뗚27뻭 뗚9웚 뿆?벼?뷸?늽?폫?뛔?닟 May. 2010 Science & Technology Progress and Policy 2010쓪5퓂 믹폚뒴탂랶쪽뗄폃뮧뒴탂풴뾪랢닟싔퇐뺿?뚭?퇞ꎬ헅듳쇁ꎬ탬캰쟠 ()헣붭듳톧 맜샭톧풺ꎬ헣붭 몼훝 310058 햪?튪ꎺퟷ캪튻쿮훘튪뗄뒴탂풴ꎬ폃뮧뒴탂뛔풽살풽뛠뗄탐튵뫍웳튵닺짺쇋훘튪펰쿬ꆣퟜ뷡쇋폃뮧뒴탂뗄3훖랶쪽ꎺ폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂ꆢ폃뮧뫏ퟷ뒴탂뫍폃뮧훷떼뒴탂ꎬ늢쳡돶늻춬랶쪽폐늻춬뗄탎돉쳵볾ꎬ벴퓚뒴탂틢풸ꆢ뒴탂쓜솦ꆢ듺샭돉놾ꆢ훆퓬짌횧돖뫍쿮쒿뢴퓓뛈5룶랽쏦폐늻춬뗄쳘뗣ꎬ늢뻝듋캪웳튵룼뫃뗘샻폃폃뮧뒴탂쳡돶뛔닟붨틩ꆣ 맘볼듊ꎺ폃뮧뒴탂ꎻ뒴탂랶쪽ꎻ뒴탂쳵볾ꎻ뾪랢뒴탂풴ꎻ닟싔퇐뺿 훐춼럖샠뫅ꎺ Hippel1988늹ꎬ틔듯떽쳡짽벼쫵뒴탂킧맻ꎬ퓶잿웳튵뒴탂쓜솦ꎬ쪹웳뗚튻듎쳡돶“폃뮧뒴탂”뗄룅쓮틔살ꎬ폃뮧헢룶훘튪뗄뒴탂풴튵탎돉룼듳뗄뺺헹폅쫆ꆣ 틑훰붥캪룼뛠뗄웳튵쯹훘쫓ꎬ폃뮧뒴탂뗄뗍돉놾뫍룟뗄뿍뮧 퓶볓맽돌쳥퇩ꎬ쳡룟뿍뮧볛횵 훒돏뛈뚼뛔퓶잿웳튵뺺헹솦닺짺쇋훘듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ폐맘퇐뺿쿔뒫춳닺욷뒴탂쒣쪽ꎬ룸뿍뮧듸살뗄훷튪쫇닺욷릦쓜볛ꏛ2ꏝ쪾ꎬ춼쫩망탅쾢쾵춳뗄폃뮧뒴탂뇈샽풼햼26%ꎬ튽쇆웷횵ꆣ뛸폃뮧뒴탂뗄닺욷뾪랢쒣쪽ꎬ쪹룼뛠폃뮧뷩죫떽닺욷(킵뫍짨놸뗄폃뮧뒴탂풼햼22ꎥꎬ퓚쒳킩쳘쫢탐튵죧뮯릤쇷뒴탂뗄맽돌훐ꎬ듓뛸룸뿍뮧듸살뒴탂맽돌뗄쳥퇩ꎬ닺짺룼돌폫볓릤짨놸ꆢ뿆톧틇웷ꆢ냫떼쳥폫뗧ퟓ쇣늿볾짺닺짨놸듳뗄뿍뮧볛횵ꆣ퓚풽살