St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S 3333333 CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S 中华人民共和国合同法 REPUBLIC OF CHINA (Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the １９９９年３月１５日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次Ninth National People's Congress March 15, 1999) 会议通过 １９９９年３月１５日中华人民共和国主席Source: 令第十五号公布 自１９９９年１０月１日起施行 General Principles 总 则 Chapter One: General Provisions 第一章 一般规定 Chapter Two: Formation of Contract 第二章 合同的订立 Chapter Three: Validity of Contract 第三章 合同的效力 Chapter Four: Performance of Contract 第四章 合同的履行 Chapter Five: Modification and Assignment of Contract 第五章 合同的变更和转让 Chapter Six: Termination of Contract Rights and Duties 第六章 合同的权利义务终止 Chapter Seven: Liabilities for Breach of Contract 第七章 违约责任 Chapter Eight: Other Provisions 第八章 其他规定 Specific Principles 分 则 Chapter Nine: Sales Contract 第九章 买卖合同 Chapter Ten: Contract for the Supply of Electricity, Water, 第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同 Natural Gas and Heat Chapter Eleven: Contract of Gifts 第十一章 赠与合同 Chapter Twelve: Contracts for Loans of Money 第十二章 借款合同 Chapter Thirteen: Leasing Contracts 第十三章 租赁合同 Chapter Fourteen: Financial Leasing Contracts 第十四章 融资租赁合同 Chapter Fifteen: Contracts of Hired Works 第十五章 承揽合同 Chapter Sixteen: Contracts for Construction Projects 第十六章 建设工程合同 Chapter Seventeen: Carriage Contracts 第十七章 运输合同 Section One: General Provisions 第一节 一般规定 Section Two: Passenger Carriage Contracts 第二节 客运合同 Section Three: Cargo Carriage Contracts 第三节 货运合同 Section Four: Multi-modal Carriage Contracts 第四节 多式联运合同 Chapter Eighteen: Technology Contracts 第十八章 技术合同 Section One: General Provisions 第一节 一般规定 Section Two: Technology Development Contracts 第二节 技术开发合同 Section Three: Technology Transfer Contracts 第三节 技术转让合同 Section Four: Technology Consulting Contracts and 第四节 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同 Technology Service Contracts CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 1 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Chapter Nineteen: Safekeeping Contracts 第十九章 保管合同 Chapter Twenty: Warehousing Contracts 第二十章 仓储合同 Chapter Twenty One: Agency Appointment Contracts 第二十一章 委托合同 Chapter Twenty Two: Trading-Trust Contracts 第二十二章 行纪合同 Chapter Twenty Three: Brokerage Contracts 第二十三章 居间合同 Supplementary Provisions 附 则 General Principles 总则 Chapter One General Provisions 第一章 一般规定 Article 1. Purpose. This Law is formulated in order to 第一条 为了保护合同当事人的合法protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to 权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modern现代化建设，制定本法。 ization. Article 2. Definition of Contract; Exclusions. For 第二条 本法所称合同是平等主体的purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between 自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equa更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。l standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations. 婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的 An agreement concerning any personal relationship such 协议，适用其他法律的规定。 as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws. Article 3. Equal Standing of Parties. Contract parties 第三条 合同当事人的法律地位平enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its w等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一ill on the other party. 方。 Article 4. Right to Enter into Contract Volun-tarily. A 第四条 当事人依法享有自愿订立合party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the 同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such预。 right. Article 5. Fairness. The parties shall abide by the 第五条 当事人应当遵循公平原则确principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and 定各方的权利和义务。 obligations. Article 6. Good Faith. The parties shall abide by the 第六条 当事人行使权利、履行义务principle of good faith in exercising their rights and 应当遵循诚实信用原则。 performing their obligations. Article 7. Legality. In concluding or performing a 第七条 当事人订立、履行合同，应contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and 当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利 not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests. 益。 Article 8. Binding Effect; Legal Protection. A lawfully 第八条 依法成立的合同，对当事人formed contract is legally binding on the parties. The parties具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合 party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract. 同。A lawfully formed contract is protected by law. 依法成立的合同，受法律保护。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 2 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Ch apter Two Formation of Contracts 第二章 合同的订立 Article 9. Capacity; Contract through Agent. In 第九条 当事人订立合同，应当具有entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate 相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。capacities for civil rights and civil acts. A party may appoint an agent to enter 当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合 into a contract on its behalf under the law. 同。 Article 10. Forms of Contract; Writing Require-ment. 第十条 当事人订立合同，有书面形A contract may be made in a writing, in an oral conversation, 式、口头形式和其他形式。as well as in any other form. 法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式 A contract shall be in writing if a relevant law or administrative regulation so requires. A contract shall be in 的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用writing if the parties have so agreed. 书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。 Article 11. Definition of Writing. A writing means a 第十一条 书面形式是指合同书、信memorandum of contract, letter or electronic message 件和数据电文（包括电报、电传、传真、(including telegram, telex, facsimile, electronic data exchange and e电子数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地lectronic mail), etc. which is capable of expressing its contents in a tangible form. 表现所载内容的形式。 Article 12 Terms of Contract. The terms of a contract 第十二条 合同的内容由当事人约定，shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the 一般包括以下条款： following: （一）当事人的名称或者姓名和住所； (1) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof; （二）标的； (2) subject matter; （三）数量； (3) quantity; (4) quality; （四）质量； (5) price or remuneration; （五）价款或者报酬； (6) time, place and method of performance; （六）履行期限、地点和方式； (7) liabilities for breach of contract; （七）违约责任； (8) method of dispute resolution. （八）解决争议的方法。 The parties may enter into a contract by referencing a mode 当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订l contract for the relevant contract category. 立合同。 Article 13 Offer-Acceptance. A contract is 第十三条 当事人订立合同，采取要concluded by the exchange of an offer and an 约、承诺方式。 acceptance. Article 14 Definition of Offer. An offer is a party's 第十四条 要约是希望和他人订立合manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with 同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列the other party, which shall comply with the following: 规定： (1) Its terms are specific and definite; （一）内容具体确定； (2) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, （二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人the offeror will be bound thereby. 即受该意思表示约束。 Article 15 Invitation to Offer. An invitation to offer is a 第十五条 要约邀请是希望他人向自party's manifestation of intention to invite the other party to m己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、ake an offer thereto. A delivered price list, announcement of auc拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业tion, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer. 广告等为要约邀请。 A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer if its 商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视contents meet the requirements of an offer. 为要约。 Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through 第十六条 要约到达受要约人时生Electronic Message. An offer becomes effective when it 效。reaches the offeree. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 3 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S When a contract is concluded by the exchange of 采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message 指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when 文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been 间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入designated, the time when the electronic message first enters 收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达into any of the recipient's systems is deemed its time of 时间。 arrival. Article 17 Withdrawal of Offer. An offer may be 第十七条 要约可以撤回。撤回要约withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the 的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者offeree before or at the same time as the offer. 与要约同时到达受要约人。 Article 18 Revocation of Offer. An offer may be 第十八条 要约可以撤销。撤销要约revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree 的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance. 到达受要约人。 Article 19 Irrevocable Offer. An offer may not be 第十九条 有下列情形之一的，要约revoked: 不得撤销：(1) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed （一）要约人确定了承诺期限或者以time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; 其他形式明示要约不可撤销；(2) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as （二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for 可撤销的，并已经为履行合同作了准备工performance. 作。 Article 20 Extinguishment of Offer. An offer is 第二十条 有下列情形之一的，要约extinguished in any of the following circumstances: 失效：(1) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror; （一）拒绝要约的通知到达要约人；(2) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer; （二）要约人依法撤销要约； (3) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at （三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作the end of the period for acceptance; (4) The offeree makes a material change to the 出承诺； terms of the offer. （四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。 Article 21 Definition of Acceptance. An 第二十一条 承诺是受要约人同意要acceptance is the offeree's manifestation of intention to 约的意思表示。 assent to an offer. Article 22 Mode of Acceptance; Acceptance by 第二十二条 承诺应当以通知的方式Conduct. An acceptance shall be manifested by notification, 作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以except where it may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage通过行为作出承诺的除外。 or as indicated in the offer. Article 23 Timely Dispatch of Acceptance. An 第二十三条 承诺应当在要约确定的acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed 期限内到达要约人。in the offer. 要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当 Where the offer does not prescribe a period for 依照下列规定到达：acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows: （一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当(1) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be即时作出承诺，但当事人另有约定的除 dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties; 外； (2) Where the offer is made in a non-oral manner, the （二）要约以非对话方式作出的，承acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable 诺应当在合理期限内到达。 time. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 4 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 24 Commencement of the Period for 第二十四条 要约以信件或者电报作Acceptance. Where an offer is made by a letter or a telegram, 出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电the period for acceptance commences on the date shown on 报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If the letter does not specify a date, the period 的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。commences on the posting date stamped on the envelop. W要约以电话、传真等快速通讯方式作出here the offer is made through an instantaneous 的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始communication device such as telephone or facsimile, etc., the per计算。 iod for acceptance commences once the offer reaches the offeree. Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of 第二十五条 承诺生效时合同成立。 Acceptance. A contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective. Article 26 Effectiveness of Acceptance. A notice of 第二十六条 承诺通知到达要约人时acceptance becomes effective once it reaches the offeror. W生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯here the acceptance does not require notification, it becomes或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。 effective once an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with the relevant usage or as required by the offer. 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺 Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of 到达的时间适用本法第十六条第二款的规electronic messages, the time of arrival of the acceptance shall 定。 be governed by Paragraph 2 of Article 16 hereof. Article 27 Withdrawal of Acceptance. An 第二十七条 承诺可以撤回。撤回承acceptance may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal 诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the 或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。 acceptance. Article 28 Late Acceptance. An acceptance dispatched 第二十八条 受要约人超过承诺期限by the offeree after expiration of the period for acceptance 发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人constitutes a new offer, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。 is valid. Article 29 Delayed Transmission of Acceptance. If 第二十九条 受要约人在承诺期限内the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for 发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached 约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for 过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约acceptance due to any other reason, the acceptance is valid, 人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外，unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the 该承诺有效。 acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay. Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material Change. 第三十条 承诺的内容应当与要约的The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the 内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree wh质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、ich materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price 数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, 履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute 法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer. 更。 Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material 第三十一条 承诺对要约的内容作出Changes An acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to 非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the con或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出tract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that 任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof. 容以承诺的内容为准。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 5 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 32 Time of Formation in Case of M 第三十二条 当事人采用合同书形式emorandum of Contract. Where the parties enter into a 订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章contract by a memorandum of contract, the contract is formed when it is signed or sealed by the时合同成立。 parties. Article 33 Time of Formation in Case of Letters or 第三十三条 当事人采用信件、数据Electronic Messages; Confirmation Letter. Where the 电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立parties enter into a contract by the exchange of letters or e之前要求签订确认书。签订确认书时合同lectronic messages, one party may require execution of a confirmation letter before the contract is formed. The 成立。 contract is formed upon execution of the confirmation letter. Article 34 Place of Formation; Electronic Messages. 第三十四条 承诺生效的地点为合同The place where the acceptance becomes effective is the place 成立的地点。of formation of a 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件 a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the recipient's main place of business is the place of 人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主formation of the contract; if the recipient does not have a 营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地main place of business, its habitual residence is the place of 点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 formation of the contract. If the parties have agreed otherwise, such agreement prevails. Article 35 Place of Formation in Case of M 第三十五条 当事人采用合同书形式emorandum of Contract. Where a contract is concluded 订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的by a memorandum of contract, its place of formation is the p地点为合同成立的地点。 lace where the parties sign or seal the contract. Article 36 Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in W 第三十六条 法律、行政法规规定或riting. Where a contract is to be concluded by a writing as 者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要 the parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main 义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。 obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed. Article 37 Effect of Failure to Sign in Case of M 第三十七条 采用合同书形式订立合emorandum of Contract. Where a contract is to be 同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已concluded by a memorandum of contract, if prior to signing or经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成 sealing of the contract, one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, 立。 the contract is formed. Article 38 Contract under State Mandatory Plan. 第三十八条 国家根据需要下达指令Where the state has, in light of its requirements, issued a m性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、andatory plan or state purchase order, the relevant legal persons其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法 and other organizations shall enter into a contract based on the rights and obligations of the parties prescribed 规规定的权利和义务订立合同。 by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call Attention. W 第三十九条 采用格式条款订立合同here a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the pa的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原rty supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the 则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party's 合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其attention to the provision(s) whereby such party's liabilities are exc责任的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款luded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party. 予以说明。 Standard terms are contract provisions which were 格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of 先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的concluding the contract. 条款。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 6 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 40 Invalidity of Certain Standard Terms. A 第四十条 格式条款具有本法第五十standard term is invalid if it falls into any of the circumstances 二条和第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供set forth in Article 52 and Article 53 hereof, or if it excludes 格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责the liabilities of the party supplying such term, increases the liabilities of the other party, or deprives the other party of any 任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。 of its material rights. Article 41 Dispute Concerning Construction of 第四十一条 对格式条款的理解发生Standard Term. In case of any dispute concerning the 争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对construction of a standard term, such term shall be 格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不interpreted in accordance with common sense. If the standardterm is subject to two or more interpretations, it shall be 利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款interpreted against the party supplying it. If a discrepancy 和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the 条款。 non-standard term prevails. Article 42 Pre-contract Liabilities. Where in the course 第四十二条 当事人在订立合同过程of concluding a contract, a party engaged in any of the 中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，following conducts, thereby causing loss to the other party, it sha应当承担损害赔偿责任：ll be liable for damages: (1) negotiating in bad faith under the pretext of （一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋concluding a contract; 商； (2) intentionally concealing a material fact relating to the （二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重conclusion of the contract or supplying false 要事实或者提供虚假情况； information; (3) any other conduct which violates the principle of （三）有其他违背诚实信用原则的行good faith. 为。 Article 43 Trade Secrets; Liability for Disclosure or 第四十三条 当事人在订立合同过程Improper Use. A party may not disclose or improperly use 中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，any trade secret which it became aware of in the course of nego不得泄露或者不正当地使用。泄露或者不tiating a contract, regardless of whether a contract is formed. If the party disclosed or improperly used such trade 正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失secret, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable 的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。 for damages. Chapter Three Validity of Contracts 第三章 合同的效力 Article 44 Effectiveness of Contract. A lawfully formed 第四十四条 依法成立的合同，自成contract becomes effective upon its formation. 立时生效。 Where effectiveness of a contract is subject to any procedure 法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、 such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision 登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。 applies. Article 45 Conditions Precedent; Conditions 第四十五条 当事人对合同的效力可Subsequent; Improper Impairment or Facilitation. The parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be 以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条subject to certain conditions. A contract subject to a condition 件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同，自条precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished 件成就时失效。once such condition is satisfied. 当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条 Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a condition, the 件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a partyimproperly facilitated the satisfaction of a condition, the 成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。 condition is deemed not to have been satisfied. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 7 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 46 Contract Term. The parties may 第四十六条 当事人对合同的效力可prescribe a term for a contract. A contract subject to a 以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期time of commencement becomes effective at such time. A限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同，自期 contract subject to a time of expiration is extinguished 限届满时失效。 at such time. Article 47 Contract by Person with Limited 第四十七条 限制民事行为能力人订Capacity. A contract concluded by a person with limited 立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同capacity for civil act is valid upon ratification by the legal 有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、agent thereof, provided that a contract from which such p智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合erson accrues benefits only or the conclusion of which is appropr同，不必经法定代理人追认。 iate for his age, intelligence or mental health does not require ratification by his legal agent. 相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月 The other party may demand that the legal agent 内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视ratify the contract within one month. If the legal agent 为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have 人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the 作出。 contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification. Article 48 Contract by Unauthorized Agent. Absent 第四十八条 行为人没有代理权、超ratification by the principal, a contract concluded on his 越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名behalf by a person who lacked agency authority, who acted beyond his agency authority or whose agency 义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被authority was extinguished is not binding upon the 代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。 principal unless ratified by him, and the person 相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内performing such act is liable. 予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒 The other party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. Where the principal fails 绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined 撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, 出。 the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification. Article 49 Contract by Person with Apparent 第四十九条 行为人没有代理权、超Agency Authority. Where the person lacking agency 越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名authority, acting beyond his agency authority, or whose agency authority was extinguished concluded a contract 义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有in the name of the principal, if it was reasonable for the 代理权的，该代理行为有效。 other party to believe that the person performing the act had agency authority, such act of agency is valid. Article 50 Contract Executed by Legal Repre- 第五十条 法人或者其他组织的法定sentative. Where the legal representative or the person-代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除in-charge of a legal person or an organization of any other nature entered into a contract acting beyond his 相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以scope of authority, unless the other party knew or should 外，该代表行为有效。 have known that he was acting beyond his scope of authority, such act of representation is valid. Article 51 Unauthorized Disposal of Property through 第五十一条 无处分权的人处分他人Contract. Where a piece of property belonging to another person was财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订 disposed of by a person without the power to do so, such contract is nevertheless valid once the person with the power to its 立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。 disposal has ratified the contract, or if the person lacking the power to dispose of it when the contract was concluded has subsequently acquired such power. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 8 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 52 Invalidating Circumstances. A contract is 第五十二条 有下列情形之一的，合invalid in any of the following circumstances: (1)同无效： One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the （一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立interests of the state; 合同，损害国家利益； (2) The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third （二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或party; 者第三人利益； (3) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under（三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的； the guise of a legitimate transaction; (4) The contract harms public interests; （四）损害社会公共利益； (5) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any （五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性law or administrative regulation. 规定。 Article 53 Invalidity of Certain Exculpatory 第五十三条 合同中的下列免责条款Provisions. The following exculpatory provisions in a contract无效： are invalid: (1) excluding one party's liability for personal injury （一）造成对方人身伤害的； caused to the other party; （二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方(2) excluding one party's liability for property loss caused to the other party by its intentional misconduct or 财产损失的。 gross negligence. Article 54 Contract Subject to Amendment or 第五十四条 下列合同，当事人一方Cancellation. Either of the parties may petition the People's Cou有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者rt or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if: 撤销： (1) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake; （一）因重大误解订立的； (2) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of（二）在订立合同时显失公平的。 its conclusion. If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract 一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking 危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立advantage of the other party's hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People's Court or an arbitration 的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract. 仲裁机构变更或者撤销。 Where a party petitions for amendment of the contract, 当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲the People's Court or arbitration institution may not cancel the contract instead. 裁机构不得撤销。 