꎨ듳커몺뚼쫐싃폎좦ꎩꆢ죽쟸ꎨ뛵컷쓏듳죽쾿쏱쯗럧쟩싃폎쟸ꆢ뛵컷놱커떱컄뮯싃폎쟸ꆢ붭몺욽풭돾컄뮯죽맺컄뮯싃폎쟸ꎩꆢ쇹듳싃폎닺욷ꆱ싃폎췸싧ꆣ1999쓪싃폎쫕죫247틚풪ꎬ햼GDPퟜ횵%ꎬ웤럸짤듸뚯릦쓜퓬뻍커몺뗈쯄듳좫맺폅탣싃폎돇쫐늢쪹싃폎튵돉캪좫쪡뗚죽닺튵뗄쇺춷ꆣ 4.췢쿲탍닺튵ꆣ뫾놱쪡쿖폐췢쎳릫쮾100뛠볒ꎬ폐뷸돶뿚뺭펪좨뗄웳튵500뛠볒ꎬ폐뛔췢돐냼샍컱뺭펪좨뗄웳튵41볒ꎻ샛볆엺ힼ돉솢췢짌춶웳튵7ꎬ521볒ꎬ틑붨돉춶닺퓋3ꎬ000볒ꆣ뫏춬췢뷰뛮80틚쏀풪ꎬ쪵볊쪹폃췢뷰뛮틚풪ꎻ몣췢춶럇쎳틗탔웳튵릲70볒ꎬ춶ퟜ뷰뛮틚쏀풪ꆣ커몺ꆢ믆쪯ꆢ틋닽죽룶뛔췢뾪럅돇쫐뫍27룶맺볒벶ꎨ뿚ꆢ뚫뫾뫍쿥랮탂벼쫵뾪랢쟸ꎩ뫍쪡벶뾪랢쟸탎돉튻엺췢쿲닺튵좺ꎬ듋췢퓚튻킩뗘쫐쿘붨솢튻엺뻟폐뫾놱쳘즫뗄돶뿚짌욷짺닺믹뗘ꆣ뻝춳볆ꎬ1998쓪좫쪡뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵뷼40틚쏀풪ꎬ돶뿚짌욷ퟜ횵듯 10
떽28틚쏀풪ꎬ좫쪡췢짌춶웳튵돶뿚틚쏀풪ꎬ햼좫쪡췢돶뿚뇈훘뗄19%ꆣ뺡맜뫾놱뗄췢쿲뛈욫뗍ꎬ1999쓪뛔췢쎳틗틀듦뛈캪%ꎨ좫맺캪%ꎩꎬ샻폃췢틀듦뛈2%ꎨ좫맺캪%ꎩꎬ릤튵뛔췢틀듦뛈뷶폐%ꎨ뻝1998쓪릤튵췪돉돶뿚붻믵횵볆쯣ꎩꎬ틲뛸폐듽뷸튻늽룄짆뫍랢햹ꎬ떫쫇샻폃췢뫍췢쎳돶뿚틑돉캪췆뚯좫쪡뺭볃퓶뎤뗄훷튪뚯솦횮튻ꆣ듓랢햹잱솦뾴ꎬ췢쿲탍닺튵쫇횵뗃듳솦엠폽뗄뫾놱뺭볃퓶뎤벫ꆣ 5.뒴탂탍웳튵ꆣ뒴탂폫쟸캻폅쫆ꆢ붻틗돉놾폅쫆ꆢ뇈뷏폅쫆ꆢ뺺헹폅쫆ꆢ맦쒣뺭볃폅쫆뚼쫇퓶뎤벫샭싛뗄뫋탄ꆣ뒴탂뻍쫇짺닺솦ꎬ쫇뺭볃퓶뎤뗄쓚퓚뚯솦ꆣ ꆪꆪ벼쫵뒴탂탍웳튵벴룟탂벼쫵웳튵틔벰폃룟탂벼쫵커ힰ뗄뒫춳닺튵늿쏅ꆣ ꆪꆪ훆뛈뒴탂탍웳튵ꎬ훷튪쫇뺭맽쿖듺웳튵훆뛈룄퓬ꆢ햽싔훘ퟩ뫍뷡릹뗷헻뗄탂탍맺폐웳튵ꎬ쏱펪웳튵뫍뛾헟볞뷓뛸돉뗄믬뫏쯹폐훆웳튵ꆣ쯼쏇퓌님ퟅ퓶뎤뗄짺믺ꆢ잱솦뫍뿭삫뿕볤ꆣ떫뫾놱쫇샏릤튵믹뗘ꎬ맺폐벰맺폐뿘막웳튵뇈훘죔뻓%ꎨ좫맺욽뻹쮮욽캪37%ꎩꆣ쏱펪웳튵틑돉캪췆뚯훐맺뺭볃랢햹뗄짺솦뻼ꎨ1999쓪닺횵햼좫맺릤튵ퟜ닺횵뗄2/3ꎩꎬ뛸뫾놱룷쿘쫐훐킡웳튵쏱펪뮯뷸돌동뮺ꎬ틔릤튵ퟜ닺횵떱쓪볛탂맦뚨볆쯣ꎬ럇릫폐늿쏅닺횵햼릤튵ퟜ닺횵뗄뇈훘ꎬ1990쓪뫾놱캪%ꎨ좫맺욽뻹쮮욽캪%ꎩꎬ1995쓪캪%ꎨ%ꎩꎬ1997쓪캪%ꎨ%ꎩꆣ틲듋ꎬ훆뛈뒴탂탍웳튵뗄엠폽쫇튻쿮볨뻞뗄죎컱ꆣ ꆪꆪ뇈뷏폅쫆웳튵ꆣ웤훐냼삨쳘즫닺튵믲쏻없웳튵ꆣ쳘즫뫍쏻없뻍쫇뺺헹솦ꎬ뻍쫇짺닺솦ꆣ뫾놱뫍커몺폐ꆰ잧뫾횮쪡ꆱꆢꆰ쮮돇ꆱ뗄쏀돆ꎬ쮮뿢죝솿ꎨ틚솢랽쏗ꎩ햼좫맺쫗캻ꎬ뿉샻폃쮮풴폅쫆랢햹떭쮮퇸횳튵ꎨ죧쮮닺ꆢ쮮닋ꆢ쮮쟝ꆢ쮮떾ꎩꆣ1999쓪떭쮮닺욷ퟜ닺솿췲뛖ꎬ햼좫맺ퟜ솿뗄%ꆣ듋췢뮹붨폐튻듳엺쳘즫얩튵짺닺볓릤믹뗘ꎬ죧료뷛믹뗘ꎨ틋닽ꎩꆢ냥샵믹뗘ꎨ싞쳯ꎩꆢ맰뮨믹뗘ꎨ쿌쓾ꎩꆢ뫚쒾뛺믹뗘ꎨ랿쿘ꎩꆣ1999쓪얩튵늿죏뚨뗄뫾놱얩튵쏻없닺욷뫍쳘즫닺욷폐112룶ꎬ캻뻓좫맺뗚죽쏻ꎬ떫릤튵웳튵좴풶늻뺡죧죋틢ꎬ훁뷱벸뫵쎻폐맺볒벶쏻없닺욷ꎨ1999쓪캴뷶폐뫬쳒Kꎬ붡쏱놻죏뚨캪훐맺돛쏻짌뇪ꎩꎬ틔훁폚폐ꆰ몺믵컞뺫욷ꆱ횮쮵ꆣ펦뻙좫쪡횮솦ꎬ듳솦쪵쪩듳욷없랢햹햽싔ꆣ [햪튪]쪼폚20쫀볍훐웚뗄컷랽뺭볃퓶뎤벫샭싛ꎬ뺭샺쇋뿬쯙랢햹ꆢ돁볅뫍퓙뛈랱죙뗄랢햹뷗뛎ꆣ쯼ퟷ캪쟸폲뺭볃랢햹톧쮵뗄믹놾샭싛ꎬ폐탭뛠뿉릩뷨본뗄뫏샭돉럖ꎻ펦뷡뫏뺭볃랢햹쪵볊ꎬ뿆톧뗘훆뚨뫾놱쟸폲뺭볃랢햹햽싔ꎬ틔벰헽좷톡퓱뫍엠폽삭뚯뺭볃뿧풽쪽랢햹뗄퓶뎤벫ꆣ thAbstract: Appearing in the middle of 20 century, Western Economic Growing Pole Theory has experienced the phases of rapid developing, silence and reprosperity. As a basic theory of regional economic development, it has a lot of proper ingredients to be used for reference, Combining the reality of economic development in China, we can work out a scientific strategy of the regional economic development in Hubei Province and make a right choice to breed the main economic growing pole. 11
[ퟷ헟볲뷩]퇕열량ꎨ1946-ꎩꎬ 쓐ꎬ뫾쓏틦퇴죋ꎬ1969쓪믱놱뺩듳톧뺭볃톧톧쪿톧캻; 1981쓪믱커몺듳톧뺭볃톧쮶쪿톧캻ꆣ1990쓪퓚쏀맺쏜횴낲듳톧ퟷ뢣쳘믹뷰룟럃톧헟ꆣ1998쓪뫍1999쓪럖뇰퓚뗂맺쳘샯뛻듳톧뫍싗뛘뚼쫐듳톧뫏ퟷ퇐뺿ꆣ쿖죎커몺듳톧짌톧풺뺭볃쾵뷌쫚ꎬ늩쪿짺떼쪦ꎬ훷튪듓쫂컷랽뺭볃쇷엉ꆢ췢맺뺭볃쮼쿫쪷뫍뷰죚놣쿕쪷퇐뺿ꆣ뛀훸믲뫏훸톧쫵훸ퟷ30폠놾ꆣ Biography: Yan, Pengfei, born in 1964, mail, 1969 earned Bachelor degree of Economics in Peking University; 1981 eaned Master degree of Economics in Wuhan University, 1990 studied in Michigan University USA as a senior visiting scholar sponsored by Ford Fund; 1998 and 1999 conducted cooperating research in Trier University Germany and City University of London England respectively; now the professor and Supervisor in the Department of Economics Business School Wuhan University, the main research field: Schools of Western Economics, Thought History of Foreign Economics and Insurance History ; publised thirty-odd academic books. 12
