行政细节
9:00---17:00
课间休息: 10:30-10:45, 15:00-15:15
午餐时间: 12:00-13:00
点心、茶水请到休息室自用
注意事项:上课时务请关闭手机,BP机
谢谢合作!
项目管理的PPT
项目的定义
The Definition of a Project
组织单位
Organization Unit
固定预算
Fix Budget
固定时间
Fix Time
按一定的技术标准
Quality Assurance
资源的利用
Resource Utilization
交付结果
Delivery Result
项目特点
Specifications of a Project
a) 具体的起始时间( The exact starting time)
b) 具体的终止日期( The exact finishing date)
c) 严格定义的最终目标(The exact definition of the final goal)
d) 只发生一次(Only one time)
e) 包含有时间(T),质量(Q)和成本(C)的详细计划(Including Time, Quality and Cost)
f) 有具体的结果(The exact Result)
g) 随时都具有的风险性(Full of the Risk)
示例
Case Discussion
为中学生设计一种新型的寻呼机,计划于1995年12月推向市场。
Design a new BP for the middle school student, It is planned to be into the market in December, 1995.
示例
Case Discussion
使用计算机编写备忘录
Using the computer to edit the RAM
重要提示:项目必须满足其所有特征
Importance: All the project specifications MUST be 100% satisfied
判断哪些活动属于项目
Which one is project
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
计划出国做商务旅行
Plan a business trip to another country
打电话
Make a telephone call
组装一台新型计算机
Assemble a new model computer
盖新楼
Erect a building
面试应聘者
Interview applicants
制作家具
Produce furniture
兴建水库
Establish a reservoir
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
修理汽车
Repair a car
设计一门新课程
Design a new curriculum
组织对计划进行讲评
Organize a program review
与成功企业进行比较并学其优势
Benchmark successful enterprises
使用杀虫剂
Apply pesticide
开发新软件
Develop a new software
判断哪些活动属于项目
Which one is project
什么是“管理”(What is called “Management”)
能够按实际情况自行设计从“目标”的选定,到“资源”的利用,通过采用不同的“计划”和“监控”的各种工具,达到满意“结果”的整个系统叫“管理”。操作这个系统的人叫“经理人”。
A person, or a group, or a team who is able to set up the confirmation of the“Goal” to the utilization of the “Resource” through the different tools of the “Plan” & “Supervision” in order to achieve the final satisfied “Result”.
交付结果
Deliver
the Result
最终目的
Final Goal
什么是“项目管理”(What is called “Project Management”)
即
That is
项目定义
Project Definition
管理方法
Management Method
项目管理的平台
Platform of PM
对TQC的管理
Management of TQC
项目管理在PMI中的解释是:
The PM Explanation in PMI
将各种知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项
目之中,以达到项目的要求。项目管理是
通过:
Project management is the application of knowledge,
skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet
project requirements.
Project management is accomplished through the use
of the processes such as:
来完成的。
启动
Initiating
计划
Planning
实施
Executing
控制
Controlling
收尾
Closing
超大型项目的管理
Super Large Project Management
宏观 近期微观 宏观 下期微观……
工作包
Work
Package
时间Time
Rolling Waving Approach(RWA)
项目管理的三角关系
The trial Angle Relationship
Time
Cost
Quality
Scope in PMI
项目经理
Project Manager
技术质量
Technical Quality
领导者/决策者
Leader/
Decision Maker
计划者/分析家
Planner/
Analyst
组织者/协调者
Organizer/
Coordinator
管理者/评估人
Manager/
Appraiser
项目管理的三大“层面”
Three “layers”in PM
1. 投资人(Investors)
___________________________________
项目管理人(Project Managers)
___________________________________
职能执行人(Operation Managers)
___________________________________
你在哪里?Where are you?
通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills)
(1)领导能力(Leading)
区别“领导”与“管理”
Deference between the “Leader” & “Manager”
“领导”—确定方向,动员人员(统一意
志),调动与鼓舞。
“Leader”---Establishing direction, Aligning people, Motivating and Inspiring.
“管理”—注重结果,只为投资人负责。
“Manager”---Focus on result, only responsible
for Stakeholder.