Article 55 Extinguishment of Cancellation Right. A 第五十五条 有下列情形之一的，撤party's cancellation right is extinguished in any of the 销权消灭： following circumstances: （一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或(1) It fails to exercise the cancellation right within one year, commencing on the date when the party knew 者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行or should have known the cause for the cancellation; 使撤销权； (2) Upon becoming aware of the cause for cancellation, it w（二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销aives the cancellation right by express statement or by事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤 conduct. 销权。 Article 56 Effect of Invalidation or Cancellation; 第五十六条 无效的合同或者被撤销Partial Invalidation or Cancellation. An invalid or canceled contract的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无 is not legally binding ab initio. Where a contract is partially invalid, and the validity of the remaining provisions 效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍thereof is not affected as a result, the remaining provisions are n然有效。 evertheless valid. Article 57 Independence of Dispute Resolution 第五十七条 合同无效、被撤销或者Provision. The invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解 does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists 决争议方法的条款的效力。 independently in the contract. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 9 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 58 Remedies in Case of Invalidation or 第五十八条 合同无效或者被撤销Cancellation. After a contract was invalidated or canceled, the后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返 parties shall make restitution of any property acquired thereunder; where restitution in kind is not possible or 还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当necessary, allowance shall be made in money based on the 折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因value of the property. The party at fault shall indemnify the other party for its loss sustained as a result. Where both 此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当parties were at fault, the parties shall bear their respective 各自承担相应的责任。 liabilities accordingly. Article 59 Remedies in Case of Collusion in Bad 第五十九条 当事人恶意串通，损害Faith. Where the parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harm国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得ing the interests of the state, the collective or a third person, any property acquired as a result shall be turned over 的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三to the state or be returned to the collective or the third p人。 erson. Chapter Four Performance of Contracts 第四章 合同的履行 Article 60 Full Performance; Performance in Good 第六十条 当事人应当按照约定全面Faith. The parties shall fully perform their respective 履行自己的义务。 obligations in accordance with the contract. The当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据 parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and 合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the 协助、保密等义务。 contract and in accordance with the relevant usage. Article 61 Indeterminate Terms; Supplementary 第六十一条 合同生效后，当事人就Agreement. If a term such as quality, price or remuneration, 质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没or place of performance etc. was not prescribed or clearly prescr有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补ibed, after the contract has taken effect, the parties may supplement it through agreement; if the parties fail to reach a 充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关supplementary agreement, such term shall be determined in 条款或者交易习惯确定。 accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage. Article 62 Gap Filling. Where a relevant term of the 第六十二条 当事人就有关合同内容contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定 of the following provisions applies: 仍不能确定的，适用下列规定： (1) If quality requirement was not clearly prescribed, （一）质量要求不明确的，按照国家performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or 标准、行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行industry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary 业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose的的特定标准履行。 of the contract; (2) If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed, （二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market pr法ice at the place订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依 of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the 应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，按government or based on government issued pricing guidelines 照规定履行。 is required by law, such requirement applies; (3) Where the place of performance was not clearly （三）履行地点不明确，给付货币prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if 的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; 动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。 the obligor is located; CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 10 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (4) If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, （四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, prov以随时履行，债权人也可以随时要求履ided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation; 行，但应当给对方必要的准备时间。 (5) If the method of performance was not clearlyprescr（五）履行方式不明确的，按照有利ibed, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract; 于实现合同目的的方式履行。 (6) If the party responsible for the expenses of performance（六）履行费用的负担不明确的，由 was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses. 履行义务一方负担。 Article 63 Performance at Government Mandated 第六十三条 执行政府定价或者政府Price. Where a contract is to be implemented at a price m指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府andated by the government or based on government issued pr价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾icing guidelines, if the government adjusts the price during the prescribed period of delivery, the contract price shall be 期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原the price at the time of delivery. Where a party delays in 价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执delivering the subject matter, the original price applies if the 行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇price has increased, and the new price applies if the price has decreased. Where a party delays in taking价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降 delivery or making payment, the new price applies if the price has increased, and 时，按照原价格执行。 the original price applies if the price has decreased. Article 64 Performance toward a Third Person. Where 第六十四条 当事人约定由债务人向the parties prescribed that the obligor render performance to 第三人履行债务的，债务人未向第三人履a third person, if the obligor fails to render its performance to the third person, or rendered non-conform行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，应当向ing performance, it shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract. 债权人承担违约责任。 Article 65 Performance by a Third Person. 第六十五条 当事人约定由第三人向Where the parties prescribed that a third person render 债权人履行债务的，第三人不履行债务或performance to the obligee, if the third person fails to perform者履行债务不符合约定，债务人应当向债 or rendered non-conforming performance, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract. 权人承担违约责任。 Article 66 Simultaneous Performance. Where the 第六十六条 当事人互负债务，没有parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在 of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the other party, one 对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求。一方party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If 在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝the other party rendered non-conforming performance, one party is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for 其相应的履行要求。 performance. Article 67 Consecutive Performance. Where the parties 第六十七条 当事人互负债务，有先owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance后履行顺序，先履行一方未履行的，后履, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently is 行一方有权拒绝其履行要求。先履行一方entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the party 履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权required to perform first rendered non-conforming performance, the party who is to perform subsequently is 拒绝其相应的履行要求。 entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance. Article 68 Right to Suspend Performance. The party 第六十八条 应当先履行债务的当事required to perform first may suspend its performance if it h人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一as conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances的，可以中止履行： : (1) Its business has seriously deteriorated; （一）经营状况严重恶化； (2) It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal （二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避of funds for the purpose of evading debts; 债务； CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 11 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (3) It has lost its business creditworthiness; （三）丧失商业信誉； (4) It is in any other circumstance which will or may （四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务cause it to lose its ability to perform. 能力的其他情形。 Where a party suspends performance without 当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of con当承担违约责任。 tract. Article 69 Notification upon Suspension of 第六十九条 当事人依照本法第六十Performance; Termination. If a party suspends its 八条的规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对performance in accordance with Article 68 hereof, it shall 方。 timely notify the other party. If the other party provides appropriate assurance for its 对方提供适当担保时，应当恢复履performance, the party shall resume performance. After 行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢performance was suspended, if the other party fails to regain 复履行能力并且未提供适当担保的，中止its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriate assurance履行的一方可以解除合同。 within a reasonable time, the suspending party may terminate the contract. Article 70 Difficulty in Rendering Performance Due 第七十条 债权人分立、合并或者变to Combination. Where after effecting combination, 更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发division, or change of domicile, the obligee failed to notify the ob生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标ligor, thereby making it difficult to render performance, the obligor may suspend its performance or place the subject 的物提存。 matter in escrow. Article 71 Right to Reject Early Performance; 第七十一条 债权人可以拒绝债务人Exception. The obligee may reject the obligor's early 提前履行债务，但提前履行不损害债权人performance, except where such early performance does not harm利益的除外。 the obligee's interests. Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the 债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的obligor's early performance shall be borne by the obligor. 费用，由债务人负担。 Article 72 Right to Reject Partial Performance; 第七十二条 债权人可以拒绝债务人Exception. An obligee may reject the obligor's partial 部分履行债务，但部分履行不损害债权人performance, except where such partial performance does not harm利益的除外。 the obligee's interests. Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the 债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的obligor's partial performance shall be borne by the obligor. 费用，由债务人负担。 Article 73 Subrogation; Limitation. Where the 第七十三条 因债务人怠于行使其到obligor delayed in exercising its creditor's right against a 期债权，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可third person that was due, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the People以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使's Court for subrogation, except where such creditor's right is 债务人的债权，但该债权专属于债务人自exclusively personal to the obligor. 身的除外。 The scope of subrogation is limited to the extent of the代位权的行使范围以债权人的债权为 obligee's right to performance. The necessary expenses for subrogation by the obligee shall be borne 限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债by the obligor. 务人负担。 Article 74 Obligee's Right to Cancel Manifestly U第七十四条 因债务人放弃其到期债nreasonable Act by Obligor. Where the obligor waived its creditor权或者无偿转让财产，对债权人造成损害's right against a third person that was due or assigned its property without reward, thereby harming the obligee, the 的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人obligee may petition the People's Court for cancellation of the ob的行为。债务人以明显不合理的低价转让ligor's act. Where the obligor assigned its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the 财产，对债权人造成损害，并且受让人知obligee, and the assignee was aware of the situation, the 道该情形的，债权人也可以请求人民法院obligee may also petition the People's Court for cancellation of撤销债务人的行为。 the obligor's act. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 12 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S The scope of cancellation right is limited to the extent of 撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为the obligee's right to performance. The necessary expenses for 限。债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债the obligee's exercise of its cancellation right shall be borne by 务人负担。 the obligor. Article 75 Time Limit for Exercising Obligee's 第七十五条 撤销权自债权人知道或Cancellation Right. The obligee's cancellation right shall be 者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。exercised within one year, commencing on the date when it became自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行, or should have become, aware of the cause for cancellation. Such cancellation right is extinguished if not 使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。 exercised within five years, commencing on the date of occurrence of the obligor's act. Article 76 A Party's Internal Change Not Excuse for 第七十六条 合同生效后，当事人不Nonperformance. Once a contract becomes effective, a 得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、party may not refuse to perform its obligations thereunder on grounds负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义 of any change in its name or change of its legal representative, person in charge, or the person handling the 务。 contract. Chapter Five Amendment and Assignmen t 第五章 合同的变更和转让 of Contracts Article 78 Ambiguous Amendment Not Effective 第七十八条 当事人对合同变更的内容A contract term is construed not to have been amended 约定不明确的，推定为未变更。 if the parties failed to clearly prescribe the terms of the amendment. Article 79 Assignment of Rights; Exceptions 第七十九条 债权人可以将合同的权利The obligee may assign its rights under a contract in 全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形whole or in part to a third person, except where such 之一的除外： assignment is prohibited: （一）根据合同性质不得转让； (i) in light of the nature of the contract; （二）按照当事人约定不得转让; (ii) by agreement between the parties; （三）依照法律规定不得转让。 (iii) by law. Article 80 Duty to Notify When Assigning 第八十条 债权人转让权利的，应当通Rights; Revocation of Assignment Subject to 知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发Assignee's Consent. Where the obligee assigns its 生效力。 rights, it shall notify the obligor. Such assignment is not 债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经binding upon the obligor if notice was not given.受让人同意的除外。 A notice of assignment of rights given by the obligee may not be revoked, except with the consent of the assignee. Article 81 Assumption of Incidental Right in 第八十一条 债权人转让权利的，受让Case of Assignment. Where the obligee assigns a right, 人取得与债权有关的从权利，但该从权利专the assignee shall assume any incidental right associated 属于债权人自身的除外。 with the obligee's right, except where such incidental right is exclusively personal to the obligee. Article 82 Assigned Rights Subject to Accrued 第八十二条 债务人接到债权转让通知Defenses of Obligor. Upon receipt of the notice of 后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人assignment of the obligee's right, the obligor may, in 主张。 respect of the assignee, avail itself of any defense it has against the assignor. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 13 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 83 Availability of Set-off to Obligor. 第八十三条 债务人接到债权转让通知Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of the obligee's 时，债务人对让与人享有债权，并且债务人right, if the obligor has any right to performance by the 的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期assignor which is due before or at the same time as the 的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销。 assigned obligee's right, the obligor may avail itself of any set-off against the assignee. Article 84 Delegation of Obligations Subject to 第八十四条 债务人将合同的义务全部Consent by Obligee. Where the obligor delegates its 或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third 意。 person, such delegation is subject to consent by the obligee. Article 85 Availability of Defenses to New 第八十五条 债务人转移义务的，新债Obligor. Where the obligor has delegated an obligation, 务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩。 the new obligor may avail itself of any of the original obligor's defenses against the obligee. Article 86 Assumption of Incidental Obligation in 第八十六条 债务人转移义务的，新债Case of Delegation. Where the obligor delegates an 务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但该obligation, the new obligor shall assume any incidental 从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。 obligation associated with the main obligation, except where such incidental obligation is exclusively personal to the original obligor. Article 87 Assignment Subject to Approval. Where 第八十七条 法律、行政法规规定转让the obligee's assignment of a right or the obligor's 权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等手delegation of an obligation is subject to any procedure such 续的，依照其规定。 as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law o r administrative regulation, such provision applies. Article 88 Concurrent Assignment and Delegation. 第八十八条 当事人一方经对方同意，Upon consent by the other party, one party may 可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让concurrently assign its rights and delegate its obligations 给第三人。 under a contract to a third person. Article 89 Provisions Applicable to Concurrent 第八十九条 权利和义务一并转让的，Assignment. Where a party concurrently assigns its rights 适用本法第七十九条、第八十一条至第八十and delegates its obligations, the provisions in Article 79, A三条、第八十五条至第八十七条的规定。 rticles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 apply. Article 90 Effect of Combination or Division of 第九十条 当事人订立合同后合并的，Contract Party. Where a party has effected combination 由合并后的法人或者其他组织行使合同权after it entered into a contract, the legal person or organ利，履行合同义务。当事人订立合同后分立ization of any other nature resulting from the combination assumes the rights and obligations thereunder. 的，除债权人和债务人另有约定的以外，由Where a party has effected division after it entered into a 分立的法人或者其他组织对合同的权利和义contract, unless otherwise agreed by the obligee and obligor 务享有连带债权，承担连带债务。 thereunder, the legal persons or other organizations resulting from the division jointly and severally assume the rights and obligations thereunder. Chapter Six Discharge of Contractual Rights and 第六章 合同的权利义务终止 Obligations Article 91 Conditions for Discharge. The rights 第九十一条 有下列情形之一的，合同and obligations under a contract are discharged in any of 的权利义务终止： the following circumstances: (1) The obligations were performed in accordance （一）债务已经按照约定履行； with the contract; CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 14 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (2) The contract was terminated; （二）合同解除； (3) The obligations were set off against each other; （三）债务相互抵销； (4) The obligor placed the subject matter in escrow （四）债务人依法将标的物提存; in accordance with the law; (5) The obligee released the obligor from （五）债权人免除债务； performance; (6) Both the obligee's rights and obligor's obligations （六）债权债务同归于一人； were assumed by one party; (7) Any other discharging circumstance provided by （七）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的law or prescribed by the parties occurred. 其他情形。 Article 92 Post-discharge Obligations. Upon 第九十二条 合同的权利义务终止后，discharge of the rights and obligations under a contract, 当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据交易习the parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and 惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。 perform obligations such as notification, assistance and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with the relevant usage. Article 93 Termination by Agreement; 第九十三条 当事人协商一致，可以解Termination Right. The parties may terminate a 除合同。 contract if they have so agreed. The parties may prescribe a condition under which 当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。one party is entitled to terminate the contract. Upon 解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除satisfaction of the condition for termination of the 合同。 contract, the party with the termination right may terminate the contract. Article 94 Legally Prescribed Conditions Giving 第九十四条 有下列情形之一的，当事Rise to Termination Right. The parties may terminate 人可以解除合同： a contract if: (1) force majeure frustrated the purpose of the （一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目contract; 的； (2) before the time of performance, the other party （二）在履行期限届满之前，当事人一expressly stated or indicated by its conduct that it 方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主will not perform its main obligations; 要债务； (3) the other party delayed performance of its main （三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，obligations, and failed to perform within a 经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行； reasonable time after receiving demand forp erformance; （四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有(4) the other party delayed performance or otherwise breached 其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的; the contract, thereby frustrating the purpose of the contract ; (5) any other circumstance provided by law （五）法律规定的其他情形。 occurred. Article 95 Time Limit for Termination; 第九十五条 法律规定或者当事人约定Extinguishment of Termination Right. Where the 解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使law or the parties prescribe a period for exercising 的，该权利消灭。 termination right, failure by a party to exercise it at the end of the period shall extinguish such right. Where neither the law nor the parties prescribe a 法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除period for exercising termination right, failure by a party 权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不to exercise it within a reasonable time after receiving 行使的，该权利消灭。 demand from the other party shall extinguish such right. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 15 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 96 Termination by Notification; 第九十六条 当事人一方依照本法第九Termination Subject to Approval. The party availing 十三条第二款、第九十四条的规定主张解除itself of termination of a contract in accordance with 合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 hereof shall 方时解除。对方有异议的，可以请求人民法notify the other party. The contract is terminated when 院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。the notice reaches the other party. If the other party objects to the termination, the terminating party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to affirm the validity of the termination. Where termination of a contract is subject to any 法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as 批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。 required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies. Article 97 Remedies in Case of Termination. 第九十七条 合同解除后，尚未履行Upon termination of a contract, a performance which 的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况has not been rendered is discharged; if a performance 和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采has been rendered, a party may, in light of the degree of 取其他补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。 performance and the nature of the contract, require the other party to restore the subject matter to its original condition or otherwise remedy the situation, and is entitled to claim damages. Article 98 Settlement and Winding-up Provisions 第九十八条 合同的权利义务终止，不Not Affected by Discharge. Discharge of contractual 影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。 rights and obligations does not affect the validity of contract provisions concerning settlement of account and winding-up. Article 99 Set-off; Set-off Not Subject to 第九十九条 当事人互负到期债务，该Condition. Where each party owes performance to the 债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方other party that is due, and the subject matters of the 可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依obligations are identical in type and quality, either party may照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除 set off its obligation against the obligation of the other party, except where set-off is prohibited by law or 外。 in light of the nature of the contract. The party availing itself of set-off shall notify the other party. The notice becomes effective when it 当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通reaches the other party. Set-off may not be subject to any 知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者condition or time limit. 附期限。 Article 100 Set-off Involving Non-identical 第一百条 当事人互负债务，标的物种Subject Matters. Where each party owes performance 类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of 以抵销。 the obligations are not identical in type and quality, the parties may effect set-off by mutual agreement. Article 101 Conditions Giving Rise to Right to 第一百零一条 有下列情形之一，难以Place Subject Matter in Escrow. Where any of the 履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存： following circumstances makes it difficult to render performance, the obligor may place the subject matter in escrow: (1) The obligee refuses to take delivery of the （一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领； subject matter without cause; （二）债权人下落不明； (2) The obligee cannot be located; （三）债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧(3) The obligee is deceased or incapacitated, and his heir or guardian is not determined;失民事行为能力未确定监护人； CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 16 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (4) Any other circumstance provided by law occurs. （四）法律规定的其他情形。 Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the 标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高escrow expenses will be excessive, the obligor may 的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，auction or liquidate the subject matter and place the proceeds提存所得的价款。 in escrow. Article 102 Duty to Notify in Case of Escrow 第一百零二条 标的物提存后，除债权人下After placing the subject matter in escrow, the obligor 落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人shall timely notify the obligee or his heir or guardian, 或者债权人的继承人、监护人。 except where the obligee cannot be located. Article 103 Risk of Loss; Fruits of Subject Matter 第一百零三条 标的物提存后，毁损、Accrued during Escrow. Once the subject matter is in 灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的escrow, the risk of its damage or loss is borne by the 物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人obligee. The fruits of the subject matter accrued during 负担。 escrow belong to the obligee. Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee. Article 104 Taking Delivery of Subject Matter in 第一百零四条 债权人可以随时领取提Escrow Conditional upon Performance; Time Limit存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，The obligee may take delivery of the subject matter in 在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提escrow at any time, provided that if the obligee owes 存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提performance toward the obligor that is due, prior to the 存物。 obligee's performance or provision of assurance, the escrow agent shall reject the obligee's attempt to take delivery of the subject matter in escrow as required by the obligor. The right of the obligee to take delivery of the 债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日subject matter in escrow is extinguished if not exercised 起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费within five years, commencing on the date when the 用后归国家所有。 