풽룶탔뮯뗄쿻럑쪱듺ꎬퟔ벺닎폫짨ꏛ3ꏝ)틔벰톩쟁폫뮬냥뗈폃뮧뒴탂짵훁룟듯50%ꆣ쯦ퟅ뮥솪췸볆뫍훆퓬뗄닺욷볛횵폫떽쫐뎡릺싲닺욷볛횵뗄룐횪닮틬풽벼쫵뫍볆쯣믺벼쫵랢햹ꎬ폃뮧뒴탂쿲죕폃쿻럑욷ꆢ랿뗘닺살풽듳ꎬ잰헟룼쓜쳥쿖쿻럑헟돉뻍룐ꎬ룼쓜헃쿔쿻럑헟뗄뗈룼뛠쇬폲퇓짬ꆣ 룶탔ꎬ틲듋ꎬ폃뮧뒴탂뗄닺욷뿍뮧볛횵튲뻍풽살풽룟ꆣ웳뛔폚죧듋훘튪뗄뒴탂풴ꎬ컒쏇맺쓚웳튵폐쎻폐ퟶ뫃ힼ튵닉좡룷훖랽쪽붫폃뮧쓉죫떽닺욷믲럾컱뗄뒴탂맽돌훐ꎬ놸ꎬ폐쎻폐뾼싇죧뫎샻폃폃뮧뒴탂ꎬ폐쎻폐헆컕뫏쫊랽램돤럖쳽좡폃뮧뗄탨쟳붨틩ꎬ짵훁퇻쟫튻킩쇬쿈폃뮧릲춬닎좥폐킧퓋폃폃뮧뒴탂풴ꎿ놾컄붫첽쳖웳튵죧뫎톡퓱뫏쫊폃폫떽짨볆맽돌훐ꎬ듓뛸돤럖뗘쇋뷢쫐뎡ꎬ싺ퟣ폃뮧뗄탨쟳ꎬ뮧뒴탂랶쪽ꎬ죧뫎뒴퓬쳵볾쪹룼뛠폃뮧볓죫떽뒴탂믮뚯훐쳡룟뿍뮧싺틢뛈ꎬ퓶잿웳튵닺욷폫럾컱뗄뺺헹솦ꆣ 살ꎬ퓶볓웳튵볛횵ꎬ쳡짽웳튵뺺헹솦ꆣ 죃폃뮧닎폫뒴탂쫇쳡룟욷없훒돏뛈뗄폐킧쫖뛎 퓚떱뷱뗄쳥퇩뺭볃쪱듺ꎬ쿻럑헟뗄탨쟳닣듎쿲룟뛋1 폃뮧뒴탂폫웳튵뺺헹폅쫆 틆ꎬ죋쏇늻뷶탨튪쿭쫜닺욷믲럾컱놾짭듸살뗄훖훖싺ퟣ룐ꎬ뮹탨튪쳥퇩닎폫뗄돉뻍룐ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ죋쏇풽살풽ힷ쟳쓇킩쓜릻 샻폃폃뮧뒴탂풴ꎬ퓶잿웳튵뒴탂쓜솦 듙돉ퟔ벺룶탔뮯탎쿳탎돉ꎬ헃쿔ퟔ벺폫훚늻춬뗄닺욷믲럾퓚쮲쾢췲뇤뗄쫐뎡훐ꎬ뿍뮧탨쟳튲퓚뿬쯙뇤뮯ꎬ웳튵컱ꆣ듋쪱ꎬ웳튵죃쿻럑헟닎폫닺욷믲럾컱뗄뒴탂맽돌ꎬ캪쿻욾뷨웤ퟔ짭폐쿞뗄뒴탂쓜솦뫍풴좥펦뛔ꎬ뎣뎣믡쿔뗃놻럑헟쳡릩햹쪾ퟔ컒뗄컨첨ꆣ쿻럑헟뷸탐믲닎폫쇋헢튻뒴탂맽뚯ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쯦ퟅ폃뮧쯘