通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills)
(2)交流沟通(Communicating)
原则:(Basic Requirement)
a)信息发出者要负责保证信息清晰明确、毫不含混、内容完整,使接收者正确无误地接收到信息。
The sender is responsible for making the information clear,
unambiguous, and complete, so that the receiver can receive it
correctly, and for confirming that it is properly understood.
b)信息接收者要负责保证所收到的信息完整无缺,理解正确。
The receiver is responsible for making sure that the information
is received in its entirety and understood correctly.
Sender
Receiver
Medium
(channel)
Medium
(channel)
Feedback
反馈
Information
信息
沟通渠道等于:
Communication Channel Equals:
N:为参与该项目管理的人数
Personal Numbers in the PM
N(N-1)
2
沟通渠道
Communication Channel
通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills)
(3)谈判能力(Negotiating)
在项目管理中,以下5个方面是经常性、反复性谈判的对象:
During the course of a typical project, project staff is likely
to negotiate for any or all of the following:
范围、成本和进度目标Scope, cost, and schedule objectives.
范围、成本和进度变更Changes to scope, cost, or schedule.
c. 合同条款和条件Contract terms and conditions.
d. 任务分工Assignments.
e. 资源Resources.
通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills)
(4)解决问题的能力(Problem Solving)
问题的定义(Problem Definition):
内在
Internal
表面
Surface
内部
Inside
外部
Outside
技术
Technical
管理
Management
人际
Interpersonal
相应对策(Decision Making):
分析
Analyzing
定义
Indentify
确定
Confirm
方法
Method
经验
Experience
通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills)
(5)对组织产生影响(Influencing the
Organization)
“把事情办成”的能力(“Get things Done”)
对所有的利害关系人(Stakeholders)要了
解、掌握、透彻。
To Understand, Support, Clarify all the
stakeholders.
项目中的三驾马车:
Three Horses in Project
职能部门经理
Manager in Dept.
项目成员
Project Members
项目负责人
Project Manager
项目管理的基本平台
Basic Platform of PM
管理“系统”( Manage “System”)
你用什么“系统”(What “System” you use?)
管理“人”( Manage “People”)
你准备怎么用“人”(What kind of “People”are you gonging to use?)
项目经理的目标
The Goal of Project Manager
-----TQC
-----团队的全面领导
Team Leader
-----对团队成员的培训
Training the Team
-----对项目的组织结构的掌控
Manage the Project Team Structure
职能经理的目标
The Goal of Operation Manager
-----对项目执行人员进行分专业的部署
Breakdown the specified job to the specified Operational Team
-----对工人进行必要的专业培训
Specified Training is needed for the Workers
项目生命周期
Project Life Circulation
识别
需求
Initiating
提出
方案
Plan
执行项目
Executing
结束
项目
Closing
投入力量Work Force
时间Time
项目管理重要性的原因
Reasons of the Importance in PM
---历史原因: (Historical Reason)
对传统组织结构的挑战 (Challenge the traditional managerial structure)
多变性和高风险性(Easy Changeable & High Risk)
---事业发展原因:(Career Developmental Reasons)
项目管理技能大于专业经理, 厂长的技能(Skill of PM is much more than the skill from Special Manager & Factory Director
完美的沟通能力(Perfect Communication Ability)
理论加实践的完美体现(Theory+Practice)
---学术原因:(Academic Reasons)
是管理学科中的一个最重要的基本要素(It is the basic element in the science of management)
累积成功的经验,以传后人(Share the Successful Experience)
累积失败的教训,以敝后人(Realize the Failure)
现代项目管理
Modern PM
传统项目管理
Traditional PM
项目管理实践
PM Practice
完成任务
Finishing a Task
满足三重约束
Meet TQC
Requirements
从目标上来讲是
让利益相关者满意
Stakeholder
Satisfaction
学科Science
方法Method
活动Activity
项目管理科学的发展
The Development of PM
项目的市场化定义
Definition of PM Marketing
---由已完成的市场来生成项目
New Project Comes from the Existing Market
---由项目本身延伸成另一项目
New Project Comes from its Original One
*--特殊需要
*Special Requirement
最终产出 结果明确
Final Result Result Clearance
最终目标和阶段目标
Final Goal & Stage Objective
n P:最终目标(Final Goal)
pi=P pi: 阶段目标 (Stage Objective)
i=1
P:最终的产出和交付(Goals are General Statements of Out comes)
pi: 各阶段的具体工作(Objectives are Specific Statements of Actions)
最终目标特征---SMART
Specifications of FG
明确性(Specific)
可度量性 (Measurable)
可完成性 (Achievable)
相关性 (Relevant)
可跟踪性 (Track able)
最终目标说明
Statement for FG
-----专业语言(Specific Terms)
-----简明扼要 (Simple with Importance)
-----符合实际 (Conform to Reality)
管理要领 1
Keys of Management
事有“本末”, “轻重”, “缓急”。 关门是“本”,加高笼子是“末“。舍本而逐末, 当然就不得要领了。
管理是什么?管理是抓事情的“本末”,“轻重”,“缓急”。
There are “Important & Not important”, “Urgent & Not urgent” in every Management which is Focus on “Beginning & Ending”, “Important & Not important”, “Urgent & Not urgent” .