subject matter was placed in escrow. After deduction of escrow expenses, the subject matter in escrow shall be turned over to the state. Article 105 Release. Where the obligee released the 第一百零五条 债权人免除债务人部分obligor from performance in part or in whole, the rights 或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者and obligations under the contract are discharged in part 全部终止。 or in whole. Article 106 Merger of Rights and Obligations. If 第一百零六条 债权和债务同归于一人the same party assumed all the rights and obligations 的，合同的权利义务终止，但涉及第三人利under a contract, the rights and obligations thereunder 益的除外。 are discharged, except where the contract involves the interests of a third person. Chapter Seven Liabilities for Breach of Contracts 第七章 违约责任 Article 107 Types of Liabilities for Breach. If a 第一百零七条 当事人一方不履行合同party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or 义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当rendered non-conforming performance, it shall bear the 承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失liabilities for breach of contract by specific performance, 等违约责任。 cure of non-conforming performance or payment of damages, etc. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 17 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 108 Anticipatory Breach. Where one party 第一百零八条 当事人一方明确表示或expressly states or indicates by its conduct that it will not 者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对perform its obligations under a contract, the other party 方可以在履行期限届满之前要求其承担违约may hold it liable for breach of contract before the time 责任。 of performance. Article 109 Monetary Specific Performance. If a 第一百零九条 当事人一方未支付价款party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the other 或者报酬的，对方可以要求其支付价款或者party may require payment thereof. 报酬。 Article 110 Non-monetary Specific Performance; 第一百一十条 当事人一方不履行非金Exceptions. Where a party fails to perform, or rendered 钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，non-conforming performance of, a non-monetary 对方可以要求履行，但有下列情形之一的除obligation, the other party may require performance, 外： except where: (1) performance is impossible in law or in fact; （一）法律上或者事实上不能履行 (2) the subject matter of the obligation does not lend （二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者itself to enforcement by specific performance or 履行费用过高； the cost of performance is excessive; (3) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time. （三）债权人在合理期限内未要求履行。 Article 111 Liabilities in Case of Quality Non- 第一百一十一条 质量不符合约定的，compliance. Where a performance does not meet the 应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违prescribed quality requirements, the breaching party shall 约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法be liable for breach in accordance with the contract. W第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方here the liabilities for breach were not prescribed or 根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in 选择要求对方承担修理、更换、重作、退accordance with Article 61 hereof, the aggrieved party m货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。 ay, by reasonable election in light of the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, require the other party to assume liabilities for breach by way of repair, replacement, remaking, acceptance of returned goods, or reduction in price or remuneration, etc. Article 112 Liability for Damages Notwithstanding 第一百一十二条 当事人一方不履行合Subsequent Performance or Cure of Non-conforming 同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在Performance. Where a party failed to perform or rendered 履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其non-conforming performance, if notwithstanding its 他损失的，应当赔偿损失。 subsequent performance or cure of non-conforming performance, the other party has sustained other loss, the breaching party shall pay damages. Article 113 Calculation of Damages; Damages to 第一百一十三条 当事人一方不履行合Consumer. Where a party failed to perform or 同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对rendered non-conforming performance, thereby causing 方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违loss to the other party, the amount of damages payable 约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得shall be equivalent to the other party's loss resulting from 的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同the breach, including any benefit that may be accrued 时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能from performance of the contract, provided that the 造成的损失。 amount shall not exceed the likely loss resulting from the breach which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the breaching party at the time of conclusion of the contract. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 18 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where a merchant engages in any fraudulent activity 经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺while supplying goods or services to a consumer, it is 诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权liable for damages in accordance with the Law of the 益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。 People's Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights. Article 114 Liquidated Damages; Adjustment; 第一百一十四条 当事人可以约定一Continuing Performance Notwithstanding Payment of L方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一iquidated Damages. The parties may prescribe that if one par定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生ty breaches the contract, it will pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the degree of 的损失赔偿额的计算方法。 breach, or prescribe a method for calculation of damages for 约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当the loss resulting from a party's breach. 事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以 Where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed is be增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失low the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to increase the 的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机amount; where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed 构予以适当减少。 exceeds the loss resulting from the breach, a party may 当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to decrease the amount as appropr约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。 iate. Where the parties prescribed liquidated damages for delayed performance, the breaching party shall, in addition to payment of the liquidated damages, render performance. Article 115 Deposit. The parties may prescribe that a 第一百一十五条 当事人可以依照《中party will give a deposit to the other party as assurance for the obligee's right to华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给 performance in accordance with the Security Law of the People's Republic of China. Upon performance by 付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务the obligor, the deposit shall be set off against the price or 后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定refunded to the obligor. If the party giving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it is not entitled 金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求to claim refund of the deposit; where the party receiving the 返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行约定的deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it sha债务的，应当双倍返还定金。 ll return to the other party twice the amount of the deposit. Article 116 Election Between Deposit or Liquidated D 第一百一十六条 当事人既约定违约amages Clauses. If the parties prescribed payment of both 金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可liquidated damages and a deposit, in case of breach by a party, the other party may elect in alternative to apply the liquidated 以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。 damages clause or the deposit clause. Article 117 Force Majeure. A party who was unable to 第一百一十七条 因不可抗力不能履perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from 行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除 force majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party's delay in 外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，performance, it is not exempted from liability. 不能免除责任。 For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any 本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、objective circumstance which is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountab不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。 le. Article 118 Duty to Notify in Case of Force Majeure. 第一百一十八条 当事人一方因不可If a party is unable to perform a contract due to force m抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对ajeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate 方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应the loss that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of force majeure within a reasonable time. 当在合理期限内提供证明。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 19 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 119 Non-Breaching Party's Duty to Mitigate 第一百一十九条 当事人一方违约Loss in Case of Breach. Where a party breached the 后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures 大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，to prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the appropriate measures, 不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。 it may not claim damages for such further loss. Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in 当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理preventing further loss shall be borne by the breaching party. 费用，由违约方承担。 Article 120 Bilateral Breach. In case of bilateral breach, 第一百二十条 当事人双方都违反合the parties shall assume their respective liabilities accordingly. 同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 Article 121 Breach Due to Act of Third Person. Where 第一百二十一条 当事人一方因第三a party's breach was attributable to a third person, it shall 人的原因造成违约的，应当向对方承担违nevertheless be liable to the other party for breach. Any dispu约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠te between the party and such third person shall be resolved in accordance with the law or the agreement between 纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定解决。 the parties. Article 122 Election of Remedy in Tort or in Contract 第一百二十二条 因当事人一方的违Where a party's breach harmed the personal or property 约行为，侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受interests of the other party, the aggrieved party is entitled to e损害方有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约lect to hold the party liable for breach of contract in accordance herewith, or hold the party liable for tort in 责任或者依照其他法律要求其承担侵权责accordance with any other relevant law. 任。 Chapter Eight Other Provisions 第八章 其他规定 Article 123 Applicability of Other Laws. Where 第一百二十三条 其他法律对合同另another law provides otherwise in respect of a certain 有规定的，依照其规定。 contract, such provisions prevail. Article 124 Applicability to Non-categorized C 第一百二十四条 本法分则或者其他ontracts. Where there is no express provision in the Spec法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本法总则ific Provisions hereof or any other law concerning a certain contract, the provisions in the General Principles 的规定，并可以参照本法分则或者其他法hereof apply, and reference may be made to the provisions in 律最相类似的规定。 the Specific Provisions hereof or any other law applicable to a contract which is most similar to such contract. Article 125 Contract Interpretation; Language 第一百二十五条 当事人对合同条款Versions. In case of any dispute between the parties concern的理解有争议的，应当按照合同所使用的ing the construction of a contract term, the true meaning thereof shall be determined according to the words 词句、合同的有关条款、合同的目的、交and sentences used in the contract, the relevant provisions 易习惯以及诚实信用原则，确定该条款的and the purpose of the contract, and in accordance with the relevant usage and the principle of good faith. 真实意思。 Where a contract was executed in two or more languages 合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约and it provides that all versions are equally authentic, the words定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句 and sentences in each version are construed to have the same meaning. In case of any discrepancy in the words or 推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不sentences used in the different language versions, they shall be 一致的，应当根据合同的目的予以解释。 interpreted in light of the purpose of the contract. Article 126 Choice of Law in Foreign-related 第一百二十六条 涉外合同的当事人Contracts; Contracts Subject to Mandatory Application of可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，但 Chinese Law. Parties to a foreign related contract may select the applicable law for resolution of a contractual 法律另有规定的除外。涉外合同的当事人dispute, except otherwise provided by law. Where parties to 没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的the foreign related contract failed to select the applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with 国家的法律。 the closest connection thereto. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 20 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S For a Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise 在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合Contract, Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Contract, or 资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合a Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Exploration and Development of Natural Resources which is performed 同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the law 用中华人民共和国法律。 of the People's Republic of China applies. Article 127 Role of Regulatory Authorities. Within the 第一百二十七条 工商行政管理部门scope of their respective duties, the authority for the 和其他有关行政主管部门在各自的职权范administration of industry and commerce and other relevant authorities shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and 围内，依照法律、行政法规的规定，对利administrative regulations, be responsible for monitoring and 用合同危害国家利益、社会公共利益的违dealing with any illegal act which, through the conclusion of a 法行为，负责监督处理；构成犯罪的，依contract, harms the state interests or the public interests; where such act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be 法追究刑事责任。 imposed in accordance with the law. Article 128 Dispute Resolution. The parties may resolve 第一百二十八条 当事人可以通过和a contractual dispute through settlement or mediation. 解或者调解解决合同争议。 Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such dispute through settlement or mediation, the dispute 当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调may be submitted to the relevant arbitration institution for 解不成的，可以根据仲裁协议向仲裁机构arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement b申请仲裁。涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲etween the parties. Parties to a foreign related contract may apply to a Chinese arbitration institution or another 裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构arbitration institution for arbitration. Where the parties did 申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者not conclude an arbitration agreement, or the arbitration 仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People's Court. The parties shall perform any judgment, 当事人应当履行发生法律效力的判决、仲arbitral award or mediation agreement which has taken legal 裁裁决、调解书；拒不履行的，对方可以effect; if a party refuses to perform, the other party may apply 请求人民法院执行。 to the People's Court for enforcement. Article 129 Time Limit for Action. For a dispute arising 第一百二十九条 因国际货物买卖合from a contract for the international sale of goods or a 同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申technology import or export contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, 请仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者commencing on the date when the party knew or should have 应当知道其权利受到侵害之日起计算。因known that its rights were harmed. For a dispute arising from 其他合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期any other type of contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevant law. 限，依照有关法律的规定。 SPECIFIC PROVISION S 分 则 Chapter Nine Sales Contracts 第九章 买卖合同 Article 130 Definition of Sales Contract. A sales 第一百三十条 买卖合同是出卖人转contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers title to the 移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付subject matter to the buyer, who pays the price. 价款的合同。 Article 131 Additional Terms. In addition to the terms 第一百三十一条 买卖合同的内容除set forth in Article 12 hereof, a sales contract may include 依照本法第十二条的规定以外，还可以包terms such as packing method, inspection standard and 括包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方inspection method, method of settlement of account, and the language versions of the contract and the authenticity thereof, 式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。 etc. Article 132 Title or Disposal Power; Prohibition of or 第一百三十二条 出卖的标的物，应Restriction on Transfer. The seller shall have title to, or the 当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分 power to dispose of, the subject matter for sale. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 21 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where a law or administrative regulation prohibits or 法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的restricts the transfer of the subject matter, such provision 标的物，依照其规定。 applies. Article 133 Passing of Title. Title to the subject 第一百三十三条 标的物的所有权自matter passes at the time of its delivery, except otherwise 标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或provided by law or agreed by the parties. 者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 134 Conditional Sale. The parties may 第一百三十四条 当事人可以在买卖prescribe in the sales contract that title to the subject 合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其matter remain in the seller until the buyer has paid the 他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。 price or has performed other obligations. Article 135 Seller's Obligations with Respect to 第一百三十五条 出卖人应当履行向Title Transfer. The seller shall perform the obligations 买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的of delivering to the buyer the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。 , as well as transferring title to the subject matter. Article 136 Delivery of Related Materials by 第一百三十六条 出卖人应当按照约Seller. In addition to the document for taking delivery, 定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物the seller shall deliver to the buyer documents and materials related to the subject matter in accordance with 单证以外的有关单证和资料。 the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage. Article 137 Sales Involving Intellectual Property. 第一百三十七条 出卖具有知识产权In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectual的计算机软件等标的物的，除法律另有规property such as computer software, etc., the intellectual 定或者当事人另有约定的以外，该标的物property in the subject matter does not vest in the buyer, 的知识产权不属于买受人。 except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. Article 138 Time of Delivery. The seller shall 第一百三十八条 出卖人应当按照约deliver the subject matter at the prescribed time. Where 定的期限交付标的物。约定交付期间的，the contract prescribes a period during which delivery is 出卖人可以在该交付期间内的任何时间交to take place, the seller may deliver at any time during 付。 the delivery period. Article 139 Absence of Provision for Time of 第一百三十九条 当事人没有约定标Delivery Where the time for delivery of the subject 的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用matter was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, Article 本法第六十一条、第六十二条第四项的规61 and Item 4 of Article 62 apply. 定。 Article 140 Time of Delivery of Subject Matter 第一百四十条 标的物在订立合同之Already in Buyer's Possession. Where the subject ma前已为买受人占有的，合同生效的时间为tter was in buyer's possession prior to conclusion of the contract, the time when the contract becomes 交付时间。 effective is the time of delivery Article 141 Absence of Provision for Place of 第一百四十一条 出卖人应当按照约Delivery The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the p定的地点交付标的物。 rescribed place. Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or 当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不clear prescribed, and cannot be determined in 明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能accordance with Article 61 hereof, the following prov确定的，适用下列规定： isions apply: (1) If the subject matter needs carriage, the seller （一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应shall deliver the subject matter to the first carrier 当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买for transmission to the buyer; 受人； CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 22 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (2) Where the subject matter does not need carriage, （二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和if at the time of conclusion of the contract, the 买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点buyer and the seller knew the subject matter was 的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不at a particular place, the seller shall deliver the 知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人subject matter at such place; and if they did not know订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。 the location of the subject matter, delivery shall take place at the seller's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract. Article 142 Passing of Risk. The risk of damage to or 第一百四十二条 标的物毁损、灭失loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller prior to 的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承delivery, and by the buyer after delivery, except otherwise prov担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有ided by law or agreed by the parties. 规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 143 Risk Allocation in Case of Delayed 第一百四十三条 因买受人的原因致Delivery. Where the subject matter was not delivered at the 使标的物不能按照约定的期限交付的，买prescribed time due to any reason attributable to the buyer, 受人应当自违反约定之日起承担标的物毁the buyer shall bear the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter as from the date of breach. 损、灭失的风险。 Article 144 Risk Allocation for Subject Matter in 第一百四十四条 出卖人出卖交由承Transit. Where the seller sells the subject matter which has 运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约been delivered to a carrier for transportation and is in transit, un定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立less otherwise agreed by the parties, the risk of damage or loss is borne by the buyer as from the time of formation of 时起由买受人承担。 the contract. Article 145 Passing of Risk in Case of Seller Arranged 第一百四十五条 当事人没有约定交Carriage. Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or 付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第一百clearly prescribed, if the subject matter needs carriage as prov四十一条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要ided in Item (1) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the buyer 运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运as from the time the seller delivers the subject matter to the 人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人first carrier. 承担。 Article 146 Risk Allocation in Case of Delay in 第一百四十六条 出卖人按照约定或Taking Delivery. Where the seller placed the subject matter 者依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第二项at the place of delivery in accordance with the contract or in accordance的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违 with Item (2i) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 hereof and the buyer fails to take delivery in breach of the 反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is 风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担。 borne by the buyer as from the date of breach. Article 147 Passing of Risk Notwithstanding Failure 第一百四十七条 出卖人按照约定未to Deliver Documents. Failure by the seller to deliver the 交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响documents and materials relating to the subject matter in accordance标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。 with the contract does not affect passing of the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter. Article 148 Rejection on Grounds of Quality Non- 第一百四十八条 因标的物质量不符compliance; Risk Allocation in Case of Rejection. Where 合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，the purpose of the contract is frustrated due to failure of the sub买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合ject matter to meet the quality requirements, the buyer may reject the subject matter or terminate the contract. If the 同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同buyer rejects the subject matter or terminates the contract, the 的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the 担。 seller. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 23 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 149 Right to Remedy Notwithstanding 第一百四十九条 标的物毁损、灭失Assumption of Risk. Buyer's assumption of the risk of 的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人damage to or loss of the subject matter does not prejudice its r履行债务不符合约定，买受人要求其承担ight to hold the seller liable for breach of contract if the seller rendered non-conforming performance. 违约责任的权利。 Article 150 Third Party Claim Warranty. The seller is 第一百五十条 出卖人就交付的标的obligated to warrant that the buyer will be free from any third 物，负有保证第三人不得向买受人主张任party claim against it in respect of the subject matter delivered, excep何权利的义务，但法律另有规定的除外。 t otherwise provided by law. Article 151 Buyer's Knowledge Releasing Third Party 第一百五十一条 买受人订立合同时Claim Warranty. Where the buyer knew or should have 知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物known that the subject matter was subject to a third party c享有权利的，出卖人不承担本法第一百五laim at the time of conclusion of the contract, the seller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150 hereof. 十条规定的义务。 Article 152 Right to Withhold Payment in Case of T 第一百五十二条 买受人有确切证据hird Party Claim. Where the buyer has conclusive evidence establishing that a third person may make a claim on the 证明第三人可能就标的物主张权利的，可subject matter, it may withhold payment of the corresponding 以中止支付相应的价款，但出卖人提供适price, except where the seller has provided appropriate assurance. 当担保的除外。 Article 153 Quality Specifications. The seller shall 第一百五十三条 出卖人应当按照约deliver the subject matter in compliance with the prescribed 定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有quality requirements. Where the seller gave quality spec关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当ifications for the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirements set forth 符合该说明的质量要求。 therein. Article 154 Absence of Prescribed Quality 第一百五十四条 当事人对标的物的Requirements. Where the quality requirements for the 质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依照subject matter were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适 determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, Item (1) of Article 62 hereof applies. 用本法第六十二条第一项的规定。 Article 155 Quality Non-compliance Giving Rise to 第一百五十五条 出卖人交付的标的Claims. If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to 物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依照本comply with the quality requirements, the buyer may hold the se法第一百一十一条的规定要求承担违约责ller liable for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 hereof. 任。 Article 156 Packing Method. The seller shall deliver the 第一百五十六条 出卖人应当按照约subject matter packed in the prescribed manner. Where a 定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没packing method was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and 有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, 一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用the subject matter shall be packed in a customary manner, or, 的方式包装，没有通用方式的，应当采取if there is no customary manner, in a manner adequate to 足以保护标的物的包装方式。 protect the subject matter. Article 157 Inspection upon Receipt of Subject M 第一百五十七条 买受人收到标的物atter. Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within the prescribed inspection period. Where no 时应当在约定的检验期间内检验。没有约inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall timely 定检验期间的，应当及时检验。 