훊뗄쳡룟ꆢ헃쿔룶탔뚯믺퓶잿돌ꎬ튻랽쏦쟩룐뫍탄샭뻍뗃떽쇋싺ퟣꎬ탎돉쇋욷없훒돏ꎻ쇭뫍뮥솪췸벼쫵뗄랢햹ꎬ룼뛠폃뮧늻맢폐닎폫뒴탂뗄뚯믺ꎬ튻랽쏦폃뮧뒴탂쾵춳폫뒴탂릤뻟뗄쪹폃ꎬ튲쳡룟쇋욷없틆뛸쟒뻟놸쇋튻뚨뗄뒴탂쓜솦뫍쳵볾ꎬ뿍맛짏쪹튻킩폃뮧뒴헏낭ꆣ짨쿫튻쿂ꎬ쿻럑헟믡쟡틗럅웺뮨럑ퟔ벺뫜뛠탄톪쯹훆탂풴뻟폐쇋뾪랢뫍샻폃뗄볛횵ꆣ웳튵믽벫뒴퓬쳵볾맄샸폃ퟷ뗄닺욷뫍욷없싰ꎿ닎폫뒴탂쳥퇩뗄쏀뫃볇틤쓑뗀늻횵뗃뮧뒴탂ꎬ늻뷶뿉틔싺ퟣ폃뮧뗄룶탔뮯탨쟳ꎬ뛸쟒뿉틔돤럖쿻럑헟뎤뻃뗘훒돏폚죃쯻폐헢랬쳥퇩뗄욷없싰ꎿ틲듋ꎬ폃뮧샻폃뿍뮧뒴탂풴뫍솦솿ꎬ폫웳튵뒴탂풴폫쓜솦탎돉뮥뒴탂뿉틔쳡룟뿍뮧훒돏뛈ꎬ쳡룟닺욷뺺헹솦ꆣ 쫕룥죕웚ꎺ2009–05–11 ퟷ헟볲뷩ꎺ뚭퇞(1983–)ꎬ얮ꎬ낲믕쿘죋ꎬ헣붭듳톧맜샭톧풺쮶쪿퇐뺿짺ꎬ퇐뺿랽쿲캪펪쿺맜샭뫍뿍뮧맘쾵맜샭ꎻ헅듳쇁(1963–)ꎬ쓐ꎬ()헣붭폀뾵죋ꎬ헣붭듳톧맜샭톧풺뷌쫚ꎬ퇐뺿랽쿲캪뿍뮧볛횵움맀ꆢ뿍뮧맘쾵맜샭뫍횪쪶탍ퟩ횯맜샭ꎻ탬캰쟠1971–ꎬ얮ꎬ헣붭뚫퇴죋ꎬ맜샭톧늩쪿ꎬ헣붭듳톧맜샭톧풺뢱뷌쫚,퇐뺿랽쿲캪웳튵펪쿺맜샭뫍뿍뮧맘쾵맜샭ꆣ
뗚?웚?뚭?퇞ꎬ헅듳쇁ꎬ탬캰쟠ꎺ믹폚뒴탂랶쪽뗄폃뮧뒴탂풴뾪랢닟싔퇐뺿?· 23 · 릤ퟷ헟늻쫇튵뗄닺욷훆퓬짌ꎬ웤뒴탂쓜솦틀좻폐쿞ꎬ쓑2 폃뮧뒴탂랶쪽 틔ퟔ훷돐떣뢴퓓뗄닺욷뾪랢쿮쒿ꆣ춨뎣룟뗄듺샭돉놾뗄듦맺췢뗄톧헟쳡떽폃뮧뒴탂뗄랶쪽믹놾폐솽훖ꎺ튻쫇폃퓚ꆢ뻞듳뗄뒴탂샻틦쟽뚯틔벰퓚뷏잿뗄뒴탂쓜솦뗄횧돖쿂ꎬ뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂ꎬ뛾쫇폃뮧닎폫뒴탂ꎻ웤훐폃뮧닎폫뒴탂믹놾폃뮧믡쟣쿲폚ퟔ훷뒴탂ꆣ뛸쫂쪵짏ꎬ훆퓬짌뛔폃뮧뒴탂쫓뿉틔룅삨캪3훖ꎺ벴캪폃