管理要领 2
Keys of Management
事后控制不如事中控制,事中控制不如事前控制。
可惜大多数的经营者和管理者都忽略这一点,等到错误和失控造成重大的损失才寻求弥补之时,有时虽然是亡羊补牢,但已是为时已晚。
Control after the Happening is worse than Controlling in the Middle.
Control in the Middle is still worse than Controlling before Happening.
管理要领 3
Keys of Management
管理者工作时最好用简单的语言和易懂的言词来传达信息,特别要掌握说话的对象和时机。有时过分的修饰反而达不到自己的目的。
Managers should use the most Specific, Simple & Understandable Language to Pass the Information to the persons under your Management.
Any over Modification will make Misunderstanding from the persons under your Management.
阶段目标特征
Specification of Stage Objective
5W+2H
When---Where---Why---What---Who
How to do?
How much?
最终和阶段目标的评估标准
Appraisal Standard of FG & SO
---归属性(Belonging)
---量化 (Numeric)
---商业价值化 (Commercial Value)
---社会影响化 (Socialization)
---重点化 (Importance)
项目计划
Project Plan
Pf Pi WBS T/wbs C/wbs
Pf:最终目标(FG)
Pi:阶段目标(SO)
WBS:工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure)
T/wbs: 单项工作包所需时间
C/wbs:单项工作包所需成本
WBS的定义
工作分解结构是以交付成果为导向的项目各组成
部分的一种分解结构。它对项目的总范围进行组
织分解和定义。未列入工作分解结构图中的工作
不属于项目范围内的工作。
A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a
deliverable-oriented grouping of project
components that organizes and defines the total
scope of the project; work not in the WBS is
outside the scope of the project.
WBS表(工作分解表)
WBS 4
WBS 3
WBS 2
WBS 1
责任人
Responsible
Person
质量标准
Quality Standard
所需资源Resource
工作周期
Timing
工作包
Work Package
样机参展
New Machine in Exhibition
1.生产样机
2.运输样机
3.布置展台
Decoration
4.资料归类
6.展机结束
5.人员安排
Arrangement
11 设计 Design
12 生产 Production
13 调试 Testing
21 联络运输公司 Transportation
22 安全指令 Safety Policy
31 设计 Design
32 装修 Decoration
33 效果 Result
41 分送归类 Filing
42 布置 Ordering
51 展台值班名单 Names on duty
52 专题会议 Special meeting
53 访客接待 Visitor greeting
61 运输公司 Transportation
62 安全 Safety
图表式的WBS
WBS CHART
写一本间谍小说
Spy Novel
背景材料的搜集
Information
Collection
故事大纲
Content
故事写作
Writing
出版商
Publisher
图书馆
Library
采访
Collections
初步构思
Primary
Frame
精练构思
Refined Frame
第一章
Chart 1
。。。
出版商的了解
Publisher
Introduction
样稿送审
Final Approve
美国-苏联
关系
其他间谍
故事
刊登有当
前事件的期
刊
华盛顿和莫
斯科地图
访问情报
机构
访问军事
部门
访问民事
机构 –联邦
调查局
采访当地
警察
Us-Russia Relation
Other Spy Stories
Resent magazine
Washington-Masco
Visit Information
Office
Visit Military
Visit FBI
Visit Local Police
WBS的一些经验数据
Experienced Data of WBS
(1)一般不超过5层,如超过即外包。
Do not over the 5th layer, subcontracting is needed if it is over.
(2)以80小时为界线,或80小时/周为界线。
Based on 80 hours as a Work package, or 80 hours/week as the same.
(3)也可用交付(Deliverable)、产品零件(Component)、阶段(Phase)、地区(Area)、主要任务(Major Task)、功能(Function)来划分。
Also can be divided into deliverable, component, phase, area, major task
& function.