inspect the subject matter. Article 158 Consequence of Failure to Inspect; 第一百五十八条 当事人约定检验期Exceptions. Where an inspection period was prescribed, the 间的，买受人应当在检验期间内将标的物buyer shall notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出 quality of the subject matter within such inspection period. Where the buyer delayed in notifying the seller, the quantity or 卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the 数量或者质量符合约定。 contract. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 24 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where no inspection period was prescribed, the buyer 当事人没有约定检验期间的，买受人shall notify the seller within a reasonable period, commencing 应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或on the date when the buyer discovered or should have discovered 者质量不符合约定的合理期间内通知出卖the quantity or quality non-compliance. If the buyer fails to notify within a reasonable period or fails to 人。买受人在合理期间内未通知或者自标notify within 2 years, commencing on the date when it 的物收到之日起两年内未通知出卖人的，received the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the 视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定，但subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, except that对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证 if there is a warranty period in respect of the subject matter, the warranty period applies and supersedes such two 期，不适用该两年的规定。 year period. Where the seller knew or should have known the non- 出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的compliance of the subject matter, the buyer is not subject to 物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定the time limits for notification prescribed in the previous two paragraphs的通知时间的限制。 . Article 159 Absence of Price Provision. The buyer shall 第一百五十九条 买受人应当按照约pay the price in the prescribed amount. Where the price was 定的数额支付价款。对价款没有约定或者not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the provisions of Article 61约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第 and Item (2) of Article 62 apply. 六十二条第二项的规定。 Article 160 Place of Payment. The buyer shall pay the 第一百六十条 买受人应当按照约定price at the prescribed place. Where the place of payment was 的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be de者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规termined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the buyer shall make payment at the seller's place of business, provided 定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的that if the parties agreed that payment shall be conditional 营业地支付，但约定支付价款以交付标的upon delivery of the subject matter or the document for 物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made at the place where交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所 the subject matter, or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered. 在地支付。 Article 161 Time of Payment. The buyer shall pay the 第一百六十一条 买受人应当按照约price at the prescribed time. Where the time for payment was 定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的 with Article 61 hereof, the buyer shall make payment at the same time it receives the subject 规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标matter or the document for taking delivery thereof. 的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。 Article 162 Buyer's Option in Case Delivered Q 第一百六十二条 出卖人多交标的物uantity Exceeds Prescribed Amount. Where the seller delivered the subject matter in a quantity greater than that 的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的prescribed in the contract, the buyer may accept or reject the 部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照合同excess quantity. Where the buyer accepts the excess quantity, it shall pay the price based on the contract rate; where the 的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部buyer rejects the excess quantity, it shall timely notify the 分的，应当及时通知出卖人。 seller. Article 163 Title to Fruits Before and After Delivery. 第一百六十三条 标的物在交付之前The fruits of the subject matter belong to the seller if accrued 产生的孳息，归出卖人所有，交付之后产before delivery, and to the buyer if accrued after delivery. 生的孳息，归买受人所有。 Article 164 Effect of Termination on Grounds of N 第一百六十四条 因标的物的主物不on-compliance of Main or Ancillary a contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any 符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力main component of the subject matter, the effect of 及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被termination extends to the ancillary components. Where the contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any ancillary 解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。 component of the subject matter, the effect of termination does not extend to the main components. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 25 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 165 Termination in Part or in Whole. Where 第一百六十五条 标的物为数物，其the subject matter comprises of a number of components, one 中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物of which does not comply with the contract, the buyer may 解除，但该物与他物分离使标的物的价值terminate the portion of the contract in respect of such component, provided that if severance of such component 显受损害的，当事人可以就数物解除合with the other components will significantly diminish the 同。 value of the subject matter, the party may terminate the contract in respect of such number of components. Article 166 Effect of Termination in Case of Delivery 第一百六十六条 出卖人分批交付标in Installments. Where the seller is to deliver the subject m的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付atter in installments, if the seller's failure to deliver or non-conform或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不ing delivery of one installment frustrates the purpose of the contract in respect of such installment, the buyer may 能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标terminate the portion of the contract in respect thereof. 的物解除。 If the seller's failure to deliver or non-conforming delivery 出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交of one installment frustrates the purpose of the contract in respect付不符合约定，致使今后其他各批标的物 of all subsequent installments notwithstanding their delivery, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract 的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以in respect of such installment as well as any subsequent 就该批以及今后其他各批标的物解除。installment. 买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除， If the buyer is to terminate the portion of the contract in respect该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存 of a particular installment which is interdependent with all other installments, it may terminate the contract in 的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的respect of all delivered and undelivered installments. 物解除。 Article 167 Termination in Case of Sale by 第一百六十七条 分期付款的买受人Installment Payment. In a sale by installment payment, w未支付到期价款的金额达到全部价款的五here the buyer failed to make payments as they became due, 分之一的，出卖人可以要求买受人支付全if the delinquent amount has reached one fifth of the total price, the seller may require payment of the full price from the 部价款或者解除合同。buyer or terminate the contract. 出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人要 If the seller terminates the contract, it may require the 求支付该标的物的使用费。 buyer to pay a fee for its use of the subject matter. Article 168 Quality Provisions in Case of Sale by 第一百六十八条 凭样品买卖的当事Sample. In a sale by sample, the parties shall place the sample 人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以under seal, and may specify the quality of the sample. The subject matter delivered by the se说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及ller shall comply with the sample as well as the quality specifications. 其说明的质量相同。 Article 169 Latent Defect in Sample. In a sale by 第一百六十九条 凭样品买卖的买受sample, if the buyer was not aware of a latent defect in the 人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的sample, the subject matter delivered by the seller shall never标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物theless comply with the normal quality standard for a like item, even though the subject matter delivered complies 的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。 with the sample. Article 170 Sale by Trial. In a sale by trial, the parties may 第一百七十条 试用买卖的当事人可以prescribe the trial period. Where a trial period was not prescribed 约定标的物的试用期间。对试用期间没有约or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance 定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的with Article 61 hereof, it shall be determined by the seller. 规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。 Article 171 Purchase or Rejection During Trial 第一百七十一条 试用买卖的买受人Period. In a sale by trial, the buyer may either purchase or 在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝reject the subject matter during the trial period. At the end of 购买。试用期间届满，买受人对是否购买the trial period, the buyer is deemed to have made the purchase if it fails to manifest its intention to purchase or 标的物未作表示的，视为购买。 reject the subject matter. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 26 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 172 Sale by Tender Governed by Relevant 第一百七十二条 招标投标买卖的当Laws. In a sale by tender, matters such as the rights and 事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，obligations of the parties and the tendering procedure, etc. are governed by依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。 the relevant laws and administrative regulations. Article 173 Sale by Auction Governed by Relevant 第一百七十三条 拍卖的当事人的权Laws. In a sale by auction, matters such as the rights and 利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法obligations of the parties and the auctioning procedure, etc. are律、行政法规的规定。 governed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. Article 174 General Applicability to Contracts for 第一百七十四条 法律对其他有偿合Value. For any other contract for value, if the law provides 同有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，for such contract, such provisions apply; absent any such prov参照买卖合同的有关规定。 ision, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions governing sales contracts. Article 175 Applicability to Barter Transaction. Where 第一百七十五条 当事人约定易货交the parties agree on a barter transaction involving transfer of 易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照买卖合title to the subject matters, such transaction shall be governed by同的有关规定。 reference to the relevant provisions governing sales contracts. Chapter Ten Contracts for Supply of 第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合Power, Water, Gas, Or Heat 同 Article 176 Definition of Power Supply Contract. 第一百七十六条 供用电合同是供电A power supply contract is a contract whereby the power 人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合supplier supplies power to the power customer, who 同。 pays the electricity charge. Article 177 Terms of Power Supply Contract. A 第一百七十七条 供用电合同的内容power supply contract includes terms such as the 包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容method, quality, and time of power supply, and the 量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费capacity, location and nature of power use, and the m的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条etering method, electricity rate, the method of se款。 ttlement of electricity charge, and the responsibility for maintenance of the power supply and power use facilities, etc. Article 178 Place of Performance of Power 第一百七十八条 供用电合同的履行Supply Contract. The place of performance of a power 地点，按照当事人约定；当事人没有约定supply contract shall be the place prescribed by the 或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界parties, and if not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the p处为履行地点。 lace of performance shall be the boundary where ownership of the power supply facilities is divided. Article 179 Obligations of Power Supplier. The 第一百七十九条 供电人应当按照国power supplier shall supply power in a safe manner in 家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。accordance with the power supply quality standard m供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和andated by the state and in accordance with the 约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当contract. Where the power supplier failed to supply power承担损害赔偿责任。 in a safe manner in accordance with the power supply quality standard mandated by the state and in accordance with the contract, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 27 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 180 Obligation to Notify in Case of 第一百八十条 供电人因供电设施计Scheduled Suspension. Where the power supplier 划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人needs to suspend power supply due to reasons such as 违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当periodical maintenance or provisional maintenance of 按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人。未事the power supply facilities, legally required power ra先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失tioning, or illegal use of power by the power customer, etc., it shall notify the power customer in advance in 的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。 accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state. Where the power supplier suspended power supply without notifying the power customer in advance, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages. Article 181 Obligation to Make Emergency Repair in 第一百八十一条 因自然灾害等原因Case of Power Outage. Where a power outage is caused by 断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时reasons such as natural disasters, etc., the power supplier shall 抢修。未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，timely make emergency repair in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state. Where the power supplier failed to 应当承担损害赔偿责任。 timely make emergency repair, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages. Article 182 Payment of Electricity Charge. The power 第一百八十二条 用电人应当按照国customer shall timely pay the electricity charge in accordance w家有关规定和当事人的约定及时交付电ith the relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer delayed in 费。用电人逾期不交付电费的，应当按照paying the electricity charge, it shall pay liquidated damages in accordance with the contract. Where the pow约定支付违约金。经催告用电人在合理期er customer failed to pay the electricity charge and liquidated damages 限内仍不交付电费和违约金的，供电人可within a reasonable time after receiving demand for payment, 以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。 the power supplier may shut off the power supply in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state. Article 183 Power Customer's Obligation of Proper U 第一百八十三条 用电人应当按照国se. The power customer shall use power in a safe manner in accordance家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电。用 with the relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer 电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定failed to use power in a safe manner in accordance with the 安全用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract, thereby causing loss to the power supplier, it shall be 损害赔偿责任。 liable for damages. Article 184 Applicability to Contract for Supply of W 第一百八十四条 供用水、供用气、ater, Gas or Heat. A contract for the supply of water, gas 供用热力合同，参照供用电合同的有关规or heat shall be governed by reference to the relevant provisions govern定。 ing power supply contracts. Chapter Eleven Gift Contracts 第十一章 赠与合同 Article 185 Definition of Gift Contract. A gift contract 第一百八十五条 赠与合同是赠与人is a contract whereby the donor conveys his property to the 将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表donee without reward and the donee manifests his acceptance of示接受赠与的合同。 the gift. Article 186 Revocation Prior to Transfer of Rights; 第一百八十六条 赠与人在赠与财产Exception. Prior to the transfer of rights to the gift property, 的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。the donor may revoke the gift. 具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义 The previous paragraph does not apply to any gift contract the nature of which serves public interests or fulfills a 务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合moral obligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or 同，不适用前款规定。 any gift contract which has been notarized. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 28 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 187 Observance of Conveyance 第一百八十七条 赠与的财产依法需Procedure. Where conveyance of the gift property is 要办理登记等手续的，应当办理有关手subject to any procedure such as registration, etc. under 续。 the law, the relevant procedure shall be carried out. Article 188 Donee's Right to Require Delivery in 第一百八十八条 具有救灾、扶贫等Certain Cases. In the case of a gift contract the nature 社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者of which serves public interests or fulfills a moral 经过公证的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与obligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or a 的财产的，受赠人可以要求交付。 gift contract which has been notarized, if the donor fails to deliver the gift property, the donee may require delivery. Article 189 Liability of Donor for Misconduct or 第一百八十九条 因赠与人故意或者Gross Negligence. Where the gift property is damaged 重大过失致使赠与的财产毁损、灭失的，or lost due to any intentional misconduct or gross 赠与人应当承担损害赔偿责任。 negligence of the donor, he shall be liable for damages. Article 190 Gift May Be Subject to Obligations. A 第一百九十条 赠与可以附义务。gift may be subject to obligations. 赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定 Where the gift is subject to obligations, the donee 履行义务。 shall perform his obligations in accordance with the contract. Article 191 Donor Not Liable for Defect; 第一百九十一条 赠与的财产有瑕疵Exceptions. The donor is not liable for any defect in 的，赠与人不承担责任。附义务的赠与，the gift property. Where the gift is subject to obligations, 赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的and the gift property is defective, the donor has the same w限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。arranty obligations as a seller to the extent of the prescr 赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕ibed obligations. Where the donor intentionally omitted to inform the 疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担损害赔donee of the defect or warranted the absence of any 偿责任。 defect, thereby causing loss to the donee, he shall be liable for damages. Article 192 Circumstances Giving Rise to R第一百九十二条 受赠人有下列情形evocation Right. Where the donee is in any of the 之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与： following circumstances, the donor may revoke the gift: (1) seriously harming the donor or any immediate （一）严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人的family member thereof; 近亲属； (2) failing to perform support obligations owed to the（二）对赠与人有扶养义务而不履 donor (3) failing to perform the obligations under the gift 行； contract. （三）不履行赠与合同约定的义务。 The donor shall exercise his revocation right within one year after he became 赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知, or should have become, aware of the cause for revocation. 道撤销原因之日起一年内行使。 Article 193 Exercise of Revocation Right by 第一百九十三条 因受赠人的违法行Heir. Where the donor is deceased or incapacitated due 为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力to the donee's illegal act, his heir or legal agent may 的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以revoke the gift. 撤销赠与。 The heir or legal agent of the donor shall exercise the 赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤right of revocation within six months after he became, or 销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日should have become, aware of the cause for revocation. 起六个月内行使。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 29 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 194 Remedies in Case of Revocation. 第一百九十四条 撤销权人撤销赠与Upon revocation of the gift, the person with the 的，可以向受赠人要求返还赠与的财产。 revocation right may claim restitution of the gift property from the donee. Article 195 Economic Hardship Releases Gift 第一百九十五条 赠与人的经济状况Obligation. If the donor's economic situation has 显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭deteriorated significantly, thereby seriously impacting on 生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。 his business operation or family life, he may be released from the gift obligations. Chapter Twelve Contracts for Loans of Money 第十二章 借款合同 Article 196 Definition of Contract for Loan of 第一百九十六条 借款合同是借款人Money. A contract for loan of money is a contract 向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息whereby the borrower borrows a sum of money from 的合同。 the lender, and returns the sum borrowed and pays interest thereon at the prescribed time. Article 197 Writing Requirement; Terms. A 第一百九十七条 借款合同采用书面contract for loan of money shall be in writing, except 形式，但自然人之间借款另有约定的除where the loan is between natural persons who have 外。agreed otherwise. 借款合同的内容包括借款种类、币 种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式 A contract for loan of money includes terms such as the loan's type, currency, purpose, amount, interest rate, 等条款。 term and method of repayment, etc. Article 198 Assurance by Borrower. In entering 第一百九十八条 订立借款合同，贷into a contract for loan of money, the lender may require 款人可以要求借款人提供担保。担保依照the borrower to provide assurance. Such assurance shall 《中华人民共和国担保法》的规定。 be arranged in accordance with the Security Law of the People's Republic of China. Article 199 Borrower's Disclosure Obligation. In 第一百九十九条 订立借款合同，借entering into a contract for loan of money, the borrower 款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有shall provide true information concerning its business 关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。 operation and financial condition in connection with the loan as required by the lender. Article 200 Deduction of Interest in Advance 第二百条 借款的利息不得预先在本Prohibited. No interest shall be deducted from the p金中扣除。利息预先在本金中扣除的，应rincipal in advance. Where any interest amount is deducted from the principal in advance当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利, the repayment of principal and calculation of interest shall be based on 息。 the actual amount borrowed. Article 201 Remedies in Case of Failure to Make 第二百零一条 贷款人未按照约定的Loan Amount Available Or Failure to Draw Down. Wh日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失ere the lender failed to make the loan amount ava的，应当赔偿损失。 ilable on the prescribed date and in the prescribed amount, thereby causing loss to the borrower, it shall pay damages. Where the borrower failed to draw down on the 借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取prescribed date and in the prescribed amount, it shall n借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付evertheless pay the interest on the prescribed date and in the prescribed amount利息。 . CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 30 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 202 Lender Entitled to Monitor Use of 第二百零二条 贷款人按照约定可以Proceeds. The lender may examine and monitor the 检查、监督借款的使用情况。借款人应当application of the proceeds in accordance with the 按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计contract. The borrower shall periodically provide the 报表等资料。 lender with materials such as related financial and accounting reports, etc. in accordance with the contract. Article 203 Lender's Remedies in Case of Borrower's M 第二百零三条 借款人未按照约定的isuse of Proceeds. Where the borrower fails to use the 借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发proceeds for the prescribed purpose, the lender may withhold funding, call the loan, or terminate the放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。 contract. Article 204 Minimum and Maximum Interest Rates. 第二百零四条 办理贷款业务的金融The interest rate on the loan provided by a financial 机构贷款的利率，应当按照中国人民银行institution engaged in lending operation shall be prescribed be规定的贷款利率的上下限确定。 tween the minimum and maximum rates mandated by the People's Bank of China. Article 205 Time of Interest Payment. The borrower 第二百零五条 借款人应当按照约定shall pay the interest at the prescribed time. Where the time of 的期限支付利息。对支付利息的期限没有interest payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and canno约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一t be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, if the loan term is less than one year, the interest shall be paid 条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年together with the principal at the time of repayment; if the 的，应当在返还借款时一并支付；借款期loan term is one year or longer, the interest shall be paid at the 间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支end of each annual period, and where the remaining period is 付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with the principal at the time of repayment. 款时一并支付。 Article 206 Time of Principal Repayment. The 第二百零六条 借款人应当按照约定borrower shall repay the principal at the prescribed time. W的期限返还借款。对借款期限没有约定或here the time of repayment was not prescribed or clearly 者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with A定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还；rticle 61 hereof, the borrower may repay at any time; and the 贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返lender may demand repayment from the borrower within a reasonab还。 le time. Article 207 Delayed Repayment Interest. Where the 第二百零七条 借款人未按照约定的borrower failed to repay the loan at the prescribed time, it 期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家shall pay delayed repayment interest in accordance with the con有关规定支付逾期利息。 tract or the relevant stipulations of the state. Article 208 Calculation of Interest in Case of 第二百零八条 借款人提前偿还借款Prepayment. Where the borrower prepays the loan, unless 的，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当按照otherwise agreed by the parties, the interest shall be calculated based on实际借款的期间计算利息。 the actual period of loan. Article 209 Extension of Loan Term. The borrower 第二百零九条 借款人可以在还款期may apply to the lender for extension of the loan term before 限届满之前向贷款人申请展期。贷款人同its maturity. Upon consent by the lender, the loan term may be意的，可以展期。 extended. Article 210 Time of Effectiveness of Loan Contract 第二百一十条 自然人之间的借款合between Natural Persons. A contract for loan of money 同，自贷款人提供借款时生效。 between natural persons becomes effective at the time the lender makes the loan amount available. Article 211 Interest under Loan Contract between 第二百一十一条 自然人之间的借款Natural Persons. Under a contract for loan of money 合同对支付利息没有约定或者约定不明确between natural persons, if payment of interest was not prescr的，视为不支付利息。 ibed or clearly prescribed, the loan is deemed interest free. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 31 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Under a contract for loan of money between natural 自然人之间的借款合同约定支付利息persons, the interest rate on the loan may not contravene the 的，借款的利率不得违反国家有关限制借relevant stipulations of the state regarding limit on loan interest ra款利率的规定. te. Chapter Thirteen Leasing Contracts 第十三章 租赁合同 Article 212 Definition of Leasing Contract. A leasing 第二百一十二条 租赁合同是出租人contract is a contract whereby the lessor delivers to the lessee 将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人the lease item for it to use or accrue benefit from, and the 支付租金的合同。 lessee pays the rent. Article 213 Terms of Leasing Contract. A leasing 第二百一十三条 租赁合同的内容包contract includes terms such as the name, quantity and 括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期purpose of the lease item, lease term, amount of rent, time and me限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维thod of rent payment, as well as maintenance and repair of the lease item, etc. 修等条款。 Article 214 Limit on Lease Term; Renewal. The lease 第二百一十四条 租赁期限不得超过term may not exceed twenty years. If the lease term exceeds 二十年。超过二十年的，超过部分无效。 twenty years, the portion of the lease term beyond the initial twenty year period is invalid. At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the 租赁期间届满，当事人可以续订租赁lease, provided that the renewed term may not exceed twenty 合同，但约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不years commencing on the date of renewal. 得超过二十年。 