뮧뒴탂ꆢ폫폃뮧릲춬뒴탂ꆢ평폃뛸늻볻ꎬ튲뻍쪧좥샻폃폃뮧뒴탂풴ꆢ럖쿭뿍뮧뒴탂돉맻뗄ꏛ4ꏝ뮧뒴탂ꆣ캪폃뮧뒴탂듺뇭쇋뒫춳뗄폃뮧닎폫뷏짙뗄닺욷믺믡ꆣ폐쪱뫲ꎬ평폚폃뮧뛔탨쟳뫍탨쟳쳵볾돤럖샭뷢ꎬ웤뒴탂랽쪽ꎬ늻쫴폚놾컄뗄퇐뺿랶캧횮쇐ꆣ쯹틔놾컄훐뗄폃뒴탂킧맻쪮럖쿔훸ꆣ죧맻훆퓬짌쓜릻폫폃뮧뷸탐뒴탂뫏ퟷꎬ뮧뒴탂탐캪럖샠캪ꎺ폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂ꆢ폃뮧훷떼뒴탂뫍폃뮧뿉틔뾪랢돶벫뻟뺺헹솦뗄닺욷ꆣ 뫏ퟷ뒴탂ꎬ뻟쳥볻춼1ꆣ 죧커몺룖쳺릫쮾퓚뷢뻶췟쮹믒ힰ뎵뮷뷚훐폶떽쇋짨놸컊쳢ꎬ맽좥솶쳺뎧룟슯훘솦돽뎾웷쫕벯뗄췟쮹믒퓚ힰ뎵맽돌훐ꎬ믒뎾싾쳬ꎬ늻뷶룸뮷뺳듸살쇋퇏훘컛좾ꎬ뮹샋럑쇋듳솿쮮풴ꆣ뛸평훆퓬짌쪵쪩훘솦돽뎾웷뗄헻쳥룼뮻ꎬ탨뷰뷼70췲풪ꎬ돉놾첫룟ꆣ뫳살ꎬ커룖닉폃폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂ꎬ훆뚨쇋ퟔ훷룄뷸짨놸뗄볆뮮ꆣ퓚닩퓄쇋듳솿쇏ꎬ뷨본탖뗜뎧뗄쿈뷸뺭퇩뫳ꎬ벼쫵죋풱퓚풭폐릤틕믹뒡짏ꎬ뛔맘볼짨놸짔볓룄뚯ꎬ횻뮯3000풪뛔뷁냨볓쪪믺뗄엧쮮쾵춳뷸탐룄퓬ꆣ룄ힰ뫳ꎬ돽뎾웷엧ퟬ쮮솿뻹퓈ꎬ컭뮯뫍럛뎾볓쪪킧맻뫃ꎬ쟒엧ퟬ뻟럀뛂릦쓜ꎬ늻틗뛂죻ꎬ듓풴춷짏복짙쇋럛 뎾뗄닺짺ꎻ늻뷶룄짆쇋룚캻릤죋뗄ퟷ튵뮷뺳ꎬ뮹듳듳복짙춼1?폃뮧뒴탂뗄랶쪽 쇋짨놸캬뮤솿ꎬ폃쮮솿캪풭살뗄뛾럖횮튻ꎬ벫듳룄짆쇋뮷룹뻝폃뮧퓚뒴탂맽돌훐뗄닎폫뛈폫뛀솢탔ꎬ붫폃뮧뒴뺳컛좾ꎬ뒴퓬쇋뷏듳뗄뺭볃킧틦ꆣ죧맻헢훖폃뮧뒴탂돉맻탂럖캪솽샠ꎺ폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂뫍폃뮧닎폫뒴탂ꆣ뗚튻샠쫇횸컼쫕떽훆퓬짌닺욷훐ꎬ뛔훆퓬짌닺욷뺺헹솦쳡짽붫믡웰뫜폃뮧퓚쎻폐훆퓬짌뗄냯훺쿂ꎬ틀뾿ퟔ짭뗄쓜솦뫍풴믲헟듳ퟷ폃ꆣ 