(4)不可分割部分称为工作包(Work package)
Non-dividable part is named Work Package.
确定WBS是否已分解到足够详细的一层
Whether the WBS is divided into the bottom layer
是否需要改善WBS元素的成本估算和时间进度估算的精确度?
Whether the estimation of T & C for the basic element of WBS are needed to be
improved?
2. WBS要素的负责人是否超过一人?
Whether the responsible people of the WBS element is over 1 person?
3. WBS的要素是否包含了多个交付成果或实施过程?
Whether there are more than 1 deliverable or process in WBS element.
4. 是否需要分别定义工作过程的成本或WBS内的交付成果?
Whether each definition is needed in process cost or deliverable.
5. 是否需要更精确地了解WBS内的工作过程的时间进度?
Whether the time of the WBS is needed to be more accuracy.
6. 不同WBS的要素内的交付成果是否相互依赖?
Whether the different element in WBS is reliable each other.
7. WBS内过程中的工作实施是否有明显的时间间隔?
Whether the executing in WBS has the clear time difference.
8. 某一要素对资源的需求一段时间内会变化吗?
Whether the requirement of an element against resource will be changeable
within a period of time.
确定WBS是否已分解到足够详细的一层
Whether the WBS is divided into the bottom layer
9. 衡量WBS某一元素进度的明确的目标标准存在吗?
Whether there is an objective standard for measuring the process of an
element of WBS.
10. 这些验收标准在WBS的要素全部完成前还适用吗?
Whether these quality standards are still suitable before all elements
completion.
11. WBS中的一些要素是否存在一些风险需要特别的注意?
Whether should pay more attention to those risks in some elements of WBS.
12. WBS要素中的某一部分是否可作为单独的单元来做时间进度计划?
Whether a part of the element of WBS can be considered as time plan
independently.
13. 项目经理,项目团队,以及其他利害关系者包括客户对WBS的要素有清晰和完全的理解吗?
Whether PM, Project Team & Stakeholder including customer are very clear
to the element of WBS.
14. 是否有利害关系者有兴趣WBS某一要素的现状和业绩?
Is any stakeholder interested in the KPI of an element of WBS?
估算各项工作(阶段目标)运作周期
Estimation of Time on Every WBS
---已完成的类似项目(Already Completed Similar Project)
---历史数据(可从其他项目中)
Data from other Projects in History
---专家意见(Suggestions from Experts &Specialists)
估算各项工作(阶段目标)运作周期
Estimation of Time on Every WBS
1.标杆类比法(Benchmark)
2.专家判断(Delphi Technique)
是一种专家咨询方式。它是通过匿名或背对背的
咨询方式达到意见一致,经常用于项目某些要素
的估算,如:风险等。
A process where a consensus view is reached by
consultation (often not face-to-face) with experts.
Often used as an estimating.
使用Delphi法对各因素的优劣进行打分评价,分值范1-10,1表示最差情况,10表示最好情况。
Using Delphi to check the element,value 1-10, 1=the
worse, 10=the best.
根据各种因素的相对重要性,采用Delphi法确定权数,本方法的权数范围1-3,即3表示最重要,1表示最不重要。
According to the relative importance, using Delphi
to confirm additional point, value 1-3, 3=most
important, 1=most not important
将打分值乘以权数,即为各因素的评份值。显然评份范围在1-30。
Point times additional point equals value,so the value
is within 1-30
将因素组内的诸因素相加,可得因素组评分值,各因素组评分值之和便是相应因素的评分值。
Plus all elements, that is element group value,add
all group value, that is related element value.