Article 215 Writing Requirement in Case Lease Term 第二百一十五条 租赁期限六个月以Is Six Months or Longer. Where the lease term is six m上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用onths or longer, the lease shall be in writing. If the parties fail to adopt a writing书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。 , the lease is deemed a non-term lease. Article 216 Lessor's Obligation to Deliver Lease 第二百一十六条 出租人应当按照约Item. The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee in 定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期间保accordance with the contract and shall, during the lease term, keep持租赁物符合约定的用途。 the lease item fit for the prescribed purpose. Article 217 Manner of Using Lease Item. The lessee 第二百一十七条 承租人应当按照约shall use the lease item in the prescribed manner. Where the m定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方anner of use of the lease item was not prescribed or clearly prescr法没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第ibed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the lease item shall be used in a manner 六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照consistent with its nature. 租赁物的性质使用。 Article 218 Lessee Not Liable for Wear and Tear 第二百一十八条 承租人按照约定的 W方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使here the lessee used the lease item in the prescribed manner or租赁物受到损耗的，不承担损害赔偿责 in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing wear and tear to the lease item, it is not liable for damages. 任。 Article 219 Lessor Entitled to Terminate in Case of 第二百一十九条 承租人未按照约定Unauthorized Use. Where the lessee failed to use the lease 的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致item in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing damage to it, the lessor may使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合 terminate the contract and claim damages. 同并要求赔偿损失。 Article 220 Lessor's Maintenance Obligations. The 第二百二十条 出租人应当履行租赁lessor shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair 物的维修义务，但当事人另有约定的除of the lease item, except otherwise agreed by the parties. 外。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 32 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 221 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Lessor's 第二百二十一条 承租人在租赁物需Failure to Maintain Lease Item. Where the lease item 要维修时可以要求出租人在合理期限内维needs maintenance or repair, the lessee may require the lessor 修。出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可to perform maintenance or repair within a reasonable time. If the lessor fails to fulfill its obligations of maintenance or 以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因repair, the lessee may maintain or repair the lease item on its 维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应own at the lessor's expense. Where the lessee's use of the lease 减少租金或者延长租期。 item is impaired due to maintenance or repair thereof, the rent shall be reduced or the lease term shall be extended accordingly. Article 222 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care. The 第二百二十二条 承租人应当妥善保lessee shall keep the lease item with due care and shall be 管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、liable for damages if the lease item was damaged or lost 灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。 due to improper care. Article 223 Improvement or Addition. Subject to 第二百二十三条 承租人经出租人同consent by the lessor, the lessee may make improvement 意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他on or addition to the lease item. 物。 If the lessee made improvement on or addition to 承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进the lease item without consent by the lessor, the lessor may require the lessee to restore the lease item行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以要求 to its original condition or claim damages. 承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。 Article 224 Sublease. Subject to consent by the 第二百二十四条 承租人经出租人同lessor, the lessee may sublease the lease item to a third 意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人person. Where the lessee subleases the lease item, the 转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同leasing contract between the lessee and the lessor 继续有效，第三人对租赁物造成损失的，remains valid, and if the third person causes damage to 承租人应当赔偿损失。 the lease item, the lessee shall pay damages. Where the lessee subleases the lease item without the 承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租consent of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the 人可以解除合同。 contract. Article 225 Benefit Accrued from Lease Item 第二百二十五条 在租赁期间因占During Lease Term. During the lease term, any benefit 有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所accrued from the possession or use of the lease item 有，但当事人另有约定的除外。 belongs to the lessee, except otherwise agreed by the parties. Article 226 Time for Rent Payment. The lessee 第二百二十六条 承租人应当按照约shall pay the rent at the prescribed time. Where the time 定的期限支付租金。对支付期限没有约定of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and 或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 h规定仍不能确定，租赁期间不满一年的，ereof, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term 应当在租赁期间届满时支付；租赁期间一if it is less than one year; if the lease term is one year or longer, the rent shall be paid at the end of each annual 年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩period, and where the remaining period is less than one 余期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满year, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term. 时支付。 Article 227 Lessor's Remedies in Case of Non- 第二百二十七条 承租人无正当理由Payment of Rent. Where the lessee failed to pay or 未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以delayed in paying the rent without cause, the lessor may 要求承租人在合理期限内支付。承租人逾require the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable p期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。 eriod. If the lessee fails to pay the rent at the end of such period, the lessor may terminate the contract. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 33 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 228 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Third 第二百二十八条 因第三人主张权Party Claim; Duty to Notify. If due to any claim by a 利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益third person, the lessee is unable to use or accrue benefit 的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付from the lease item, the lessee may require reduction in 租金。 rent or refuse to pay rent. 第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时 In case of any claim by a third person, the lessee shall timely notify the lessor. 通知出租人。 Article 229 Leasing Contract Not Affected by Change 第二百二十九条 租赁物在租赁期间of Ownership. Any change of ownership to the lease item 发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效does not affect the validity of the leasing contract. 力。 Article 230 Sale of Dwelling Unit under Lease. Where 第二百三十条 出租人出卖租赁房屋the lessor is to sell a dwelling unit under a lease, it shall give 的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承the lessee a reasonable advance notice before the sale, and the 租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的lessee has the right of first refusal under the same conditions. 权利。 Article 231 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Damage 第二百三十一条 因不可归责于承租Not Attributable to Itself . Where the lease item was 人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁damaged or lost in part or in whole due to any reason not a损、灭失的，承租人可以要求减少租金或ttributable to the lessee, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refuse to pay rent; where the purpose of the contract is 者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁frustrated due to damage to or loss of the lease item in part or 损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承in whole, the lessee may terminate the contract. 租人可以解除合同。 Article 232 Non-Term Lease. Where the term of a 第二百三十二条 当事人对租赁期限lease was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and 没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 十一条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期hereof, such lease is deemed a non-term lease. Either p租赁。当事人可以随时解除合同，但出租arty may terminate the contract at any time, provided 人解除合同应当在合理期限之前通知承租that the lessor shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before it terminates the contract. 人。 Article 233 Lessee Entitled to Terminate in Case 第二百三十三条 租赁物危及承租人of Danger to Safety or Health. Where the lease item 的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同poses a danger to the safety or health of the lessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time even if the 时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然lessee was aware of the quality non-compliance of the 可以随时解除合同。 lease item at the time of conclusion of the contract. Article 234 Lease of Dwelling Unit Assumable. Where 第二百三十四条 承租人在房屋租赁the lessee is deceased during the term of a dwelling unit lease, the期间死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人可以 person jointly living in the unit with the lessee while the lessee was alive may continue leasing it on the terms of the 按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。 original leasing contract. Article 235 Condition of Lease Item at End of 第二百三十五条 租赁期间届满，承Lease Term. The lessee shall return the lease item at the 租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当end of the lease term. The returned lease item shall be in 符合按照约定或者租赁物的性质使用后的a condition resulting from its use in the prescribed m状态。 anner or in a manner consistent with its nature. Article 236 Effect of Continued Use Beyond 第二百三十六条 租赁期间届满，承Lease Term. Upon expiration of the lease term, if the 租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异lessee continues to use the lease item without objection 议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但租赁期限by the lessor, the original leasing contract remains 为不定期。 effective, provided that it becomes a non-term lease. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 34 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Chapter Fourteen Financial Leasing Contracts 第十四章 融资租赁合同 Article 237 Definition of Financial Leasing 第二百三十七条 融资租赁合同是出Contract A financial leasing contract is a contract 租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选whereby the lessor, upon purchase of the lessee-selected 择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人lease item from a lessee-selected seller, provides the lease 使用，承租人支付租金的合同。 item to the lessee for its use, and the lessee pays the rent. Article 238 Terms of Financial Leasing Contract; 第二百三十八条 融资租赁合同的内Writing Requirement. A financial leasing contract 容包括租赁物名称、数量、规格、技术性includes terms such as the name, quantity, specifications, 能、检验方法、租赁期限、租金构成及其technical performance, and method of inspection of the 支付期限和方式、币种、租赁期间届满租lease item, the lease term, the rental components and the 赁物的归属等条款。 time, method and currency of payment, as well as the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term, 融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。 etc. A financial leasing contract shall be in writing. Article 239 Lessee’s Assumption of Buyer’s 第二百三十九条 出租人根据承租人Rights. Under the sales contract concluded by the lessor 对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合according to the lessee’s selection of the seller and the 同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标lease item, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to 的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买the lessee in accordance with the contract, and the lessee en受人的权利。 joys the rights of the buyer in respect of taking delivery of the subject matter. Article 240 Lessee's Assumption of Buyer's R 第二百四十条 出租人、出卖人、承emedies in Case of Seller's Non-performance. The 租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义lessor, the seller and the lessee may agree that any claim arising from the seller's non-performance of its 务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。 obligations under the sales contract will be made by the 承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协lessee. Where the lessee makes such a claim, the lessor shall provide助。 assistance. Article 241 Certain Amendment of Sales Contract 第二百四十一条 出租人根据承租人Subject to Consent by Lessee. Absent consent by the 对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合lessee, the lessor may not amend any lessee-related term 同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与in the sales contract concluded by it according to the 承租人有关的合同内容。 lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item. Article 242 Exclusion of Lease Item from 第二百四十二条 出租人享有租赁物Bankruptcy Assets of Lessee. Title to the lease item ves的所有权。承租人破产的，租赁物不属于ts in the lessor. In case the lessee enters into bankruptcy, the lease item is not part of its bankruptcy 破产财产。 assets. Article 243 Determination of Rental 第二百四十三条 融资租赁合同的租Components. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, 金，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当根据the rent under a financial leasing contract shall be determined based on the major portion of or full costs 购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出of purchasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable 租人的合理利润确定。 profit. Article 244 Lessor Not Liable for Non-fitness 第二百四十四条 租赁物不符合约定of Lease Item; Exceptions. Where the lease item does no或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责t comply with the contract or is not fit for the intended purpose, the lessor is not liable, except where 任，但承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁the lessee relied on the skills of the lessor in selecting the 物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。 lease item or the lessor interfered in the selection thereof. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 35 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 245 Warranty by Lessor. The lessor shall 第二百四十五条 出租人应当保证承give warranty in respect of the lessee's possession and 租人对租赁物的占有和使用。 use of the lease item. Article 246 Lessor Not Liable for Damage or 第二百四十六条 承租人占有租赁物Injury. If while in the possession of the lessee, the lease 期间，租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或者item caused personal injury or property damage to any 财产损害的，出租人不承担责任。 third person, the lessor is not liable. Article 247 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care; M 第二百四十七条 承租人应当妥善保aintenance Obligations. The lessee shall keep and use the 管、使用租赁物。 lease item with due care. While 承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维 in possession of the lease item, the lessee shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair thereof. 修义务。 Article 248 Lessor' s Remedies in Case of Non- 第二百四十八条 承租人应当按照约payment by Lessee. The lessee shall pay the rent in 定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限accordance with the contract. Where the lessee fails to pay the ren内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以要求支付t within a reasonable period after receiving demand for payment from the lessor, the lessor may require payment of 全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁the full rent; or it may terminate the contract and repossess 物。 the lease item. Article 249 Partial Refund in Case of Termination by 第二百四十九条 当事人约定租赁期Lessor. Where the parties agreed that title to the lease item w间届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经ill vest in the lessee at the end of the lease term, and after pay支付大部分租金，但无力支付剩余租金，ing a major portion of the rent, the lessee is unable to pay the remaining balance, resulting in the lessor's termination of 出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物的，收回the contract and repossession of the lease item, if the value of 的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以the repossessed lease item exceeds the rent owed by the lessee 及其他费用的，承租人可以要求部分返and other expenses, the lessee may require partial refund. 还。 Article 250 Ownership of Lease Item at End of Lease 第二百五十条 出租人和承租人可以Term. The lessor and the lessee may agree on the ownership 约定租赁期间届满租赁物的归属。对租赁of the lease item at the end of the lease term. Where ownersh物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依照ip of the lease item was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with 本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，租 Article 61 hereof, title to the lease item shall vest in the 赁物的所有权归出租人。 lessor. Chapter Fifteen Contracts of Hired Works 第十五章 承揽合同 Article 251 Definition of Contract of Hired Work. A 第二百五十一条 承揽合同是承揽人contract of hired work is a contract whereby the hiree 按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成completes certain work as required by the hirer and delivers 果，定作人给付报酬的合同。 the work product, and the hirer pays the remuneration. Hired works include works such as processing, custom- 承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、made work, repair, reproduction, testing, and inspection, etc. 测试、检验等工作。 Article 252 Terms of Contract of Hired Work. A 第二百五十二条 承揽合同的内容包contract of hired work includes terms such as the subject m括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬、承揽atter of hire, quantity, quality, remuneration, method of hire, supp方式、材料的提供、履行期限、验收标准ly of materials, time of performance, standard applicable to and method of acceptance inspection, etc. 和方法等条款。 Article 253 Use of Hiree's Own Resources; 第二百五十三条 承揽人应当以自己Delegation of Main Task Subject to Consent. The hiree 的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但shall use its own equipment, skills and labor to complete the main tasks, except otherwise agreed by the par当事人另有约定的除外。 ties. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 36 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where the hiree has delegated a main task of the hired 承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三work to a third person for completion, it shall be responsible 人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成to the hirer for the work product completed thereby; if the de果向定作人负责；未经定作人同意的，定legation was not approved by the hirer, the hirer may also terminate the contract. 作人也可以解除合同。 Article 254 Delegation of Ancillary Task by Hiree. 第二百五十四条 承揽人可以将其承The hiree may delegate any ancillary task of the hired work to 揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。承揽人将a third person for completion. Where the hiree delegated any anc其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应illary task of the hired work to a third person for completion, it shall be responsible to the hirer for the work 当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负product completed thereby. 责。 Article 255 Materials Supplied by Hiree Subject to 第二百五十五条 承揽人提供材料Inspection. Where the hiree is to supply the materials, it shall 的，承揽人应当按照约定选用材料，并接select the materials in accordance with the contract and shall make受定作人检验。 such materials available for inspection by the hirer. Article 256 Hiree's Timely Inspection of Materials 第二百五十六条 定作人提供材料Supplied by Hirer. Where the hirer is to supply the m的，定作人应当按照约定提供材料。承揽aterials, it shall supply the materials in accordance with the con人对定作人提供的材料，应当及时检验，tract. The hiree shall timely inspect the materials supplied by the hirer, and where non-compliance is discovered, it shall 发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人timely instruct the hirer to replace or supplement the materials 更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。 or otherwise cure the non-compliance. The hiree may not replace the materials supplied by the 承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材hirer without authorization, and may not replace any 料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。 component which does not require repair. Article 257 Hiree's Remedies in Case of Hirer's 第二百五十七条 承揽人发现定作人Delay in Responding. Where the hiree discovers that the 提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当drawings or technical requirements provided by the hirer are unreasonable, it shall timely notify the hirer. Where及时通知定作人。因定作人怠于答复等原 the hiree sustains any loss due to reasons such as the hirer's delay in 因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。 responding, etc., the hirer shall pay damages. Article 258 Hirer Responsible for Its Change of 第二百五十八条 定作人中途变更承Requirements. Where the hirer changed its requirements for 揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当the hired work while the work was under way, thereby causing loss to the h赔偿损失。 iree, the hirer shall indemnify the hiree. Article 259 Hirer's Obligation to Assist in P 第二百五十九条 承揽工作需要定作erformance. Where performance of the hired work requires assistance by the hirer, it is obligated to provide assistance. 人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。定作人Where the hired work is not capable of being completed due 不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成to failure by the hirer to fulfill its obligation to assist, the hiree may demand performance from the hirer within a reasonable 的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内period and extend the time of its own performance; where the 履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限；定作人hirer fails to perform at the end of such period, the hiree may terminate the contract. 逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。 Article 260 Hirer's Right to Monitor. In the course of 第二百六十条 承揽人在工作期间，performing the hired work, the hiree shall consent to any necessary monitoring and inspection by the hirer. Any 应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。定作人monitoring or inspection conducted by the hirer may not 不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。 impair the normal work of the hiree. Article 261 Delivery of Work Product by Hiree. Upon 第二百六十一条 承揽人完成工作completion of the hired work, the hiree shall deliver the work 的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交product to the hirer and shall submit thereto the required technical materials and related quality certificate. The hirer必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。定作人 shall conduct acceptance inspection of the work product. 应当验收该工作成果。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 37 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 262 Hirer's Remedies in Case of Quality Non- 第二百六十二条 承揽人交付的工作compliance. Where the work product delivered by the hiree 成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以要求fails to meet the quality requirements, the hirer may require 承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿the hiree to assume liabilities for breach of contract by way of repair, remaking, reduction in remuneration, or payment of 损失等违约责任。 damages. Article 263 Time of Payment of Remuneration. The 第二百六十三条 定作人应当按照约hirer shall pay the remuneration at the prescribed time. Where 定的期限支付报酬。对支付报酬的期限没the time of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and canno有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十t be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the hirer shall make payment at the time of the hiree's 一条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在delivery of the work product; where the work product is 承揽人交付工作成果时支付；工作成果部partially delivered, the hirer shall make payment accordingly. 分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。 Article 264 Hiree's Possessory Lien in Case of Non- 第二百六十四条 定作人未向承揽人Payment. Where the hirer fails to pay the remuneration or 支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对cost of materials, etc. to the hiree, the hiree is entitled to a possessory完成的工作成果享有留置权，但当事人另 lien on the work product completed, except otherwise agreed by the parties. 有约定的除外。 Article 265 Hiree's Obligation of Due Care for M 第二百六十五条 承揽人应当妥善保aterials and Work Product. The hiree shall keep the m管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成aterials supplied by the hirer and the completed work produc果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当t with due care, and shall be liable for damages in case of any damage or loss due to improper care. 承担损害赔偿责任。 Article 266 Hiree's Confidentiality Obligations. The 第二百六十六条 承揽人应当按照定hiree shall keep the relevant information confidential as 作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，required by the hirer, and may not retain any replica or technical material without permission by the h不得留存复制品或者技术资料。 irer. Article 267 Liability of Joint Hirees. Joint hirees are 第二百六十七条 共同承揽人对定作jointly and severally liable to the hirer, except otherwise 人承担连带责任，但当事人另有约定的除agreed by the parties. 外。 Article 268 Hirer's Termination Right Subject to 第二百六十八条 定作人可以随时解Indemnification. The hirer may terminate the contract of 除承揽合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔hired work at any time, provided that it shall indemnify the hiree for its loss偿损失。 as a result, if any. Chapter Sixteen Contracts for 第十六章 建设工程合同 Construction Projects Article 269 Definition of Contract for Construction 第二百六十九条 建设工程合同是承Project. A contract for construction project is a contract w包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合hereby the contractor performs project construction, and 同。 the developer pays the price. Contracts for construction projects include contracts for 建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、survey, design, and construction. 施工合同。 Article 270 Writing Requirement. A contract for 第二百七十条 建设工程合同应当采construction project shall be in writing. 用书面形式。 Article 271 Tendering Process in Construction 第二百七十一条 建设工程的招标投Project. Tendering for a construction project shall be 标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、conducted in an open, fair and impartial manner in accordance公平、公正进行。 with the relevant laws. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 38 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 272 Contracting and Subcontracting in 第二百七十二条 发包人可以与总承Construction Projects. The developer may enter into a 包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘contract for construction project with a prime contractor, or enter into contracts for survey, design, and construction with 察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、the surveyor, designer, and constructor respectively. The 施工承包合同。发包人不得将应当由一个developer may not divide a construction project which shouldb承包人完成的建设工程肢解成若干部分发e completed by one contractor into several parts and contract them out to several contractors. 包给几个承包人。 Subject to consent by the developer, the prime contractor o总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包r the contractor for survey, design, or construction may delegate part of the contracted work to a third person. The 人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分third person and the prime contractor or the contractor for 工作交由第三人完成。第三人就其完成的survey, design, or construction shall be jointly and severally 工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施liable to the developer in respect of the work product completed by such third person. The contractor may not 工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。承包人assign in whole to any third person the contracted 不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三construction project, or divide the whole contracted 人或者将其承包的全部建设工程肢解以后construction project into several parts and separately assign each part to a third person under the guise of sub-contracting. 以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。 The contractor is prohibited from sub-contracting any 禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应part of the project to an entity not appropriately qualified. A 资质条件的单位。禁止分包单位将其承包sub-contractor is prohibited from further sub-contracting its contracted work的工程再分包。建设工程主体结构的施工. The main structure of the construction project must be constructed by the contractor itself. 必须由承包人自行完成。 Article 273 Major State Construction Projects. A 第二百七十三条 国家重大建设工程contract for a major state construction project shall be 合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批concluded in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the s准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订tate and in compliance with the state-approved documents such as the investment plan and feasibility studies report, etc. 