춬쪱뷨훺뗚죽랽뗄솦솿뛸뷸탐뗄뒴탂탐캪ꆣ 폃뮧뫏ퟷ뒴탂 뛸뗚뛾샠퓲쫇평폃뮧뫍훆퓬짌릲춬닎폫췪돉뗄ꎬ룹뻝퓚죭볾뾪랢벰랿뗘닺뾪랢뗈탐튵훐ꎬ폃뮧뗄탨쟳탅쾢폃뮧퓚듋맽돌뗄닎폫돌뛈폖뿉럖캪폃뮧뫏ퟷ뒴탂뫍폃뮧훷쫇룟뛈햳탔뗄ꎬ룟뛈틀뢽폚쯹쪹폃뗄뮷뺳ꎬ폃뮧뫜쓑붫ퟔ떼뒴탂ꆣ웤훐폃뮧뫏ퟷ뒴탂듺뇭쇋웳튵폫폃뮧횮볤뗄돖탸벺뗄탨쟳좷쟐뗘룅삨늢쟒뒫뗝룸훆퓬짌ꆣ샽죧튽쇆맜샭죭뮥뚯ꎬ웳튵폫폃뮧튻웰릲춬뷸탐닺욷뒴틢뫍웤쯼뫳탸뗄닺볾뗄뾪랢ꎬ쎿룶튽쇆믺릹뗄쪵볊쟩뿶룷늻쿠춬ꎬ튽쇆헯뛏욷뒴탂믮뚯ꆣ웳튵늻뷶탨튪폃뮧뗄탨쟳탅쾢ꎬ뛸쟒뮹샻폃뗄쇷돌ꆢ튽풺쓚늿맜샭뗄쇷돌틔벰웤쯼룶탔뮯뗄늿럖ꎬ뚼폃뮧뗄쪹폃뺭퇩ꆣ퓚헻룶뒴탂맽돌훐ꎬ웳튵뮹쫇햼폐훷떼탨튪죭볾폃뮧——튽쇆믺릹릲춬닎폫떽죭볾뾪랢뗄맽돌훐뗘캻ꎬ떫폃뮧뗄랴펦횱뷓펰쿬웳튵뗄뻶닟ꆣ헢훖뾪랢랽램살ꎬ붫놾웳튵뗄탨쟳죚죫떽닺욷뗄뒴탂짨볆훐ꆣ떫평폚죭뗄뗤탍듺뇭쫇죭볾쾵춳뗄뾪랢ꆣ폃뮧훷떼뒴탂쫇튻훖폃뮧ꏛ5ꏝ볾뾪랢맽돌맽폚뢴퓓ꎬ튽쇆믺릹폖늻첫뿉쓜췑샫훆퓬짌믽벫닎폫뗄닺욷뒴탂탎쪽ꎬ폃뮧뗄탔훊랢짺쇋훊뗄량풾ꆣ뗄횧돖뛸ퟔ훷뷸탐헢샠닺욷뗄뾪랢ꎬ쯹틔퓚헢샠랶쪽훐ꎬ폃뮧돉캪뒴탂뗄훷쳥ꎬ웳튵캪폃뮧뒴탂쳡릩뇘튪뗄풴ꆣ훆퓬짌뗄횧돖햼뻝쇋훘튪뗄뗘캻ꆣ폃뮧퓚닎폫맽돌훐붫ퟔ웳튵ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗘샻폃쇋폃뮧풴ꎬ늻뷶컼쫕쇋폃뮧탅쾢뫍벺뗄탨쟳ꆢ틢볻랴펳룸훆퓬짌ꎬ헦헽췪돉뒴탂뗄맽돌벴붫폃뮧쪹폃뺭퇩ꎬ뛸쟒돉릦샻폃쇋폃뮧튵횪쪶뫍벼쫵뻷쟏ꆣ탨쟳뮯캪닺욷뗄맽돌죔좻쫇훆퓬짌살췪돉뗄ꎻ뛸폐쇋훆헢훖랽램뗄뗤탍듺뇭쫇쇬쿈폃뮧뒴탂램뫍릤뻟쿤뒴탂램ꆣ 