评价满意解的标准如下:Satisfaction standard:
1.因素打分值不小于3;Element point not less than 3
2.因素组评分值的实际/最大比不小于50%;
Actual element group value/max. rate not less than 50%
3.要素评分值的实际/最大比不小于50%;
Actual key element value/max. rate not less than 50%
4.总评分值的实际/最大比不小于60%。
Actual total value/max. rate not less than 60%
同时满足上述四个条件的风险处理方案是最满意的。
The most satisfaction of the risk treatment is to meet the requirement of all above 4 conditions
各项工作的安排(网络图有4种方法)
Organize Every Pi (4 Methods Network)
(1) 前导图法(PDM)有时也称为AON
A
B
C
D
PDM有4种依赖关系
4 Relationship in PDM
1)完成—开始
(Finish to Start)
2)完成—完成
(Finish to Finish)
3)开始—开始
(Start to Start)
4)开始—完成
(Start to Finish)
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
B
(2)箭线图法(ADM)有时也称为AOA
B
A C D
只适用于“完成—开始”型
Only Suitable for “Finish to Start”
1
2
4
5
3
(3)条件图法Gert
Conditional Method
图表评审技术(Graphical Evaluation & Review Technique)
e d
a b c g
f
特点:允许有回路 Notes: Circulation is Allowed
A
I
T
J
S
R
(4)网络模板(项目含有几个一样或几乎一样的子项目)
Network Model (Several Same & Similar Sub-Project)
nt
Network Model
ni=1
适用(Suitable for):
高层办公楼的楼层(High Office Building )
药品研究项目的临床试用(Pharmaceutical Research for Clinical Test)
软件项目的程序块(Programming of Software Project)
PMBOK工作包的两种表示方式
ES
工期
Duration
EF
编号
Number of Code
LS
浮动时间
Floating
LF
ES
EF
编号
Number of Code
工期
Duration
浮动时间
Floating
LS
LF
A
B
ES: Early Start (最早开始时间) EF: Early Finish (最早结束时间)
LS: Late Start (最晚开始时间) LF: Late Finish(最晚结束时间)
关键路径CPM(Critical Path Method)
定义:完成项目各项工作使用的最长时间的路和径,即完成整项目所需的时间。
The longest time of the Path to complete all the Sos, that is the whole required time to complete the whole Project.
准备邮寄标签
识别目标 设计初始 测试 确定 邮寄问卷 输入反馈 分析 准备
消费者 问卷调查表 问卷调查表 问卷调查表 打印问卷调查表 并获反馈 数据 结果 报告
设计软件 测试
测试数据 软件
开发数据
分析软件
某市场调研项目的网络图
Network chart of some market survey project
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
11
12
13
6
9
8
Critical Path Method
The longest time of the Path to complete all the Sos, that is the whole required time to complete the whole Project.
Marketing Investigation
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
11
12
13
6
9
8
Potential
Customer
Design Primary
Q & A List
Testing
Q & A List
Confirm
Q & A List
Post
Printing
Q & A List
Mail Q & A list
get feedback
Software Design
Data Testing
Data
Development
Software Analysis
Software
Testing
Input
Feedback Data
Result
Analysis
Reporting
关键路径的特点
Characteristics of CPM
关键路径是所有工作(无论是否重要)按计划执行的一个监控表和跟踪图
CPM is a Control List & a Tracking Chart of All the Packages Base on the Existing Plan
关键路径计算和分析(续)
Calculates and analyses ( continue) in the key route
关键路径是在网络图中时间上最长的路径。
CPM is the longest line on the time in the network chart.
网络中最长的路径表明项目所需的最短工时。
The longest line indicates the shortest duration in the network.
Start
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
End
单项活动的PERT 所需时间计算
PERT duration calculation method
发生的频率
Probability of Occurrence
高
Higher
低
Lower
可能时间
Possible Durations
短
Shorter
长
Longer
乐观时间
Optimistic
Most Likely
(used in original CPM calculations)
最可能时间
(原来在CPM计算中使用)
PERT 加权平均(Weighted Average)=
(乐观时间(O)+4 x 最可能时间(ML)+悲观时间(P))
6
贝塔分析
Beta Distribution
悲观时间
Pessimistic
正态分布
Normal Distribution
%
%
%
-3σ
-2σ
-1σ
+1σ
+2σ
+3σ
μ
mean
蒙特卡洛模拟
Monte Carlo Schedule Simulation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
累计概率
项目历时
甘特图—项目进度表
Gantt Chart
wbs 5
wbs 4
wbs 3
wbs 2
wbs 1
起止时间
Start to End
起止时间
Start to End
起止时间
Start to End
任务
名称
Task ID
任务
Task
1月
Jan。
2月
Feb.
3月
Mar.
4月
Apr.
5月
May.
6月
Jun.
7月
Jul.
8月
Aug.
9月
Sep.