立。 Article 274 Terms of Contract for Survey or Design. A 第二百七十四条 勘察、设计合同的contract for survey or design includes terms such as the time 内容包括提交有关基础资料和文件（包括limit for submission of the relevant basic information and documen概预算）的期限、质量要求、费用以及其ts (including budget estimate), the quality requirements, fees, and other conditions of cooperation, etc. 他协作条件等条款。 Article 275 Terms of Construction Contract. A 第二百七十五条 施工合同的内容包construction contract includes terms such as the scope of the pro括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的ject, the construction period, the time for commencement and completion of any work to be commissioned in the 开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、interim, the quality of the project, the cost of the project, the 技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责time for delivery of technical materials, the responsibilities for the supply of materials and equipment, the appropriation of 任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范funds and settlement of account, inspection upon completion 围和质量保证期、双方相互协作等条款。 of the project, the scope and period of quality warranty, and cooperation between the parties, etc. Article 276 Supervision of Construction Project. W 第二百七十六条 建设工程实行监理here the construction project is subject to supervision, the deve的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订loper shall enter into an agency appointment contract for project supervision with a project supervisor in writing. The 立委托监理合同。发包人与监理人的权利rights, obligations and associated legal liabilities of the developer and 和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本法委托supervisor shall be prescribed in accordance with the provisions hereof concerning agency appointment 合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规contracts and the provisions of other relevant laws and 定。 administrative regulations. Article 277 Developer's Right to Inspect. Provided 第二百七十七条 发包人在不妨碍承that the developer does not interfere with the normal 包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业operation of the contractor, it may inspect the progress and quality of the work进度、质量进行检查。 at any time. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 39 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 278 Concealed Work. In the case of concealed 第二百七十八条 隐蔽工程在隐蔽以work, the contractor shall give the developer notice for 前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人inspection prior to concealment. Where the developer fails to 没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日timely conduct inspection, the contractor may extend the relevant project milestones, and is entitled to claim damages 期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。 for work stoppage or work slowdown, etc. Article 279 Inspection of Completed Project; No Use 第二百七十九条 建设工程竣工后，Prior to Inspection. Upon completion of the construction 发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家project, the developer shall conduct acceptance inspection according颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时 to the construction drawings and specifications, and in accordance with the rules of construction inspection and 进行验收。验收合格的，发包人应当按照quality inspection standard prescribed by the state. Once the 约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。建设construction project has passed the acceptance inspection, the 工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用；developer shall pay the prescribed price and accept the construct未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使ion project. The completed construction project may be put into use only after it has passed the acceptance 用。 inspection; if the construction project has not been inspected or has failed the inspection, it may not be put into use. Article 280 Developer's Remedies in Case of Non- 第二百八十条 勘察、设计的质量不compliant Survey or Design. Where the developer sustains 符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计any loss from construction delay due to non-compliance of 造成发包人损失的，勘察the survey or des文件拖延工期，ign or due to delayed delivery of the survey or design documents, the surveyor or the designer shall 人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减continue to improve the survey or design, reduce or forgo the 收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。 survey fee or design fee, and pay damages. Article 281 Developer's Remedies in Case of Non- 第二百八十一条 因施工人的原因致conforming Construction. Where the construction project 使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有fails to meet the prescribed quality requirements due to any reason权要求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者 attributable to the constructor, the developer is entitled to require the constructor to repair, re-construct or make 返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建alteration free of charge within a reasonable time. Where 后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违delivery of the project is delayed due to such repair, re-约责任。 construction or alteration, the constructor shall be liable for breach of contract. Article 282 Contractor Liable for Personal and 第二百八十二条 因承包人的原因致Property Damage. Where the construction project caused personal injury and property dam使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身和age during its reasonable usage财产损害的，承包人应当承担损害赔偿责 period due to any reason attributable to the contractor, the contractor shall be liable for damages. 任。 Article 283 Contractor's Remedies in Case of D 第二百八十三条 发包人未按照约定eveloper's Failure to Provide Necessary Conditions. Where the developer fails to provide raw materials, 的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、equipment, site, funds, or technical information at the 资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程prescribed time and in accordance with the contractual requirements, the contractor may extend the relevant project 日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work 失。 stoppage or slowdown, etc. Article 284 Contractor's Remedies in Case of Project 第二百八十四条 因发包人的原因致Interruption Due to Reasons Attributable to DeveloperIf an ongoing project is stopped or delayed due to any reason 使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采attributable to the developer, the developer shall take the 取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因appropriate measures to make up or mitigate the loss, and shall indemnify the contractor for its loss and out-of-pocket 此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调expenses arising from resulting work stoppage, slowdown, 迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。 reshipment, re-dispatch of mechanical equipment, and excess inventory of materials and assemblies, etc. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 40 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 285 Surveyor's Remedies in Case of D 第二百八十五条 因发包人变更计eveloper's Failure to Cooperate. Where in the course of survey or design, any repeating work, work stoppage or 划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限change of design occurs due to the developer's change of 提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘plan, the incorrect information provided by it, or its failure to provide the working conditions necessary for the survey or 察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发design at the prescribed time, the developer shall increase the 包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的fees in light of the actual amount of work done by the surveyor or designer. 工作量增付费用。 Article 286 Contractor's Remedies in Case ofD 第二百八十六条 发包人未按照约定eveloper's Failure to Pay Price. If the developer failed to pay the price in accordance with the contract, the contractor 支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合may demand payment from the developer within a reasonable 理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付period. Where the developer fails to pay the price at the end of such period, the contractor may enter into an agreement 的，除按照建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍with the developer to liquidate the project, and may also 卖的以外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该petition the People's Court to auction the project in accordance with the law, unless such project is not fit for 工程折价，也可以申请人民法院将该工程liquidation or auction in light of its nature. The construction 依法拍卖。建设工程的价款就该工程折价project price shall be paid in priority out of proceeds from the 或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。 liquidation or auction of the project. Article 287 Provisions Governing Contracts of Hired W 第二百八十七条 本章没有规定的，orks Applicable. Where this Chapter does not provide, the 适用承揽合同的有关规定。 relevant provisions governing contracts of hired works shall apply. Chapter Seventeen Carriage Contracts 第十七章 运输合同 Section One General Provisions 第一节 一般规定 Article 288 Definition of Carriage Contract. A carriage 第二百八十八条 运输合同是承运人contract is a contract whereby the carrier carries the passenger 将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地or cargo from the place of departure to the prescribed des点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或tination, and the passenger, consignor or consignee pays the fare or freightage. 者运输费用的合同。 Article 289 Common Carrier May Not Deny 第二百八十九条 从事公共运输的承Reasonable Carriage Requirement. A common carrier may 运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的not deny any normal and reasonable carriage requirement by a passenger运输要求。 or consignor. Article 290 Obligation of Carrier to Carry in Safe and 第二百九十条 承运人应当在约定期Timely Manner. The carrier shall safely carry the passenger 间或者合理期间内将旅客、货物安全运输or cargo to the prescribed destination within the prescribed time or within到约定地点。 a reasonable time. Article 291 Obligation of Carrier to Travel by 第二百九十一条 承运人应当按照约Prescribed Route. The carrier shall carry the passenger or 定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运cargo to the prescribed destination by the prescribed route or 输到约定地点。 the normal route. Article 292 Passenger's Remedies in Case of Carrier's 第二百九十二条 旅客、托运人或者Failure to Travel by Prescribed Route. The passenger, 收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运consignor or consignee shall pay the fare or freightage. Where 人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加the carrier failed to carry the passenger or the cargo by the prescribed or normal route, thereby increasing the fare or 票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者freightage, the passenger, consignor or consignee may refuse 收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者to pay any increased portion thereof. 运输费用。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 41 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Section Two Passenger Carriage Contracts 第二节 客运合同 Article 293 Formation of Passenger Carriage 第二百九十三条 客运合同自承运人Contract. A passenger carriage contract is formed upon the 向旅客交付客票时成立，但当事人另有约carrier's delivery of the passenger ticket to the passenger, except otherwise agreed by the parties定或者另有交易习惯的除外。 or provided by the relevant usage. Article 294 Carrier's Remedies in Case of Passenger's F 第二百九十四条 旅客应当持有效客ailure to Pay Fare. The passenger shall board the mode of transportation with a valid passenger ticket. If the passenger 票乘运。旅客无票乘运、超程乘运、越级boards without a ticket, travels beyond the prescribed 乘运或者持失效客票乘运的，应当补交票destination, boards a class higher than the prescribed class, or boards with an expired ticket, he shall pay the fare 款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款。旅客retroactively, and the carrier may charge additional fare in 不交付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。 accordance with the relevant stipulations. Where the passenger fails to pay the fare, the carrier may refuse to carry. Article 295 Passenger's Failure to Board on Time. W 第二百九十五条 旅客因自己的原因here the passenger is unable to board the mode of transportation at the time prescribed on the passenger ticket 不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在due to any reason attributable to himself, he shall carry out the 约定的时间内办理退票或者变更手续。逾formality for ticket refund or reschedule within the prescribed period. Where the passenger delays in carrying out the 期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再relevant formality, the carrier may refuse to refund the fare, 承担运输义务。 and is no longer obligated to carry such passenger. Article 296 Carry-on Luggage. In the course of 第二百九十六条 旅客在运输中应当carriage, the passenger's carry-on luggage shall be within the 按照约定的限量携带行李。超过限量携带prescribed limit. Where his luggage exceeds the prescribed limit on carry-on luggage, the additiona行李的，应当办理托运手续。 l luggage shall be checked in. Article 297 Boarding with Prohibited Item. The 第二百九十七条 旅客不得随身携带passenger may not carry in person, or place in his luggage, any 或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有hazardous material which is flammable, explosive, toxic, corros腐蚀性、有放射性以及有可能危及运输工ive, or radioactive, etc., or possibly endangers people or property on board, or an otherwise prohibited item. 具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者其他 违禁物品。 Where the passenger violates the previous paragraph, the 旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将carrier may unload, destroy or turn over to the relevant 违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。authority the prohibited item. Where the passenger insists on ca旅客坚持携带或者夹带违禁物品的，承运rrying in person or placing in his luggage the prohibited item, the carrier shall refuse to carry. 人应当拒绝运输。 Article 298 Carrier's Obligation to Inform. The carrier 第二百九十八条 承运人应当向旅客shall timely inform the passenger of any major cause 及时告知有关不能正常运输的重要事由和preventing it from normal carriage, as well as precautions re安全运输应当注意的事项。 lating to transportation safety. Article 299 Passenger's Remedies in Case of Delay. 第二百九十九条 承运人应当按照客The carrier shall carry the passenger according to the time and 票载明的时间和班次运输旅客。承运人迟carrier number prescribed on the passenger ticket. Where the carr延运输的，应当根据旅客的要求安排改乘ier delays in carriage, it shall, upon request by the passenger, either reschedule or refund the fare. 其他班次或者退票。 Article 300 Passenger's Remedies in Case of U 第三百条 承运人擅自变更运输工具nilateral Change of Mode of Transportation by Carrier. Where而降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的要求 the carrier unilaterally changed the mode of transportation, thereby lowering the standard of service, it 退票或者减收票款；提高服务标准的，不shall, upon request by the passenger, refund or reduce the fare; where the service standard is enh应当加收票款。 anced as a result, no additional fare shall be charged. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 42 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 301 Carrier's Obligation to Assist Passenger. 第三百零一条 承运人在运输过程In the course of carriage, the carrier shall use its best effort to 中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险assist any passenger who has a medical emergency, is in labor or的旅客。 encounters a dangerous situation. Article 302 Carrier Liable for Injury of Passenger; E 第三百零二条 承运人应当对运输过xceptions. The carrier shall be liable for damages in case of 程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任，但伤injury or death of the passenger in the course of carriage, except where such injury or death was attributable to the 亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人passenger's own health, or the carrier has established that such 证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除injury or death was caused by the passenger's intentional misconduct or gross negligence. 外。 The provisions in the previous paragraph apply to a 前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优passenger who is exempted from buying a ticket or holds a discoun待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。 t ticket pursuant to the relevant stipulations, or who is permitted by the carrier to board without a ticket. Article 303 Provisions Governing Loss of Passenger's 第三百零三条 在运输过程中旅客自Luggage. Where the passenger's carry-on luggage was 带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应damaged or lost in the course of carriage, the carrier shall be 当承担损害赔偿责任。 liable for damages if it was at fault. Where the passenger's check-in luggage was damaged or 旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用lost, the relevant provisions governing cargo carriage apply. 货物运输的有关规定。 Section Three Cargo Carriage Contracts 第三节 货运合同 Article 304 Consignor's Obligation to Inform; 第三百零四条 托运人办理货物运Liability for Misrepresentation. In consigning its cargo, the 输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的名称consignor shall correctly provide the carrier with the name of 或者姓名或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名the consignee or the consignee to whose order the cargo is deliverable, as well as any necessary information relating to 称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关carriage of the cargo, such as the name, nature, weight, and 货物运输的必要情况。 quantity of the cargo and the place for taking delivery thereof. 因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情 Where the carrier sustains any loss due to the consignor's prov况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担ision of false information or omission of any material information, the consignor shall be liable for damages. 损害赔偿责任。 Article 305 Certain Cargo Carriage Subject to 第三百零五条 货物运输需要办理审Approval. Where carriage of the cargo is subject to any 批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完procedure such as approval or inspection, etc., the consignor sha有关手续的文件提交承运人。 ll submit to the carrier the relevant documents evidencing completion of such procedure. Article 306 Packing of Cargo in Prescribed Manner. 第三百零六条 托运人应当按照约定The consignor shall pack the cargo in the prescribed manner. W的方式包装货物。对包装方式没有约定或here a packing method was not prescribed or clearly prescr者约定不明确的，适用本法第一百五十六ibed, Article 156 hereof applies. 条的规定。 Where the consignor violates the previous paragraph, the 托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以carrier may refuse to carry. 拒绝运输。 Article 307 Carriage of Hazardous Materials. In 第三百零七条 托运人托运易燃、易consigning any hazardous material which is inflammable, 爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc., the consignor sha品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的ll, in accordance with the stipulations of the state governing the carriage of hazardous materials, properly pack 规定对危险物品妥善包装，作出危险物标the hazardous material and affix thereon applicable signs and 志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性labels for hazardous materials, and shall submit its name and 质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。 nature as well as related precautionary measures to the carrier 托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以in writing. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 43 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S If the consignor violates the previous paragraph, the 拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损carrier may refuse to carry, and may also take the appropriate m失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人承easures to prevent loss at the consignor's expense. 担。 Article 308 Consignor's Right of Disposal Prior to 第三百零八条 在承运人将货物交付Delivery. Prior to carrier's delivery of the cargo to the 收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止consignee, the consignor may require the carrier to suspend the carr运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物iage, return the cargo, change the destination or deliver the cargo to another consignee, provided that it shall 交给其他收货人，但应当赔偿承运人因此indemnify the carrier for any loss it sustains as a result. 受到的损失。 Article 309 Taking Delivery of Cargo by Consignee. 第三百零九条 货物运输到达后，承Upon arrival of the cargo, if the carrier knows of the 运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货consignee, it shall timely notify the consignee, who shall 人，收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提timely take delivery. Where the consignee delays in taking delivery, it shall pay expenses such as safekeeping fee, etc. to 货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。 the carrier. Article 310 Inspection by Consignee; Effect of Failure 第三百一十条 收货人提货时应当按to Inspect. Upon taking delivery of the cargo, the consignee 照约定的期限检验货物。对检验货物的期shall inspect the cargo at the prescribed time. Where the time for限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第 inspection was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, 六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合the consignee shall inspect the cargo within a reasonable time. 理期限内检验货物。收货人在约定的期限The consignee's failure to raise any objection concerning the 或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未quantity of, or any damage to, the cargo within the prescribed t提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单ime or within a reasonable time is deemed prima facie evidence of delivery by the carrier in compliance with the 证的记载交付的初步证据。 description in the transportation documents. Article 311 Carrier Liable for Damage or Loss during 第三百一十一条 承运人对运输过程Carriage; Exceptions. The carrier is liable for damages in 中货物的毁损、灭失承担损害赔偿责任，case of damage to or loss of the cargo in the course of carr但承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可iage, provided that it is not liable for damages if it has established that such damage to or loss of the cargo was 抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗caused by force majeure, the intrinsic characteristics of the 以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承cargo, reasonable depletion, or the fault of the consignor or 担损害赔偿责任。 consignee. Article 312 Amount of Damages in Case of Loss of 第三百一十二条 货物的毁损、灭失Cargo. Where the parties agreed on the amount of damages 的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约in case of damage to or loss of the cargo, the damages payable 定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法is the prescribed amount; if the amount of damages was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in 第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be calculated based 付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格on the prevailing market price at the destination when the 计算。法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方cargo was or should have been delivered. Where a law or adm法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。 inistrative regulation provides otherwise in respect of the method for calculation of damages and any limitation on damages, such provisions apply. Article 313 Liabilities of Joint Carriers Using the 第三百一十三条 两个以上承运人以Same Method of Transportation. Where two or more 同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同carriers jointly carry the cargo using the same method of 的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任。损失transportation, the carrier contracting with the consignor shall be responsible for the whole course of carriage. Where the 发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合loss occurred at a particular segment, the carrier contracting 同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责with the consignor and the carrier for such segment are jointly 任。 and severally liable CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 44 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 314 Freightage in Case of Force Majeure. 第三百一十四条 货物在运输过程中Where the cargo was lost in the course of carriage due to 因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人force majeure, if the freightage has not been collected, the carrier may not require payment thereof; if the freightage has不得要求支付运费；已收取运费的，托运 been collected, the consignor may claim refund. 人可以要求返还。 Article 315 Carrier's Possessory Lien in Case of Non- 第三百一十五条 托运人或者收货人payment. Where the consignor or consignee fails to pay the 不支付运费、保管费以及其他运输费用freightage, safekeeping fee and other expenses in connection w的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置ith the carriage of the cargo, the carrier is entitled to a possessory lien on the corresponding portion of the cargo, 权，但当事人另有约定的除外。 except otherwise agreed by the parties. Article 316 Placing Cargo in Escrow. Where the 第三百一十六条 收货人不明或者收consignee is not known or refuses to take delivery of the 货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，依照本cargo without cause, the carrier may place the cargo in escrow under Article 101法第一百零一条的规定，承运人可以提存 hereof. 货物。 Section Four Multi-modal Carriage Contract 第四节 多式联运合同 Article 317 Rights and Obligations of Multi-modal 第三百一十七条 多式联运经营人负Carriage Operator. A multi-modal carriage operator is 责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全responsible for performing, or arranging for performance of, 程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的the multi-modal carriage contract, and it enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations of a carrier throughout the course of 义务。 carriage. Article 318 Agreement between Multi-modal Carriage 第三百一十八条 多式联运经营人可Operator and Segment Carriers. The multi-modal carriage 以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式operator and the segment carriers may prescribe their respec联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责tive duties concerning each segment, provided that the obligations of the multi-modal carriage operator with respect 任，但该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全to the entire course of carriage are not affected by any such 程运输承担的义务。 agreement. Article 319 Multi-modal Carriage Document. Upon 第三百一十九条 多式联运经营人收receipt of the cargo delivered by the consignor, the multi-m到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联odal carriage operator shall issue thereto a multi-modal carr运单据。按照托运人的要求，多式联运单iage document. The multi-modal carriage document may either be assignable or non-assignable as required by the 据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让consignor. 单据。 Article 320 Consignor's Liability Notwithstanding 第三百二十条 因托运人托运货物时Assignment of Document. Where the multi-modal carriage 的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使operator sustains any loss due to the fault of the consignor in the course of consigning the cargo, the consignor sha托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍ll be liable for damages notwithstanding its subsequent assignment 然应当承担损害赔偿责任。 of the multi-modal carriage document. Article 321 Applicable Law Governing Loss of Cargo 第三百二十一条 货物的毁损、灭失in Multi-modal Carriage. Where damage to or loss of the cargo发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式 occurred within a particular segment of the course of a multi-modal carriage, the multi-modal carriage operator's 联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用liability for damages and any limitation thereon are governed b调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。货y the applicable transportation law of the jurisdiction which such segment is under. Where the segment in which the cargo 物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定was damaged or lost cannot be determined, the liability for 的，依照本章规定承担损害赔偿责任。 damages shall be borne in accordance with this Chapter. A matter not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed by the relevant provision governing contracts of hired works. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 45 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Chapter Eighteen Technology 第十八章 技术合同 Contracts Section One General Provisions 第一节 一般规定 Article 322 Definition of Technology Contract. A 第三百二十二条 技术合同是当事人technology contract is a contract whereby the parties prescribe 就技术开发、转让、咨询或者服务订立的their rights and obligations in respect of the development or transfer确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。 