퓬짌뗄횧돖ꎬ폃뮧횻탨튪폐뒴탂틢풸ꎬ뛸늻탨튪첫듳뗄뒴 폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂 탂쓜솦뻍뿉틔췪돉싺ퟣ룶탔뮯탨쟳뗄뒴탂ꆣ 뿆퇐쪵퇩쫒쫇폃뮧ퟔ훷뒴탂뗄훷튪뎡쯹ꎬ룟킣틔벰웤췲뿆듓2004쓪뾪쪼ꎬ뻍붫힡햬뗄뺫ힰ탞ퟷ캪릤ퟷ뗄훘쯼뷸탐뿆톧퇐뺿뗄퇐뺿쯹뚼탨튪뺭뎣뷓뒥떽룷훖뿆톧틇뗣ꎬ늢춨맽퓚쿟랢늼“뺫ힰ탞뿍뮧탨쟳뗷닩컊뻭”뛔폃뮧탨웷ꎬ틇웷뗄탔쓜뛔웤뿆벼퇐뺿뗄맽돌뫍뷡맻뚼닺짺훘튪펰쟳뷸탐뗷닩ꎬ쇋뷢늻춬돇쫐뻓쏱뗄뻓힡벰짺믮쾰맟ꎬ쿠펦쿬ꎬ떫틇웷훆퓬짌컞램룹뻝쎿룶폃뮧뗄튪쟳뚨훆틇웷ꆣ틲뷸탐럻뫏탨쟳뗄뺫ힰ탞짨볆ꆣ샽죧췲뿆퓚쯄뒨돉뚼뷸탐쫐듋떱틇웷컞램싺ퟣ웤퇐뺿탨튪쪱ꎬ평폚탅쾢햳탔쓑틔붫뛠뎡퇐뺿뗄쪱뫲뻍랢쿖ꎬ쯄뒨죋쾲뮶돔엝닋ꎬힰ탞돶살뗄랿퇹뮯뗄탨쟳랴펳떽릩펦짌뒦ꎬ쓑틔뗃떽릩펦짌뗄횧돖ꎻ퓚ퟓ뗃캪헢킩엝닋첳ퟓ헒떽튻룶낲짭뗄뗘랽ꆣ룹뻝헢룶튪쟳헢훖쟩뿶쿂뿆퇐릤ퟷ헟믡닺짺뷏룟뗄뒴탂틢풸ꎬ쾣췻춨맽췲뿆릤ퟷ죋풱쳘뗘캪뿍뮧퓚쮮닛쿂랽뗄뿕볤낲업쇋튻룶뿉닺욷룯탂듙뷸웤뿆톧퇐뺿ꆣ춬쪱퇐뺿뾪랢헟뎤웚퓚쪵퇩쫒틔럅엝닋첳ퟓ뗄뗘랽ꎬ헢룶뗘랽볈샻폃쇋쮮닛쿂랽췤맜탎폫틇웷듲붻뗀ꎬ뛔틇웷뗄릦쓜ꆢ뷡릹벰풭샭쿠떱쫬쾤ꎬ틑돉뗄늻맦퓲뿕볤ꎬ춬쪱컂뛈뫍쪪뛈튲뫜쫊뫏엝닋첳ퟓ뗄럅뺭뻟놸쇋ퟔ벺뚯쫖뾪랢틇웷뗄쓜솦ꎬ퇐뺿헟뿉틔퓚ퟔ벺뾪훃튪쟳ꆣ퓚헢룶닎폫맽돌훐폃뮧횻쫇춨맽컊뻭붫탨쟳랴펳랢쓜솦랶캧쓚뛔틇웷뷸탐뢴퓓뛈쿠뛔쫊훐뗄뒴탂ꆣ떫뿆퇐룸췲뿆ꎬ뻟쳥뗄짨볆평췲뿆살췪돉ꎬ듯떽쇋뫜뫃뗄킧맻ꎬ
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