1
项目开始
Project Start
2
要求定义
Requirements
Definition
3
制定规格
Specifications
4
制作及测试具
Build & Test Model
5
制定测试计划
Write Test Plan
6
设计产品
Design Product
7
制定测试程序
Write Test Procedure
8
构建产品
Build Product
9
测试产品
Test Product
10
完工
Completion
正式完工约
9月5日左右
Official Finish Around
05/September
质量标准
Quality Standard
行业标准(国内级别,国际级别)
Standard in Same Industry (National Class & International Class)
特殊标准(特需项目)
Special Standard (Special Required Project)
同类产品标准(技术含量)
Standard in Same Products( Technical Qualification)
用户指定
Customer Specified
理解质量
Quality, What is it?
与法国大餐相比,麦当劳并不是高质量的食品
如果期望生产高质量的产品,你就要准备花费更多的时间和金钱
如果它还没有坏,就不要去修理它
如果鼓励工人去发现问题并加以改善,质量水平就会提升
质量表现一定要与财务上的回报挂钩
质量的定义
Quality Concept
质量是“使实体具备满足明确或隐含需求能力的各项特征之总和”。
---
ISO8402 Quality Management and Quality Assurance
PMBOK 2000
质量是“与需求或规格相一致”。
---
克劳斯比Crosby
质量哲学
Quality Philosophy
Customer satisfaction
顾客满意
Prevention over inspection
预防胜于检查
Management responsibility
管理层责任
Processes within phases
各阶段内的过程
PDCA循环 (改善提升)
P-PLAN D-DO
A-ACTION C-CHECK
PDCA 循环
P: 计划
D: 实施
C: 确认
A: 措施
戴明(Deming)质量控制理论
朱兰(Juran)质量三重理论
Juran Quality Theory (3)
质量计划: Quality Planning
识别谁是客户
Identify who are the customers
确定客户需求
Determine the needs of those customers
以我们的语言来定义客户的需求
Translate those needs into our language
开发能满足客户需求的产品
Develop a product that can respond to those needs
使产品的特征最优化以满足我们和客户的需求
Optimize the product features so as to meet our needs and customer needs
朱兰(Juran)质量三重理论
Juran Quality Theory (3)
质量改进Quality Improvement :
制定能进行产品生产的程序
Develop a process which is able to produce the product
使程序最优化
Optimize the process
质量控制Quality Control :
证明程序能在现有的生产环境下以最少的检验生产出产品
Prove that the process can produce the product under operating conditions with minimal inspection
将程序用于生产营运
Transfer the process to operations
科劳斯比(Crosby’s)的质量管理的四条原则
Crosby’s TheoryFour Absolutes of Quality Management
质量的定义是与需求一致,而不是“善意的举动”或“典雅的外表”。
Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, not as
“goodness” or “elegance”.
预防系统保证质量,而不是评估(检验)。
The system for causing quality is prevention, not appraisal
(Inspection).
业绩的标准必须是零差错,而不是“这很接近了”的态度
The performance standard must be Zero Defects, not “that is
close enough”.
衡量质量是“不一致的代价”,而不是“指数”。
The measurement of quality is the Price of Nonconformance,
not indices.
七项传统质量控制工具
Seven traditional quality control tools
流程图 Flowcharts;
散点图 Work-flow/Scatter diagrams;
帕累托图 Pareto charts;
因果图 Cause and effect diagrams;
直方图 Histogram;
控制图 Control charts;
检查表 Check sheets;
控制图
Control Charts
USL
UCL
X
LCL
LSL
控制极限 UCL/LCL
规格极限 USL/LSL
失控 Out of Control
*超出控制界限
*七点运行法则 Rule of seven
帕累托图
Pareto Diagram
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
转动不正常
噪音
抖动
压力
车轴缝隙
车厢颤动
其他
累计百分比
缺陷出现次数
项目质量管理抽样法
PQM Sampling Methods
定义:在不可能100%地对全部的产品或服务检验时,利用所抽取的样本对产品或过程进行检验,对这批产品的质量进行评估,以便对这批产品作出合格与否,能否接受的判断。
Definition: is the method of determining the value of a product or service when it is not practical to examine the entire or total number of products or services produced.
项目质量管理抽样法
PQM Sampling Methods
属性抽样法:记入抽查的样品是否存在特性的情况,如:重量,大小,功能等。
Attributes Sampling, the presence or absence of a characteristic (weight, size, functions, etc) is noted in each of the units inspected.