of technology, or in respect of technical consulting or service. Article 323 General Requirements Concerning 第三百二十三条 订立技术合同，应Technology Contract. Conclusion of a technology contract 当有利于科学技术的进步，加速科学技术shall be conducive to the advancement of science and 成果的转化、应用和推广。 technology, and expedite the conversion, application and dissemination of scientific and technological achievements. Article 324 Terms of Technology Contract; Patents. 第三百二十四条 技术合同的内容由Terms of a technology contract shall be prescribed by the 当事人约定，一般包括以下条款： parties, and generally include the following: （一）项目名称； (1) project name; (2) （二）标的的内容、范围和要求； contents, scope and requirement of the subject matter; （三）履行的计划、进度、期限、地(3) the plan, schedule, period, place, territory and method 点、地域和方式； of performance; （四）技术情报和资料的保密； (4) confidentiality of technical information and materials; （五）风险责任的承担； (5) allocation of responsibilities for risks; （六）技术成果的归属和收益的分成(6) ownership of the technology and allocation of 办法； benefits accrued therefrom; （七）验收标准和方法； (7) standard applicable to and method of acceptance test; (8) price, remuneration or licensing fee and the method （八）价款、报酬或者使用费及其支of payment; 付方式； (9) liquidated damages or method for calculation of （九）违约金或者损失赔偿的计算方damages; 法； (10) method of dispute resolution; （十）解决争议的方法； (11) definition of terms and phrases. （十一）名词和术语的解释。 The parties may agree to include the following materials 与履行合同有关的技术背景资料、可relating to the performance of the contract as an integral part thereof: technical background information, feasibility studies 行性论证和技术评价报告、项目任务书和and technical evaluation report, project task matrix and 计划书、技术标准、技术规范、原始设计project plan, technical standard, technical specifications, 和工艺文件，以及其他技术文档，按照当original design and technique documents, as well as other 事人的约定可以作为合同的组成部分。 technical documentation. Where the technology contract involves any patent, it 技术合同涉及专利的，应当注明发明shall set forth the name of the invention/innovation, the 创造的名称、专利申请人和专利权人、申patent applicant and the patentee, the date of application, the 请日期、申请号、专利号以及专利权的有application number, patent number and the term of the patent效期限。 . Article 325 Payment Method; Royalty. The method for 第三百二十五条 技术合同价款、报payment of the price, remuneration or licensing fee under a 酬或者使用费的支付方式由当事人约定，technology contract shall be prescribed by the parties, who may prescribe lump-sum payment based on one-time 可以采取一次总算、一次总付或者一次总calculation or installment payment based on one-time 算、分期支付，也可以采取提成支付或者calculation, and may also prescribe royalty payment or royalty p提成支付附加预付入门费的方式。 ayment plus advance payment of initial fee.. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 46 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where a royalty payment method is prescribed, the 约定提成支付的，可以按照产品价royalty may be calculated as a percentage of the product price, 格、实施专利和使用技术秘密后新增的产any increase in product value resulting from exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret, profit, or product 值、利润或者产品销售额的一定比例提sales, and may also be calculated by any other method 成，也可以按照约定的其他方式计算。提prescribed by the parties. The royalty rate may be fixed or 成支付的比例可以采取固定比例、逐年递subject to annual increase or decrease. Where a royalty payment is prescribed, the parties shall 增比例或者逐年递减比例。 prescribe in the contract a method for inspection of the 约定提成支付的，当事人应当在合同relevant accounting books. 中约定查阅有关会计帐目的办法。 Article 326 Employee-developed Technology; 第三百二十六条 职务技术成果的使Definition. Where the right to use and the right to transfer 用权、转让权属于法人或者其他组织的，employee-developed technology belong to a legal person or an法人或者其他组织可以就该项职务技术成 organization of any other nature, the legal person or organization may enter into a technology contract in respect 果订立技术合同。法人或者其他组织应当of such employee-developed technology. The legal person or 从使用和转让该项职务技术成果所取得的organization shall reward or remunerate the individual(s) who 收益中提取一定比例，对完成该项职务技developed the technology with a percentage of the benefits accrued from the use and transfer of the emp术成果的个人给予奖励或者报酬。法人或loyee-developed technology. Where the legal person or organization is to enter 者其他组织订立技术合同转让职务技术成into a technology contract for the transfer of the employee-果时，职务技术成果的完成人享有以同等developed technology, the employee-developer has the right o条件优先受让的权利。 f first refusal under the same conditions. An employee-developed technology is a technology 职务技术成果是执行法人或者其他组developed in the course of completing a task assigned by a 织的工作任务，或者主要是利用法人或者legal person or an organization of any other nature, or 其他组织的物质技术条件所完成的技术成developed by primarily utilizing the material and technical 果。 resources thereof. Article 327 Non-employee-developed Technology. 第三百二十七条 非职务技术成果的The right to use and the right to transfer non-employee-使用权、转让权属于完成技术成果的个developed technology belong to the individual developer, who may人，完成技术成果的个人可以就该项非职 enter into a technology contract in respect thereof. 务技术成果订立技术合同。 Article 328 Individual's Rights with Respect to 第三百二十八条 完成技术成果的个Technology Developed Thereby. The individual who 人有在有关技术成果文件上写明自己是技developed the technology is entitled to identify himself as the deve术成果完成者的权利和取得荣誉证书、奖loper in the documentation related thereto, and to receive honor certificate and reward. 励的权利。 Article 329 Invalidity of Technology-monopolizing 第三百二十九条 非法垄断技术、妨and Infringing Contract. A technology contract which 碍技术进步或者侵害他人技术成果的技术illegally monopolizes technology, impairs technological advancement or infringes on the techno合同无效。 logy of a third person is invalid. Section Two Technology Development 第二节 技术开发合同 Contract Article 330 Definition of Technology Development 第三百三十条 技术开发合同是指当Contract. A technology development contract is a contract 事人之间就新技术、新产品、新工艺或者concluded in respect of the development of a new technology, product, technique or material and the新材料及其系统的研究开发所订立的合 associated system. 同。 Technology development contracts include commissioned 技术开发合同包括委托开发合同和合development contracts and cooperative development 作开发合同。 contracts. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 47 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S A technology development contract shall be in writing. 技术开发合同应当采用书面形式。 A contract on the conversion of a scientific achievement w 当事人之间就具有产业应用价值的科ith potential for industrial application is governed by reference技成果实施转化订立的合同，参照技术开 to the provisions applicable to technology development contracts. 发合同的规定。 Article 331 Obligations of Commissioning Party. The 第三百三十一条 委托开发合同的委commissioning party under a commissioned development 托人应当按照约定支付研究开发经费和报contract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide deve酬；提供技术资料、原始数据；完成协作lopment funds and pay remuneration; supply technical materials and original data; complete its tasks of cooperation; 事项；接受研究开发成果。 and accept the developed technology. Article 332 Obligations of Developer in C 第三百三十二条 委托开发合同的研ommissioned Development. The developer under a commissioned development contract shall, in accordance with 究开发人应当按照约定制定和实施研究开the contract, prepare and implement the development plan; 发计划；合理使用研究开发经费；按期完use development funds in a reasonable manner; timely complete the development and deliver the developed 成研究开发工作，交付研究开发成果，提technology, as well as provide the relevant technical materials 供有关的技术资料和必要的技术指导，帮and necessary technical guidance so as to help the commissioning party master the developed technology. 助委托人掌握研究开发成果。 Article 333 Commissioning Party's Breach. Where the 第三百三十三条 委托人违反约定造commissioning party breached the contract, thereby causing 成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，stoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable for应当承担违约责任。 breach of contract. Article 334 Developer's Breach. Where the developer 第三百三十四条 研究开发人违反约breached the contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or 定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败failure of the development, it shall be liable for breach of con的，应当承担违约责任。 tract. Article 335 Obligations of Parties in Cooperative 第三百三十五条 合作开发合同的当Development. Parties to a cooperative development contract 事人应当按照约定进行投资，包括以技术shall, in accordance with the contract, make investment, 进行投资；分工参与研究开发工作；协作including investment in the form of technology; participate in the development by performing their respective tasks; and 配合研究开发工作。 cooperate with each other in the development. Article 336 Breach of Cooperative Contract. Where a 第三百三十六条 合作开发合同的当party to a cooperative development contract breached the 事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or failure of the deve当承担违约责任。 lopment, it shall be liable for breach误或者失败的，应 of contract. Article 337 Termination of Contract in Case 第三百三十七条 因作为技术开发合Technology Becomes Public. Where the technology which 同标的的技术已经由他人公开，致使技术is the subject matter of a technology development contract was开发合同的履行没有意义的，当事人可以 made public by a third person, thereby rendering performance of the technology development contract no 解除合同。 longer meaningful, the parties may terminate the contract. Article 338 Allocation of Responsibility for Risk of 第三百三十八条 在技术开发合同履Failure; Duty to Inform upon Discovery of Circumstance W行过程中，因出现无法克服的技术困难，hich May Lead to Failure. If in the course of 致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的，该风implementing a technology development contract, the development failed in whole or in part due to any 险责任由当事人约定。没有约定或者约定insurmountable technical difficulty, allocation of the 不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不responsibility for such risk shall be prescribed by the parties. W能确定的，风险责任由当事人合理分担。 here the allocation of responsibility for such risk was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be shared by the parties in a reasonable manner. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 48 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Where a party discovers any circumstance which may lead 当事人一方发现前款规定的可能致使to the failure of the development in whole or in part as 研究开发失败或者部分失败的情形时，应described in the previous paragraph, it shall timely notify the o当及时通知另一方并采取适当措施减少损ther party and take the appropriate measures to mitigate loss; where the party failed to timely notify the other party and take 失。没有及时通知并采取适当措施，致使the appropriate measures, thereby causing further loss, it shall 损失扩大的，应当就扩大的损失承担责be liable for such further loss. 任。 Article 339 Right to Patent Application in C 第三百三十九条 委托开发完成的发ommissioned Development. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the right to apply for patent on the 明创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请invention/innovation resulting from a commissioned dev专利的权利属于研究开发人。研究开发人elopment belongs to the developer. Where the developer is granted a patent, the commissioning party may exploit such 取得专利权的，委托人可以免费实施该专patent free of charge. 利。 Where the developer is to assign the right to apply for patent on the invention/innovation resulting from the 研究开发人转让专利申请权的，委托commissioned development, the commissioning party has the right of first refusal under the人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。 same conditions. Article 340 Right to Patent Application in 第三百四十条 合作开发完成的发明Cooperative Development. Unless otherwise agreed by the 创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请专parties, the right to apply for patent on the 利的权利属于合作开发的当事人共有。当invention/innovation resulting from a cooperative development belongs to the parties therein jointly. Where a 事人一方转让其共有的专利申请权的，其party is to assign its joint patent application right, the other 他各方享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。 parties have the right of first refusal under the same 合作开发的当事人一方声明放弃其共conditions. 有的专利申请权的，可以由另一方单独申 Where a party in the cooperative development declares a waiver of its joint patent application right, the other party may 请或者由其他各方共同申请。申请人取得apply by itself, or the other parties may jointly apply, as the 专利权的，放弃专利申请权的一方可以免case may be. Where a patent is granted on the 费实施该专利。 invention/innovation, the party waiving its patent application r 合作开发的当事人一方不同意申请专ight may exploit such patent free of charge. If a party in the cooperative development does not 利的，另一方或者其他各方不得申请专consent to the application for patent, the other party or 利。 parties may not apply for patent. Article 341 Right to Use or Transfer Technical Secret. 第三百四十一条 委托开发或者合作The right to use and transfer the technical secret resulting 开发完成的技术秘密成果的使用权、转让from a commissioned or cooperative development, and the me权以及利益的分配办法，由当事人约定。thod for allocation of benefits accrued therefrom shall be prescribed by the parties. Where such matters were not 没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in 十一条的规定仍不能确定的，当事人均有accordance with Article 61 hereof, all of the parties are 使用和转让的权利，但委托开发的研究开entitled to use and transfer the technology, provided that the deve发人不得在向委托人交付研究开发成果之loper in a commissioned development may not transfer the technology to a third person before it delivers the 前，将研究开发成果转让给第三人。 technology to the commissioning party. Section Three Technology Transfer 第三节 技术转让合同 Contracts Article 342 Types of Technology Transfer 第三百四十二条 技术转让合同包括Contract. Technology transfer contracts include 专利权转让、专利申请权转让、技术秘密contracts for the assignment of patent, assignment of 转让、专利实施许可合同。 patent application right, transfer of technical secrets, and patent licensing. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 49 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S A technology transfer contract shall be in writing. 技术转让合同应当采用书面形式。 Article 343 Limit on Scope of Implementation 第三百四十三条 技术转让合同可以May Not Restrict Competition. A technology transfer 约定让与人和受让人实施专利或者使用技contract may set forth the scope of exploitation of the 术秘密的范围，但不得限制技术竞争和技patent or the use of the technical secret by the transferor 术发展。 and the transferee, provided that it may not restrict technological competition and technological development. Article 344 Term of Patent Licensing Contract 第三百四十四条 专利实施许可合同May Not Exceed Patent Term. A patent licensing 只在该专利权的存续期间内有效。专利权contract is only valid during the term of the patent. W有效期限届满或者专利权被宣布无效的，here the term of the patent expires or the patent is 专利权人不得就该专利与他人订立专利实invalidated, the patentee may not enter into a patent 施许可合同。 licensing contract with any other person in respect thereof. Article 345 Obligations of Patent Licensor. The 第三百四十五条 专利实施许可合同transferor under a patent licensing contract shall, in 的让与人应当按照约定许可受让人实施专accordance with the contract, license the patent to the 利，交付实施专利有关的技术资料，提供transferee, deliver the technical materials related to the 必要的技术指导。 exploitation of the patent, and provide the necessary technical guidance. Article 346 Obligations of Patent Licensee. The 第三百四十六条 专利实施许可合同transferee under a patent licensing contract shall exploit 的受让人应当按照约定实施专利，不得许the patent in accordance with the contract and may not 可约定以外的第三人实施该专利；并按照license the patent to any third person except as provided in the contract; and shall pay the licensing fee in 约定支付使用费。 accordance with the contract. Article 347 Obligations of Transferor of 第三百四十七条 技术秘密转让合同Technical Secret. The transferor under a contract for 的让与人应当按照约定提供技术资料，进transfer of technical secret shall, in accordance with the contract, supply the technical materials, provide technical 行技术指导，保证技术的实用性、可靠guidance, and warrant the practical applicability and 性，承担保密义务。 reliability of the technology, and shall abide by its confidentiality obligations. Article 348 Obligations of Transferee of T 第三百四十八条 技术秘密转让合同echnical Secret. The transferee under a contract for 的受让人应当按照约定使用技术，支付使transfer of technical secret shall, in accordance with the contract, use the technology, pay the licensing fee and 用费，承担保密义务。 abide by its confidentiality obligations. Article 349 Warranty of Title, Completeness, 第三百四十九条 技术转让合同的让Correctness and Effectiveness. The transferor under a 与人应当保证自己是所提供的技术的合法technology transfer contract shall warrant that it is the lawful owner of the technology provided, and shall 拥有者，并保证所提供的技术完整、无warrant that the technology provided is complete, free 误、有效，能够达到约定的目标。 from error, effective, and capable of achieving the prescribed goals. Article 350 Transferee's Confidentiality O 第三百五十条 技术转让合同的受让bligations. The transferee under a technology transfer con人应当按照约定的范围和期限，对让与人tract shall, to the prescribed extent and within the prescribed period, abide by its confidentiality obligations 提供的技术中尚未公开的秘密部分，承担in respect of the non-public and secret portion of the 保密义务。 technology provided by the transferor. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 50 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 351 Transferor's Liabilities for Breach. Where 第三百五十一条 让与人未按照约定the transferor failed to transfer technology in accordance with 转让技术的，应当返还部分或者全部使用the contract, it shall refund the licensing fee in part or in who费，并应当承担违约责任；实施专利或者le, and shall be liable for breach of contract; where the transferor exploited the patent or used the technical secret 使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，违反约beyond the prescribed scope, or unilaterally allowed the patent 定擅自许可第三人实施该项专利或者使用to be exploited or the technical secret to be used by a third 该项技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承person in breach of the contract, it shall cease the breach and be担违约责任；违反约定的保密义务的，应 liable for breach of contract; where the transferor breachedany prescribed confidentiality obligation, it shall be liable for 当承担违约责任。 breach of contract. Article 352 Transferee's Liabilities for Breach. Where 第三百五十二条 受让人未按照约定the transferee failed to pay the prescribed licensing fee, it shall pay the overdue licensing fee and pay liquidated damages in 支付使用费的，应当补交使用费并按照约accordance with the contract; where it failed to pay the 定支付违约金；不补交使用费或者支付违overdue licensing fee and liquidated damages, it shall cease exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret, return 约金的，应当停止实施专利或者使用技术the technical materials, and be liable for breach of contract; 秘密，交还技术资料，承担违约责任；实where the transferee exploited the patent or used the technical secret beyond the prescribed scope, or allowed the patent to 施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围be exploited or the technical secret to be used by a third 的，未经让与人同意擅自许可第三人实施person without consent by the transferor in breach of the contract该专利或者使用该技术秘密的，应当停止, it shall cease the breach and be liable for breach of contract; where the transferee breached any prescribed 违约行为，承担违约责任；违反约定的保confidentiality obligation, it shall be liable for breach of con密义务的，应当承担违约责任。 tract. Article 353 Transferor Liable in Case of 第三百五十三条 受让人按照约定实Infringement; Exception. Where the exploitation of the patent or the use of the technical secret by the transferee in 施专利、使用技术秘密侵害他人合法权益accordance with the contract infringes on the lawful interests 的，由让与人承担责任，但当事人另有约of any other person, the liability shall be borne by the transferor, except otherwise agreed by the parties. 定的除外。 Article 354 Sharing of Improvement. The parties may, 第三百五十四条 当事人可以按照互on the basis of mutual benefit, provide in the technology 利的原则，在技术转让合同中约定实施专transfer contract for the method of sharing any subsequent 利、使用技术秘密后续改进的技术成果的improvement resulting from the exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret. If such method was not prescribed 分享办法。没有约定或者约定不明确，依or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance 照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，with Article 61 hereof, neither party is entitled to share 一方后续改进的技术成果，其他各方无权any subsequent improvement made by the other party. 分享。 Article 355 Applicability of Other Laws or 第三百五十五条 法律、行政法规对Administrative Regulations. Where the relevant laws or 技术进出口合同或者专利、专利申请合同administrative regulations provide otherwise in respect of 另有规定的，依照其规定。 technology import/export contracts or in respect of patent contracts or contracts for patent application, such provisions prevail. Section Four Technical Consulting 第四节 技术咨询合同和技术Contracts and Technical Service Contracts 服务合同 Article 356 Definitions of Technical Consulting and 第三百五十六条 技术咨询合同包括Technical Service Contracts. Technical consulting contracts 就特定技术项目提供可行性论证、技术预include contracts for provision of feasibility studies, technical forecas测、专题技术调查、分析评价报告等合t, specialized technical investigation, and analysis and evaluation report, etc. in respect of a particular technical 同。 project. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 51 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S A technical service contract means a contract whereby 技术服务合同是指当事人一方以技术one party solves a particular technical problem for the other 知识为另一方解决特定技术问题所订立的party by utilizing its technical knowledge, excluding a contract for合同，不包括建设工程合同和承揽合同。 construction project or a contract of hired work. Article 357 Obligations of Client under Technical C 第三百五十七条 技术咨询合同的委onsulting Contract. The client under a technical consulting contract托人应当按照约定阐明咨询的问题，提供 shall, in accordance with the contract, describe the problem on which consultancy is sought, provide the 技术背景材料及有关技术资料、数据；接technical background information as well as related technical m受受托人的工作成果，支付报酬。 aterials and data; and accept the work product from, and pay the remuneration to, the consultant. Article 358 Obligations of Consultant under T 第三百五十八条 技术咨询合同的受echnical Consulting Contract. The consultant under a techn托人应当按照约定的期限完成咨询报告或ical consulting contract shall complete the consulting report or answer the question within the prescribed period; 者解答问题；提出的咨询报告应当达到约the consulting report submitted shall comply with the 定的要求。 requirements set forth in the contract. Article 359 Remedies for Breach; Consultant Not 第三百五十九条 技术咨询合同的委Liable for Loss. Where the client under a technical consu托人未按照约定提供必要的资料和数据，lting contract failed to provide the necessary materials and data in accordance with the contract, thereby impairing 影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接the progress and quality of the work, or failed to accept or de受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未layed in accepting the work product, it may not claim refund of the remuneration paid, and shall pay any unpaid 支付的报酬应当支付。 remuneration. 技术咨询合同的受托人未按期提出咨 Where the consultant under the technical consulting con询报告或者提出的咨询报告不符合约定tract failed to provide the consulting report within the prescribed period or the consulting report submitted does not 的，应当承担减收或者免收报酬等违约责comply with the contract, it shall be liable for breach of 任。 contract by way of reducing or foregoing the remuneration, etc. 技术咨询合同的委托人按照受托人符 The client under a technical consulting contract shall bear 合约定要求的咨询报告和意见作出决策所the loss resulting from any decision made by it based on the comp造成的损失，由委托人承担，但当事人另lying consulting report and opinion provided by the consultant, except otherwise agreed by the parties. 有约定的除外。 Article 360 Obligations of Client under Technical 第三百六十条 技术服务合同的委托Service Contract. The client under a technical service 人应当按照约定提供工作条件，完成配合contract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide the work事项；接受工作成果并支付报酬。 ing conditions and complete its tasks of cooperation; accept the work product and pay the remuneration. Article 361 Obligations of Service Provider under 第三百六十一条 技术服务合同的受Technical Service Contract The service provider under a 托人应当按照约定完成服务项目，解决技technical service contract shall, in accordance with the con术问题，保证工作质量，并传授解决技术tract, complete the services, solve the technical problem, warrant the quality of its work, and communicate the 问题的知识。 knowledge for solving the technical problem. Article 362 Remedies for Breach. Where the client 第三百六十二条 技术服务合同的委under a technical service contract failed to perform its 托人不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不contractual obligations, or rendered non-conforming performance, thereby impairing the progress and qua符合约定，影响工作进度和质量，不接受lity of the work, or failed to accept or delayed in accepting the work 或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不product, it may not claim refund of the remuneration paid, 得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。 and shall pay any unpaid remuneration. Where the service provider under a technical service 技术服务合同的受托人未按照合同约contract failed to complete services in accordance with the 定完成服务工作的，应当承担免收报酬等contract, it shall be liable for breach of contract by way of forgoing the remuneration, etc. 违约责任。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 52 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 363 Ownership of New Technology in 第三百六十三条 在技术咨询合同、Connection with Technical Consulting/Service Contract. 技术服务合同履行过程中，受托人利用委In the course of performing a technical consulting contract or a technical service contract, any new technology developed by 托人提供的技术资料和工作条件完成的新the consultant or service provider utilizing the technical 的技术成果，属于受托人。委托人利用受materials and working conditions provided by the client b托人的工作成果完成的新的技术成果，属elongs to the consultant or service provider. Any new technology developed by the client utilizing the work product 于委托人。当事人另有约定的，按照其约provided by the consultant or service provider belongs to the 定。 client. However, if the parties agree otherwise in the contract, such provision prevails. Article 364 Technology Intermediary Service or 第三百六十四条 法律、行政法规对Technical Training. Where a relevant law or administrative 技术中介合同、技术培训合同另有规定regulation provides otherwise in respect of technology 的，依照其规定。 intermediary service contracts or technical training contracts, such provisions prevail. Chapter Nineteen Safekeeping Contracts 第十九章 保管合同 Article 365 Definition of Safekeeping Contract. A 第三百六十五条 保管合同是保管人safekeeping contract is a contract whereby the depository 保管寄存人交付的保管物，并返还该物的keeps the deposit delivered by the depositor, and eventually re合同。 turns it thereto. Article 366 Safekeeping Fee. The depositor shall pay 第三百六十六条 寄存人应当按照约the safekeeping fee to the depository in accordance with the 定向保管人支付保管费。 contract. Where the safekeep 当事人对保管费没有约定或者约定不ing fee was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with 明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能Article 61 hereof, the safekeeping is gratuitous. 确定的，保管是无偿的。 Article 367 Formation of Safekeeping Contract. A 第三百六十七条 保管合同自保管物safekeeping contract is formed upon delivery of the deposit, 交付时成立，但当事人另有约定的除外。 except otherwise agreed by the parties. Article 368 Deposit Voucher. Upon the depositor's 第三百六十八条 寄存人向保管人交delivery of the deposit to the depository, the depository shall 付保管物的，保管人应当给付保管凭证，issue a deposit voucher thereto, except otherwise provided by 但另有交易习惯的除外。 the relevant usage. Article 369 Place and Manner of Safekeeping. The 第三百六十九条 保管人应当妥善保depository shall keep the deposit with due care. 管保管物。 The parties may prescribe the place and manner of safekeep 当事人可以约定保管场所或者方法。ing. The place and manner of safekeeping may not be changed without authorization, except in an emergency 除紧急情况或者为了维护寄存人利益的以situation or for the purpose of safeguarding the depositor's 外，不得擅自改变保管场所或者方法。 interests. Article 370 Depositor's Obligation to Inform. Where 第三百七十条 寄存人交付的保管物the deposit delivered by the depositor has defects or requires 有瑕疵或者按照保管物的性质需要采取特special safekeeping measures in light of its nature, the depos殊保管措施的，寄存人应当将有关情况告itor shall inform the depository of the relevant situation. Where the depositor failed to inform, thereby causing damage 知保管人。寄存人未告知，致使保管物受to the deposit, the depository is not liable for damages; where 损失的，保管人不承担损害赔偿责任；保the depository sustains any loss as a result, the depositor shall 管人因此受损失的，除保管人知道或者应be liable for damages, except where the depository was, or shou当知道并且未采取补救措施的以外，寄存ld have been, aware of the situation and failed to take remedial measures. 人应当承担损害赔偿责任。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 53 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 371 Delegation of Safekeeping Prohibited 第三百七十一条 保管人不得将保管Except with Prior Agreement. The depository may not 物转交第三人保管，但当事人另有约定的delegate safekeeping of the deposit to a third person, except o除外。 therwise agreed by the parties. Where the depository delegated safekeeping of the 保管人违反前款规定，将保管物转交deposit to a third person in violation of the previous p第三人保管，对保管物造成损失的，应当aragraph, thereby causing damage to the deposit, the depository shall be liable for damages. 承担损害赔偿责任。 Article 372 Use of Deposit Prohibited Except with 第三百七十二条 保管人不得使用或Prior Agreement. The depository may not use, or allow to be 者许可第三人使用保管物，但当事人另有used, the deposit, except otherwise agreed by the parties. 