结论:“一致性”的数量
Conclusion: “The number of the “leveling”
项目质量管理抽样法
PQM Sampling Methods
变量抽样是对某一属性的特点和特性在一定数值范围内变化的分析,如:分钟,长度等的范围内。
Variable Sampling, a variable is a characteristic or property which can be measured and the measurement expressed in terms of some continuous scale, . time in seconds, minutes or hours; length in feet, meters, etc.
结论:“一致性”的程度
Conclusion: The degree of the “leveling”
项目质量特性
Project Quality Characteristics
可生产性(技术能力)
Productivity (Technology required)
可使用性(使用的方便程度)
Usability (Effort expended to use)
可靠性(MTBF-产品故障之间平均时间周期)
Reliability (Mean-Time-Between-Failure: MTBF)
可维护性(MTTR-维修之间的平均时间周期)
Maintainability (Mean-Time-To-Repair: MTTR)
可获得性(产品性能概率)
Availability (Probability of performance)
可操作性(预期的、有条件的使用)
Operability (Expected conditional use)
灵活性(预期的可变用途)
Flexibility (Expected variable use)
社会接受度(环境和安全)
Social Acceptability (Environment and safety)
可承受能力(由于质量原因对产品的退回)
Affordability (Return for quality required)
资源
Resource
人 (People)
设施 (Facility)
设备 (Equipment)
流动资金 (Cash Flow)
原材料 (Raw Material)
信息( Information)
成本估算精确范围
Cost Estimation Accuracy
量级方法: -25%---+75%
Estimation:
预算: -10%---+25%
Budgeting:
最后预算: -5%---+10%
Final Budgeting:
成本估算
Cost Estimation
估算应该建立在WBS的基础上以增加精确度
Estimation is based on the WBS in order to increase the accuracy
估算应该由实际承担那个工作包的人来进行
Estimation should be operated by the work package responsible people
要增加估算的精确度,合理使用历史资料很关键
History record reference is very important for increasing the accuracy
除非是因应该核准的变更,否则成本基准(以及时间基准、范围基准、资源基准)应该保持不变
The cost baseline (time baseline, scope baseline, resource baseline) should not be changed unless this change is approved
随着项目的进行,计划应随时加以修正
The plan should be adjusted along with the project executing
在发生成本问题的时候,要采取纠正行动
The proper correction should be applied when the cost has the problem
项目经理不能被动地接受管理层在时间和成本上的需求,而应该分析项目的实际需求,实事求是地作出估算,并解决与管理层之间的分歧
The project manager is supposed not passively to accept the requirements of time and cost from line managers, he/she should analysis the actual requirement of the project, make a true estimation, and try to solve the differences between the line manager and he/she
成本管理概念
Cost Management Ideas
以往的概念
---“按时,在预算之内!”
当前的观念
---“顾客满意”
---经常协商以及沟通
项目成本
Project Cost
固定成本与变动成本
Fixed Cost vs. Variable Cost
直接成本和间接成本
Direct Cost vs. Indirect Cost
可控制成本与不可控制成本
Controllable Cost vs. Uncontrollable Cost
沉没成本
Sunk Cost
---历史上已经花费的成本
---在项目后续决策中应该不予考虑
挣值法概念
France's concept of earning value
挣值是基于以下三个基本概念:
The earning value is because of the following
three pieces of basic conception:
PV,(计划值),或计划内工作的估算成本
(BCWS);Budget Cost of Work Schedule.
EV,(挣值),或已完成工作的估算成本
(BCWP)Budget Cost of Work Performed.
AC,(实际成本),或已完成的工作的实际成本支出(ACWP)Actual Cost of Work Performed.
EV解释
EV explaining
迄今为止,项目A按计划应已完成计划值
$10,000的工作量,但是,实际完成的工作
量只有85%( $8,500值的工作量)。
$8,500值的工作量便是该任务的挣值(EV)。
Up until now, project A should already $10, 000 of hitting the target etc. on schedule, work load of value, but, Work finished actually Quantity has only 85%( $8, 500 the work load of value).
$8, 500 work load of value earning value of task this( EV).
其它挣值概念
Other EV Concepts
BAC:项目总成本预算
BAC(Budgeted At Completion):How much is this
project to cost in total ?
ETC:在项目进展过程中的某一点来估算到项目全部完成还需要多少成本。
ETC(Estimated To Completion):Given what we know
today, how much more will if cost us to complete the project?
EAC:在项目进展过程中的某一点来估算项目的总成本。
EAC(Estimated At Completion):Given what we know
today, how much will the project actually cost in total?