约定的除外。 Article 373 Depository's Obligations in Case of Third 第三百七十三条 第三人对保管物主Party Claim. Where a third person makes a claim on the 张权利的，除依法对保管物采取保全或者deposit, the depository shall perform its obligation of re执行的以外，保管人应当履行向寄存人返turning the deposit to the depositor, except where an order of preservation or enforcement is carried out in respect of the 还保管物的义务。 deposit in accordance with the law. 第三人对保管人提起诉讼或者对保管 Where a third person has initiated a suit against the 物申请扣押的，保管人应当及时通知寄存depository or has applied for attachment of the deposit, the depos人。 itory shall timely notify the depositor. Article 374 Depository Liable in Case of Damage or 第三百七十四条 保管期间，因保管Loss; Exception. If the deposit was damaged or lost due to 人保管不善造成保管物毁损、灭失的，保improper safekeeping by the depository during the deposit per管人应当承担损害赔偿责任，但保管是无iod, the depository shall be liable for damages, provided that if the safekeeping is gratuitous, and the depository has 偿的，保管人证明自己没有重大过失的，established that it was without gross negligence, it is not liable 不承担损害赔偿责任。 for damages. Article 375 Depositor's Obligation to Declare 第三百七十五条 寄存人寄存货币、Valuable Deposit. Where the depositor is to deposit money, 有价证券或者其他贵重物品的，应当向保securities, or any other valuable item for safekeeping, it shall make管人声明，由保管人验收或者封存。寄存 a declaration to the depository on such item, which shall be inspected or sealed by the depository. Where the depositor 人未声明的，该物品毁损、灭失后，保管failed to make such declaration, upon damage to or loss of the 人可以按照一般物品予以赔偿。 deposit, the depository may indemnify the depositor to the extent of the value of a regular item. Article 376 Retrieval of Deposit The depositor may 第三百七十六条 寄存人可以随时领retrieve the deposit at any time. 取保管物。 Where a deposit period was not prescribed or clearly 当事人对保管期间没有约定或者约定prescribed, the depository may require the depositor to 不明确的，保管人可以随时要求寄存人领retrieve the deposit at any time; where a deposit period was p取保管物；约定保管期间的，保管人无特rescribed, absent special cause, the depository may not requ别事由，不得要求寄存人提前领取保管ire the depositor to retrieve the deposit before the end of the deposit period. 物。 Article 377 Depository's Obligation to Return 第三百七十七条 保管期间届满或者Deposit and Fruit. At the end of the deposit period, or if the 寄存人提前领取保管物的，保管人应当将depositor retrieves the deposit before the end of the deposit per原物及其孳息归还寄存人。 iod, the depository shall return the original item together with any fruit thereof to the depositor. Article 378 Safekeeping of Fungible Items. Where the 第三百七十八条 保管人保管货币depository keeps money deposit, it may return money of the 的，可以返还相同种类、数量的货币。保same type and quantity. Where the depository keeps any other fung管其他可替代物的，可以按照约定返还相ible item, it may return any item of the same type, quality and quantity in accordance with the contract. 同种类、品质、数量的物品。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 54 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 379 Time of Payment of Safekeeping Fee. 第三百七十九条 有偿的保管合同，Under a safekeeping contract for value, the depositor shall pay 寄存人应当按照约定的期限向保管人支付to the depository the safekeeping fee at the prescribed time. 保管费。 Where the time of payment of the safekeeping fee was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be 当事人对支付期限没有约定或者约定determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the 不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不safekeeping fee shall be paid at the same time the deposit is 能确定的，应当在领取保管物的同时支retrieved. 付。 Article 380 Depository's Lien in Case of Non-payment. 第三百八十条 寄存人未按照约定支付Where the depositor fails to pay the safekeeping fee and other 保管费以及其他费用的，保管人对保管物享expenses, the depository is entitled to a possessory lien on the depos有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。 it, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Chapter Twenty Warehousing Contracts 第二十章 仓储合同 Article 381 Definition of Warehousing Contract. A 第三百八十一条 仓储合同是保管人warehousing contract is a contract whereby the warehouser 储存存货人交付的仓储物，存货人支付仓stores the goods delivered by the depositor, and the depositor pays储费的合同。 the warehousing fee. Article 382 Effectiveness of Warehousing Contract. A 第三百八十二条 仓储合同自成立时warehousing contract becomes effective upon its formation. 生效。 Article 383 Storage of Hazardous Material. Where the 第三百八十三条 储存易燃、易爆、depositor intends to store any hazardous material which is 有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品或inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc., 者易变质物品，存货人应当说明该物品的or any material susceptible to deterioration, it shall describe the性质，提供有关资料。 nature of the goods and provide the relevant information. Where the depositor violates the previous paragraph, the 存货人违反前款规定的，保管人可以warehouser may reject the goods and may also take the 拒收仓储物，也可以采取相应措施以避免appropriate measures to prevent loss at the depositor's 损失的发生，因此产生的费用由存货人承expense. 担。 Where the warehouser is to store any hazardous material wh 保管人储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐ich is inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc., it shall be equipped with the appropriate 蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当具备safekeeping conditions. 相应的保管条件。 Article 384 Inspection by Warehouser; Passing of 第三百八十四条 保管人应当按照约Responsibility. The warehouser shall, in accordance with the 定对入库仓储物进行验收。保管人验收时contract, conduct warehouse-in inspection of the goods. Where发现入库仓储物与约定不符合的，应当及 in the course of such inspection, the warehouser discovers any non-compliance of the goods, it shall timely 时通知存货人。保管人验收后，发生仓储notify the depositor. After inspection and acceptance by the 物的品种、数量、质量不符合约定的，保warehouser, if any non-compliance in respect of the type, 管人应当承担损害赔偿责任。 quantity or quality of the goods occurs, the warehouser shall be liable for damages. Article 385 Warehouse Receipt. Upon the depositor's 第三百八十五条 存货人交付仓储物delivery of the goods, the warehouser shall issue thereto a w的，保管人应当给付仓单。 arehouse receipt. Article 386 Contents of Warehouse Receipt. The 第三百八十六条 保管人应当在仓单warehouser shall sign or seal the warehouse receipt. The 上签字或者盖章。仓单包括下列事项： warehouse receipt shall set forth the following: （一）存货人的名称或者姓名和住(1) name and domicile of the depositor; 所； (2) the type, quantity, quality, and packing method of the goods, and the number of packages（二）仓储物的品种、数量、质量、 thereof and the marks thereon; 包装、件数和标记； CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 55 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S (3) the depletion standard for the goods; （三）仓储物的损耗标准； (4) the warehousing facility; （四）储存场所； (5) the warehousing period; （五）储存期间； (6) the warehousing fee; （六）仓储费； (7) if the goods are insured, the insured amount, term of （七）仓储物已经办理保险的，其保insurance and the name of the insurer; (8) the preparing and issuing person and place and date 险金额、期间以及保险人的名称； of preparation and issuance. （八）填发人、填发地和填发日期。 Article 387 Nature and Assignability of Warehouse 第三百八十七条 仓单是提取仓储物Receipt. The warehouse receipt is the voucher for retrieving 的凭证。存货人或者仓单持有人在仓单上the goods. Where the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt has endorsed 背书并经保管人签字或者盖章的，可以转the warehouse receipt and the warehouser has signed or sealed thereon, the right to retrieve 让提取仓储物的权利。 the goods may be assigned. Article 388 Warehouse Receipt Holder's Right to 第三百八十八条 保管人根据存货人Inspect. Upon request by the holder of the warehouse 或者仓单持有人的要求，应当同意其检查receipt, the warehouser shall allow him to inspect the goods or仓储物或者提取样品。 take samples therefrom. Article 389 Obligation of Warehouser to Notify in 第三百八十九条 保管人对入库仓储Case of Damage. Where the warehouser discovers that the w物发现有变质或者其他损坏的，应当及时arehoused goods are deteriorating or are otherwise damaged, 通知存货人或者仓单持有人。 it shall timely notify the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt. Article 390 Warehouser's Obligations and Rights in 第三百九十条 保管人对入库仓储物Respect of Deteriorating Goods. Where the warehouser 发现有变质或者其他损坏，危及其他仓储discovers that the warehoused goods are deteriorating or are otherwise damaged, thereby endangering other goods and 物的安全和正常保管的，应当催告存货人normal safekeeping, it shall demand disposal of the goods by 或者仓单持有人作出必要的处置。因情况the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt as 紧急，保管人可以作出必要的处置，但事necessary. In an emergency situation, the warehouser may 后应当将该情况及时通知存货人或者仓单dispose of the goods as necessary, provided that thereafter it sha持有人。 ll timely notify the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt of the situation. Article 391 Warehousing Period. Where the 第三百九十一条 当事人对储存期间warehousing period was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, 没有约定或者约定不明确的，存货人或者the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt may retrieve 仓单持有人可以随时提取仓储物，保管人the goods at any time, and the warehouser may require the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt to retrieve the 也可以随时要求存货人或者仓单持有人提goods at any time, provided that the other party shall be given 取仓储物，但应当给予必要的准备时间。 the time required for preparation. Article 392 Retrieval of Goods. At the end of the w 第三百九十二条 储存期间届满，存arehousing period, the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt shall retrieve the goods by presenting the warehouse 货人或者仓单持有人应当凭仓单提取仓储receipt to the warehouser. Where the depositor or holder of 物。存货人或者仓单持有人逾期提取的，the warehouse receipt delays in retrieving the goods, additional warehousing fee shall be charged; where the goods 应当加收仓储费；提前提取的，不减收仓are retrieved before the end of the warehousing period, the 储费。 warehousing fee shall not be reduced. Article 393 Placing Goods in Escrow in Case of F 第三百九十三条 储存期间届满，存ailure to Retrieve. At the end of the warehousing period, if the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt failed to 货人或者仓单持有人不提取仓储物的，保retrieve the goods, the warehouser may demand retrieval w管人可以催告其在合理期限内提取，逾期ithin a reasonable period, and if the goods are not retrieved at the end of such period, the warehouser may place the 不提取的，保管人可以提存仓储物。 goods in escrow. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 56 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 394 Warehouser's Liabilities in Case of 第三百九十四条 储存期间，因保管Damage to Goods. Where the goods were damaged or lost 人保管不善造成仓储物毁损、灭失的，保during the warehousing period due to improper safekeeping by管人应当承担损害赔偿责任。因仓储物的 the warehouser, it shall be liable for damages. If the goods deteriorated or were damaged due to their nature, non-性质、包装不符合约定或者超过有效储存conforming packing method, or storage beyond their shelf-期造成仓储物变质、损坏的，保管人不承life, the warehouser is not liable for damages. 担损害赔偿责任。 Article 395 Provisions Governing Safekeeping 第三百九十五条 本章没有规定的，Contracts Applicable. A matter not provided for in this C适用保管合同的有关规定。 hapter shall be governed by the relevant provision applicable to safekeeping contracts. Chapter Twenty One Agency Appointment Contracts 第二十一章 委托合同 Article 396 Definition of Agency Appointment 第三百九十六条 委托合同是委托人Contract. An agency appointment contract is a contract w和受托人约定，由受托人处理委托人事务hereby the principal and the agent agree that the agent will handle同。 the princ的合ipal's affairs. Article 397 Scope of Appointment. The principal may 第三百九十七条 委托人可以特别委specifically appoint the agent to handle one or more of its 托受托人处理一项或者数项事务，也可以affairs, or generally appoint the agent to handle all of its affa概括委托受托人处理一切事务。 irs. Article 398 Principal's Obligation to Prepay 第三百九十八条 委托人应当预付处Expenses. The principal shall prepay the expenses for 理委托事务的费用。受托人为处理委托事handling the entrusted affair. Any expense necessary for handl务垫付的必要费用，委托人应当偿还该费ing the entrusted affair advanced by the agent shall be repaid with interest by the principal. 用及其利息。 Article 399 Agent's Obligation to Follow Instruction; 第三百九十九条 受托人应当按照委Deviation from Instruction. The agent shall handle the 托人的指示处理委托事务。需要变更委托entrusted affair in accordance with the instruction of the pr人指示的，应当经委托人同意；因情况紧incipal. Any required deviation from the principal's instruction is subject to consent by the principal; in an 急，难以和委托人取得联系的，受托人应emergency where the agent has difficulty contacting the 当妥善处理委托事务，但事后应当将该情principal, the agent shall properly handle the entrusted affair, 况及时报告委托人。 provided that thereafter the agent shall timely notify the principal of the situation. Article 400 Delegation of Agency Subject to Consent; 第四百条 受托人应当亲自处理委托Exceptions. The agent shall personally handle the entrusted 事务。经委托人同意，受托人可以转委affair. Subject to consent by the principal, the agent may delegate the agency to a third person托。转委托经同意的，委托人可以就委托. If the delegation is approved, the principal may issue instructions concerning the 事务直接指示转委托的第三人，受托人仅entrusted affair directly to the delegate, and the agent is only 就第三人的选任及其对第三人的指示承担responsible for its selection of the delegate or its own 责任。转委托未经同意的，受托人应当对instruction thereto. Where the agency is delegated without consent转委托的第三人的行为承担责任，但在紧, the agent shall be liable for any act of the delegate, except in an emergency where the agent needs to delegate the 急情况下受托人为维护委托人的利益需要agency in order to safeguard the interests of the principal. 转委托的除外。 Article 401 Agent's Obligation to Inform. Upon 第四百零一条 受托人应当按照委托request by the principal, the agent shall report on the progress 人的要求，报告委托事务的处理情况。委of the entrusted affair. Upon discharge of the agency contract, the agen托合同终止时，受托人应当报告委托事务t shall render an account of the entrusted affair. 的结果。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 57 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 402 Agent's Act Binding on Principal; 第四百零二条 受托人以自己的名Exceptions. Where the agent, acting within the scope of 义，在委托人的授权范围内与第三人订立authority granted by the principal, entered into a contract in 的合同，第三人在订立合同时知道受托人its own name with a third person who was aware of the agency relationship between the principal and agent, the 与委托人之间的代理关系的，该合同直接contract is directly binding upon the principal and such third 约束委托人和第三人，但有确切证据证明person, except where there is conclusive evidence establishing 该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。 that the contract is only binding upon the agent and such third person. Article 403 Agent's Non-performance toward 第四百零三条 受托人以自己的名义Principal Due to Act of Third Person; Non-performance 与第三人订立合同时，第三人不知道受托toward Third Person Due to Act of Principal. Where the agen人与委托人之间的代理关系的，受托人因t entered into a contract in its own name with a third person who was not aware of the agency relationship between 第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托the agent and the principal, if the agent failed to perform its 人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此obligation toward the principal due to any reason attributable 可以行使受托人对第三人的权利，但第三to such third person, the agent shall disclose the third person to人与受托人订立合同时如果知道该委托人 the principal, allowing it to exercise the agent's rights against such third person, except where the third person 就不会订立合同的除外。 would not have entered into the contract with the agent had it known the identity of the principal. Where the agent failed to perform its obligation toward 受托人因委托人的原因对第三人不履the third person due to any reason attributable to the principal, the agent shall disclose the principal to the third 行义务，受托人应当向第三人披露委托person, allowing the third person to select in alternative either 人，第三人因此可以选择受托人或者委托the principal or the agent as the other contract party against 人作为相对人主张其权利，但第三人不得whom to make a claim, provided that the third person may not subsequently change its selection of the contract p变更选定的相对人。arty. Where the principal exercises the rights of the agent 委托人行使受托人对第三人的权利against the third person, the third person may avail itself of 的，第三人可以向委托人主张其对受托人any defense it has against the agent. Where the third person 的抗辩。第三人选定委托人作为其相对人selects the principal as the other party to the contract, the principal may avail itself of any defense it has against the agent 的，委托人可以向第三人主张其对受托人as well as any defense the agent has against the third person. 的抗辩以及受托人对第三人的抗辩。 Article 404 Property Acquired by Agent. Any property 第四百零四条 受托人处理委托事务acquired by the agent in the course of handling the entrusted 取得的财产，应当转交给委托人。 affair shall be turned over to the principal. Article 405 Remuneration to Agent. Upon completion 第四百零五条 受托人完成委托事务of the entrusted affair by the agent, the principal shall pay the 的，委托人应当向其支付报酬。因不可归remuneration thereto. Where the agency appointment con责于受托人的事由，委托合同解除或者委tract is terminated or the entrusted affair is not capable of being completed due to any reason not attributable to the 托事务不能完成的，委托人应当向受托人agent, the principal shall pay to the agent an appropriate 支付相应的报酬。当事人另有约定的，按amount of remuneration. If the parties have agreed otherwise, 照其约定。 such agreement prevails. Article 406 Liability of Agent; Unauthorized Act. 第四百零六条 有偿的委托合同，因Under an agency appointment contract for value, if the 受托人的过错给委托人造成损失的，委托principal sustains any loss due to the fault of the agent, the pr人可以要求赔偿损失。无偿的委托合同，incipal may claim damages. Under a gratuitous agency appointment contract, if the principal sustains any loss due to 因受托人的故意或者重大过失给委托人造the agent's intentional misconduct or gross negligence, the 成损失的，委托人可以要求赔偿损失。principal may claim 受托人超越权限给委托人造成损失here the agent acted beyond the scope of authorization, thereby causing loss to the principal, it shall pay damages的，应当赔偿损失。 . CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 58 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 407 Agent Entitled to Indemnification in Case 第四百零七条 受托人处理委托事务of Loss. In the course of handling the entrusted affair, if the 时，因不可归责于自己的事由受到损失agent sustains any loss due to a reason not attributable to 的，可以向委托人要求赔偿损失。 itself, the agent may seek indemnification from the principal. Article 408 Additional Appointment by Principal 第四百零八条 委托人经受托人同Subject to Consent. Subject to consent by the agent, the 意，可以在受托人之外委托第三人处理委principal may, in addition to appointing the agent, also appo托事务。因此给受托人造成损失的，受托int a third person to handle the entrusted affair. If such appointment results in loss to the agent, it may seek 人可以向委托人要求赔偿损失。 indemnification from the principal. Article 409 Joint and Several Liability of Joint Agents. 第四百零九条 两个以上的受托人共Where two or more agents jointly handle the entrusted affair, 同处理委托事务的，对委托人承担连带责they are jointly and severally liable to the principal. 任。 Article 410 Right to Terminate at Any Time. Either 第四百一十条 委托人或者受托人可the principal or the agent may terminate the agency appointment contract at any time. Where the以随时解除委托合同。因解除合同给对方 other party sustains any loss due to termination of the contract, the 造成损失的，除不可归责于该当事人的事terminating party shall indemnify the other party, unless such 由以外，应当赔偿损失。 loss is due to a reason not attributable to the terminatingparty. Article 411 Discharge Due to Incapacitation. An 第四百一十一条 委托人或者受托人agency appointment contract is discharged when either the 死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者破产的，委principal or the agent is deceased or incapacitated or enters into bankruptcy, except where托合同终止，但当事人另有约定或者根据 the parties have agreed otherwise, or where discharge is inappropriate in light of the 委托事务的性质不宜终止的除外。 nature of the entrusted affair. Article 412 Agent's Obligations in Case of Principal's 第四百一十二条 因委托人死亡、丧Incapacitation. Where discharge of the agency appointment 失民事行为能力或者破产，致使委托合同contract due to the death, incapacitation or bankruptcy of the pr终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人的继incipal will harm the principal's interests, the agent shall continue to handle the entrusted affair before an heir, legal 承人、法定代理人或者清算组织承受委托agent or liquidation team thereof takes over the entrusted 事务之前，受托人应当继续处理委托事affair. 务。 Article 413 Heir's Obligations in Case of Agent's 第四百一十三条 因受托人死亡、丧Incapacitation. If the agency appointment contract is 失民事行为能力或者破产，致使委托合同discharged as a result of the death, incapacitation or bankruptcy终止的，受托人的继承人、法定代理人或 of the agent, the heir, legal agent or liquidation team thereof shall timely notify the principal. Where discharge 者清算组织应当及时通知委托人。因委托of the agency contract will harm the principal's interests, 合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人before the principal makes any care-taking arrangement, the h作出善后处理之前，受托人的继承人、法eir, legal agent or liquidation team of the agent shall take the necessary measures定代理人或者清算组织应当采取必要措. 施。 Chapter Twenty Two Trading-Trust 第二十二章 行纪合同 Contracts Article 414 Definition of Trading-Trust Contract. A 第四百一十四条 行纪合同是行纪人trading-trust contract is a contract whereby the trustee-trader 以自己的名义为委托人从事贸易活动，委conducts trading activities in its own name for the trustor, and 托人支付报酬的合同。 the trustor pays the remuneration. Article 415 Expenses Borne by Trustee-trader. The 第四百一十五条 行纪人处理委托事expenses incurred by the trustee-trader in the course of 务支出的费用，由行纪人负担，但当事人handling the entrusted affair shall be borne by the trustee-trader, except otherwise agreed by the另有约定的除外。 parties. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 59 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 416 Trustee-trader's Obligation to Exercise 第四百一十六条 行纪人占有委托物Due Care. Where the trustee-trader is in possession of the 的，应当妥善保管委托物。 trust item, it shall keep the trust item with due care. Article 417 Disposal of Defective Trust Item by 第四百一十七条 委托物交付给行纪Trustee-trader. If a trust item was defective, perishable or 人时有瑕疵或者容易腐烂、变质的，经委susceptible to deterioration at the time it was delivered to the 处分该物；和委托trustee-trader托人同意，行纪人可以, upon consent by the trustor, the trustee-trader may dispose of the item; where the trustee-trader is unable to 人不能及时取得联系的，行纪人可以合理contact the trustor in time, it may dispose of the trust item in 处分。 a reasonable manner. Article 418 Pricing of Trust Item. Where the trustee- 第四百一十八条 行纪人低于委托人trader is to sell the trust item below, or buy the trust item 指定的价格卖出或者高于委托人指定的价above, the price designated by the trustor, it shall obtain consen格买入的，应当经委托人同意。未经委托t from the trustor. If such sale was effected without consent by the trustor, and the trustee-trader made up the 人同意，行纪人补偿其差额的，该买卖对deficiency on its own, it is binding on the trustor. 委托人发生效力。 Where the trustee-trader sold the trust item above, or 行纪人高于委托人指定的价格卖出或purchased the trust item below, the price designated by the trustor者低于委托人指定的价格买入的，可以按, the remuneration may be increased in accordance with the contract. Where such matter was not prescribed or clearly 照约定增加报酬。没有约定或者约定不明prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with 确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确Article 61 hereof, the benefit belongs to the trustor. 定的，该利益属于委托人。 Where the trustor gives special pricing instruction, the trustee-trader 委托人对价格有特别指示的，行纪人 may not make any sale or purchase in contravention thereof. 不得违背该指示卖出或者买入。 Article 419 Trustee-trader Acting as Purchaser or 第四百一十九条 行纪人卖出或者买Seller. Where the trustee-trader is to sell or purchase a 入具有市场定价的商品，除委托人有相反commodity the price of which is fixed by the market, the 的意思表示的以外，行纪人自己可以作为trustee-trader may act as the purchaser or seller itself, unless the trustor has otherwise manifested its intention. 买受人或者出卖人。 Where the trustee-trader is in a situation described in the 行纪人有前款规定情形的，仍然可以previous paragraph, it may still require payment of 要求委托人支付报酬。 remuneration from the trustor. Article 420 Trustor's Obligation to Take Delivery; T第四百二十条 行纪人按照约定买入rustee-trader's Remedies in Case of Trustor's Failure to Take委托物，委托人应当及时受领。经行纪人 Delivery. Once the trustee-trader purchased the trust item in accordance with the contract, the trustor shall timely 催告，委托人无正当理由拒绝受领的，行take delivery. Where after receiving demand from the trustee-纪人依照本法第一百零一条的规定可以提trader, the trustor refuses to take delivery without cause, the trustee-trader may place the trust item in escrow in 存委托物。 accordance with Article 101 hereof. 委托物不能卖出或者委托人撤回出 Where the trust item fails to be sold or the trustor w卖，经行纪人催告，委托人不取回或者不ithdraws it from sale, the trustee-trader may place the trust item in escrow in accordance with Article 101 hereof if the 处分该物的，行纪人依照本法第一百零一trustor fails to retrieve or dispose of it after receiving such dem条的规定可以提存委托物。 and from trustee-trader. Article 421 Trustee-trader's Rights and 第四百二十一条 行纪人与第三人订Obligations as Party to Contract with Third Person. W立合同的，行纪人对该合同直接享有权here the trustee-trader entered into a contract with a 利、承担义务。 third person, it directly enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations thereunder. Where the third person failed to perform its 第三人不履行义务致使委托人受到损obligations, thereby causing damage to the trustor, the 害的，行纪人应当承担损害赔偿责任，但trustee-trader shall be liable for damages, except 行纪人与委托人另有约定的除外。 otherwise agreed by the trustee-trader and the trustor. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 60 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S Article 422 Trustee-trader's Right to Remuneration; 第四百二十二条 行纪人完成或者部Possessory Lien in Case of Non-payment. Where the 分完成委托事务的，委托人应当向其支付trustee-trader has completed the entrusted matter or has par相应的报酬。委托人逾期不支付报酬的，tially completed the entrusted matter, the trustor shall pay the appropriate remuneration thereto. Where the trustor fails 行纪人对委托物享有留置权，但当事人另to pay the remuneration within the prescribed period, the 有约定的除外。 trustee-trader is entitled to a possessory lien on the trust item, except otherwise agreed by the parties. Article 423 Provisions Governing Agency 第四百二十三条 本章没有规定的，Appointment Contracts Applicable. A matter not provided 适用委托合同的有关规定。 for in this Chapter shall be governed by the relevant provision applicable to agency appointment contracts. Chapter Twenty Three Brokerage Contracts 第二十三章 居间合同 Article 424 Definition of Brokerage Contract. A 第四百二十四条 居间合同是居间人brokerage contract is a contract whereby the broker presents 向委托人报告订立合同的机会或者提供订to the client an opportunity for entering into a contract or prov立合同的媒介服务，委托人支付报酬的合ides the client with intermediary services in connection with the conclusion thereof, and the client pays the 同。 remuneration. Article 425 Broker's Obligation to Provide True 第四百二十五条 居间人应当就有关Information. The broker shall provide true information 订立合同的事项向委托人如实报告。concerning matters relevant to the conclusion of the proposed con tract. Where the broker intentionally concealed any material 居间人故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重fact or provided false information in connection with the 要事实或者提供虚假情况，损害委托人利conclusion of the proposed contract, thereby harming the c益的，不得要求支付报酬并应当承担损害lient's interests, it may not require payment of any remuneration and shall be liable for damages. 赔偿责任。 Article 426 Broker Entitled to Remuneration. Once 第四百二十六条 居间人促成合同成the broker facilitated the formation of the proposed contract, 立的，委托人应当按照约定支付报酬。对the client shall pay the remuneration in accordance with the brokerage居间人的报酬没有约定或者约定不明确， contract. Where remuneration to the broker was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be 依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be 的，根据居间人的劳务合理确定。因居间reasonably fixed in light of the amount of labor expended by 人提供订立合同的媒介服务而促成合同成the broker. Where the broker facilitated the formation of the proposed contract立的，由该合同的当事人平均负担居间人 by providing intermediary services in connection therewith, the remuneration paid to the broker 的报酬。 shall be equally borne by parties thereto. 居间人促成合同成立的，居间活动的 Where the broker facilitated the formation of the 费用，由居间人负担。 proposed contract, the brokerage expenses shall be borne by itself. Article 427 Broker Entitled to Reimbursement in 第四百二十七条 居间人未促成合同Case of Failure to Conclude Proposed Contract. Where 成立的，不得要求支付报酬，但可以要求the broker failed to facilitate the formation of the proposed con委托人支付从事居间活动支出的必要费tract, it may not require payment of remuneration, provided that it may require the client to reimburse the 用。 necessary brokerage expenses incurred. CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 61 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
St. John’s University Prof. Jianming Shen Fall 2005 js@ S SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 附则 Article 428 Effectiveness; Repealing Certain Laws. 第四百二十八条 本法自１９９９年This Law shall take effect as from October 1, 1999, and the E１０月１日起施行，《中华人民共和国经conomic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, the Foreign-related Economic Contract Law of the People's济合同法》、《中华人民共和国涉外经济 Republic of China, and the Technology Contract Law of the 合同法》、《中华人民共和国技术合同People's Republic of China shall be repealed simultaneously. 法》同时废止。 CHINESE BUSINESS LAW 62 Reading 5-Contract Law (1999)