TCM:传统管理 Traditional Control Management:
偏差(Variance)=计划(Plan)- 实际(Actual)
项目成本管理中的几个重要公式
Several Important Formulations In Project Cost Management
CV(成本偏差)=EV-AC
CV案例:迄今为止已完成 $8,500值的工作量(EV),但是其实际成本支出是$9,000(AC)。所以,实际支出比原先估算多支出了$500(CV)!
CV(Cost Variance)=EV-AC
Interpretation of CV:$8,500 worth of work (EV) has been completed, but it cost, in fact, $ 9,000 for the work (AC). So, it had cost $500 more than originally thought (CV) it would!
项目成本管理中的几个重要公式
Several Important Formulations In Project Cost Management
SV(进度偏差)=EV-PV
SV案例:迄今为止,应该完成A任务$10,000成本估算值的工作量,但是实际完成了$8,500值的工作量(EV)。因此,落后于进度$1,500值的工作量(SV)
SV(Schedule Variance)=EV-PV
Interpretation of SV: As of today, $10,000 worth of work on task A was to have been finished, $8,500 worth of work (EV) has actually been done. So, it is behind schedule by $1,500 worth of work (SV).
实现价值管理EVM
Earned Value Management
PV
BAC
$
Today
Time
AC
EV
PV:计划价值 Planned Value BCWS
EV:实现价值 Earned Value BCWP
AC:实际成本 Actual Cost ACWP
成本变差(CV)=EV-AC
进度变差(SV)=EV-PV
项目成本管理中的几个重要公式
Several Important Formulations In Project Cost Management
CV%(成本偏差百分比)= CV/EV
SV%(进度偏差百分比)= SV/PV
CV%(Cost Variance Percentage)= CV/EV
SV%(Schedule Variance Percentage)= SV/PV
50/50法则
The 50/50 Rule
是为了解决主观估算工作完成量的问题
某项任务只要开始,便为此计入PV值的50%为其EV
待该任务结束后,便为此计入PV值的另50%EV
重要假设:这些任务的假设条件一致
Established to overcome the problem of making subjective estimates of how far
along we are on a task.
Upon beginning a task, charge 50% of its PV, as an EV into its account.
When the task is finally completed, charge the remaining 50% of its PV as an EV into its account.
Important Assumption:All tasks being examined are of roughly the same
dimension.
These are the 3 rules for credited the completion of work for Earned Value
computation.
50/50法则
The 50/50 Rule
50/50法则有三种类型:
0/100:这是基于一项任务只有全部完成后才有价值的假设。它是较保守的法则。
20/80:这是较小心的法则,但没有0/100来得保守。
50/50:较通用表示项目进展程度的法则
The 3 rules most commonly used:
0/100 rule:The assumption is that the task is considered to have no value until it is completed. A conservative approach.
20/80 rule:This method is very cautious, but is less conservative than 0/100.
50/50 rule:Probably the most popular method of showing a task’s progress is the 50/50 rule.
进度指数(SPI)
Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
EV(完成成本预算值工作量)与PV(计划成本预算值工作量)的比率
The ratio of the EV (budgeted cost work
performed) to PV (budgeted cost of the
work scheduled)
成本指数(CPI)
Cost Performance Index
CPI=EV/AC
完成工作的预算量(EV)和完成的实际工作量的成本(AC)之比
The ratio of the budgeted cost work
performed(EV) to the actual cost of the
work performed(AC)
CPI/SPI业绩指数结果分析
CPI/SPI Performance Index Trends Results Interpretation
如果CPI/SPI=, 业绩良好
如果CPI/SPI>, 业绩极佳
如果CPI/SPI<, 业绩差
If the CPI/SPI is equal to , this is perfect
performance.
If CPI/SPI>, this is exceptional performance.
If CPI/SPI<, the performance is poor
实现价值管理-绩效指数
Earned Value Management-Indices
SPI
成本绩效指数
Cost Performance index
CPI=EV/AC
进度绩效指数
Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
CPI
进度计划
Processing Plan
进度计划(TQC)虽然有其严密性和科学性,但必须符合项目所处环境的需要。
Although Processing Plan has the tight & scientific characteristic, it should meet all the requirements of Project Environment.
一个符合实际的计划是不断修改出来的,不是“编”出来的。
The Practical Plan is based on amending, is not from “Edition” .
样机参展